117-871: The Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant (or Chattanooga Operations LLC) is an American automobile assembly plant in Chattanooga, Tennessee . The plant was formally announced in July 2008 and was formally inaugurated in May 2011. Production began in April 2011 with the model year 2012 Passat B7 (initially called the Passat NMS (New Midsize Sedan) ), tailored to the US market, with a projected annual production of 150,000 cars. Passat production ended in December, 2021. Production of
234-691: A MacPherson strut front suspension with a solid axle / coil spring setup at the rear. The SOHC 1.5-litre was enlarged to 1.6-litre in August 1975 with unchanged power ratings and slightly higher torque ratings. In July 1978, the Passat Diesel became available, equipped with the VW Golf 's 1.5-litre diesel (50 PS (37 kW; 49 hp)), followed in February 1979 by the Passat GLI with
351-410: A 5-speed automatic transmission with tiptronic . The 1.6-litre petrol engine had been dropped by 1999, leaving the 1.8-litre 20-valve as the entry-level engine. The B5.5 Passat began production in late 2000, with styling and mechanical revisions, including revised projector-optic headlights , bumpers, tail lights, and chrome trim. A 4.0-litre W8 engine producing 275 PS (202 kW )
468-541: A Volkswagen-designed platform, rather than sharing one with an Audi saloon. The car, although designated B3 in Volkswagen's platform nomenclature, was based largely on the A platform as used for the smaller Golf model, but was stretched in all directions, and therefore had no connection with the B3 series Audi 80, launched two years earlier. Many components are shared directly between these vehicles. This generation of Passat
585-588: A diversion and occupied it on September 9, 1863. Following the Battle of Chickamauga , the defeated Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga. On November 23, 1863, the Battles for Chattanooga began when Union forces led by Major General Ulysses S. Grant reinforced troops at Chattanooga and advanced to Orchard Knob against Confederate troops besieging the city. The next day, the Battle of Lookout Mountain
702-572: A fuel-injected version of the 1.6-litre engine. The range received a facelift in 1977 (launched 1978 outside Europe) with revised interior and revised exterior with repositioned indicators and depending on model, either four round or two rectangular headlights. In North America, the car was marketed as the Volkswagen Dasher. The three-door hatchback, four-door sedan, and a station wagon model launched in North America for and during
819-405: A full-size practice paint booth, a supplier park for eight companies, and a 32,000-square-foot (3,000 m) healthcare center with a gym, childcare facilities, and medical services. The plant has the flexibility to build any of the company's front-engine/front-wheel-drive vehicles in A , B , or C-segments . The rolling-dip paint shop is sized to handle a wide range of vehicle sizes. The plant
936-457: A growing part of Chattanooga's economy, with 2014 being the first year for Hamilton County to surpass $ 1 billion in revenue. Startups have been an increasing trend, due in part to EPB 's fiber optic grid. Notable venture firms based in the city are Blank Slate Ventures, Chattanooga Renaissance Fund, Lamp Post Group, SwiftWing Ventures, the Jump Fund, Dynamo Ventures, and Brickyard VC. The city
1053-431: A lower oil capacity than transverse applications of the same engine (4.6 US quarts (4.4 L) in transverse, 4.3 US quarts (4.1 L) longitudinal), and may suffer from oil sludge problems as a result, if not changed at regular intervals with fully synthetic oils . Four transmission options were available: a 5-speed manual transmission, a 6-speed manual transmission (codename 01E), a 4-speed automatic transmission and
1170-521: A major waterfront attraction that has helped to spur neighborhood development. Since the opening of the aquarium, downtown Chattanooga has received over $ 5 billion of private investment, including nearly $ 1 billion from 2014 to 2018. The city has won three national awards for outstanding "livability", and nine Gunther Blue Ribbon Awards for excellence in housing and consolidated planning. Public art experts chose Passageways 2.0 City Thread from among 50 outstanding public art projects created in 2018 through
1287-531: A municipality has its own typeface in the United States and the first crowd-funded , custom-made typeface in the world. On July 16, 2015, five people — four U.S. Marines and one sailor — were murdered and two more were wounded in shootings at two U.S. military facilities in Chattanooga . The perpetrator was Muhammad Youssef Abdulazeez, an Islamic terrorist . On November 21, 2016, a school bus carrying students from Woodmore Elementary School crashed in
SECTION 10
#17327718851101404-651: A particularly long top gear, which combined with a freewheeling mechanism, provided better gas mileage. An automatic stop/start was also available in some markets. The four-wheel-drive system used in the Passat Variant Syncro shared the mechanics of the Audi 80 and not the Volkswagen Golf Syncro. The Syncro's bottom plate was almost entirely different, requiring a transmission tunnel, a relocated gas tank and no spare tire well (to make room for
1521-820: A problem, for example. The body assembly line uses diode lasers . VW announced it would seek Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certification for the complex. In November 2011, VW announced that the 2012 model of the Passat was named the 2012 Motor Trend Car of the Year . In December 2011, the Assembly Plant became the first auto plant in the world to get the LEED platinum certification. A 9.5 megawatt solar park supplies 13 GWh of electricity per year; 12% of plant consumption. The Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant
1638-514: A prominent presence in Chattanooga, the sole site of production of Altoids breath mint products since 2005. In a seminal event for Chattanooga, Volkswagen announced in July 2008 the construction of its first U.S. auto plant in over three decades, the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant . In May 2011, Volkswagen Group of America inaugurated its plant. The $ 1 billion plant, opened in May 2011, served as
1755-454: A semi-independent torsion beam for front-wheel-drive models or a fully independent suspension on the 4motion 4WD models. 4WD was introduced in 1997 as an option for the 1.8-litre, 2.8-litre V6, 1.9-litre TDI, 2.0-litre TDI and 2.5-litre V6 TDI engines, using a second-generation Torsen T-2 based 4WD system to minimise loss of traction. The 1.8-litre petrol engine in the Passat and Audi A4 has
1872-463: A similar sit-in protest. Class President Paul Walker, Lehman Pierce and as many as 200 other black students organized peaceful sit-ins at four businesses along one block in downtown Chattanooga. White youth mobs responded with agitation, inflammatory language and violence. By the third day, Mayor Rudy Olgiatti instructed the fire department to utilize water hoses on crowds becoming the first city to utilize this tactic against protesters. Three months later
1989-614: A wide variety of entertainment, dining, cultural and architectural attractions, including the Tennessee Aquarium , opened in 1992; the Creative Discovery Museum , opened in 1995; and the historic Walnut Street Bridge , reopened in 1993. The downtown footprint is bounded by interstate highway I-24 on the south to Frazier Avenue in the Northshore, as well as US highway 27 in the west to Central Avenue in
2106-511: A wind: "Passat" is the usual German word for "Trade winds" . The first generation Passat launched in 1973 in two- and four-door sedan and three- and five-door versions. Externally all four shared styling by Giorgetto Giugiaro . The first generation Passat was a fastback variant of the mechanically identical Audi 80 sedan, introduced a year earlier. A five-door station wagon was introduced in 1974, which in North American markets
2223-486: Is Tennessee's fourth-most populous city and one of the two principal cities of East Tennessee , along with Knoxville . It anchors the Chattanooga metropolitan area , Tennessee's fourth-largest metropolitan statistical area , as well as a larger three-state area that includes Southeast Tennessee, Northwest Georgia, and Northeast Alabama. Chattanooga was a crucial city during the American Civil War due to
2340-518: Is a nameplate of large family cars (D-segment) manufactured and marketed by the German automobile manufacturer Volkswagen since 1973 and also marketed variously as the Dasher , Santana , Quantum , Magotan , Corsar and Carat — in saloon , estate , and hatchback body styles. A "four-door coupé " variant of the Passat with a lower roof was released in the North American market in 2008 as
2457-552: Is constructed on a 1,400 acres (6 km) parcel of the 6,000-acre (24 km) Enterprise South Industrial Park in eastern Chattanooga. The industrial park comprises land that was once an ammunition plant known as the Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant (VAAP), which manufactured up to 30,000,000 pounds (14,000 t) of TNT (trinitrotoluene) per month during World War II , the Korean War , and
SECTION 20
#17327718851102574-582: Is expected to create one thousand new jobs and $ 800 million in investments. In addition to corporate business interests, there are many retail shops in Chattanooga, including two shopping malls: Hamilton Place Mall in East Brainerd and Northgate Mall in Hixson . Eastgate Mall in Brainerd used to be a shopping mall, but has changed into a multi-use office building. Tourism and Hospitality has been
2691-589: Is impounded by the Chickamauga Dam north of the downtown area. The city is nestled between the southwestern Ridge-and-valley Appalachians and the foot of Walden's Ridge ; the river separates the ridge from the western side of downtown. Several miles east, the city is bisected by Missionary Ridge . The downtown area sits at an elevation of approximately 676 feet (206 m), one of the lowest elevations in East Tennessee . Downtown Chattanooga has
2808-478: Is not designed to manufacture large vehicles.> The factory includes 383 robots in the body shop, which is approximately 77 percent automated. There are 4,730 weld spots and 292 welding guns. Output is about 31 cars per hour. The plant is organized with its major process areas – body shop, main assembly, and paint shop – in a stacked configuration with major checkpoints arranged in a concentric-circle layout – to eliminate long walks between factory areas, to investigate
2925-495: Is served by several incubators, notably Co.Lab, the Business Development Center, and Lamp Post Group. The Business Development Center is among the nation's largest incubators, both in square footage and in the number of startups that it supports. Co-working spaces have picked up downtown, including Society of Work and Chattanooga Workspace. Unique in the city is the startup accelerator Gigtank, which utilizes
3042-534: Is used in every petrol engined version of the Passat, ranging from 1.4 to 3.6 litres (the 1.6-litre DOHC can reach 100 km/h (62.1 mph) in 11.4 seconds, and 200 km/h (124.3 mph) for manual transmission versions), but the multi-valve 2.0-litre Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) diesel is the most sought after version in Europe (available in both 140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp) and 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp) variants). In
3159-627: The American Civil War , Chattanooga was a center of battle. Chattanooga served as a hub connecting fifty percent of the Confederacy's arsenals, those being located in Atlanta , Augusta , Columbus , and Macon . Chattanooga's railroads were vital to the Confederacy's transportation of raw material to processing plants for producing small arms munitions. During the Chickamauga Campaign , Union artillery bombarded Chattanooga as
3276-520: The Archaic , Woodland , Mississippian / Muskogean / Yuchi (900– 1714 CE), and Cherokee (1776–1838) periods. The Chickamauga Mound near the mouth of the Chickamauga Creek is the oldest ( c. 750 CE ) remaining visible art in Chattanooga. The Citico town and mound site was the most significant Mississippian / Muscogee landmark in Chattanooga up to 1915. The first part of
3393-544: The Central Time Zone . As of the 2020 United States census , there were 181,099 people, 79,565 households, and 41,059 families residing in the city. As of the census of 2010 , there were 167,674 people, 70,749 households, and 40,384 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,222.5 inhabitants per square mile (472.0/km ). There were 79,607 housing units at an average density of 588.8 units per square mile (227.3 units/km ). The racial makeup of
3510-597: The G60 engine (only available on the Syncro model in Canada for the North American market). The VR6 engine gave the top-of-the-range Passat a top speed of 224 kilometres per hour (139 mph). The 1.9-litre and the 1.6-litre diesel engine were also available as options. The B3 Passat was heavily facelifted in 1993, and despite being designated B4, it was not an all-new model. The facelift revised external body panels except for
3627-775: The Geneva Motor Show in March 2005, and launched in Europe in the summer of 2005 for the 2006 model year. Unlike its predecessor, the B6 Passat no longer shared its platform with Audi's equivalent model (the Audi A4 ). Based on a modified version of the Mk5 Golf's PQ35 platform (PQ46), the B6 featured a transverse rather than longitudinal engine layout of its predecessor, like the previous B3 and B4 generations, which were related to
Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant - Misplaced Pages Continue
3744-570: The Passat CC , which was then renamed to Volkswagen CC. The CC was succeeded by the Arteon in 2017. In January 2011, Volkswagen introduced a separate Passat model line , internally designated "Volkswagen New Midsize Sedan" or NMS, that was manufactured in the US at the Chattanooga assembly plant and in China at Nanjing by SAIC-Volkswagen . Developed to increase Volkswagen sales in North America,
3861-416: The Passat CC. In February 2008, the 2.0 FSI was replaced with the new Audi -developed 1.8-litre TSI engine and 6-speed automatic transmission. The 1.8-litre T is rated at 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp) and 250 N⋅m (184 lbf⋅ft ) and accelerates from 0–100 km/h in 8.6 seconds, reaching a top speed of 220 km/h (136.7 mph). At the same time the 2.0-litre TDI engine from
3978-578: The Renault 16 and Austin Maxi . The Passat originally featured the four-cylinder OHC 1.3-litre (55 PS (40 kW; 54 hp)) and 1.5-litre (75 PS (55 kW; 74 hp)/85 PS (63 kW; 84 hp)) petrol engines also used in the Audi 80— longitudinally mounted with front-wheel drive , in Audi tradition, with either a four-speed manual transmission or three-speed automatic . It had
4095-836: The Southeastern United States ), the Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel (a converted railroad terminal), the Maclellan Building, the Dome Building (once the home to the Chattanooga Times), and the Tivoli Theatre . The BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee headquarters, atop Cameron Hill, is the second-largest LEED Gold-certified corporate campus in the nation. Downtown Chattanooga has four main bridges over
4212-565: The Tennessee River , Chattanooga is at the transition between the ridge-and-valley Appalachians and the Cumberland Plateau , both of which are part of the larger Appalachian Mountains . Its official nickname is the "Scenic City", alluding to the surrounding mountains, ridges, and valleys. Unofficial nicknames include "River City", "Chatt", "Nooga", "Chattown", and "Gig City", the latter a reference to its claims that it has
4329-492: The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) system was created in 1933 by Congress . The flood crested at 58 feet (18 m) and completely inundated the city. Since the completion of the reservoir system, the highest Chattanooga flood stage has been nearly 37 feet (11 m), which occurred in 1973. Without regulation, the flood would have crested at 52.4 feet (16.0 m). Chattanooga was a major priority in
4446-550: The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 's campus and features the largest mural in Chattanooga. The 40,000-square-foot mural was created by Philadelphia-based muralist Meg Saligman and seven other local artists. In late 20th and early 21st centuries, substantial private and governmental resources have been invested in transforming the city's tarnished image. In 1993, restoration of the Walnut Street Bridge
4563-643: The Vietnam War . The Volkswagen facility is near a remaining storage area containing storage bunkers once used to store TNT. The site features nearby hiking, biking and walking trails, picnic areas, and overlooks, known as the Enterprise South Nature Park. The Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant includes a body shop, paint shop, assembly facility, a Market Delivery Options (MDO) building, technical testing center, employee training facility with classrooms, an apprentice-training school and
4680-485: The Volkswagen Atlas commenced in 2017. Production of the electric Volkswagen ID.4 commenced July 26, 2022. The local plant, building a localized product, allows Volkswagen to avoid exchange rate fluctuations, monitor US automotive market trends, and potentially reduce vulnerability to extended supply chain issues. At its outset, Chattanooga Assembly manufactured 85% of the Passat's content, and about 85% of
4797-663: The Volkswagen Group B5 platform , was launched in February 1997 in Continental Europe and the United Kingdom, and 1998 in North America. Its PL45 platform was shared with the first-generation "Typ 8D" Audi A4 , which was unveiled two years earlier, and saw a return to the Passat sharing its longitudinal engine layout platform with Audi's equivalent model for the first time since the second-generation (B2) Passat of 1981, which shared its platform with
Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant - Misplaced Pages Continue
4914-711: The Volkswagen Santana in Europe. In the United States, the Passat/Santana was sold as the Volkswagen Quantum, available in three-door hatchback, four-door sedan, and a wagon model, but the five-door hatchback was never sold there and the three-door hatchback was dropped after less than two years. The four-wheel drive Syncro wagon version was introduced in October 1984, initially only with the more powerful five-cylinder engine. The Passat/Santana
5031-607: The 1974 model year . Sole available engine was a carburetted 1.5-litre inline-four developing 75 hp (56 kW) (or 70 hp (52 kW) in 1975), supplanted from model year 1976 by a Bosch fuel-injected 1.6-litre four 78 hp (58 kW). North American cars were equipped with single DOT standard headlights. In 1978, the Dasher received a facelift along the lines of the European Passat, with quad sealed beam headlights and big polyurethane covered bumpers. The trim
5148-784: The 2.0-litre 16-valve engine in the GL model, 1.8-litre engine in the CL model (not available in North America, all CLs, GLs, and GLSs had the 2.0 16v), The 1.8 8v 112 bhp PB engine from the Golf GTi was also used in the Passat GT model. Volkswagen's new 2.8-litre VR6 engine (also used in the Golf and Corrado ) in the GLX/GLS model (introduced in 1991 in Europe and 1992 in North America), and
5265-585: The 2010 census, an 11% increase during the 2000s. The single largest religious group in Chattanooga is Christianity . According to 2010 statistics, the Southern Baptist Convention was the largest denomination with 225 congregations and 122,300 members; followed by the United Methodist Church with 31,500 members and 83 churches. The third-largest group of Christians identified as non-denominational congregations; and
5382-402: The A2 (Golf) platform. The PQ46 platform provided increased torsional rigidity. The transverse-engine layout of the four-wheel drive version, marketed as 4motion , dictated a switch from the Torsen centre differential of the B5, to the Haldex Traction multi-plate clutch . The change to the Haldex system also changes the handling closer to a front-wheel drive car. Compared to the Torsen,
5499-436: The Audi range, incorporating common rail injection technology superseded the existing 2.0 litre TDI units. The common rail technology uses less fuel and is quieter in operation. This engine is part of the wider Volkswagen Group policy for engine sharing. The Passat Estate won overall winner of Practical Caravans Towcar of the Year Awards 2008 for its array of towing features such as its Trailer Stability Programme . In Asia,
5616-458: The Brainerd neighborhood , killing 6 and injuring 23. In March 2018, the driver, an employee of Durham School Services , was convicted of six counts of criminally negligent homicide, 11 counts of reckless aggravated assault, seven counts of assault, reckless endangerment, reckless driving and illegally using his phone while driving. The crash reignited the debate about whether seat belts should be required in school buses. On June 5, 2022, there
5733-523: The Chattanooga Assembly Plant have been exported to Mexico , Canada , South Korea , and the Middle East . The Chattanooga plant opened 23 years after the closing of the Westmoreland Assembly Plant near New Stanton, Pennsylvania , in 1988. The Westmoreland plant, which began operation in 1978, had been characterized by labor unrest and suffered from poor networking between Westmoreland and Volkswagen headquarters in then- West Germany . The entire facility includes approximately 45 acres (180,000 m), and
5850-416: The Confederacy itself in half, while Chattanooga served as the doorway to the Deep South . These battles were followed the next spring by the Atlanta Campaign , beginning just over the nearby state line in Georgia and moving southeastward. After the war ended, the city became a major railroad hub and industrial and manufacturing center. The largest flood in Chattanooga's history occurred in 1867, before
5967-492: The Haldex can direct torque more unequally to the front wheels (from 100:0 to 50:50 front-to-rear bias), thus providing a wider bias range than the 75:25 to 25:75 of the B5 Passat. Haldex is a reactive-type system, behaving as a front-wheel-drive vehicle until slippage is detected, at which point up to a maximum of 50% of the torque can be transmitted to the rear axle. See the Audi -related quattro (four-wheel-drive system) article for more information. Fuel Stratified Injection
SECTION 50
#17327718851106084-511: The Hamilton County jail and lynch Johnson on the Walnut Street Bridge . Chattanooga grew with the entry of the United States in the First World War in 1917; the nearest training camp was in Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia . The Influenza pandemic of 1918 closed local movie theaters and pool halls. By the 1930s, Chattanooga was known as the "Dynamo of Dixie", inspiring the 1941 Glenn Miller big-band swing song " Chattanooga Choo Choo ". Through Mayor P.R. Olgiati's efforts, Chattanooga became
6201-426: The Klan across the country in the following years. In 1987, the city's at-large voting process was challenged on the basis that it marginalized the voting power of Black voters. The issue was initially presented by Lorenzo Ervin , Annie Thomas and Maxine Cousin to the ACLU in Atlanta . Following the case of Brown v. Board of Commissioners of Chattanooga , the city terminated the at-large voting system. Since
6318-419: The PQ46 Passat was released by FAW-VW as the Magotan , after Volkswagen's other joint venture Shanghai Volkswagen had decided to continue using the B5 platform for the Passat and the Passat Lingyu (long-wheelbase Passat). Since August 2010, the wagon version of Passat B6 will be offered in Asia, which is a fully imported model. But this car is simply called Volkswagen Variant in China, in order not to refer
6435-482: The Passat B1 was produced from June 1974 until 1988. Since the Audi 80 was not marketed in Brazil, the Passat received the Audi's different front-end treatment after a facelift for 1979. Originally with a 1.5-litre engine, during its long life cycle many improvements from the B2 platform were later introduced, like its 1.6 and 1.8-litre engines, a Brazil-specific face-lift in 1985, and a five-speed gearbox. A sports version, named Passat TS 1.6 and later Passat GTS 1.8 Pointer
6552-457: The Passat NMS is larger and costs less to produce, and is sold in the North America, South Korea, China, and Middle East. The separate B8 Passat model entered production in Europe in 2014, based on the MQB platform . In 2019, the Passat NMS program was split into two as the North American one continued being produced on an older platform while the Chinese Passat moved on to the MQB platform, which resulted in Volkswagen marketed three models under
6669-402: The Passat nameplate globally at that time. The North American Passat was discontinued after the 2022 model year. Volkswagen ended the production of the saloon Passat for the European market in 2022. The B9 Passat, released in 2023, is only available in an estate body style. The Passat continues to be available as a saloon in China. The "Passat" is one of several Volkswagen models named after
6786-435: The Public Art Network Year in Review program, a national program that recognizes compelling public art. In addition to winning various national and regional awards, Chattanooga has been in the national limelight numerous times. Chattanooga was the profile city of the August 2007 edition of US Airways Magazine . Chattanooga-based businesses have been recognized for their investment in solar energy. In December 2009, Chattanooga
6903-435: The Tennessee River: the Walnut Street Bridge, the Market Street Bridge , the Olgiati Bridge , and the Veterans Memorial Bridge . These bridges allow pedestrians to connect the Riverfront and Northshore to the Tennessee Riverwalk and Bluff View Art District. Downtown Chattanooga parks include Coolidge Park , Renaissance Park, Miller Park, Miller Plaza and Main Terrain Art Park. The Martin Luther King District runs parallel to
7020-441: The US market, a 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) 2.0-litre turbocharged I4 is the base engine, or a 280 PS (206 kW; 276 hp) 3.6-litre VR6 engine as the upgrade, with six-speed manual (only available on the base 2.0-litre turbocharged model) and automatic transmissions. As of the 2009 model year, the VR6 engine and 4motion option were no longer available in the US on the Passat sedan and wagon, but are available on
7137-413: The age of 18 living with them, 36% were married couples living together, 17.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.94. In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.3% under
SECTION 60
#17327718851107254-424: The age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 27% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.1 years. 46.1% of the population was male and 53.9% of the population was female. The median income for a household in the city was $ 35,817, and the median income for a family was $ 43,314. Males had a median income of $ 36,109 versus $ 31,077 for females. The per capita income for
7371-486: The annual peak in nor'easter activity. Summers are hot and humid, with a July daily mean of 80.0 °F (26.7 °C) and 52 days annually with 90 °F (32 °C) or greater temperatures. Chattanooga is the sixth fastest warming city in the United States due to climate change . Average annual precipitation is over 52 inches (1,300 mm). On average, November through March represents an extended relatively wet period, because of Chattanooga's frequent placement (in
7488-431: The area designated as Indian Territory , in what is now the state of Oklahoma . Their journey west became known as the " Trail of Tears " for their exile and fatalities along the way. The U.S. Army used Ross's Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps, or "emigration depots", where Native Americans were held before the journey on the Trail of Tears. In 1839, the community of Ross's Landing incorporated as
7605-401: The beginning of the 21st century, the city of Chattanooga has grown, attracting people from out of state and even out of the country. Chattanooga launched the first one-gigabit-per-second Internet service in the United States in September 2010, provided through the city-owned utility EPB . In August 2012, Chattanooga developed its own typeface , called Chatype , which marks the first time
7722-417: The choice to the states of Michigan, Alabama, and Tennessee. The Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant has attracted international attention after it was proposed that employees elect a union, in order to implement a work council that has co-determination, consultation and participation rights with management. The United Auto Workers attempted unsuccessfully to unionize the Chattanooga plant in 2014. This
7839-436: The city and nearby locations, including Apison and Cherokee Valley in Catoosa County, Georgia , where fifteen people died, eight in Apison and seven in Cherokee Valley. An EF3 tornado struck southeastern portions of Chattanooga on the night of April 12, 2020, and caused significant damage and three fatalities. Chattanooga uses the Eastern Time Zone . Counties directly to its west (in both Tennessee and Alabama) use
7956-412: The city of Chattanooga. The city grew quickly, initially benefiting from a location well-suited for river commerce. With the arrival of the railroad in 1850, Chattanooga became a boom town. The city was known as the site "where cotton meets corn," referring to its location along the cultural boundary between the mountain communities of southern Appalachia and the cotton-growing states to the south. During
8073-425: The city was $ 23,756. About 14% of families and 16.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over. Chattanooga's Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Hamilton, Marion , and Sequatchie counties in Tennessee and Catoosa , Dade , and Walker counties in Georgia, grew from 476,531 people, as of the 2000 census, to 529,222 people, as of
8190-422: The city was 58.0% White , 34.9% Black , 2.0% Asian , 0.4% American Indian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 2.8% from other races , and 1.9% from two or more races. Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin (regardless of race) constituted 5.5% of the total population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 55.9% of the population in 2010, down from 67.3% in 1980. There were 70,749 households, out of which 26.7% had children under
8307-463: The city would agree to desegregate the downtown businesses. Unlike many southern cities the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. did not lead to riots in Chattanooga. Mayor Kelley and Police Commissioner Turner met with young people to defuse the situation and bought the protesters lunch. The frustrated youths voiced their complaints about racial injustice in Chattanooga, but were convinced to peacefully disperse. In 1971, John Franklin Sr. became
8424-698: The city's gigabit capacities and focuses on 3D printing, healthcare, and smartgrid technologies. Notable startups include Quickcue (acquired by OpenTable in 2013), and Reliance Partners . Chattanooga went from zero investable capital in 2009 to over $ 50 million in 2014. Electric power for most of the city and surrounding area is provided by the city-run Electric Power Board (EPB). EPB also provides high-speed Internet service, TV, and telephone service to business and residential customers throughout Hamilton County, as well as parts of Bledsoe County , Bradley County , Catoosa County , Dade County , Marion County , Rhea County , Sequatchie County , and Walker County , via
8541-414: The city. Chattanooga, like much of Tennessee, has a four-season humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ). Winter days are usually mild, but most years have at least one day (average 3.2) where the high remains at or below freezing. Snowfall is highly variable from year to year. 11 inches (28 cm) were recorded between January 9–10, 2011. The average snowiest month is February which corresponds with
8658-417: The city. In 1969, the federal government declared that Chattanooga had the dirtiest air in the nation. Like other early industrial cities, Chattanooga entered the 1970s with serious socioeconomic challenges, including job layoffs because of de-industrialization, deteriorating city infrastructure, racial tensions, and social division. Chattanooga's population increased by nearly 50,000 in the 1970s. However, this
8775-744: The complex rear axle assembly). Only the more popular estate was reengineered. In 1985, the range received a slight facelift, consisting of new, larger bumpers, interior retouches, a new front grille and new taillights on the hatchback versions. The three-door hatchback was discontinued, while the Santana nameplate was dropped in Europe. The saloon's front end was now the same as the hatchback and estate. On 31 March 1988, production ended (although Syncro models continued in production until June) with 3,345,248 built in Germany. World production totaled approximately 4.5 million units. The third generation Passat
8892-562: The content of the North American Passat comes from North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) countries. The company initially had plans for an expansion that would increase capacity to 592,000 vehicles a year. Labor costs at the Tennessee plant, including wages and benefits, have been estimated to average $ 27 an hour, below those of Ford , GM , Chrysler , and some foreign automakers. As of late 2012, cars manufactured at
9009-591: The design of the TVA reservoir system and remains a major operating priority in the 21st century. In December 1906, Chattanooga was in the national headlines in United States v. Shipp , as the United States Supreme Court , in the only criminal trial in its history, ruled that Hamilton County Sheriff Joseph H. Shipp had violated Ed Johnson 's civil rights when Shipp allowed a mob to enter
9126-689: The east. The modern downtown skyline is dominated by the Aquarium, the Republic Centre (tallest building in Chattanooga ), John C. Portman Jr. 's the Westin (Gold Building), the James Building (Chattanooga's first skyscraper), and The Block, a climbing gym with 5,000 square feet of functional climbing space. Chattanooga has buildings with historical significance, such as The Read House Hotel (the longest continuously operating hotel in
9243-474: The facility, with local, state, and federal governments subsidizing the project with an estimated $ 577 million in incentives. Alabama had offered Volkswagen incentives of $ 385 million, the most the state had ever offered for an auto project. Mississippi offered incentives totaling $ 294 million to Toyota in 2007 for an assembly plant at Blue Springs. Kia received about $ 324 million in incentives from Georgia. Volkswagen had researched 398 possible sites before narrowing
9360-612: The fastest internet service in the Western Hemisphere. Chattanooga is internationally known from the 1941 hit song " Chattanooga Choo Choo " by Glenn Miller and his orchestra . It is home to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) and Chattanooga State Community College . The first inhabitants of the Chattanooga area were Native Americans . Sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period (c. 10,000 BCE ) show continuous human occupation through
9477-632: The first African-American elected official of Chattanooga. However racial tensions related to poverty and education continued to simmer. In the same year, a cancelled concert refusing to give ticket refunds sparked a four-day riot of black youth. An all-night curfew was called and close to 2,000 National Guard troops arrived in the city, setting up a post at City Hall. The unrest led to 1 death and 300 arrests. On April 19, 1980, three Ku Klux Klan members rode down historic 9th street and opened fire on five black women: Viola Ellison, Lela Mae Evans, Katherine O. Johnson, Opal Lee Jackson and Fannie Crumsey. All of
9594-450: The first city in Tennessee to have a completed interstate highway system in the latter 1960s. In February 1958, Chattanooga became one of the smallest cities in the country with three VHF television stations: WROM-TV (now WTVC-TV ) channel 9 ( ABC ), WRGP-TV (now WRCB-TV ) channel 3 ( NBC ), and WDEF-TV channel 12 ( CBS ). The same mountains that provide Chattanooga's scenic backdrop also trap industrial pollutants, which settle over
9711-735: The fourth-largest organized denomination was the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) with 82 churches and 17,900 members. The 5th largest Christian religious group, according to 2010 statistics , was the Roman Catholic Diocese of Knoxville , which had 12 congregations and 14,300 members. Islam has 2,200 adherents in Chattanooga. Chattanooga's economy includes a diversified and growing mix of manufacturing and service industries. Notable Chattanooga businesses include Access America Transport , BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee , CBL & Associates , The Chattanooga Bakery , Sanofi ,
9828-416: The front end a more aggressive appearance, as the previous model looked too 'passive'. The car was available with a Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) diesel engine – an inline four-cylinder 1.9-litre turbodiesel , generating 66 kW (90 PS ; 89 bhp ) at 3,750 rpm and 210 N⋅m (155 lbf⋅ft ) of torque at 1,900 rpm. It carried a US EPA fuel efficiency rating for
9945-723: The group's North American manufacturing headquarters. The plant, which initially employed 2,700 people, later increasing to 4,700, manufactures the Passat and the Atlas . It also has a full research and development center in downtown Chattanooga, employing some 200 engineers, the first of its kind in the South. The plant was the first new Volkswagen plant in the United States since the 1988 closure of Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly near New Stanton, Pennsylvania . In 2019, Volkswagen Chattanooga announced plans to expand its Chattanooga-based plant to construct electric vehicles . The expansion
10062-409: The hourly workers voted 2628 in favor of the union (73%) and 985 against the union (27%). Chattanooga, Tennessee Chattanooga ( / ˌ tʃ æ t ə ˈ n uː ɡ ə / CHAT -ə- NOO -gə ) is a city in and the county seat of Hamilton County, Tennessee , United States. It is located along the Tennessee River , and borders Georgia to the south. With a population of 181,099 in 2020, it
10179-551: The main tribe to establish resistance to European settlement during the Cherokee–American wars . In 1816 John Ross , who later became Principal Chief , established Ross's Landing . Located along what is now Broad Street, it became one of the centers of Cherokee Nation settlement, which also extended into Georgia and Alabama. In 1838, the U.S. government forced the Cherokees, along with other Native Americans, to relocate to
10296-526: The maker of nationally known Little Debbie brand snack cakes, is a privately held, family-run company headquartered in nearby Collegedale, Tennessee . Notable companies that have manufacturing or distribution facilities in the city include Amazon.com , BASF , DuPont , Invista , Komatsu , PepsiCo , Rock-Tenn , Plantronics , Domtar , Norfolk Southern , Ferrara Candy Company (manufacturer of Brach's candies ), Alco Chemical , Colonial Pipeline , and Buzzi Unicem . The William Wrigley Jr. Company has
10413-492: The multiple railroads that converge there. After the war, the railroads allowed for the city to grow into one of the Southeastern United States' largest heavy industrial hubs. Today, major industry that drives the economy includes automotive, advanced manufacturing, food and beverage production, healthcare, insurance, tourism, and back office and corporate headquarters. Chattanooga remains a transit hub in
10530-579: The name "Chattanooga" derives from the Muskogean word cvto /chắtȯ/ – 'rock'. The latter may be derived from a regional suffix -nuga meaning dwelling or dwelling place. It is also believed to be derived from the Creek Indian word Chat-to-to-noog-gee , meaning ‘rock rising to a point’, which is speculated to be a reference to Lookout Mountain. The earliest Cherokee occupation of the area dates from 1776, when Dragging Canoe separated himself from
10647-531: The name "Passat" or "Magotan". Exclusive to Europe, Japan, Australia and New Zealand was a limited edition Passat R36, which featured a 3.6-litre V6 engine. This version of the Passat put out 300 hp, and featured dual exhaust tips, an aggressive front bonnet, and All Wheel Drive. The CC ("Comfort Coupé") is a 4-door coupé version of the Passat . It debuted at the 2008 North American International Auto Show in Detroit . Originally aimed at competing with
10764-499: The nation's largest municipally owned fiber optic system. TVA operates the nearby Sequoyah Nuclear Power Plant , Chickamauga Dam, and the Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant , all of which provide electricity to the greater Chattanooga area. TVA's corporate power generation and distribution organization is headquartered in downtown Chattanooga. Volkswagen Passat The Volkswagen Passat
10881-404: The present day, served by multiple Interstate highways and railroad lines. It is 118 miles (190 km) northwest of Atlanta, Georgia , 112 miles (180 km) southwest of Knoxville, Tennessee , 134 miles (216 km) southeast of Nashville, Tennessee , 102 miles (164 km) east-northeast of Huntsville, Alabama , and 147 miles (237 km) northeast of Birmingham, Alabama . Divided by
10998-461: The previous generation, the B2 Passat was mainly sold with four-cylinder petrol and diesel engines. Unlike its predecessor, the top-of the line versions received five-cylinder Audi or VW engines of 1.9–2.2 litres. In addition to four- and five-speed manuals and three-speed automatic gearboxes, the Passat/Santana was also available with the 4+E transmission. This, also called the "Formel E" had
11115-472: The regular Passat, with options of the base 2.0 litre turbocharged four-cylinder, or the optional 3.6-litre VR6, which includes 4-motion all-wheel drive. The Chinese-made CC was released by FAW-VW on 15 July 2010. Two engine options are provided: 1.8 litre T and 2.0 litre T. Volkswagen facelifted the Passat CC in late 2011 for the 2012 year, with styling updates akin to those of the larger Phaeton . For
11232-473: The roof and glasshouse, with most obvious exterior change seeing the reintroduction of a grille to match the style of the other same-generation Volkswagen models of the era, such as the Mk3 Golf and Jetta. The interior was mildly updated and included safety equipment, such as dual front airbags and seat belt pretensioners, although the basic dashboard design remained unchanged. The grille was introduced to give
11349-646: The second-generation "Typ 81" Audi 80 / Audi 90 (the A4 is the successor to the Audi 80 line). The Passat introduced a new design language, first seen on the Concept 1 concept car, for the latest generation of Volkswagens, such as the Mk4 Golf , Bora and Polo Mk4 . Aerodynamic work gave the B5 Passat a coefficient of drag of 0.27 (saloon model). The car featured a fully independent four-link front suspension ; and
11466-501: The sedan of 45 miles per US gallon (5.2 L/100 km; 54 mpg ‑imp ) highway. Combined with a 98 litres (21.6 imp gal; 25.9 US gal) 28 litres (6.2 imp gal; 7.4 US gal) reserve option fuel tank, the B4 TDI wagon had an 1800+ km (1200+ mi) range on a single tank of fuel. The B4 TDI wagon saw less than 1,000 sales in the US during its 1996 to 1997 lifespan. An all-new Passat, based on
11583-447: The similarly styled Mercedes CLS, the Passat CC intends to be more stylish and luxurious than the previously released Passat B6 . In the US, the name Passat was dropped, and the car was being sold as just CC . Some options specific to the CC include hands-free parking, lane-departure prevention, intelligent cruise control, and adaptive suspension. Engines offered in the CC mirror those of
11700-477: The winter season) in a zone of conflict between warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cold, dry air from Canada, amplified by jet-stream energy and abundant Gulf moisture. July presents a secondary maximum in precipitation, due to frequent thunderstorm activity. Despite the mountains that surround the city, Chattanooga has been affected by tornadoes. These tornadoes include the 2011 Super Outbreak , which impacted
11817-465: The women survived. When an all-white jury acquitted the three Klan members for their crime, Chattanooga erupted into four nights of rioting. Not deterred by the jury verdict, the five women went on to be plaintiffs in a historic civil lawsuit against the Klan. In 1982, the federal courts ordered the Klan to pay the women $ 535,000 on account of the attack. This case created the legal strategy for dismantling
11934-556: The world's first Coca-Cola bottling plant, Coker Tire , U.S. Xpress Inc., Covenant Logistics , Double Cola , CraftWorks Restaurants & Breweries , Luken Communications , Miller & Martin , the National Model Railroad Association , PepsiCo , Reliance Partners , Republic Parking System , Rock/Creek , Tricycle Inc., and Unum . The city also hosts large branch offices of Cigna , AT&T , T-Mobile USA , and UBS . McKee Foods Corporation ,
12051-523: Was a mass shooting in Chattanooga that left three dead and injured 11. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 144.6 square miles (374.4 km ), of which 137.1 square miles (355.2 km ) are land and 7.4 square miles (19.2 km ), or 5.12%, are water. The most prominent natural features in and around Chattanooga are the Tennessee River and the surrounding mountains. The Tennessee River
12168-457: Was also introduced. The second generation Passat launched in November 1980. The platform, named B2 , was once again based on the corresponding version of the Audi 80, which had been launched in 1978. The B2 Passat was slightly longer. In addition to the Passat hatchbacks and Variants (estate/wagon), there was also a conventional three-box saloon, which until the 1985 facelift was sold as
12285-535: Was also produced and commercialized in China, Mexico, South America and South Africa, too. In Mexico, it was marketed from 1984 to 1988 as VW Corsar and Corsar Variant (the 4-door saloon and 5-door wagon, respectively). In Argentina, from 1987 to 1991 as the VW Carat. In Brazil, the wagon model was badged VW Quantum. The Passat saloon and estate were produced in South Africa for the local market until 1987. Like
12402-467: Was also upgraded and the ride softened. 1979 saw the introduction of the 1.5-litre diesel engine , which produced just 48 PS (35 kW) in the 1,130 kg (2,490 lb) car. 0–100 km/h time for the Diesel was 19.4 seconds, 6.2 seconds slower than the petrol (petrol) engine. All petrol engines were dropped for North America in 1981, in preparation for the next generation. In Brazil,
12519-457: Was completed. An excellent specimen of the Camelback truss bridge , it is the oldest surviving bridge of its kind in the Southeastern United States, having been built in 1891. Efforts to improve the city include the "21st Century Waterfront Plan" – a $ 120 million redevelopment of the Chattanooga waterfront area, which was completed in 2005. The Tennessee Aquarium, which opened in 1992, has become
12636-516: Was defeated in a 712-626 vote. It was backed by Volkswagen and the IG Metall union in Germany to negotiate with management on day-to-day working matters at the plant. There was, however, considerable opposition from US business groups and Republican politicians. The UAW again attempted to unionize the plant in June 2019. This failed by a 52 to 48 percent margin. Unlike in 2014, Volkswagen management
12753-487: Was designed by the Nashville engineering and architecture firm SSOE , the firm Environmental Resources Management (ERM) for the environmental permitting process, and Alberici Constructors, Inc. for the construction management of the facility. The Port of Savannah , Georgia's Garden City Terminal handles imported auto parts in containers for the plant. Volkswagen invested approximately one billion U.S. dollars to construct
12870-631: Was fought, driving the Confederates off the mountain. On November 25, Grant's army routed the Confederates in the Battle of Missionary Ridge . In regard to victories won by the Union, Chattanooga marks one of three defining moments that turned the Civil War in their favor. The Battle of Gettysburg brought the streak of victories obtained by the Confederacy to an end, while the Siege of Vicksburg split
12987-628: Was introduced in 2001 in a luxury version of the car that included standard 4motion all-wheel drive . This engine was intended to be a test bed for Volkswagen Group's new W engine technology, which would later make an appearance on the W12 in the Phaeton , Audi A8 , and Bentley Continental GT , and the W16 engine in the Bugatti Veyron . The engine was discontinued in 2004. The B6 debuted at
13104-487: Was introduced in March 1988 in Europe, 1990 in North America, and 1995 in South America. The lack of a grille made the car's front end styling reminiscent of older, rear-engined Volkswagens, such as the 411 , and also doubled as a modern styling trend. The styling was developed from the 1981 aerodynamic (cd 0.25) Auto 2000 concept car. At the time, it was the first transverse engine layout Passat to be built on
13221-580: Was mostly because the city annexed nearby residential areas. By the mid-1980s, local leaders launched Vision 2000 , an effort to revitalize and reinvent Chattanooga's culture and economy. Chattanooga's population declined by more than 10% in the 1980s, but regained it over the next two decades, the only major U.S. city to do so in that period. The civil rights movement of Chattanooga began in 1960 when teenage students of Howard High School, inspired by activists in Nashville and Greensboro , began to organize
13338-467: Was not supportive of the union vote. On 6 February 2024, the UAW announced that over 50% of the 4,100 hourly workers at the plant have signed union membership cards . The VW union drive is happening shortly after UAW's successful strikes in 2023 at the " Big Three " automobile manufacturers Ford , General Motors and Stellantis . On 19 April, the plant's workers voted to unionize. In the historic election,
13455-617: Was ranked 8th out of America's 100 largest metro areas for the best "Bang For Your Buck" city, according to Forbes magazine , which measured overall affordability, housing rates, and more. Chattanooga has many buildings and three neighborhoods on the National Register of Historic Places : Ferger Place , Fort Wood , and St. Elmo . Additionally, Chattanooga has several local historic districts: Battery Place, Glenwood, Missionary Ridge, M.L. King, and Stringer's Ridge . Four of these are formally managed as local historic districts by
13572-483: Was sold as a four-door saloon or a five-door estate, with the Passat not being sold as a hatchback from this point onwards. It was marketed under the Passat name in all markets; in North America, this was a first. The fuel-injected petrol engines gave better performance and refinement than the carburettor units previously used. They were mounted transversely , and the floorpan was engineered to accept Volkswagen's ' Syncro ' four-wheel drive system. Engine options were
13689-409: Was sold as an Audi Fox. In Europe, the Passat was equipped with two rectangular, two round 7-inch, or four round 5.5-inch headlights depending on specification. The Passat was one of the most modern European family cars at the time, and was intended as a replacement for the ageing Volkswagen Type 3 and Type 4 . The only other European cars of its size to feature front-wheel drive and a hatchback were
#109890