Nicholas Vachel Lindsay ( / ˈ v eɪ tʃ əl ˈ l ɪ n z i / ; November 10, 1879 – December 5, 1931) was an American poet . He is considered a founder of modern singing poetry, as he referred to it, in which verses are meant to be sung or chanted.
110-652: Lindsay was born in Springfield, Illinois where his father, Vachel Thomas Lindsay, worked as a medical doctor and had amassed considerable wealth. The Lindsays lived across the street from the Illinois Executive Mansion , home of the Governor of Illinois . The location of his childhood home influenced Lindsay, and one of his poems, " The Eagle Forgotten ", eulogizes Illinois governor John P. Altgeld , whom Lindsay admired for his courage in pardoning
220-509: A "snap, crackle, pop" when one pours on milk. During the 1930s, the illustrator Vernon Grant developed Snap, Crackle and Pop as gnome-like mascots for the Kellogg Company . Sounds appear in road safety advertisements: "clunk click, every trip" (click the seatbelt on after clunking the car door closed; UK campaign) or "click, clack, front and back" (click, clack of connecting the seat belts ; AU campaign) or "make it click" (click of
330-659: A Democratic region. He chiefly studied poll books for presidential years. The rise of the Whig Party took place in 1836 in opposition to the presidential candidacy of Martin Van Buren and was consolidated in 1840. Springfield Whigs tend to validate several expectations of party characteristics as they were largely native-born, either in New England or Kentucky, professional or agricultural in occupation, and devoted to partisan organization. Abraham Lincoln's career reflects
440-678: A bottle of lye . His last words were: "They tried to get me; I got them first!" Lindsay, a versatile and prolific writer and poet, helped to "keep alive the appreciation of poetry as a spoken art" whose poetry was said to "abound in meter and rhymes and is no shredded prose", had a traditional verse structure and was described by a contemporary in 1924 as "pungent phrases, clinging cadences, dramatic energy, comic thrust, lyric seriousness and tragic intensity". Lindsay's biographer, Dennis Camp, says that Lindsay's ideas on "civic beauty and civic tolerance" were published in 1912 in his broadside "The Gospel of Beauty" and that later, in 1915, Lindsay published
550-473: A busboy at a Washington, D.C. restaurant where Lindsay ate, gave Lindsay copies of his poems. However, many contemporaries and later critics have contended over whether a couple of Lindsay's poems should be seen as homages to African and African-American music, as perpetuation of the "savage African" stereotype, or as both. DuBois, before reading and praising "the Golden-Faced People," wrote in
660-1023: A common occurrence throughout the spring and summer. From 1961 to 1990 the city of Springfield averaged 35.25 inches (895 mm) of precipitation per year. During that same period the average yearly temperature was 52.4 °F (11.3 °C), with a summer maximum of 76.5 °F (24.7 °C) in July and a winter minimum of 24.2 °F (−4.3 °C) in January. From 1971 to 2000, NOAA data showed that Springfield's annual mean temperature increased slightly to 52.7 °F (11.5 °C). During that period, July averaged 76.3 °F (24.6 °C), while January averaged 25.1 °F (−3.8 °C). From 1981 to 2010, NOAA data showed that Springfield's annual mean temperature increased slightly to 53.1 °F (11.7 °C). During that period, July averaged 76.0 °F (24.4 °C), while January averaged 26.9 °F (−2.8 °C). From 1991 to 2020, NOAA's latest dataset showed
770-649: A concept mimetically and performatively rather than referentially, but different from onomatopoeia in that they aren't just imitative of sounds. For example, shiinto represents something being silent, just as how an anglophone might say "clatter, crash, bang!" to represent something being noisy. That "representative" or "performative" aspect is the similarity to onomatopoeia. Sometimes Japanese onomatopoeia produces reduplicated words. As in Japanese, onomatopoeia in Hebrew sometimes produces reduplicated verbs: There
880-568: A concern for capturing the sound of the primitive and of singing in poetry. In 1915, Lindsay gave a poetry reading to President Woodrow Wilson and the entire Cabinet . Lindsay's private life was rife with disappointments, such as his unsuccessful courtship in 1914 of fellow poet Sara Teasdale before she married rich businessman Ernst Filsinger. While this itself may have caused Lindsay to become more concerned with money, his financial pressures would greatly increase later on. In 1924 he moved to Spokane, Washington , where he lived in room 1129 of
990-411: A continued increase in the annual mean to 54.0 °F (12.2 °C). During that period, July averaged 76.5 °F (24.7 °C), while January averaged 27.9 °F (−2.3 °C). On June 14, 1957, a tornado hit Springfield, killing two people. On March 12, 2006, the city was struck by two F2 tornadoes . The storm system which brought the two tornadoes hit the city around 8:30pm; no one died as
1100-574: A cost of $ 1.5 million. As of October 8, 2014, the site was again open to the public, with guided tours available on Thursday to Sunday from 1 to 5 pm. Lindsay's grave lies in Oak Ridge Cemetery . The bridge crossing the midpoint of Lake Springfield , built in 1934, is named in Lindsay's honor. The Vachel Lindsay Archive resides at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at
1210-586: A doctor but a painter; they wrote back saying that doctors can draw pictures in their free time. He left Hiram anyway, heading to Chicago to study at the Art Institute of Chicago from 1900 to 1903. In 1904 he left to attend the New York School of Art (now The New School ) to study pen and ink. Lindsay remained interested in art for the rest of his life, drawing illustrations for some of his poetry. His art studies also probably led him to appreciate
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#17327805821141320-542: A fiery and furious, zany, at times incoherent delivery that appears to have owed more to jazz than poetry, though the highly religious Lindsay was always reluctant to align himself thus. Part of the success and great fame that Lindsay achieved—albeit briefly—was due to the singular manner in which he presented his poetry "fundamentally as a performance, as an aural and temporal experience...meant...to be chanted, whispered, belted out, sung, amplified by gesticulation and movement, and punctuated by shouts and whoops." [2] Whirl ye
1430-424: A household in the city was $ 39,388, and the median income for a family was $ 51,298. Families with children had a higher income of about $ 69,437. Males had a median income of $ 36,864 versus $ 28,867 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 23,324. About 8.4% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 17.3% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over. Many of
1540-625: A labor activist, and Marjorie Merriweather Post , the founder of the General Foods Corporation , lived in the city; Post in particular was a native of Springfield. In addition, astronomer Seth Barnes Nicholson was born in Springfield in 1891. A Madeiran Portuguese community resided in the vicinity of the Carpenter Street Underpass, one of the earliest and largest Portuguese settlements in
1650-713: A lifetime achievement award of $ 500 (equivalent to about $ 8872 in today's dollars). In April 1929, Lindsay and his family moved to the house of his birth in Springfield, Illinois, an expensive undertaking. In that same year, coinciding with the Stock Market Crash of 1929 , Lindsay published two more poetry volumes: The Litany of Washington Street and Every Soul A Circus . He gained money by doing odd jobs throughout but in general earned very little during his travels. Crushed by financial worry and in failing health from his six-month road trip, Lindsay sank into depression . On December 5, 1931, he committed suicide by drinking
1760-490: A new word, up to the point that the process is no longer recognized as onomatopoeia. One example is the English word bleat for sheep noise: in medieval times it was pronounced approximately as blairt (but without an R-component), or blet with the vowel drawled, which more closely resembles a sheep noise than the modern pronunciation. An example of the opposite case is cuckoo , which, due to continuous familiarity with
1870-647: A pamphlet titled Rhymes To Be Traded For Bread , which he traded for food as a self-perceived modern version of a medieval troubadour . From March to May, 1906, Lindsay traveled roughly 600 miles on foot from Jacksonville, Florida , to Kentucky , again trading his poetry for food and lodging. From April to May, 1908, Lindsay undertook another poetry-selling trek, walking from New York City to Hiram, Ohio . From May to September 1912 he traveled—again on foot—from Illinois to New Mexico , trading his poems for food and lodging. During this last trek, Lindsay composed his most famous poem, "The Congo". Going through Kansas, he
1980-727: A particular sound is heard similarly by people of different cultures, it is often expressed through the use of different phonetic strings in different languages. For example, the " snip "of a pair of scissors is cri-cri in Italian , riqui-riqui in Spanish , terre-terre or treque-treque in Portuguese , krits-krits in modern Greek , cëk-cëk in Albanian , and kaṭr-kaṭr in Hindi . Similarly,
2090-567: A plain near the Sangamon River north of Lake Springfield . The city is on historic Route 66 . Springfield was settled by European-Americans in the late 1810s, around the time Illinois became a state. The most famous historic resident was Abraham Lincoln , who lived in Springfield from 1837 until 1861, upon becoming President of the United States . Major tourist attractions include multiple sites connected with Lincoln including
2200-400: A result of the riot: nine black residents, and seven white residents who were associated with the mob, five of whom were killed by state militia and two committed suicide. The riot ended when the governor sent in more than 3,700 militiamen to patrol the city, but isolated incidents of white violence against blacks continued in Springfield into September. On March 12, 2006, two F2 tornadoes hit
2310-564: A result of the weather. Springfield received a federal grant in February 2005 to help improve its tornado warning systems and new sirens were put in place in November 2006 after eight of the sirens failed during an April 2006 test, shortly after the tornadoes hit. The cost of the new sirens totaled $ 983,000. Although tornadoes are not uncommon in central Illinois, the March 12 tornadoes were
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#17327805821142420-407: A review of Lindsay's "Booker T. Washington Trilogy" that "Lindsay knows two things, and two things only, about Negroes: The beautiful rhythm of their music and the ugly side of their drunkards and outcasts. From this poverty of material he tries now and then to make a contribution to Negro literature. ... It goes without saying that he only partially succeeds." Added DuBois: "Mr. Lindsay knows little of
2530-449: A round or angular shape, has been tested to see how languages symbolize sounds. The Japanese language has a large inventory of ideophone words that are symbolic sounds. These are used in contexts ranging from day-to-day conversation to serious news. These words fall into four categories: The two former correspond directly to the concept of onomatopoeia, while the two latter are similar to onomatopoeia in that they are intended to represent
2640-423: A small "core community" of economically successful, socially homogeneous, and politically active voters and officeholders who controlled local political affairs, while most residents moved in and out of the city. Members of a tightly knit and exclusive "core community", exemplified by Abraham Lincoln , blunted the potentially disruptive impact of migration on local communities. The case of John Williams illustrates
2750-466: A sound in a word, or a phoneme , is related to a sound in an environment, and are restricted in part by a language's own phonetic inventory, hence why many languages can have distinct onomatopoeia for the same natural sound. Depending on a language's connection to a sound's meaning, that language's onomatopoeia inventory can differ proportionally. For example, a language like English generally holds little symbolic representation when it comes to sounds, which
2860-508: A viable synodical tradition. Springfield became a major center of activity during the American Civil War. Illinois regiments trained there, the first ones under Ulysses S. Grant . He led his soldiers to a remarkable series of victories in 1861–62. The city was a political and financial center of Union support. New industries, businesses, and railroads were constructed to help support the war effort. The war's first official death
2970-670: A villain named Onomatopoeia , an athlete, martial artist, and weapons expert, who is known to verbally speak sounds ( i.e. , to voice onomatopoeic words such as "crash" and "snap" out loud to accompany the applicable event). Advertising uses onomatopoeia for mnemonic purposes, so that consumers will remember their products, as in Alka-Seltzer 's "Plop, plop, fizz, fizz. Oh, what a relief it is!" jingle, recorded in two different versions (big band and rock) by Sammy Davis Jr. Rice Krispies (known as Rice Bubbles in Australia) make
3080-736: A well-meaning but misguided primitivist in his representations of Africans and African Americans. One such critic, Rachel DuPlessis , argues that the poem, while perhaps meant to be "hopeful," actually "others" Africans as an inherently violent race. In the poem and in Lindsay's defenses of it, DuPlessis hears Lindsay warning white readers not to be "hoo-doo'd" or seduced by violent African "mumbo jumbo." This warning seems to suggest that white civilization has been "infected" by African violence; Lindsay thus, in effect, "blames blacks for white violence directed against them." Conversely, Susan Gubar notes approvingly that "the poem contains lines blaming black violence on white imperialism." While acknowledging that
3190-480: A wide array of individuals, who, in one way or another, contributed to the broader American culture. Wandering poet Vachel Lindsay , most famous for his poem "The Congo" and a booklet called "Rhymes to be Traded for Bread", was born in Springfield in 1879. At least two notable people affiliated with American business and industry have called the Illinois state capital home at one time or another. Both John L. Lewis ,
3300-412: Is a 4,200-acre (1,700 ha) human-made reservoir owned by City Water, Light & Power , the largest municipally owned utility in Illinois. It was built and filled in 1935 by damming Lick Creek , a tributary of the Sangamon River which flows past Springfield's northern outskirts. The lake is used primarily as a source for drinking water for the city of Springfield, also providing cooling water for
3410-722: Is a documented correlation within the Malay language of onomatopoeia that begin with the sound bu- and the implication of something that is rounded, as well as with the sound of -lok within a word conveying curvature in such words like lok , kelok and telok ('locomotive', 'cove', and 'curve' respectively). The Qur'an, written in Arabic, documents instances of onomatopoeia. Of about 77,701 words, there are nine words that are onomatopoeic: three are animal sounds (e.g., mooing ), two are sounds of nature (e.g., thunder ), and four that are human sounds (e.g., whisper or groan ). There
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3520-424: Is a radical departure from Victorian architectural traditions. Covering 12,000 square feet (1,100 m ), the house contained vaulted ceilings and 16 major spaces. As the nation was changing, so Wright intended this structure to reflect the changes. Creating an organic and natural atmosphere, Wright saw himself as an "architect of democracy" and intended his work to be a monument to America's social landscape. It
3630-463: Is an English word from the Ancient Greek compound ὀνοματοποιία, onomatopoiía , meaning 'name-making', composed of ὄνομα, ónoma , meaning "name"; and ποιέω, poiéō , meaning "making". It is pronounced / ˌ ɒ n ə m æ t ə ˈ p iː ə , - m ɑː t -/ . Words that imitate sounds can thus be said to be onomatopoeic , onomatopoetic , imitiative , or echoic . In
3740-401: Is an area bordered by 3rd Street on its west, Black Avenue on the north, 8th street on the east and North Grand Avenue. The neighborhood is not far from Lincoln's Tomb on Monument Avenue. Springfield completely surrounds four suburbs that have their own municipal governments: Jerome , Leland Grove , Southern View , and Grandview . It also surrounds various unincorporated enclaves, including
3850-426: Is defined simply as the imitation of some kind of non-vocal sound using the vocal sounds of a language, like the hum of a bee being imitated with a "buzz" sound. In another sense, it is described as the phenomena of making a new word entirely. Onomatopoeia works in the sense of symbolizing an idea in a phonological context, not necessarily constituting a direct meaningful word in the process. The symbolic properties of
3960-652: Is land and 6.284 square miles (16.28 km ) (or 9.56%) is water. The city is located in the Lower Illinois River Basin, in a large area known as Till Plain. Sangamon County, and the city of Springfield, are in the Springfield Plain subsection of Till Plain. The Plain is underlain by glacial till that was deposited by a large continental ice sheet that repeatedly covered the area during the Illinoian Stage . The majority of
4070-570: Is named for the sound it makes: the zip (in the UK) or zipper (in the U.S.) Many birds are named after their calls, such as the bobwhite quail , the weero , the morepork , the killdeer , chickadees and jays , the cuckoo , the chiffchaff , the whooping crane , the whip-poor-will , and the kookaburra . In Tamil and Malayalam , the word for crow is kākā . This practice is especially common in certain languages such as Māori , and so in names of animals borrowed from these languages. Although
4180-614: Is the capital city of the U.S. state of Illinois and the seat of Sangamon County . The city's population was 114,394 at the 2020 census , which makes it the state's seventh-most populous city , the second-most populous outside of the Chicago metropolitan area (after Rockford ), and the most populous in Central Illinois . Approximately 208,000 residents live in the Springfield metropolitan area , which consists of all of Sangamon and Menard counties. Springfield lies in
4290-488: Is the only historic site later acquired by the state exclusively because of its architectural merit. The structure was opened to the public as a museum house in September 1990; tours are available, 9:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m. Wednesdays through Sundays. Sparked by the alleged rape of a white woman by a black man and the murder of a white engineer, supposedly also by a black man, in Springfield, and reportedly angered by
4400-544: Is the phrase "furrow followed free" in Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner . The words "followed" and "free" are not onomatopoeic in themselves, but in conjunction with "furrow" they reproduce the sound of ripples following in the wake of a speeding ship. Similarly, alliteration has been used in the line "as the surf surged up the sun swept shore ..." to recreate
4510-410: Is the reason English tends to have a smaller representation of sound mimicry than a language like Japanese, which overall has a much higher amount of symbolism related to the sounds of the language. In ancient Greek philosophy, onomatopoeia was used as evidence for how natural a language was: it was theorized that language itself was derived from natural sounds in the world around us. Symbolism in sounds
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4620-404: Is used or a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) if the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm is used. In recent years, winter temperatures have increased substantially while summer temperatures have remained equal to the preiod 30 years before. Hot, humid summers and cold, rather snowy winters are the norm. Springfield is located on the farthest reaches of Tornado Alley , and as such, thunderstorms are
4730-416: Is used to reflect an object's state of disarray or separation, and shiiin is the onomatopoetic form of absolute silence (used at the time an English speaker might expect to hear the sound of crickets chirping or a pin dropping in a silent room, or someone coughing). In Albanian, tartarec is used to describe someone who is hasty. It is used in English as well with terms like bling , which describes
4840-844: Is wide array of objects and animals in the Albanian language that have been named after the sound they produce. Such onomatopoeic words are shkrepse (matches), named after the distinct sound of friction and ignition of the match head; take-tuke (ashtray) mimicking the sound it makes when placed on a table; shi (rain) resembling the continuous sound of pouring rain; kukumjaçkë ( Little owl ) after its "cuckoo" hoot; furçë (brush) for its rustling sound; shapka (slippers and flip-flops); pordhë (loud flatulence) and fëndë (silent flatulence). In Hindi and Urdu , onomatopoeic words like bak-bak, cūr-cūr are used to indicate silly talk. Other examples of onomatopoeic words being used to represent actions are phaṭāphaṭ (to do something fast), dhak-dhak (to represent fear with
4950-716: The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum , Lincoln Home , Old State Capitol , Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices , and the Lincoln Tomb . Largely on the efforts of Lincoln and other area lawmakers, as well as its central location, Springfield was made the state capital in 1839. As the state capital, the government of Illinois is based in Springfield. Springfield's economy is dominated by government agencies and adjacent firms that work with state and county governance, in addition to healthcare and medicine. State government institutions include
5060-863: The Illinois General Assembly , the Illinois Supreme Court , the office of the Governor of Illinois and historic Illinois Governor's Mansion . The University of Illinois Springfield has its campus near Lake Springfield. Weather is fairly typical for middle-latitude locations, with four distinct seasons. The city has a mayor–council form of government and governs the Capital Township . Public schools in Springfield are operated by District No. 186. Settlers originally named this community as "Calhoun", after Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina , expressing their cultural ties. The land that Springfield now occupies
5170-498: The University of Virginia . It comprises his personal papers, manuscripts of his works, correspondence, photographs, artworks, printing blocks, books from his personal library, and a comprehensive collection of books by and about Lindsay. The Archives and Special Collections at Amherst College holds a small collection of manuscripts and other items sent by Lindsay to Eugenia Graham. Springfield, Illinois Springfield
5280-599: The anarchists involved in the Haymarket Affair , despite the strong protests of US President Grover Cleveland . Growing up in Springfield influenced Lindsay in other ways, as evidenced in such poems as "On the Building of Springfield" and culminating in poems praising Springfield's most famous resident, Abraham Lincoln . In " Lincoln ", Lindsay exclaims, "Would I might rouse the Lincoln in you all!" This line
5390-493: The central section of Illinois, Springfield is 80 miles (130 km) northeast of St. Louis . The Champaign/Urbana area is to the east, Peoria is to the north, and Bloomington–Normal is to the northeast. Decatur is 40 miles (64 km) due east. The city is at an elevation of 558 feet (170 m) above sea level . According to the 2010 census, Springfield has a total area of 65.764 square miles (170.33 km ), of which 59.48 square miles (154.05 km ) (or 90.44%)
5500-782: The " honk " of a car's horn is ba-ba ( Han : 叭叭 ) in Mandarin , tut-tut in French , pu-pu in Japanese , bbang-bbang in Korean , bært-bært in Norwegian , fom-fom in Portuguese and bim-bim in Vietnamese . An onomatopoeic effect can also be produced in a phrase or word string with the help of alliteration and consonance alone, without using any onomatopoeic words. The most famous example
5610-548: The 1850s. Widespread migration in the 19th-century United States produced frequent population turnover within Midwestern communities, which influenced patterns of voter turnout and office-holding. Examination of the manuscript census, poll books, and office-holding records reveals the effects of migration on the behavior and voting patterns of 8,000 participants in 10 elections in Springfield. Most voters were short-term residents who participated in only one or two elections during
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#17327805821145720-542: The 1850s. Fewer than 1% of all voters participated in all 10 elections. Instead of producing political instability, however, rapid turnover enhanced the influence of the more stable residents. Migration was selective by age, occupation, wealth, and birthplace. Longer-term or "persistent" voters, as he terms them, tended to be wealthier, more highly skilled, more often native-born, and socially more stable than non-persisters. Officeholders were particularly persistent and socially and economically advantaged. Persisters represented
5830-574: The Colored people for reasons that I cannot fathom.... The third section of 'The Congo' is certainly as hopeful as any human being dare to be in regard to any race." Spingarn responded by acknowledging Lindsay's good intentions, but saying that Lindsay sometimes glamorized differences between people of African descent and people of other races, while many African-Americans wished to emphasize the "feelings and desires" that they held in common with others. Similarly, critics in academia often portray Lindsay as
5940-670: The Davenport Hotel until 1929. On May 19, 1925, at age 45, he married 23-year-old Elizabeth Connor. The new pressure to support his considerably younger wife escalated when they had a daughter, Susan Doniphan Lindsay, in May 1926 (wife of Lord Amberley ) and son Nicholas Cave Lindsay in September 1927. Desperate for money, Lindsay undertook an exhausting string of readings throughout the East and Midwest from October 1928 through March 1929. During this time, Poetry magazine awarded him
6050-599: The Lower Illinois River Basin is flat, with relief extending no more than 20 feet (6.1 m) in most areas, including the Springfield subsection of the plain. The differences in topography are based on the age of drift. The Springfield and Galesburg Plain subsections represent the oldest drift, Illinoian, while Wisconsinian drift resulted in end moraines on the Bloomington Ridged Plain subsection of Till Plain. Lake Springfield
6160-561: The Midwest. The Portuguese immigrants that originated the community left Madeira because they experienced social ostracization due to being Protestants in their largely Catholic homeland, having been converted to Protestantism by a Scottish reverend named Robert Reid Kalley , who visited Madeira in 1838. These Protestant Madeiran exiles relocated to the Caribbean island of Trinidad before settling permanently in Springfield in 1849. By
6270-499: The NW corner of 2nd and Jefferson, often mistaken for the original home site, marks instead the location of the first county courthouse, which was later built on Kelly's property. In 1821, Calhoun was designated as the county seat of Sangamon County due to its location, fertile soil and trading opportunities. Settlers from Kentucky , Virginia , and North Carolina came to the developing settlement. By 1832, Senator Calhoun had fallen out of
6380-531: The Negro, and that little is dangerous." DuBois also criticized "The Congo," which has been the most persistent focus of the criticisms of racial stereotyping in Lindsay's work. Subtitled "A Study of the Negro Race" and beginning with a section titled "Their Basic Savagery", "The Congo" reflects the tensions within a relatively isolated and pastoral society suddenly confronted by the industrialized world. The poem
6490-576: The Whigs' political rise but, by the 1840s, Springfield began to be dominated by Democratic politicians. Waves of new European immigrants had changed the city's demographics and they became aligned with the Democrats, who made more effort to assist and connect with them. By the 1860 presidential election, Lincoln was barely able to win his home city. Winkle earlier had studied the effect of migration on residents' political participation in Springfield during
6600-470: The bird noise down the centuries, has kept approximately the same pronunciation as in Anglo-Saxon times and its vowels have not changed as they have in the word furrow . Verba dicendi ('words of saying') are a method of integrating onomatopoeic words and ideophones into grammar. Sometimes, things are named from the sounds they make. In English, for example, there is the universal fastener which
6710-512: The broader linguistic system. Hence, the sound of a clock may be expressed variously across languages: as tick tock in English , tic tac in Spanish and Italian (in both languages "tac" is pronounced like the English "tock"), see photo, dī dā in Mandarin , kachi kachi in Japanese , or ṭik-ṭik in Hindi , Urdu and Bengali . The word onomatopoeia , with rarer spelling variants like onomatopeia and onomatopœia ,
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#17327805821146820-685: The case of a frog croaking, the spelling may vary because different frog species around the world make different sounds: Ancient Greek brekekekex koax koax (only in Aristophanes ' comic play The Frogs ) probably for marsh frogs ; English ribbit for species of frog found in North America; English verb croak for the common frog . Some other very common English-language examples are hiccup , zoom , bang , beep , moo , and splash . Machines and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia: honk or beep-beep for
6930-533: The census of 2000, there were 111,454 people, 48,621 households, and 27,957 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,063.9 people per square mile (796.9 people/km ). There were 53,733 housing units at an average density of 995.0 per square mile (384.2/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 81.0% White , 15.3% African American , 0.2% Native American , 1.5% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 0.5% from other races , and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.2% of
7040-411: The chants of Congo's indigenous people, relying just on sound alone. Lindsay's extensive correspondence with the poet W. B. Yeats details his intentions of reviving the musical qualities of poetry as they were practiced by the ancient Greeks. Because of his identity as a performance artist and his use of American midwestern themes, Lindsay became known in the 1910s as the " Prairie Troubador ." In
7150-616: The city's businesses prospered from camp traffic, drunken behavior and rowdiness on the part of the soldiers stationed there strained relations. Neither civil nor military authorities proved able to control disorderly outbreaks. After the war ended in 1865, Springfield became a major hub in the Illinois railroad system. It was a center of government and farming. By 1900 it was also invested in coal mining and processing. Local poet Vachel Lindsay 's notions of utopia were expressed in his only novel, The Golden Book of Springfield (1920), which draws on ideas of anarchistic socialism in projecting
7260-554: The city, injuring 24 people, damaging hundreds of buildings, and causing $ 150 million in damages. On February 10, 2007, then-senator Barack Obama announced his presidential candidacy in Springfield, standing on the grounds of the Old State Capitol . Senator Obama also used the Old State Capitol in Springfield as a backdrop when he announced Joe Biden as his running mate on August 23, 2008. Located within
7370-562: The city. According to the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the Civilian Labor force dropped from 116,500 in September 2006 to 113,400 in February 2007. In addition, the unemployment rate rose during the same time period from 3.8% to 5.1%. According to the city's 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are: Springfield has been home to
7480-417: The city. The largest private sector employer in 2002 was Memorial Health System with 3,400 people working for the organization. According to estimates from the "Living Wage Calculator" the living wage for the city of Springfield is $ 7.89 per hour for one adult, approximately $ 15,780 working 2,000 hours per year. For a family of four, costs are increased and the living wage is $ 17.78 per hour within
7590-483: The condensers at the power plant on the lake. It attracts approximately 600,000 visitors annually and its 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline is home to over 700 lakeside residences and eight public parks. The term "full pool" describes the lake at 560 feet (170 m) above sea level and indicates the level at which the lake begins to flow over the dam's spillway , if no gates are opened. Normal lake levels are generally somewhere below full pool, depending upon
7700-421: The deadly voo-doo rattle, Harry the uplands, Steal all the cattle, Rattle-rattle, rattle-rattle, Bing. Boomlay, boomlay, boomlay, Boom ... His best-known poem, "The Congo," exemplified his revolutionary aesthetic of sound for sound's sake. It imitates the pounding of the drums in the rhythms and in onomatopoeic nonsense words. At parts, the poem ceases to use conventional words when representing
7810-822: The downtown area to names of notable people in Springfield and Illinois to names of institutions of higher education, especially in the Harvard Park neighborhood. Springfield has at least twenty separately designated neighborhoods , though not all have neighborhood associations. They include: Benedictine District, Bunn Park, Downtown, Eastsview, Enos Park, Glen Aire, Harvard Park, Hawthorne Place, Historic West Side, Lincoln Park, Mather and Wells, Medical District, Near South, Northgate, Oak Ridge, Old Aristocracy Hill, Pillsbury District, Shalom, Springfield Lakeshore, Toronto , Twin Lakes, UIS Campus, Victoria Lake, Vinegar Hill, and Westchester neighborhoods. The Lincoln Park Neighborhood
7920-742: The early twentieth century, these immigrants resided in the western extension of a neighborhood known as the "Badlands". The Badlands was included in the widespread destruction and violence of the Springfield Race Riot in August 1908, an event that led to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The Carpenter Street archaeological site possesses local and national significance for its potential to contribute to an understanding of
8030-518: The extravagant gestures of a carnival barker and old time preacher, from the beginning declaring himself to be a product of what he termed 'Higher Vaudeville': "I think that my first poetic impulse is for music; second a definite conception with the ring of the universe..." (Vachel Lindsay, Edgar Lee Masters 1935, page 62) This is evidenced by the 1931 recording he made just before his suicide, his still-radical performances of 'The Mysterious Cat', 'The Flower-Fed Buffaloes' and parts of 'The Congo' exhibiting
8140-480: The favor with the public and the town renamed itself as Springfield. According to local history, the name was suggested by the wife of John Kelly, after Spring Creek, which ran through the area known as "Kelly's Field". Kaskaskia was the first capital of the Illinois Territory from its organization in 1809, continuing through statehood in 1818, and through the first year as a state in 1819. Vandalia
8250-464: The final twenty years of his life, Lindsay was one of the best known poets in the U.S. His reputation enabled him to befriend, encourage and mentor other poets, such as Langston Hughes and Sara Teasdale . His poetry, though, lacked elements which encouraged the attention of academic scholarship , and, after his death, he became an obscure figure. Most contemporaries acknowledged Lindsay's intention to be an advocate for African-Americans. This intention
8360-483: The first American study of film as an art form, The Art of The Moving Picture . Camp notes that on Lindsay's tombstone is recorded a single word, "Poet". The Illinois Historic Preservation Agency helps to maintain the Vachel Lindsay House at 603 South Fifth Street in Springfield, the site of Lindsay's birth and death. The agency donated the house to the state, which then closed it for restoration at
8470-648: The first to hit the actual city since the 1957 storm. The 2006 tornadoes followed nearly identical paths to that of the 1957 tornado. Springfield proper is largely based on a grid street system, with numbered streets starting with the longitudinal First Street (which leads to the Illinois State Capitol) and leading to 32nd Street in the far eastern part of the city. Previously, the city had four distinct boundary streets: North, South, East, and West Grand Avenues. Since expansion, West Grand Avenue became MacArthur Boulevard and East Grand became 19th Street on
8580-526: The glinting of light on things like gold, chrome or precious stones. In Japanese, kirakira is used for glittery things. A key component of language is its arbitrariness and what a word can represent, as a word is a sound created by humans with attached meaning to said sound. It is not possible to determine the meaning of a word purely by how it sounds. However, in onomatopoeic words, these sounds are much less arbitrary; they are connected in their imitation of other objects or sounds in nature. Vocal sounds in
8690-457: The government's Indian Removal policy. Abraham Lincoln arrived in the Springfield area in 1831 when he was a young man, but he did not live in the city until 1837. He spent the ensuing six years in New Salem , where he began his legal studies, joined the state militia , and was elected to the Illinois General Assembly . In 1837, Lincoln moved to Springfield, where he lived and worked for
8800-531: The high degree of corruption in the city, rioting broke out on August 14, 1908, and continued for three days in a period of violence known as the Springfield race riot . Gangs of white youth and blue-collar workers attacked the predominantly black areas of the city known as the Levee district, where most black businesses were located, and the Badlands, where many black residences stood. At least sixteen people died as
8910-690: The horn of an automobile, and vroom or brum for the engine. In speaking of a mishap involving an audible arcing of electricity, the word zap is often used (and its use has been extended to describe non-auditory effects of interference). Human sounds sometimes provide instances of onomatopoeia, as when mwah is used to represent a kiss. For animal sounds, words like quack (duck), moo (cow), bark or woof (dog), roar (lion), meow / miaow or purr (cat), cluck (chicken) and baa (sheep) are typically used in English (both as nouns and as verbs). Some languages flexibly integrate onomatopoeic words into their structure. This may evolve into
9020-426: The imitation of natural sounds does not necessarily gain meaning, but can gain symbolic meaning. An example of this sound symbolism in the English language is the use of words starting with sn- . Some of these words symbolize concepts related to the nose ( sneeze , snot , snore ). This does not mean that all words with that sound relate to the nose, but at some level we recognize a sort of symbolism associated with
9130-477: The important role of the merchant banker in the economic development of central Illinois before the Civil War. Williams began his career as a clerk in frontier stores and saved to begin his own business. Later, in addition to operating retail and wholesale stores, he acted as a local banker. He organized a national bank in Springfield. He was active in railroad promotion and as an agent for farm machinery. During
9240-526: The jobs in the city center around state government, headquartered in Springfield. As of 2002, the State of Illinois is both the city and county's largest employer, employing 17,000 people across Sangamon County. As of February 2007, government jobs, including local, state and county, account for about 30,000 of the city's non-agricultural jobs. Trade, transportation and utilities, and the health care industries each provide between 17,000 and 18,000 jobs to
9350-495: The lifestyles of multiple ethnic/racial groups in Springfield during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Onomatop%C5%93ia Onomatopoeia (or rarely echoism ) is a type of word, or the process of creating a word, that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes. Common onomatopoeias in English include animal noises such as oink , meow , roar , and chirp . Onomatopoeia can differ by language: it conforms to some extent to
9460-431: The mid-19th century, the spiritual needs of German Lutherans in the Midwest were not being tended. There had been a wave of migration after the 1848 revolutions, but without a related number of clergy. As a result of the efforts of such missionaries as Friedrich Wyneken, Wilhelm Loehe, and Wilhelm Sihler, additional Lutheran ministers were sent to the Midwest, Lutheran schools were opened, and Concordia Theological Seminary
9570-411: The more wild-speech features to which they are exposed, compared to more tame and familiar speech features. But the results of such tests are inconclusive. In the context of language acquisition, sound symbolism has been shown to play an important role. The association of foreign words to subjects and how they relate to general objects, such as the association of the words takete and baluma with either
9680-421: The neighborhoods of Laketown and Cabbage Patch . At the 2010 Census, 75.8% of the population was White , 18.5% Black or African American, 0.2% American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.2% Asian, and 2.6% of two or more races. 2.0% of Springfield's population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race). Non-Hispanic Whites were 74.7% of the population in 2010, down from 87.6% in 1980. As of
9790-637: The new art form of silent film . His 1915 book The Art of the Moving Picture is generally considered the first book of film criticism, according to critic Stanley Kauffmann , discussing Lindsay in For the Love of Movies: The Story of American Film Criticism . While in New York in 1905 Lindsay turned to poetry in earnest. He tried to sell his poems on the streets. Self-printing his poems, he began to barter
9900-533: The next 24 years as a lawyer and politician. Lincoln delivered his Lyceum address in Springfield. His farewell speech when he left for Washington is a classic in American oratory. Historian Kenneth J. Winkle (1998) examines the historiography concerning the development of the Second Party System (Whigs versus Democrats). He applied these ideas to the study of Springfield, a strong Whig enclave in
10010-549: The north side and 18th Street on the south side. 18th Street has since been renamed after Martin Luther King Jr. North and South Grand Avenues (which run east–west) have remained important corridors in the city. At South Grand Avenue and Eleventh Street, the old "South Town District" lies, with the City of Springfield undertaking a significant redevelopment project there. Latitudinal streets range from names of presidents in
10120-585: The other two, in turn, seemed to help the third. In 1932, Edgar Lee Masters published an article on modern poetry in The American Mercury that praised Lindsay extensively and wrote a biography of Lindsay in 1935 (four years after its subject's death) entitled Vachel Lindsay: A Poet in America . Lindsay himself indicated in the 1915 preface to "The Congo" that no less a figure than William Butler Yeats respected his work. Yeats felt they shared
10230-494: The phonetic range of the language(s) most heavily spoken in their environment, which may be called "tame" onomatopoeia, and the full range of sounds that the vocal tract can produce, or "wild" onomatopoeia. As one begins to acquire one's first language, the proportion of "wild" onomatopoeia reduces in favor of sounds which are congruent with those of the language they are acquiring. During the native language acquisition period, it has been documented that infants may react strongly to
10340-607: The poem seems to have given its author and audiences an excuse to indulge in "' romantic racism ' or 'slumming in slang,'" she also observes that Lindsay was "much more liberal than many of his poetic contemporaries," and that he seems to have intended a statement against the kind of racist violence perpetrated under Leopold in the Congo. Lindsay's fame as a poet grew in the 1910s. Because Harriet Monroe showcased him with two other Illinois poets— Carl Sandburg and Edgar Lee Masters —his name became linked to theirs. The success of either of
10450-400: The population. There were 48,621 households, out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.1% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.5% were non-families. 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
10560-498: The progress of Lindsay's hometown toward utopia. The Dana–Thomas House is a Frank Lloyd Wright design built in 1902–03. Wright began work on the house in 1902. Commissioned by Susan Lawrence Dana, a local patron of the arts and public benefactor, Wright designed a house to harmonize with the owner's devotion to the performance of music. Coordinating art glass designs for 250 windows, doors, and panels as well as over 200 light fixtures, Wright enlisted Oak Park artisans. The house
10670-509: The season. During the drought from 1953 to 1955, lake levels dropped to their historical low, 547.44 feet (166.86 m) AMSL . The highest recorded lake levels were in December 1982, when the lake crested at 564 feet (172 m). Under the Köppen climate classification , Springfield falls within either a hot-summer humid continental climate ( Dfa ) if the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm
10780-548: The seatbelt; McDonalds campaign) or "click it or ticket" (click of the connecting seat belt, with the implied penalty of a traffic ticket for not using a seat belt; US DOT (Department of Transportation) campaign). The sound of the container opening and closing gives Tic Tac its name. In many of the world's languages, onomatopoeic-like words are used to describe phenomena beyond the purely auditive. Japanese often uses such words to describe feelings or figurative expressions about objects or concepts. For instance, Japanese barabara
10890-470: The sound itself. Onomatopoeia, while a facet of language, is also in a sense outside of the confines of language. In linguistics, onomatopoeia is described as the connection, or symbolism, of a sound that is interpreted and reproduced within the context of a language, usually out of mimicry of a sound. It is a figure of speech, in a sense. Considered a vague term on its own, there are a few varying defining factors in classifying onomatopoeia. In one manner, it
11000-511: The sound of breaking waves in the poem "I, She and the Sea". Comic strips and comic books make extensive use of onomatopoeia, often being visually integrated into the images, so that the drawing style emphasizes the sound. Popular culture historian Tim DeForest noted the impact of writer-artist Roy Crane (1901–1977), the creator of Captain Easy and Buz Sawyer : In 2002, DC Comics introduced
11110-402: Was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.94. In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.0% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.6 males. The median income for
11220-466: Was a Springfield resident, Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth . Camp Butler, located seven miles (11 km) northeast of Springfield, Illinois, opened in August 1861 as a training camp for Illinois soldiers. It also served as a camp for Confederate prisoners of war through 1865. In the beginning, Springfield residents visited the camp to take part in the excitement of a military venture, but many reacted sympathetically to mortally wounded and ill prisoners. While
11330-532: Was founded in Ft. Wayne, Indiana in 1846. The seminary moved to St. Louis, Missouri , in 1869, and then to Springfield in 1874. During the last half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod succeeded in serving the spiritual needs of Midwestern congregations by establishing additional seminaries from ministers trained at Concordia, and by developing
11440-620: Was inspired by a sermon preached in October 1913 that detailed the drowning of a missionary in the Congo River ; this event had drawn worldwide criticism, as had the colonial exploitation of the Congo under the government of Leopold II of Belgium . Lindsay defended the poem; in a letter to Joel Spingarn , chairman of the board of directors of the NAACP , Lindsay wrote that "My 'Congo' and 'Booker T. Washington Trilogy' have both been denounced by
11550-510: Was later adopted as the official motto of the Association of Lincoln Presenters . In his 1914 poem "Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight (In Springfield, Illinois)", Lindsay specifically places Lincoln in Springfield, with the poem's opening: Lindsay studied medicine at Ohio 's Hiram College from 1897 to 1900, but he did not want to be a doctor; his parents were pressuring him toward medicine. Once he wrote to them that he wasn't meant to be
11660-484: Was particularly evident in the 1918 poem "The Jazz Birds", praising the war efforts of African-Americans during World War I , an issue to which the vast majority of the white US seemed blind. Additionally, W.E.B. Du Bois hailed Lindsay's story "The Golden-Faced People" for its insights into racism. Lindsay saw himself as anti-racist not only in his own writing but in his encouragement of a writer he credited himself with discovering: Langston Hughes , who, while working as
11770-413: Was seen as deriving from this. Some linguists hold that onomatopoeia may have been the first form of human language. When first exposed to sound and communication, humans are biologically inclined to mimic the sounds they hear, whether they are actual pieces of language or other natural sounds. Early on in development, an infant will vary his/her utterances between sounds that are well established within
11880-467: Was supposedly so successful that "he had to send money home to keep his pockets empty". On his return, Harriet Monroe published in Poetry magazine first his poem "General William Booth Enters into Heaven" in 1913 and then "The Congo" in 1914. At this point, Lindsay became very well known. Unlike Lindsay's more purely intellectual contemporaries, the poet declaimed his works from the stage, complete with
11990-435: Was the second state capital of Illinois, from 1819 to 1839. Springfield was designated in 1839 as the third capital, and has continued to be so. The designation was largely due to the efforts of Abraham Lincoln and his associates; nicknamed the "Long Nine" for their combined height of 54 feet (16 m). The Potawatomi Trail of Death passed through here in 1838. The Native Americans were forced west to Indian Territory by
12100-523: Was visited first by trappers and fur traders who came to the Sangamon River in 1818. The first cabin was built in 1820, by John Kelly, after discovering the area to be plentiful of deer and wild game. He built his cabin upon a hill, overlooking a creek known eventually as the Town Branch. A stone marker on the north side of Jefferson street, halfway between 1st and College streets, marks the location of this original dwelling. A second stone marker at
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