96-542: Christopher Wyvill (1740–1822) was an English cleric and landowner, a political reformer who inspired the formation of the Yorkshire Association movement in 1779. The American Revolutionary War had forced the government of Lord North to increase taxation. Frustrated with government profligacy, Wyvill and the gentry of Yorkshire called for a package of 'economical reforms': cuts in government spending and patronage , annual parliaments and an increase in
192-679: A coalition of centrist parties , spanning from the Socialists to the Christian-democrats. Ultimately the installation of the Fifth Republic in 1958, and the subsequent emergence of a two-party system based on the Socialist and Gaullist movements, destroyed the niche for an autonomous Radical party. The Radical Party split into various tendencies. Its leading personality, Mendès-France himself, left in 1961 in protest at
288-419: A republican form of government, universal male suffrage and, particularly, anti-clerical policies. Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope , aka Charles Mahon, 3rd Earl Stanhope , FRS (3 August 1753 – 15 December 1816), was a British statesman , inventor, and scientist. He was the father of Lady Hester Stanhope and brother-in-law of William Pitt
384-421: A "radical reform" of the electoral system . This led to a general use of the term to identify all supporting the movement for parliamentary reform. Initially confined to the upper and middle classes, in the early 19th century "popular radicals" brought artisans and the "labouring classes" into widespread agitation in the face of harsh government repression. More respectable " philosophical radicals " followed
480-639: A Bill to reform the British East India Company , dismissed the government and appointed William Pitt the Younger as his Prime Minister. Pitt had previously called for Parliament to begin to reform itself, but he did not press for long for reforms the King did not like. Proposals Pitt made in April 1785 to redistribute seats from the " rotten boroughs " to London and the counties were defeated in
576-699: A Reformation of the Parliament of Great Britain. Collected by the Rev. Christopher Wyvill, Chairman of the late Committee of Association (York). The preface is dated Burton Hall, 26 May 1794; in June 1802 Wyvill wrote the preface to a fourth volume, and the papers were eventually concluded in six. They show the proceedings of the Yorkshire Association, and the sympathy of others interested in the reform of Parliament. The correspondence includes letters between
672-597: A charter of rights as insufficient, potentially revocable by a whim of the monarch. Belgian Radicals closely followed the situation in France when, on 26 July to 1 August 1830, a conservative-liberal revolution broke out , overthrowing the autocratic monarchy for a liberal constitutional monarchy . Within a month a revolt had erupted in Brussels before spreading to the rest of the Belgian provinces. After Belgian independence,
768-633: A conservative-liberal rebranding, while Radikale Venstre maintained the radical tradition), took up a new orientation (as in France, where the Radical Party aligned with the centre-right, later causing the split of the Radical Party of the Left ) or dissolved (as in Greece, where the heirs of Venizelism joined several parties). After World War II , European radicals were largely extinguished as
864-457: A de facto liberal-conservative party of the centre-right: renamed as the 'Valoisien' Radical Party , it advocated alliances with the rest of the liberal centre-right, participating first in the pro- Giscard d'Estaing Union for French Democracy (1972), then with the conservative Union for a Popular Movement (2002). Irish republicanism was influenced by American and French radicalism. Typical of these classical Radicals are 19th century such as
960-470: A further brochure, and both had a large sale. Wyvill attached himself to the extreme Whig opposition, and he defended in a short pamphlet (early 1799) the secession of 1798. After Fox's death he gave his support to Samuel Whitbread and the peace-at-any-price party. Wyvill returned in later life to his early enthusiasm in the cause of universal toleration ; in particular he published on Catholic emancipation . He died at his seat, Burton Hall, near Bedale in
1056-618: A historical affinity with radicalism and may therefore be called "liberal-radical". According to Encyclopædia Britannica , the first use of the term radical in a political sense is generally ascribed to the English parliamentarian Charles James Fox , a leader of the left wing of the Whig party who dissented from the party's conservative-liberalism and looked favourably upon the radical reforms being undertaken by French republicans , such as universal male suffrage. In 1797, Fox declared for
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#17327646857711152-500: A hundred had the vote. Writers like the radicals William Hone and Thomas Jonathan Wooler spread dissent with publications such as The Black Dwarf in defiance of a series of government acts to curb circulation of political literature. Radical riots in 1816 and 1817 were followed by the Peterloo massacre of 1819 publicised by Richard Carlile , who then continued to fight for press freedom from prison. The Six Acts of 1819 limited
1248-510: A journal for "philosophical radicals", setting out the utilitarian philosophy that right actions were to be measured in proportion to the greatest good they achieved for the greatest number. Westminster elected two radicals to Parliament during the 1820s. The Whigs gained power and despite defeats in the House of Commons and the House of Lords the Reform Act 1832 was put through with
1344-566: A large and socially diverse electorate including many artisans as well as the middle class and aristocracy and along with the county association of Yorkshire led by the Reverend Christopher Wyvill were at the forefront of reform activity. The writings of what became known as the " Radical Whigs " had an influence on the American Revolution . Major John Cartwright also supported the colonists, even as
1440-728: A major political force except in Denmark, France, Italy ( Radical Party ), and the Netherlands ( Democrats 66 ). Latin America still retains a distinct indigenous radical tradition, for instance in Argentina ( Radical Civic Union ) and Chile ( Radical Party ). The two Enlightenment philosophies of liberalism and radicalism both shared the goal of liberating humanity from the remnants of feudalism. However, liberals regarded it as sufficient to establish individual rights that would protect
1536-496: A naval officer; and Edward, rector of Fingal, Yorkshire , who died on 15 September 1869. Attribution Radicalism (historical) Radicalism (from French radical ) was a political movement representing the leftward flank of liberalism between the late 18th and early 20th century. Certain aspects of the movement were precursors to modern-day movements such as social liberalism , social democracy , civil libertarianism , and modern progressivism . This ideology
1632-803: A penny periodical he called Pig's Meat in a reference to Burke 's phrase "swinish multitude". Radical organisations sprang up, such as the London Corresponding Society of artisans formed in January 1792 under the leadership of the shoemaker Thomas Hardy to call for the vote. One such was the Scottish Friends of the People society which in October 1793 held a British convention in Edinburgh with delegates from some of
1728-691: A pro-Catholic Radicalism distinct from both the anticlerical Radicalism of France, and the Protestant Liberalism of the Dutch north. Following the political crisis of 1829, where the Crown Prince was named prime minister, a limited reform was introduced establishing constitutional rights, similar to the charter of rights of France's autocratic Restoration Monarchy; the Belgian Radicals, like their French counterparts, regarded such
1824-763: A progressive liberal ideology inspired by the French Revolution . Radicalism grew prominent during the 1830s in the United Kingdom with the Chartists and in Belgium with the Revolution of 1830 , then across Europe in the 1840s–1850s during the Revolutions of 1848 . In contrast to the social conservatism of existing liberal politics, radicalism sought political support for a radical reform of
1920-666: A small group including Sir George Savile , and Sir Charles Turner, who spoke of the House of Commons as resembling a parcel of thieves that had stolen an estate and were afraid of letting any person look into their title-deeds for fear of losing it. Wyvill strongly disapproved of the subsequent war with France, to which he attributed industrial distress in Yorkshire, and this completed his alienation from Pitt. In 1793 Wyvill published in pamphlet form correspondence that had passed between them. Some supplementary letters appeared at Newcastle in
2016-617: A time of tension between the American colonies and Great Britain , with the first Radicals, angry at the state of the House of Commons , drawing on the Leveller tradition and similarly demanding improved parliamentary representation. These earlier concepts of democratic and even egalitarian reform had emerged in the turmoil of the English Civil War and the brief establishment of the republican Commonwealth of England amongst
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#17327646857712112-527: Is commonly referred to as "radicalism" but is sometimes referred to as radical liberalism , or classical radicalism , to distinguish it from radical politics . Its earliest beginnings are to be found during the English Civil War with the Levellers and later the Radical Whigs . During the 19th century in the United Kingdom, continental Europe and Latin America, the term radical came to denote
2208-486: The American Revolutionary War began and in 1776 earned the title of the "Father of Reform" when he published his pamphlet Take Your Choice! advocating annual parliaments, the secret ballot and manhood suffrage . In 1780, a draft programme of reform was drawn up by Charles James Fox and Thomas Brand Hollis and put forward by a sub-committee of the electors of Westminster. This included calls for
2304-570: The General Boulanger crisis in the 1880s, the Dreyfus Affair in the 1890s. The Radicals were swept to power first in a coalition government (1899) then in governments of their own from 1902. They finally managed to implement their long-standing programme of reforms, such as the separation of Church and State , or the introduction of secret ballotting . In order to ensure that their legacy would remain unreversed, they unified
2400-599: The Glorious Revolution of 1688; the members of the society in 1790 expressed their sympathy with the aims of the French Revolution . In 1794 Stanhope supported Thomas Muir , one of the Edinburgh politicians who were transported to Botany Bay ; and in 1795 he introduced into the Lords a motion deprecating any interference with the internal affairs of France. In all these points he was hopelessly beaten, and in
2496-549: The London Working Men's Association (associated with Owenite Utopian socialism ), which called for six points: universal suffrage , equal-sized electoral districts, secret ballot , an end to property qualification for Parliament, pay for Members of Parliament and Annual Parliaments. Chartists also expressed economic grievances, but their mass demonstrations and petitions to parliament were unsuccessful. Despite initial disagreements, after their failure their cause
2592-713: The Netherlands , but also Argentina ( Radical Civic Union ), Chile and Paraguay . Victorian era Britain possessed both trends: In England the Radicals were simply the left wing of the Liberal coalition , though they often rebelled when the coalition's socially conservative Whigs resisted democratic reforms, whereas in Ireland Radicals lost faith in the ability of parliamentary gradualism to deliver egalitarian and democratic reform and, breaking away from
2688-642: The North Riding , on 8 March 1822, at the age of 82, and was buried at Spennithorne . A portrait was in the possession of his great-grandson, Marmaduke D'Arcy Wyvill M.P., of Constable Burton. Wyvill's correspondence with Pitt, and the political correspondence, are known as the "Wyvill Papers". Three volumes appeared in 1794–5 as Political Papers, chiefly respecting the Attempt of the County of York and other considerable Districts, commenced in 1779 … to effect
2784-748: The Parliament of Great Britain which itself was dominated by the English aristocracy and by patronage. Candidates for the House of Commons stood as Whigs or Tories , but once elected formed shifting coalitions of interests rather than splitting along party lines. At general elections , the vote was restricted to property owners in constituencies which were out of date and did not reflect the growing importance of manufacturing towns or shifts of population, so that in many rotten borough seats could be bought or were controlled by rich landowners while major cities remained unrepresented. Discontent with these inequities inspired those individuals who later became known as
2880-503: The Populist Party , composed of rural western and southern farmers who were proponents of policies such as railroad nationalization, free silver, expansion of voting rights and labor reform. In continental Europe and Latin America , as for instance in France, Italy , Spain , Chile and Argentina ( Radical Civic Union ), Radicalism developed as an ideology in the 19th century to indicate those who supported at least in theory
2976-579: The Reform League . When the Liberal government led by Lord Russell and William Ewart Gladstone introduced a modest bill for parliamentary reform, it was defeated by both Tories and reform Liberals, forcing the government to resign. The Tories under Lord Derby and Benjamin Disraeli took office and the new government decided to "dish the Whigs" and "take a leap in the dark" to take the credit for
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3072-539: The Seditious Meetings Act 1795 which meant that a license was needed for any meeting in a public place consisting of fifty or more people. Throughout the Napoleonic Wars , the government took extensive stern measures against feared domestic unrest. The corresponding societies ended, but some radicals continued in secret, with Irish sympathisers in particular forming secret societies to overturn
3168-400: The electoral system to widen suffrage . It was also associated with a variety of ideologies and policies, such as liberalism, left-wing politics , republicanism , modernism , secular humanism , antimilitarism , civic nationalism , abolition of titles, rationalism , secularism , redistribution of property , and freedom of the press . In 19th-century France, radicalism was originally
3264-595: The interwar period , European radical parties organized the Radical Entente , their own political international . Before socialism emerged as a mainstream political ideology, radicalism represented the left-wing of liberalism and thus of the political spectrum. As social democracy came to dominate the centre-left in place of classical radicalism, they either re-positioned as conservative liberals or joined forces with social democrats. Thus, European radical parties split (as in Denmark, where Venstre undertook
3360-483: The utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham and strongly supported parliamentary reform, but were generally hostile to the arguments and tactics of the "popular radicals". By the middle of the century, parliamentary Radicals joined with others in the Parliament of the United Kingdom to form the Liberal Party , eventually achieving reform of the electoral system . The Radical movement had its beginnings at
3456-509: The " Radical Whigs ". William Beckford fostered early interest in reform in the London area. The " Middlesex radicals" were led by the politician John Wilkes , an opponent of war with the colonies who started his weekly publication The North Briton in 1764 and within two years had been charged with seditious libel and expelled from the House of Commons. The Society for the Defence of
3552-592: The 1832 Reform Act, the mainly aristocratic Whigs in the House of Commons were joined by a small number of parliamentary Radicals as well as an increased number of middle class Whigs. By 1839, they were informally being called "the Liberal party ". From 1836, working class Radicals unified around the Chartist cause of electoral reform expressed in the People's Charter drawn up by six members of Parliament and six from
3648-463: The Association had ever considered the practicability of the annual parliaments which they recommended. Wyvill's contention was that the long American war was due primarily, not to the wish of the people, but to the votes of the members of the close boroughs . The Association had the sympathy of politicians including Pitt and Charles James Fox . A committee under Wyvill was appointed to continue
3744-512: The Bill of Rights which he started in 1769 to support his re-election, developed the belief that every man had the right to vote and "natural reason" enabling him to properly judge political issues. Liberty consisted in frequent elections and for the first time middle-class radicals obtained the backing of the London "mob". Middlesex and Westminster were among the few parliamentary constituencies with
3840-737: The Constitution of 1831 established a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary regime, and provided a list of fundamental civil rights inspired by the French Declaration of the Right of Man. As in Britain, Radicals in Belgium continued to operate within the Liberal Party, campaigning throughout the 19th Century for the property-restricted suffrage to be extended. This was extended a first time in 1883, and universal male suffrage
3936-621: The English corresponding societies . They issued a manifesto demanding universal male suffrage with annual elections and expressing their support for the principles of the French Revolution. The numbers involved in these movements were small and most wanted reform rather than revolution, but for the first time working men were organising for political change. The government reacted harshly, imprisoning leading Scottish radicals, temporarily suspending habeas corpus in England and passing
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4032-618: The French Radicals created an Entente Internationale des Partis Radicaux et des Partis Démocratiques similaires : it was joined by the centre-left Radical parties of Europe, and in the democracies where no equivalent existed—Britain and Belgium—the liberal party was to allowed attend instead. After the Second World War the Radical International was not reformed; instead, a centre-right Liberal International
4128-563: The French Revolution needed to be completed through a republican regime based on parliamentary democracy and universal suffrage therefore tended to call themselves "Radicals" – a term meaning 'Purists'. Under the Second Republic (1848–1852), the Radicals, on a platform of seeking a "social and democratic republic", sat together in parliament in a group named The Mountain . When Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte launched his military coup , Radicals across France rose up in insurrection to defend
4224-660: The French Revolution: civic nationalism . Dismayed by the inability of British parliamentarianism to introduce the root-and-branch democratic reforms desired, Irish Radicals channelled their movement into a republican form of nationalism that would provide equality as well as liberty. This was pursued through armed revolution and often with French assistance at various points over the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries . Popular Radicals were quick to go further than Paine, with Newcastle schoolmaster Thomas Spence demanding land nationalisation to redistribute wealth in
4320-580: The Hon. Henry Grenville ( Governor of Barbados in 1746 and ambassador to the Ottoman Porte in 1762), a younger brother of Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple , and of George Grenville. She survived him and died in March 1829. By her he had three sons: Lord Stanhope died at the family seat of Chevening , Kent, and was succeeded by his eldest who shared much of his father's scientific interest but
4416-474: The House of Commons by 248 votes to 174. In the wake of the French Revolution of 1789 , Thomas Paine wrote The Rights of Man (1791) as a response to Edmund Burke 's counterrevolutionary essay Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), itself an attack on Richard Price 's sermon that kicked off the so-called "pamphlet war" known as the Revolution Controversy . Mary Wollstonecraft , another supporter of Price, soon followed with A Vindication of
4512-516: The Netherlands ( Radical League and Free-thinking Democratic League ), Portugal ( Republican Party ), Romania ( National Liberal Party ), Russia ( Trudoviks ), Serbia ( People's Radical Party ), Spain ( Reformist Party , Radical Republican Party , Republican Action , Radical Socialist Republican Party and Republican Left ), Sweden ( Free-minded National Association , Liberal Party and Liberal People's Party ), Switzerland ( Free Democratic Party ), and Turkey ( Republican People's Party ). During
4608-535: The Rights of Woman . They encouraged mass support for democratic reform along with rejection of the monarchy , aristocracy and all forms of privilege. Different strands of the movement developed, with middle class "reformers" aiming to widen the franchise to represent commercial and industrial interests and towns without parliamentary representation, while "Popular radicals" drawn from the middle class and from artisans agitated to assert wider rights including relieving distress. The theoretical basis for electoral reform
4704-431: The United Irishmen in the 1790s, Young Irelanders in the 1840s, Fenian Brotherhood in the 1880s, as well as Sinn Féin , and Fianna Fáil in the 1920s. Japan's radical-liberalism during the Empire of Japan was dissident because it resisted the government's political oppression of republicanism. Rikken Minseitō , who supported the Empire of Japan's system at the time, were classified as " conservative ". Therefore,
4800-456: The Yorkshire Association was a quasi-revolutionary organisation and that "our " French Revolution " is in fact that of 1780—the revolution that we escaped". This interpretation was adopted by Robert Roswell Palmer but criticised by other historians such as Richard Pares and I. R. Christie . With the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783, however, and the fall of Lord North, the Association disintegrated. Wyvill's supporters dwindled, to
4896-402: The Younger . He is sometimes confused with an exact contemporary of his, Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington . The son of Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl Stanhope , he was educated at Eton and the University of Geneva . While in Geneva , he devoted himself to the study of mathematics under Georges-Louis Le Sage , and acquired from Switzerland an intense love of liberty. In politics he
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#17327646857714992-440: The association. Wyvill drew up a circular letter enunciating its political sentiments, and took a leading part in drawing up the Yorkshire petition presented to parliament on 8 February 1780. A number of moderate Whigs, including Horace Walpole , regarded Wyvill's manifesto as chimerical, Walpole writing that it was full of "obscurity, bombast, and futility". Sir Cecil Wray wrote in a similar vein, and Rockingham wanted to know if
5088-508: The basis for what later became the Labour Party . The territories of modern Belgium had been merged into the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. Aside from various religious and socioeconomic tensions between the Dutch north and proto-Belgian south, over the 1820s a young generation of Belgians, heavily influenced by French Enlightenment ideas, had formulated criticisms of the Dutch monarchy as autocratic. The monarch enjoyed broad personal powers, his ministers were irresponsible before parliament;
5184-425: The case of England's Radical Whigs . Sometimes, the radical wing of the liberals were hardline or doctrinaire and in other cases more moderate and pragmatic. In other countries, radicalism had had enough electoral support on its own, or a favourable electoral system or coalition partners, to maintain distinct radical parties such as in Switzerland and Germany ( Freisinn ), Bulgaria , Denmark , Italy , Spain and
5280-491: The centre-right Orléanists (conservative-liberal and monarchist), the far-right Legitimists (anti-liberal monarchist), and the supporters of a republican military dictatorship, the Bonapartists . Following the Napoleonic Wars and until 1848 , it was technically illegal to advocate republicanism openly. Some republicans reconciled themselves to pursuing liberalism through the socially-conservative monarchy—the 'opportunists'. Those who remained intransigent in believing that
5376-409: The centre-right governments dominated by the conservative-liberal centre-right often gave a portfolio to a Radical, who would join cabinet in a personal capacity as the most left-leaning minister. The party itself was discredited after 1940, due to fact that many (though not all) of its parliamentarians had voted to establish the Vichy regime . Under the dictatorship several prominent Radicals, such as
5472-830: The chairman of the association and, among others, the Duke of Grafton , Lord Holland , Lansdowne , Lord Stanhope, Charles James Fox, Major John Cartwright , Capel Lofft , William Mason , William Strickland, Joseph Priestley , Richard Price , Bishop Richard Watson , Tom Paine , Granville Sharp , John Jebb , Sir George Savile, and Benjamin Franklin . Wyvill's writings were mostly shilling tracts, advocating radical reform. They include: On 1 October 1773 Wyvill married his cousin Elizabeth, an heiress. She died in London on 22 July 1783, aged 68. He married, secondly, on 9 August 1787, Sarah, daughter of J. Codling, and by her had issue, with several daughters, three sons, all educated at Eton College : Marmaduke Wyvill (1791–1872), M.P. for York city from March 1820 to July 1830; Christopher Wyvill,
5568-465: The citizen against the state. He warned against all forms of power – military, clerical, and economic. To oppose them he exalted the small farmer, the small shopkeeper, the small town, and the little man. He idealized country life and saw Paris as a dangerous font of power. The Radical–Socialist Party was the main governmental party of the Third Republic between 1901 and 1919, and dominated government again between 1924 and 1926, 1932–1933 and 1937–1940;
5664-481: The compilation of a digest of the statutes. Stanhope was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1816. Stanhope married twice. Firstly on 19 December 1774 to Lady Hester Pitt (19 October 1755 – 20 July 1780), daughter of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham ("Pitt the Elder"), Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , by whom he had three daughters: Secondly in 1781 he married Louisa Grenville (1758–1829), daughter and sole heiress of
5760-739: The country's first major extra-parliamentary political party, the Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party , which became the leading party of government during the second half of the French Third Republic (until 1940). The success of French Radicals encouraged radicals elsewhere to organize themselves into formal parties in a range of other countries in the late 19th and early 20th century, with radicals holding significant political office in Bulgaria ( Radical Democratic Party ), Denmark ( Radikale Venstre ), Germany ( Progressive People's Party and German Democratic Party ), Greece ( New Party and Liberal Party ), Italy ( Republican Party , Radical Party , Social Democracy and Democratic Liberal Party ),
5856-434: The democratic republic. This experience would mark French Radicalism for the next century, prompting permanent vigilance against all those who – from Marshall Mac-Mahon to General De Gaulle – were suspected of seeking to overthrow the constitutional, parliamentary regime. After the return to parliamentary democracy in 1871, the Radicals emerged as a significant political force: led by Georges Clemenceau , they claimed that
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#17327646857715952-406: The extreme left of the day, in contrast to the social-conservative liberalism of Moderate Republicans and Orléanist monarchists and the anti-parliamentarianism of the Legitimists and Bonapartists . Until the end of the century, radicals were not organised as a united political party, but they had rather become a significant force in parliament. In 1901, they consolidated their efforts by forming
6048-413: The first iron printing press , a method to produce plaster molds of pages to be printed and then cast solid metal printing plates from them (stereotype matrix and stereotype plate), and the lens , all of which bear his name, as well as a monochord for tuning musical instruments, improvements in canal locks, experiments in steam navigation in 1795–1797, and two calculating machines (first in 1775). He
6144-509: The government and encourage mutinies. In 1812, Major John Cartwright formed the first Hampden Club , named after the English Civil War Parliamentary leader John Hampden , aiming to bring together middle class moderates and lower class radicals. After the Napoleonic Wars, the Corn laws (in force between 1815 and 1846) and bad harvests fostered discontent. The publications of William Cobbett were influential and at political meetings speakers like Henry Hunt complained that only three men in
6240-416: The individual while radicals sought institutional, social/economic, and especially cultural/educational reform to allow every citizen to put those rights into practice. For this reason, radicalism went beyond the demand for liberty by seeking also equality, i.e. universality as in Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité . In some countries, radicalism represented a minor wing within the Liberal political family, as in
6336-439: The last of them he was in a "minority of one"—a sobriquet which stuck to him throughout life—whereupon he seceded from parliamentary life for five years. Stanhope was an accomplished scientist. This started at the University of Geneva where he studied mathematics under Georges-Louis Le Sage . Electricity was another of the subjects which he studied, and the volume of Principles of Electricity which he issued in 1779 contained
6432-410: The legality of the parliamentary republic. The Radicals were not yet a political party as they sat together in parliament out of kinship, but they possessed minimal organisation outside of parliament. The first half of the Third Republic saw several events that caused them to fear a far-right takeover of parliament that might end democracy, as Louis-Napoléon had: Marshall Mac-Mahon 's self-coup in 1876,
6528-438: The local Radical committees into an elector party: the Radical-Socialist Party , the first major modern political party in French history. Intellectuals played a powerful role. A major spokesman of radicalism was Émile Chartier (1868–1951), who wrote under the pseudonym "Alain." He was a leading theorist of radicalism, and his influence extended through the Third and Fourth Republics. He stressed individualism, seeking to defend
6624-426: The main body of liberals, pursued a radical-democratic parliamentary republic through separatism and insurrection. This does not mean that all radical parties were formed by left-wing liberals. In French political literature, it is normal to make a clear separation between Radicalism as a distinct political force to the left of Liberalism but to the right of Socialism. Over time, as new left-wing parties formed to address
6720-454: The necessary support. In the wake of the French Revolution , Wyvill's platform came to be seen as moderate. Its influence can be detected in the later Great Reform Act and Chartist movement in the nineteenth century. He was born in Edinburgh in 1740, the son of Edward Wyvill (died 1791), supervisor of excise there, by Christian Catherine, daughter of William Clifton of Edinburgh. Sir Christopher Wyvill, 3rd Baronet , of Constable Burton ,
6816-409: The new social issues, the right wing of the Radicals would splinter off in disagreement with the main Radical family and became absorbed as the left wing of the Liberal family—rather than the other way around, as in Britain and Belgium. The distinction between Radicals and Liberals was made clear by the two mid-20th-century attempts to create an international for centrist democratic parties. In 1923–24,
6912-624: The number of county seats in parliament. Wyvill's cause was taken up by the Rockingham Whig opposition, culminating in the carrying of Dunning's motion in 1780. Some moderate reforms were implemented by the Rockingham-led administration of 1782. William Pitt the Younger raised a number of issues surrounding parliamentary reform in opposition to the Fox-North Coalition in 1783, but his proposal failed to gain
7008-537: The party's acceptance of De Gaulle's military coup and joined the small social-democratic Unified Socialist Party . A decade later, a second faction advocated maintaining an alliance with the Socialist-dominated coalition of the left; it broke away in 1972 to form the Radical Party of the Left , which maintains close ties to the Socialist Party. The remainder of the original Radical Party became
7104-545: The politics of French Radicalism with credibility derived from members' activism in the French resistance . In the 1950s, Pierre Mendès-France attempted to rebuild the Radical Party as an alternative to both the Christian-democratic MRP , while also leading the opposition to Gaullism which he feared to be another attempt at a right-wing coup. During this period the Radicals frequently governed as part of
7200-510: The pressure by correspondence, and the example of Yorkshire was followed by other counties, 25 in all. In the period 1779 to 1781, when there was a delegate conference, the movement gained a broad base. Supporters included John Baynes , Newcome Cappe , John Fountayne , Sir James Grant , Thomas Brand Hollis , Sir James Innes-Ker , John Lee , Gamaliel Lloyd , George Montagu, 4th Duke of Manchester , John Smyth , Charles Stanhope , and William Johnson Temple . Herbert Butterfield argued that
7296-693: The radical liberal movement during the Japanese Empire was not separated from socialism and anarchism unlike the West at that time. Kōtoku Shūsui was a representative Japanese radical liberal. After World War II, Japan's left-wing liberalism emerged as a "peace movement" and was largely led by the Japan Socialist Party . Since Japanese conservatism was influenced by Shintoism , Japan's radical liberalism and democratic socialism against it were influenced by Christianity . One of
7392-496: The rectory of Black Notley in Essex , which he continued to hold and administer by means of a curate , down to 22 September 1806. Debarred from entering the House of Commons, Wyvill began to take a prominent part in county politics. In 1779 Wyvill was appointed secretary of the Yorkshire Association, which had for its main objects to shorten the duration of parliaments, and to equalise the representation. He shortly became chairman of
7488-510: The reform. As a minority government, they had to accept radical amendments and Disraeli's Reform Act 1867 almost doubled the electorate, giving the vote even to working men. The Radicals, having been strenuous in their efforts on behalf of the working classes, earned a deeply loyal following—British trade unionists from 1874 until 1892, upon being elected to Parliament, never considered themselves to be anything other than Radicals and were labeled Lib-Lab candidates. Radical trade unionists formed
7584-427: The right to demonstrate or hold public meetings. In Scotland , agitation over three years culminated in an attempted general strike and abortive workers' uprising crushed by government troops in the " Radical War " of 1820. Magistrates powers were increased to crush demonstrations by manufacturers and action by radical Luddites . To counter the established Church of England doctrine that the aristocratic social order
7680-615: The rudiments of his theory on the "return stroke" resulting from the contact with the earth of the electric current of lightning, which were afterwards amplified in a contribution to the Philosophical Transactions for 1787. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society so early as November 1772, and devoted a large part of his income to experiments in science and philosophy. He invented a method of securing buildings from fire (which, however, proved impracticable),
7776-503: The separation of powers was minimal; freedom of press and association were limited; the principle of universal suffrage was undermined by the fact that the largely Catholic south, despite possessing two-thirds of the population, received as many seats to the Estates-General (parliament) as the smaller Protestant north; and the Dutch authorities were suspected of forcing Protestantism onto Catholics. These concerns combined to produce
7872-425: The six points later adopted in the People's Charter (see Chartists below). The American Revolutionary War ended in humiliating defeat of a policy which King George III had fervently advocated and in March 1782 the King was forced to appoint an administration led by his opponents which sought to curb Royal patronage. In November 1783, he took his opportunity and used his influence in the House of Lords to defeat
7968-487: The socially-conservative liberal republicanism of Léon Gambetta and Jules Ferry had drifted away from the ideals of the French Revolution, and that the Radicals were the true heirs to 1791. In 1881, they put forward their programme of broad social reforms: from then on, the tactic of the main Radical Party was to have 'no enemies to the left' of the Republic, allying with any group that sought social reform while accepting
8064-432: The support of public outcry, mass meetings of "political unions" and riots in some cities. This now enfranchised the middle classes, but failed to meet radical demands. The Whigs introduced reforming measures owing much to the ideas of the philosophic radicals, abolishing slavery and in 1834 introducing Malthusian Poor Law reforms which were bitterly opposed by "popular radicals" and writers like Thomas Carlyle . Following
8160-733: The trends of the American radical movement was the Jacksonian democracy , which advocated political egalitarianism among white men. Radicalism was represented by the Radical Republicans , especially the Stalwarts, more commonly known as Radical Republican. A collection of abolitionist and democratic reformers, some of whom were fervent supporters of trade unionism and in opposition to wage labor such as Benjamin Wade. Later political expressions of classical Radicalism centered around
8256-537: The vague political grouping known as the Levellers, but with the English Restoration of the monarchy such ideas had been discredited. Although the Glorious Revolution of 1688 had increased parliamentary power with a constitutional monarchy and the union of the parliaments brought England and Scotland together, towards the end of the 18th century the monarch still had considerable influence over
8352-498: The young left-leaning former education minister Jean Zay , and the influential editorialist Maurice Sarraut (brother to the more famous Radical party leader Albert ), were assassinated by the regime's paramilitary police , while others, notably Jean Moulin , participated in the resistance movement to restore the Republic . The Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance was established after World War II to combine
8448-573: Was a democrat. As Lord Mahon he contested the Westminster without success in 1774, when only just of age; but from the general election of 1780 until his accession to the peerage on 7 March 1786 he represented through the influence of Lord Shelburne the Buckinghamshire borough of High Wycombe . During the sessions of 1783 and 1784 he supported William Pitt the Younger , whose sister, Lady Hester Pitt, he married on 19 December 1774. He
8544-688: Was a member of the American Philosophical Society , elected in 1774. When he acquired extensive property in Devon , Stanhope projected a canal through that county from the Bristol to the English Channel and took the levels himself. His principal labours in literature consisted of a reply to Edmund Burke 's Reflections on the French Revolution (1790) and an Essay on the rights of juries (1792), and he long meditated
8640-408: Was achieved in 1893 (though female suffrage would have to wait until 1919). After this Radicalism was a minor political force in Belgium, its role taken over by the emergence of a powerful social-democratic party . During the nineteenth century, the Radicals in France were the political group of the far-left, relative to the centre-left " opportunists " (Gambetta: conservative-liberal and republican),
8736-487: Was close enough to be singled out for ridicule in the Rolliad : When Pitt strayed from the Liberal principles of his early days, his brother-in-law severed their political connection and opposed the arbitrary measures which the ministry favoured. Lord Stanhope's character was generous, and his conduct consistent; but his speeches were not influential. He was the chairman of the "Revolution Society," founded in honour of
8832-559: Was divinely ordained, radicals supported Lamarckian Evolutionism , a theme proclaimed by street corner agitators as well as some established scientists such as Robert Edmund Grant . Economic conditions improved after 1821 and the United Kingdom government made economic and criminal law improvements, abandoning policies of repression. In 1823, Jeremy Bentham co-founded the Westminster Review with James Mill as
8928-513: Was established, closer to the conservative-liberalism of the British and Belgian Liberal parties. This marked the end of Radicalism as an independent political force in Europe, though some countries such as France and Switzerland retained politically important Radical parties well into the 1950s–1960s. Many European parties that are nowadays categorised in the group of social-liberal parties have
9024-500: Was his great-great-grandfather. Wyvill matriculated at Queens' College, Cambridge in 1756, obtaining an honorary degree of LL.B. in 1764. In 1774 he came in for the large landed estates of the family in Yorkshire and elsewhere, and the mansion at Constable Burton, the building of which he completed from his cousin, Sir Marmaduke's, designs. He had some years previously taken orders and been presented through his cousin's influence to
9120-565: Was provided by "Philosophical radicals" who followed the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham and strongly supported parliamentary reform, but were generally hostile to the arguments and tactics of the "popular radicals". In Ireland, the United Irishmen movement took another direction, adding to the doctrine of a secular and parliamentary republic inspired by the American and French republican revolutions , another doctrine of
9216-509: Was taken up by the middle class Anti-Corn Law League founded by Richard Cobden and John Bright in 1839 to oppose duties on imported grain which raised the price of food and so helped landowners at the expense of ordinary people. The parliamentary Radicals joined with the Whigs and anti-protectionist Tory Peelites to form the Liberal Party by 1859. Demand for parliamentary reform increased by 1864 with agitation from John Bright and
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