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62-634: The source of the Velikaya is located in the Bezhanitsy Hills in the northwest of Novosokolnichesky District . The river flows south through a system of lakes to Lake Veryato , where it turns west. It accepts the Alolya from the right and gradually turns north, passing through the town of Opochka. Northwest of the urban-type settlement of Pushkinskiye Gory it turns west, accepts the Sinyaya from

124-546: A 2012 survey 55.1% of the population of Leningrad Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 1% are Muslims , 1% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), 1% are Old Believers . In addition, 20% of the population declared to be " spiritual but not religious ", 8% is atheist , and 9.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to

186-411: A population of 2,000,997 ( 2021 Census ); up from 1,716,868 recorded in the 2010 Census . Leningrad Oblast is highly industrialized. Its administrative center and largest city is Gatchina . The oblast was established on 1 August 1927, although it was not until 1946 that the oblast's borders had been mostly settled in their present position. The oblast was named after the city of Leningrad . In 1991,

248-531: A power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. This agreement would be abolished on 18 April 2002. Population : 2,000,997 ( 2021 Census ) ; 1,716,868 ( 2010 Census ) ; 1,669,205 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,661,173 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 0.87 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 70.17 years (male — 65.43, female — 74.94) Ethnic composition (2021) According to

310-610: A small part of the Estonian SSR to the east of the River Narva with the town of Jaanilinn (now Ivangorod) was transferred to the Russian SFSR and incorporated into Leningrad Oblast. Since then, the territory of Leningrad Oblast has not changed significantly, although some suburbs of Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) have been excluded from the oblast and incorporated into the city. In October 1946 Leningrad gained from

372-412: A small territory of Novgorod Oblast . Uritsk was transferred from the oblast to the city of Leningrad in 1963, Krasnoye Selo and several settlements nearby—in 1973, Lomonosov —in 1978. After a referendum in 1991, the city of Leningrad was renamed back to Saint Petersburg, but Leningrad Oblast retained its name. On 13 June 1996, Leningrad Oblast, alongside Tver Oblast and Saint Petersburg , signed

434-562: Is a network of railways at the Karelian Isthmus , in particular, connecting Vyborg and Priozersk, as well as south of Saint-Petersburg. There also railway lines connecting Veymarn with Slantsy , Veymarn with Petergof via Sosnovy Bor , Mga with Sonkovo via Kirishi , Volkhov with Vologda via Tikhvin and Cherepovets , Volkhov with Chudovo , and Lodeynoye Pole with Sortavala via Olonets . Most of them support intensive passenger and cargo traffic. Paved roads well cover

496-432: Is also considerable. The territory has no endemic plant taxa. Vascular plant species of Leningrad Oblast listed in the red data book of Russia are Botrychium simplex , Cephalanthera rubra , Cypripedium calceolus , Epipogium aphyllum , Lobelia dortmanna , Myrica gale , Ophrys insectifera , Orchis militaris , Pulsatilla pratensis , Pulsatilla vernalis . The territory of present-day Leningrad Oblast

558-558: Is located in the south of the oblast and borders with Loknyansky District in the north, Velikoluksky District in the east, Nevelsky District in the south, Pustoshkinsky District in the west, and with Bezhanitsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 1,616.0 square kilometers (623.9 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Novosokolniki . Population: 14,776 ( 2010 Census ) ; 19,389 ( 2002 Census ); 21,319 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . The population of Novosokolniki accounts for 54.9% of

620-711: Is located within the federal city of Saint Petersburg . The oblast, particularly the areas adjacent to Saint Petersburg, is heavily industrialized. The major enterprises include the oil refinery in Kirishi, the Ford car assembly plant, Hyundai Russia assembly plant and the Rexam PLC Beverage Can Europe and Asia packaging plant in Vsevolozhsk, the paper mill in Syssstroy, and the paper mill and

682-700: Is no scheduled passenger navigation within the oblast, except for seasonal leisure river cruises from Saint-Petersburg. The Onega Canal , shared with Vologda Oblast, serves as a bypass of Lake Onega from the south. Similarly, the Ladoga Canal bypasses Lake Ladoga from the east, from the Svir to the Neva. It is a part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway . In contrast, the Tikhvinskaya water system , connecting

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744-610: The Karelian Isthmus again in the Moscow Armistice of September 19, 1944. This time the newly acquired territories on the isthmus were incorporated into the Leningrad Oblast ( Vyborgsky and Priozersky Districts ). In 1947 the territorial gains were confirmed with the Paris Peace Treaty . Novgorod and Pskov Oblasts were formed out of the southern parts of Leningrad Oblast in 1944. In January 1945

806-629: The Koporye Fortress , both built in the 14th century, and the Ivangorod Fortress , originally built in 1492, are excellent examples of Russian fortification art. Podporozhsky District contains the best samples of wooden ecclesiastical architecture in Leningrad Oblast, some of which are collectively referred to as Podporozhye Ring : The Resurrection Church in the settlement of Vazhiny , the Saint Nicholas Church in

868-686: The Legislative Assembly of Leningrad Oblast , which consists of 50 deputies elected by the region's inhabitants according to a mixed proportional-majority system for a term of 5 years. In 2016, the Legislative Assembly of the sixth convocation was formed, in which there are 4 factions: United Russia (40 deputies), A Just Russia (3 deputies), Communist Party of the Russian Federation (3 deputies), Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (4 deputies). The Chairman of

930-695: The Moscow Peace Treaty in 1940 gained some territories, including the Karelian Isthmus . Their Karelian population was hastily evacuated to inner Finland and later replaced with people from other parts of the Soviet Union. A small part of the territory (the municipalities of Kanneljärvi , Koivisto and Rautu ) was incorporated into Leningrad Oblast, the rest being included within the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic . In 1941, Germany invaded

992-734: The Nizhnesvirsky Nature Reserve and Mshinskoye Boloto Zakaznik , both created to protect the forest and swamp landscapes of northwestern Russia. The most taxonomically diverse vascular plant families are Asteraceae , Cyperaceae , Poaceae and Rosaceae . By far the most diverse genus is Carex (68 species). The diversity in genera Hieracium (with Pilosella ), Ranunculus (with Batrachium ), Alchemilla , Galium , Potamogeton , Salix , Veronica , Viola , Juncus , Artemisia , Potentilla , Rumex , Festuca , Epilobium , Poa , Trifolium , Campanula , Vicia , Lathyrus , Geranium

1054-827: The Syas and the Mologa , which provided access from the Ladoga to the river basin of the Volga, is disused. The trans-border Saimaa Canal connects Lake Saimaa in Finland with the Gulf of Finland, has special status, and is occasionally used for passenger navigation. Ust-Luga , Vyborg , Vysotsk , and Primorsk are the major sea terminals on the Gulf of Finland. There is a number of airfields in Leningrad oblast that are now used only by

1116-872: The Upper Svir Hydroelectric Station and the Lower Svir Hydroelectric Station , both on the Svir River, and the Narva Hydroelectric Station on the Narva River. There are many science and high-tech institutions around Saint Petersburg, some of which are located in the oblast. For example, Gatchina is the site of the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute  [ ru ] and Sosnovy Bor hosts

1178-798: The Vuoksi and the Syas . Rivers in the western part of the oblast flow to the Gulf of Finland; the two biggest rivers there are the Luga and the Narva , which forms the border of Russia and Estonia. Small areas in the east of the oblast lie within the river basin of the Chagodoshcha , a tributary of the Mologa , and of the Suda , both within the Volga basin. A ridgeline in Tikhvinsky District in

1240-561: The general aviation . Scheduled and international flights are available exclusively from Pulkovo airport in Saint-Petersburg. The Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant is located in the city of Sosnovy Bor . There are four major hydroelectric plants in the oblast. The Volkhov Hydroelectric Station , on the Volkhov River, was constructed in 1921 and became the first major hydropower station in the Soviet Union. The others are

1302-789: The Estonian border to Tallinn. R23 connects Saint Petersburg with Pskov; it is a part of the E95 . A114 runs to Vologda via Cherepovets. A paid motorway between Saint Petersburg and Moscow and the new A121 from Saint-Petersburg to Sortavala , around the Western coast of Ladoga are under construction. Roads are well served by bus traffic. The Luga , the Svir , the Volkhov , and the Neva are all navigable and heavily user for cargo transport, however, there

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1364-581: The Gulf of Finland and Konevets in Lake Ladoga. Much of the area of the oblast belongs to the drainage basin of the Neva , which is the only outflow of Lake Ladoga. The Neva, which flows to the Gulf of Finland (the city of Saint Petersburg is located in its river delta ) is relatively short, but its drainage basin is very large, including Lake Onega and Lake Ilmen . The Svir and the Volkhov flow from Lake Onega and Lake Ilmen, respectively, to Lake Ladoga. Other major tributaries of Lake Ladoga include

1426-408: The Legislative Assembly is Sergei Bebenin. In the period when they were the most important authority in the oblast (1927 to 1991), the following first secretaries were appointed, Since 1991, governors were sometimes appointed, and sometimes elected, Administratively , Leningrad Oblast is divided into seventeen districts and one town of oblast significance ( Sosnovy Bor ). In terms of area,

1488-698: The Research Institute of Optical and Electronic Devices. Since prehistory, the Volkhov and the Neva Rivers were constituents of major trade routes, and archaeological sites dot their banks. Staraya Ladoga has many pre-1700 sites, including two of about a couple of dozens standing pre-Mongol churches in Russia. Both of them were built in the 1160s. The Oreshek Fortress in Shlisselburg and

1550-702: The Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , and shortly thereafter the territory became the site of the Battle of Leningrad . The Wehrmacht captured the southwestern part of the oblast and reached Tikhvin in the east, while Finnish troops quickly recaptured the ceded territories in the Continuation War , encircling Leningrad from the land. In 1944 Soviet offensives managed to expel the Wehrmacht and put military pressure on Finland, which ceded

1612-417: The advent of rail transport in the late 19th century, the areas in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg had been popular summer resort destinations ( dachas ) for its residents. However, while Saint Petersburg itself was populated mostly by Russians from the very beginning, it was not until the 20th century that its surrounding population was Russified. In 1914, with the beginning of World War I , Saint Petersburg

1674-624: The attack against the Red Army under Leon Trotsky ultimately failed, and Yudenich retreated. The border with Estonia was established in the Russian-Estonian Treaty of Tartu of 1920. Finland-backed Ingrian Finns of North Ingria attempted to secede in 1918–1920, but were incorporated back with the Russian-Finnish Treaty of Tartu , which settled the border between Finland and Soviet Russia. In 1924, Petrograd

1736-473: The capital of the Russian Empire . In 1708, most of the territory was organized into Ingermanland Governorate under Governor General Alexander Menshikov . It was renamed Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1710 (the borders of that governorate, however, differed very significantly from those of the present-day oblast and included much of the areas of current Novgorod, Pskov, and Vologda Oblasts). In 1721,

1798-472: The city restored its original name, Saint Petersburg , but the oblast retains the name of Leningrad. It overlaps the historical region of Ingria , and is bordered by Finland ( Kymenlaakso and South Karelia ) in the northwest and Estonia ( Ida-Viru County ) in the west, as well as five federal subjects of Russia: the Republic of Karelia in the northeast, Vologda Oblast in the east, Novgorod Oblast in

1860-716: The district as well. The major part of the area of the district belongs to the drainage basin of the Lovat , which is a tributary of Lake Ilmen and belongs to the Neva basin. The main rivers in the district which belong to the drainage basin of the Lovat are the Nasva and the Smerdel . 31.2% of the area of the district is covered by forests. In the 19th century, the area was split between Velikoluksky Uyezd of Pskov Governorate and Nevelsky Uyezd of Vitebsk Governorate . Novosokolniki

1922-476: The district from east to west. Novosokolniki has an easy access to the highway. Novosokolniki is furthermore connected by roads with Velikiye Luki and Nevel. A road connecting Velikiye Luki and Porkhov via Loknya crosses the northeastern part of the district. There are also local roads. The district contains three objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of federal significance and twenty-six monuments of local significance. The federal monuments are

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1984-471: The district's total population. Novosokolnichesky District is located in the Bezhanitsy Hills , a hilly plateau of glacial origin, and the area of the district is divided between the drainage basins of the Neva and the Narva . The rivers in the northwest and in the west of the district drain into the Velikaya River , which belongs to the Narva River basin. The source of the Velikaya is located in

2046-552: The district. Novosokolniki is an important railway hub, located at the crossing of two lines. One railway connects Moscow and Velikiye Luki with Riga and runs in the east–west direction. Another railway, running in the north–south direction, connects Saint Petersburg and Dno with Nevel . In Nevel, south of Novosokolniki, it splits into two railway lines, both running southeast into Belarus : One line to Vitebsk , and another one to Grodno via Polotsk and Molodechno . The M9 highway which connects Moscow and Riga crosses

2108-594: The eastern oblast forms part of the divide between the Baltic Sea and Caspian Sea basins. The terrain of Leningrad Oblast is relatively flat and mostly covered with forest and swamps. An exception is the rocky Karelian Isthmus , which contains a lake district, as well as the Vepsian Upland in the east. The biggest lakes on the isthmus are Lake Vuoksa , Lake Sukhodolskoye , and Lake Otradnoye . Leningrad Oblast contains two federally protected natural areas,

2170-412: The largest administrative district is Podporozhsky (7,706 square kilometers (2,975 sq mi)), and the smallest is Lomonosovsky (1,919 square kilometers (741 sq mi)). Lomonosovsky District is the only district in Russia that has its administrative center (the town of Lomonosov ) located within a different federal subject . While the district is a part of Leningrad Oblast, Lomonosov

2232-529: The left and turns north. In the city of Pskov the Velikaya accepts the Pskova from the right and turns northwest, forming a river delta as it enters Lake Peipus. The drainage basin of the Velikaya comprises vast areas in the west and southwest of Pskov Oblast, as well as in the east of Latvia and in the north of the Vitebsk Region of Belarus. The river has a significant historic importance. Pskov

2294-525: The local Orthodox population of Russian and Finnic ancestry massively fled from Ingria to neighbour Russian provinces, so Ingrian Finns soon became the dominant ethnic group. During the Great Northern War (1700–1721) the territory of what is now Leningrad Oblast was conquered from Sweden by Russia under Peter the Great , who founded Saint Petersburg amidst the land in 1703, which soon became

2356-624: The modern entity. Administratively, the oblast was divided into nine okrugs ( Borovichi , Cherepovets , Leningrad , Lodeynoye Pole , Luga , Murmansk , Novgorod , Pskov , and Velikiye Luki ), each of which was in turn subdivided into districts . In 1929, Velikiye Luki Okrug was transferred to newly formed Western Oblast . Leningrad was administratively separated from Leningrad Oblast in December 1931. In 1935 five southernmost districts were made part of Kalinin Oblast . In 1936 some parts of

2418-434: The oblast corresponded to the modern territories of the present-day Leningrad Oblast (with the exception of the Karelian Isthmus and the territories along the border with Estonia), Novgorod Oblast , Pskov Oblast , parts of Vologda Oblast , most of Murmansk Oblast , and the federal city of Saint Petersburg. The total area of the oblast was 360,400 square kilometres (139,200 sq mi); more than four times larger than

2480-541: The oblast some former Finnish territories along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland divided into Sestroretsky District and Kurortny District , including the town of Terijoki . In 1953, Pavlovsky District of the oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory including Pavlovsk were made subordinate to Leningrad. In 1954 the settlements Levashovo , Pargolovo and Pesochny were also transferred to Leningrad. In 1956 Boksitogorsky District of Leningrad Oblast gained

2542-467: The oblast. On January 29, 1935, the district was transferred to Kalinin Oblast , and on February 5 of the same year, Novosokolnichesky District became a part of Velikiye Luki Okrug of Kalinin Oblast, one of the okrugs abutting the state boundaries of the Soviet Union . On May 4, 1938, the district was subordinated directly to the oblast. Between 1941 and 1944, Novosokolnichesky District

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2604-826: The plant producing oil platforms in Vyborg, and the Tikhvin industrial site in Tikhvin. The main agricultural specializations of the oblast are cattle breeding with meat and milk production and poultry production. The main agricultural lands are in the east and in the southwest of the oblast. Saint-Petersburg is a major railway hub, and all railways running to it cross also Leningrad Oblast. They connect Saint-Petersburg with Moscow ( Saint Petersburg – Moscow Railway ), Helsinki via Vyborg , Murmansk via Petrozavodsk , Sortavala via Priozersk , Tallinn via Kingisepp , Riga via Pskov , Vitebsk via Dno , and Veliky Novgorod . There

2666-467: The question. State power in the region is exercised on the basis of the Charter, which was adopted on 27 October 1994. The highest official of the region is the governor , who is elected for a term of five years. Since 28 May 2012, he has been Aleksandr Drozdenko . The executive power in the region is exercised by the administration, which includes: Legislative power in the region is exercised by

2728-602: The regime. Starting from the 1929, the Soviet authorities carried out mass deportations of the Ingrian Finnish population of the oblast, which constituted the majority in many rural localities as late as in the beginning of the 20th century, to the east, replacing them with people from other parts of the Soviet Union. On 30 November 1939, the Soviet Union waged the Winter War against neighbouring Finland and with

2790-451: The south, Pskov Oblast in the southwest, and the federal city of Saint Petersburg in the west. The first governor of Leningrad Oblast was Vadim Gustov (in 1996–1998). The current governor, since 2012, is Aleksandr Drozdenko . Leningrad Oblast is located around the Gulf of Finland and south of two great freshwater lakes, Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega . The oblast includes the Karelian Isthmus and some islands, including Gogland in

2852-700: The territorial concessions of Sweden were confirmed with the Treaty of Nystad . The life of the countryside was greatly influenced by the vicinity of the imperial capital, which became a growing market for its agricultural production as well as the main consumer of its mineral and forest resources. In 1719–1810, Ladoga Canal was dug between the Svir River and the Neva River as part of the Volga-Baltic waterway to bypass stormy waters of Lake Ladoga . Since

2914-503: The territory is known as the historical region of Ingria (or the land of Izhora) and in the 17th century, after most of the present-day territory of Leningrad Oblast was captured by Sweden with the Treaty of Stolbovo of 1617, became subject to substantial Finnish Lutheran population influx from Finnish Karelia (which included Karelian Isthmus , the northwestern part of present-day Leningrad Oblast) and Savonia . Having faced religious pressure from Lutheran pastors and Swedish authorities,

2976-398: The territory of Leningrad Suburban District of Leningrad was returned to Leningrad Oblast and divided into Vsevolozhsky District , Krasnoselsky District , Pargolovsky District and Slutsky District (renamed Pavlovsky District in 1944). Vologda Oblast , which has included the easternmost districts of Leningrad Oblast (former Cherepovets Governorate), was created in 1937. Murmansk Oblast

3038-427: The territory was divided between the Kingdom of Sweden and Novgorod Republic (see Swedish-Novgorodian Wars ) and populated mostly by various Baltic Finns people such as Karelians (northwest), Izhorians and Votes (west), Vepsians (east), as well as Ilmen Slavs of Novgorod (south). During the Russo-Swedish Wars of the 15th-17th centuries, the border moved back and forth over the land. The central part of

3100-464: The village of Soginitsy , the Sts Peter and Paul Chapel in the village of Zaozerye , and the Saint Athanasy chapel in the village of Posad . The two other notable wooden churches are located in the villages of Gimreka and Shcheleyki close to the Onega Lakeshore. The center of Vyborg preserves many examples of medieval Swedish architecture, unique for Russia. After Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703, many estates and residences were founded around

3162-588: The western and the central parts of Leningrad Oblast. The M10 highway connects Saint Petersburg with Moscow via Veliky Novgorod in the south and with the Finnish border, continuing across the border to Helsinki, in the north. It is split between European routes E18 (Saint Petersburg to Finland) and E105 (Saint Petersburg to Moscow), and much of it within the oblast is built as a dual carriageway. R21 highway (also part of E105) runs from Saint Petersburg to Murmansk via Petrozavodsk, and A180 (part of E20 ) connects Saint Petersburg with Ivangorod and continues across

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3224-486: The wooden church in the village of Nasteny , a monument to fallen soldiers, and an archeological site. Leningrad Oblast Leningrad Oblast ( Russian : Ленинградская область , romanized :  Leningradskaya oblast’ , IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgratskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ] ; Veps : Leningradan agj ; Finnish : Leningradin alue ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast ). The oblast has an area of 84,500 square kilometres (32,600 sq mi) and

3286-465: Was a part of Velikiye Luki Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. On June 17, 1929 the district was transferred to Western Oblast. On January 1, 1932, Nasvinsky District was abolished and split between Loknyansky, Velikoluksky, and Novosokolnichesky Districts. The district has enterprises of textile and food industries. The main specialization of agriculture in the district is meat and milk production. In 2011, there were nine large- and mid-scale farms in

3348-476: Was a part of Velikiye Luki Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. On June 17, 1929 the district was transferred to Western Oblast. On September 20, 1930, Rykovsky District was abolished and split between Nasvinsky, Loknyansky, Novosokolnichesky, and Pustoshkinsky Districts. Another district established on August 1, 1927 was Nasvinsky District , with the administrative center in the settlement of Nasva . It included parts of former Velikoluksky Uyezd. The district

3410-434: Was established, with the administrative center in the town of Novosokolniki. It included parts of former Velikoluksky and Nevelsky Uyezds. Pskov Governorate was abolished as well, and the district became a part of Velikiye Luki Okrug of Leningrad Oblast . On June 17, 1929, the district was transferred to Western Oblast . On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were also abolished and the districts were directly subordinated to

3472-401: Was founded in 1901 as a station of the railway which connected Moscow and Riga . It was granted town status in 1925. After 1919, Vitebsk Governorate was a part of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . In 1924, Vitebsk Governorate was abolished, and Nevelsky Uyezd was transferred to Pskov Governorate. On August 1, 1927, the uyezds were abolished, and Novosokolnichesky District

3534-419: Was founded in 903, and the Velikaya provided it with access to the sea, via Lake Peipus and the Narva River. The Velikaya is navigable in its lower course of length 34 kilometres (21 mi). Novosokolnichesky District Novosokolnichesky District ( Russian : Новосо́кольнический райо́н ) is an administrative and municipal district ( raion ), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast , Russia . It

3596-455: Was occupied by German troops. On August 22, 1944, the district was transferred to newly established Velikiye Luki Oblast . On October 2, 1957, Velikiye Luki Oblast was abolished, and Novosokolnichesky District was transferred to Pskov Oblast. On August 1, 1927 Rykovsky District with the administrative center in the selo of Skokovo was also created. It included parts of former Velikoluksky and Opochetsky Uyezds . The district

3658-400: Was populated shortly after the end of the Weichselian glaciation and now hosts numerous archaeological remnants. The Volga trade route and trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks crossed the territory. Staraya Ladoga , the first capital of legendary Rurik , founded in the 8th-9th century, is situated in the east of the oblast, on the Volkhov River . In the 12th-15th centuries,

3720-443: Was renamed Leningrad, and Petrograd Governorate was again renamed accordingly (Leningrad Governorate). Leningrad Oblast was established on 1 August 1927, by the resolutions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "On the Establishment of Leningrad Oblast" and "On the Borders and Composition of the Okrugs of Leningrad Oblast" by merging Cherepovets , Leningrad, Murmansk , Novgorod , and Pskov Governorates . The territory of

3782-431: Was renamed Petrograd and the governorate was accordingly renamed Petrograd Governorate. After the Russian Revolution , in 1918, the capital was transferred from Petrograd to Moscow , farther from the borders of the country. In 1919, during the Russian Civil War , the Northwestern White Army advancing from Estonia and led by Nikolai Yudenich tried to capture Petrograd and even managed to reach its southern outskirts, but

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3844-453: Was split from Leningrad Oblast in 1938. In the autumn of 1934, the Forbidden Border Zone along the western border of the Soviet Union was established, where nobody could appear without special permission issued by the NKVD . It was officially only 7.5 km deep initially, but along the Estonian border it extended to as much as 90 km. The zone was to be cleansed of Finnic and other peoples who were considered "politically unreliable" by

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