Misplaced Pages

#718281

100-623: Zamość was founded in 1580 by Jan Zamoyski , Grand Chancellor of Poland , who envisioned an ideal city . The historical centre of Zamość was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1992, following a decision of the sixteenth ordinary session of the World Heritage Committee , held between 7 and 14 December 1992 in Santa Fe, New Mexico , United States; it was recognized for being "a unique example of

200-640: A Renaissance citta ideale or " ideal city " by the Italian architect Bernardo Morando . In the city, in 1595 he founded the Akademia Zamojska , the third university in the history of education in Poland . In addition to Zamość, he also funded four other towns: Szarogród , Skinderpol , Busza and Jasnogród . Zamoyski collected a significant library, and was a patron of numerous artists in his Fee Tail. Artists under his patronage included

300-741: A Renaissance town in Central Europe". Zamość is about 20 kilometres (12 miles) from the Roztocze National Park . Zamość was founded in 1580 by the Chancellor and Hetman (head of the army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ), Jan Zamoyski , on the trade route linking western and northern Europe with the Black Sea . Modelled on Italian trading cities, and built during the late-renaissance period by

400-401: A Catholic and a Social primary school. High schools Technikum Colleges The city is located on the broad gauge railway line linking the former Soviet Union with Upper Silesian coal and sulphur mines as well as less than 60 kilometers (37 miles) from the border crossings to Ukraine . Zamość is also located on a standard gauge rail line, although it is not electrified. The economy of

500-887: A branch of Stalprodukt (former Metalplast) – producer of metal hardware and equipment from Bochnia , listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange . The Old Town and the remnants of the old Zamość Fortress constitute an urban complex inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site . Zamość hosts the following cultural events: concerts of music performed by the Karol Namysłowski Symphonic Orchestra in Zamość and by Polish artists representing different kinds of music, Zamość Days of Music (Zamojskie Dni Muzyki) and International Meetings of Jazz Singers (Międzynarodowe Spotkania Wokalistów Jazzowych), which

600-483: A candidate of some Slav stock should henceforth be eligible to the Polish throne. This was a project which could even imagine the possibility of some kind of union between Catholic Poland, Orthodox Moscovy and semi-Protestant Bohemia. In fact, it was a circuitous and clumsy counter-proposal against pro-Habsburg policy. From 1589 Zamoyski, in his role as the hetman, tried to prevent the intensifying Tatar incursions along

700-531: A decade; shortly afterwards with Bathory's consent Zborowski was executed. This political conflict between Báthory, Zamoyski and the Zborowski family , framed as a clash between the monarch and the nobility, would be a major recurring controversy in internal Polish politics for many years, beginning with a major dispute at the Sejm of 1585. After Báthory's death in 1586, Zamoyski helped Sigismund III Vasa gain

800-508: A defensive purpose. In the 1690s a 38-metre-tall (125 ft) tower with a Baroque dome was added. The building has features typical of Moldavian Orthodox churches and Latin architecture. Built in the 1680s in the Baroque style in line with J. M. Link's design, St. Catherine's Church was first dedicated to Saint Peter of Alcantara but in the 1920s it became an academic church dedicated to Saint Catherine of Alexandria . During World War II,

900-540: A dragon, illustrating that the lions should protect the house against the evil embodied by the dragon. The house is the seat of the Zamość Museum. The brightly coloured houses are vital to the square's character. The yellow "Under The Madonna" House at 22 Ormiańska street (Armenian Street) features the Madonna with the baby Jesus; showing the Madonna standing on a dragon. Built by a Lwów merchant, Sołtan Sachwelowicz, in

1000-488: A frieze with rosettes. Another frieze is situated on the side wall, showing a combination of rectangles and ovals. The Abrek House was built for a professor of the Zamoyski Academy, Stanisław Rosiński. In 1636 the house was bought by another professor of the Zamoyski Academy, Andrzej Abrek who turned it into a splendid edifice with an arcaded portal, triangular top and three stone doors in the hallway. Built at

1100-456: A guards formation, or on a guards war ship, to the rank designation will be placed in front the noun guards (e.g. " Gurds podpolkovnik "). Civil – or military personnel with a specific defined level of expertise or knowledge in medical or judicial professions, to the military rank will be added the noun "legal or the wording "medical service". Further adding to the military rank designation might be "retired" or "on retirement". Personnel serving in

SECTION 10

#1732765143719

1200-583: A major figure in the politics of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth throughout his life. Jan Zamoyski was born on 19 March 1542 to Stanisław Zamoyski and Anna Herburt in Skokówka . He started his education in a school in Krasnystaw but when he was thirteen years old he was sent to study abroad; from 1555 to 1559 he was a page at the royal court in Paris. Already at this young age he attended lectures at

1300-476: A period of development. In the 1970s and 1980s the population grew rapidly (from 39,100 in 1975 to 68,800 in 2003), as the city started to gain significant profits from the old trade routes linking Germany with Ukraine and the ports on the Black Sea. During the years 1975–1998 Zamość was the capital of Zamość Voivodeship . The Qahal of Zamość was founded in 1588 when Jan Zamoyski agreed to Jewish settlement in

1400-547: A royal task force, sent to remove the noble family of Starzechowscy from the royal lands they were decreed to hold illegally. Another major task he completed at that time was the reorganization of the Chancellery archive. In 1571 he married Anna Ossolińska; his wife and their young son died shortly afterwards, in 1572. After the extinction of the Jagiellon dynasty in 1572 during the election sejm (special session of

1500-542: A short period of depression. Later that year, in August, he captured Velizh in September he participated in the siege of Velikiye Luki , and then took Zavoloc . On 11 August 1581 he received the nomination for the post of Grand Crown Hetman; this nomination, although uncontroversial at that time, was technically illegal . Following that he participated in the long and inconclusive Siege of Pskov , which ended with

1600-632: A skilled commander in sieges, and latter events would prove him to be an equally able leader in the open field. Zamoyski gathered a significant fortune; his estates generated a revenue of over 200,000 zlotys in the early 17th century. His personal lands covered 6,445 square kilometres (2,488 sq mi), and included eleven towns and over 200 villages. He was a royal caretaker of another dozen or so cities and over 600 villages. Totaled, his personal and leased lands covered over 17,000 square kilometres (6,600 sq mi), with 23 towns and cities and 816 villages. In 1589 he succeeded in establishing

1700-534: Is a tribute to Mieczysław Kosz , a great blind jazz player and composer who used to combine his jazz music with the Polish folk. Jazz na Kresach is a very popular annual music festival that dates back to 1982 and has been held since. The festival is organised in Zamość Old Town by the Zamość Jazz Club to commemorate Mieczysław Kosz . The Zamość Festival of Mark Grechuta aims at commemorating his works. He

1800-420: Is considered to be one of the most prominent statesmen in Polish history. Even though his military career begun almost as an afterthought, or by accident, Zamoyski is also remembered as one of the most accomplished Polish military commanders. In his tactics, he favored sieges, flanking maneuvers, conserving his forces, and the new Western art of fortification and artillery. The war with Muscovy shown him to be

1900-576: Is embellished with a figure of St. Casimir , the saint patron of the new owner – Kazimierz Lubecki. Built at the beginning of the 17th century, the green Wilczek House at 30 Ormiańska Street (Armenian Street) displays a Baroque decor, including a relief featuring St. John the Baptist and St. Thomas the Apostle with three spears. The house was remodelled in 1665–1674 by Jan Wilczek, a town councillor. The blue "Under The Married Couple" House, also known as

2000-435: Is mostly positive, and historian Janusz Tazbir remarked that Zamoyski's posthumous career was even more magnificent than his real one. Leśniewski, ending his recent biography of Zamoyski, concludes that he is a significant, if controversial, figure of Polish Renaissance . Zamoyski was the subject of several paintings and drawings. Most notably, he is one of the characters in two large paintings by Jan Matejko , featured on

2100-670: The Prussian Homage ( Polish : Hołd pruski ; 1879−1882), the famous historical painting of Prussian Tribute , by Jan Matejko , was transferred secretly from Kraków and hidden in the vault of St. Catherine's to protect it from the German occupiers. Tomasz Zamoyski , the second entailer, and his wife Katarzyna built the Franciscan Church Dedicated to The Annunciation in the Baroque style. The biggest temple in Zamość (56 metres long and 29 metres wide), it

SECTION 20

#1732765143719

2200-606: The Skarga's Sermon and Batory at Pskov . Having control of both the Chancellorship and the Grand Hetman office, Zamoyski was one of the most powerful people in the country, having obtained both the power of Grand Hetman (commander in chief of the armed forces) and that of chancellor, combined for the first time in the hands of one person. He was responsible for much of the Polish internal and foreign policies. He

2300-651: The Congress of Vienna dissolved the duchy and made Zamość part of the Kingdom of Poland, also called Congress Poland , which was controlled by the Russian Empire . The city played a considerable role during the November Uprising in 1830–1831 and surrendered as the last Polish resistance point. The fortress was demolished in 1866, allowing the rapid growth of the city beyond its original limits. During

2400-687: The First Partition of Poland in 1772 the city was annexed by the Habsburg monarchy , forming part of the newly established Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria ; the kingdom became a crown land of the Austrian Empire upon its formation in 1804. Following the Austro-Polish War of 1809 the city was incorporated into the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw . The 17th Polish Infantry Regiment was formed in Zamość in 1809. In 1815,

2500-796: The Judenrat , through which to control the Jews, and in December 1939 created an open ghetto in the Nowa Osada neighbourhood. Jews deported from the newly formed Warthegau province in German-annexed western Poland were transported to Zamość and in April 1941 the ghetto was moved to the New Town and 7,000 Jews were ordered to relocate there. The ghetto was not enclosed and many Jews escaped to

2600-547: The Paduan architect Bernardo Morando , Zamość remains a perfect example of a Renaissance town of the late 16th century. It retains its original street layout, fortifications ( Zamość Fortress ), and a large number of original buildings blending Venetian and central European architectural traditions. In the 16th century, the city thrived during its most extensive and fastest period of development. It attracted not only Poles but also other nationalities. In 1594, Jan Zamoyski founded

2700-559: The Peace of Yam-Zapolsky in 1582. Though Zamoyski failed to capture Pskov, he drained the Russian resources, and the ongoing siege was a major reason for the final treaty, which was highly favorable to Poland. In June 1583 Zamoyski took his third wife, Gryzelda Bathory , a relative of king Bathory himself. In May 1584 Zamoyski's men captured Samuel Zborowski , a noble whose death sentence for treason and murder had been pending for roughly

2800-546: The Sorbonne University and Collège de France . In 1559 he briefly visited Poland, then attended the University of Strasbourg ; after a few months there he moved to University of Padua , where from 1561 he studied law and received a doctorate in 1564. During his years abroad he converted from Calvinism to Roman Catholicism . During his education, he became active in university politics, and in 1563 he

2900-685: The Zamoyski Academy in Zamość. The city, however, faced numerous invasions, including a Cossack siege led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky , the leader of the uprising against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1654), and another siege during the Swedish Deluge in 1656. The Swedish army, like the Cossacks, failed to capture the city. Only during the Great Northern War was Zamość occupied, by Swedish and Saxon troops. In

3000-521: The Zamoyski Family Fee Tail ( ordynacja zamojska ), a de facto duchy . Zamoyski supported economical development of his lands, investing in colonization of frontiers, and the development of industry, both small (sawmills, breweries, mills and such) and large (his lands had four iron mills and four glass factories). His most prized creation was the capital of his Fee Tail, the city of Zamość , founded in 1580, built and designed as

3100-769: The Zamość Rotunda , Gestapo camp, (in German: Gefangenen-Durchgangslager Sicherheitspol , in English: "The transit camp for Security Police prisoners"). More than 8,000 people were massacred there, including displaced residents of the region. In Zamość, Nazi Germans also created a "Transit Camp" on Okrzei Street, for arrested and displaced inhabitants of the Zamość region (including thousands of children) and camps of Soviet prisoners of war captured during Operation Barbarossa . In 1942, Zamość County, due to its fertile black soil,

Zamość - Misplaced Pages Continue

3200-484: The armed forces' starshina was adequate to mayor . In line to this reform, the shoulder board rank insignia had been changed from two big stars to three smaller ones. To the formations of the so-called leyb-guard (Russian: лейб гва́рдия , romanized : leyb-gvardija , IPA: [lʲejb ˈɡvardʲɪjə] ), the rank podpolkovnik had not been introduced. Normally, kapitan officers might have been promoted to polkovnik immediately, by skipping

3300-598: The podpolkovnik rank of the Red Army was specified by two big horizontal stars, on shoulder boards, with parallel piping (two straps). The stars had to be established on a distance of 35 mm from the lower end of the shoulder board (Rules to wear military uniforms in the Soviet Army and the Navy). From 7 November 1944, the stars were pinned direct (symmetrically to the piping) on piping. If military personnel serves in

3400-539: The "Chemist's House", the Piechowicz House maintains a 350-year-old tradition. Namely the building, which was built by Szymon Piechowicz from Turobin , a chemist and a professor of medicine at the Zamoyski Academy, still houses a pharmacy. The shop is fitted with a set of 19th-century dark, oak cabinets. Constructed by Bernardo Morando for an Italian merchant in the 1590s, also called the Telanowski house,

3500-407: The "Sapphire" House, at 24 Ormiańska street (Armenian Street) was built in the second quarter of the 17th century by an Armenian merchant, Torosz. The façade includes a geometrical and plant frieze whereas the parapet is decorated with grotesque figures of a married couple. The Link House at 5 Rynek Wielki street (Great Market Street) was erected at the end of the 17th century with all the features of

3600-436: The "first tribune of nobility" or "Polish Gracchus ." In that first election he was in favour of Henry de Valois (later, Henry III of France). Subsequently, he was part of the diplomatic mission that traveled to France to finish formalities with the newly elected king. He also published a pamphlet praising the new king, and thus suffered a loss of face when Henry secretly abandoned Poland and returned to France. During

3700-512: The 17th century, the house has been refurbished recently to expose its façade. A high parapet has been reconstructed on the basis of old photographs. At present the house is the venue of the Bernardo Morando Fine Arts State Secondary School. The "Under St. Casimir" House was erected in the 17th century and was owned alternately by Polish chemists and Armenian merchants. The façade of the house

3800-445: The Baroque style. A Polish architect Jan Michał Link decorated the façade of the house with fluted Ionic columns. The tops of the windows were embellished with the carved busts of two mythological warriors: Minerva wearing a basinet and Hercules dressed in lion skins. Under the windows there is a frieze featuring laurel and palm branches – symbols of glory and victory. The pilasters include wall-trophies – weapons and armours. Called also

3900-696: The Bukova (Bucovu) and restored Ieremia to the throne. He also helped his brother, Simion Movilă to become brief ruler of Wallachia, thus spreading the influence of the Commonwealth to the Central Danube . In 1600 and 1601 Zamoyski took part in the war against Sweden commanding the Commonwealth forces in Livonia (Inflanty). At the same time he was a vocal opponent of that war on the political scene. In 1600 he recaptured several strongholds from

4000-652: The Commonwealth kings, begun to distance himself from the King. Sigismund had quickly allied himself with the Habsburgs, much to chancellors dissatisfaction. Zamoyski was dissatisfied with Sigismund's early plans to use Poland as a stepping stone to gaining the Swedish crown, as Sigismund was plotting to cede the Polish crown to the Habsburgs in exchange for their support of his right to the Swedish throne. The new King feared

4100-422: The Commonwealth parliament) he used his influence to enforce the viritim election (meaning all nobles had the right to vote for the new king during the upcoming 1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election ). However, his proposal for majority voting did not pass, which opened the process for abuses of liberum veto in the future. He was a colleague of Mikołaj Sienicki and Hieronim Ossolinski , and with them he

Zamość - Misplaced Pages Continue

4200-542: The Commonwealth's south-eastern border, but with little success. In order to deal with the recurring disturbances in that region Zamoyski developed a plan to turn Moldavia into a buffer zone between the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire; this would lead to a lengthy campaign . Meanwhile, in internal Commonwealth politics, early on in Sigismund III's reign, Zamoyski, who was once a staunch supporter of

4300-578: The Crown from 1578, and Great Hetman of the Crown from 1581. Zamoyski was the General Starost of the city of Kraków from 1580 to 1585, Starost of Bełz , Międzyrzecz , Krzeszów , Knyszyn and Tartu . An important advisor to Kings Sigismund II Augustus and Stephen Báthory , he was one of the major opponents of Bathory's successor, Sigismund III Vasa , and one of the most skilled diplomats, politicians and statesmen of his time, standing as

4400-713: The Dairy in Krasnystaw . The city is also a centre of expertise for agriculture and a market for various agricultural products. In addition, the other companies include a daughter company of the Black Red White furniture company (former Zamojskie Furniture Company), the Spomasz Zamość SA industrial and metal hardware producer, the SIPMOT agricultural machinery producer (a branch of the SIPMA Group from Lublin and

4500-590: The Great Market Square with the two smaller market squares: Solny and Wodny. The red "Under the Angel" House at 26 Ormiańska street (Armenian street) was built in the early 1630s by a rich Armenian merchant, Gabriel Bartoszewicz. It is embellished with a carved figure of the founder's saint patron, the Archangel Gabriel holding a lily. The walls of the second floor are decorated with lions and

4600-644: The Jewish inhabitants were influenced by the Jewish Enlightenment, or Haskalah . Rabbis forbade the entry of Hasids into Zamosc, until the late nineteenth century. In Zamość there was a Jewish synagogue, two houses of worship, a ritual bathhouse, a hospital and a slaughterhouse. The best preserved remnant of the Jewish community is the now restored Zamość Synagogue . Zamość was home to many prominent Jews, including poet Solomon Ettinger (1799–1855) and writer Isaac Leib Peretz . In 1827, 2,874 Jews lived in

4700-458: The People's Commissar of Defence (from July 26, 1940). The Red Army used this rank together with a number of other former Russian ranks, and it has been used in many ex- USSR countries, including Russia , to the present day. By the first promotion to that particular rank the hitherto (old) polkovnik collar distinction insignia with three parallel bars had to be used. The new polkovnik rank

4800-617: The Poland- Romania border, from where it was transported via Romania and Turkey to territory controlled by Polish-allied France . The city was overrun by the Germans during the invasion of Poland and the local garrison, staffed by the Polish infantry regiment of podpułkownik Stanisław Gumowski, was defeated. On September 27, 1939, Nazi Germany signed a border treaty with the Soviet Union which had invaded Poland from

4900-412: The Polish throne , fighting in the brief civil war against the forces supporting Habsburg archduke Maximilian III of Austria . The camp supporting Sigismund was rallied around Zamoyski, whereas Maximilian was supported by the Zborowski family. Zamoyski defended Kraków and defeated Maximilian's forces in the Battle of Byczyna in 1588. In that battle, which Sławomir Leśniewski describes as "one of

5000-404: The Sejm of 1591, culminating in a heated exchange of words and the king storming out of the chamber. Despite their tensed relations, neither the king nor the chancellor wanted a civil war; soon after their quarrel Zamoyski would issue a public apology to the king and their uneasy relationship would continue until Zamoyski's death. In 1594 Zamoyski once again failed to stop a Tatar incursion in

5100-424: The Soviet Union. It was liquidated before the end of November 1942; deportations had begun in April, with some 3,000 Jews sent to the Bełżec extermination camp in a Holocaust train consisting of 30 cattle cars. In October, the Nazis shot 500 Jews in the streets and deported 4,000 Jewish prisoners via the Izbica Ghetto transfer point to Bełżec for gassing. They were transported without any food or water. Although

SECTION 50

#1732765143719

5200-482: The Summer Film Academy and the "SACROFILM" International Religious Film Days. The climate is warm-summer humid continental ( Köppen : Dfb ), typical of eastern Poland . Jan Zamoyski Jan Sariusz Zamoyski ( Latin : Ioannes Zamoyski de Zamoscie ; 19 March 1542 – 3 June 1605) was a Polish nobleman , magnate , statesman and the 1st ordynat of Zamość . He served as the Royal Secretary from 1565, Deputy Chancellor from 1576, Grand Chancellor of

5300-474: The Swedes and a year later captured Wolmar on 19 December 1601 Fellin on 16 May 1602, and Bialy Kamien on 30 September 1602. The rigours of the campaign, however, placed a strain on his health, and he resigned the command. At the Sejm of 1603 Zamoyski led opposition to the governance reforms proposed by Sigismund; seeing in them intentions of transforming the Commonwealth into an absolute monarchy . Later, he also opposed Sigismund's plans to intervene in

5400-416: The Zamoyski house belonged to Jan Zamoyski (1599–1657). The house has four arcades, a frieze placed under the windows and a parapet. It was supposed to be a model for other houses located on the square. The construction of the Second Morando Tenement House started around 1590. It was designed by Bernardo Morando who placed Italian-style regular four-window façade with arcades. The windows are ornamented by

5500-542: The area, and those who did settle often fled in fear, because the former Polish residents would burn down houses or kill their inhabitants. In 1942–1943, tens of thousands of inhabitants of the region were ethnically cleansed by the Nazi occupiers , to make space for German settlers in order to ensure Germanisation of the area. Most former inhabitants were deported to forced labor camps in Germany , Nazi concentration camps or extermination camps such as Auschwitz , Majdanek and Bełżec . After World War II, Zamość began

5600-538: The assistant or deputy commander of a regiment sized military formation at the end of the 15th — early 16th centuries. In the Streltsy formations, as a general role, the podpolkovnik was responsible for all administrative tasks and functions. Normally it was of nobility or boyar origin. From the 17th - to early 17th century, there was a rank and an appointment under the designation polupolkovnik (Russian: полуполко́вник , IPA: [polʊpɐlˈkovnʲɪk] ). Beyond its normal responsibilities, he

5700-459: The bell tower there are three historic bells: "Jan" – the biggest and the oldest one, named after its benefactor Jan "Sobiepan" Zamoyski , "Tomasz" founded by Tomasz Józef Zamoyski in 1721 and "Wawrzyniec" founded by Wawrzyniec Sikorski in 1715. The Redemptorists' Church of St. Nicholas is the former Orthodox church built in 1618–1631. The project was drafted by Jan Jaroszewicz whereas the decorations were designed by Jan Wolff. The domed temple had

5800-444: The chancellor's power, but due to Commonwealth laws he was unable to dismiss him from his posts. He offered him a prestigious voivode of Kraków office, but Zamoyski declined, as if he was to accept, the law would require him to resign from his slightly less prestigious but more influential chancellorship. By 1590–1591 Zamoyski was seen as one of the king's staunchest opponents. Open quarrel between king and chancellor broke out during

5900-407: The church's vault, there are crypts with the ashes of 16 Zamość entailers and those of their families. Built in the Baroque style in the second half of the 18th century, the Cathedral Bell Tower is a separate and prominent structure. It was erected to Jerzy de Kawe's design. The passageway is decorated with plaques commemorating the martyrdom of the inhabitants of Zamość Region during World War II. In

6000-418: The city and this had risen by 1900 to 7,034. The increase continued, so that by 1921 the Jewish population stood at 9,383 (49.3% of the total population), including significant landowners within the city. On the eve of World War II, more than 12,500 Jews lived in Zamość; 43 percent of the population of 28,100. Soon after the handing over to the Germans by the Soviet Union on October 8, 1939, the Nazis instituted

6100-399: The city is based on services which is why it is dominated by numerous small and medium-sized enterprises. However, there are some large production plants, mainly food factories and companies, that reflect the regional dominance of agriculture. These include the Zamojskie Wheat Company (Zamojskie Zakłady Zbożowe), the Animex fodder company, the Mors frozen food producer, and a daughter company of

SECTION 60

#1732765143719

6200-408: The city, based upon the anthropomorphic concept. Its "head" was to be the Zamoyski Palace, "backbone" Grodzka Street, crossing the Great Market Square from east to west, in the direction of the palace, and with the "arms" embodied by 10 streets intersecting the main streets: Solna Street (north of the Great Market Square) and Bernardo Morando Street (south of the Great Market Square). In these streets,

6300-415: The city. The first Jewish settlers were mainly Sephardi Jews coming from Italy, Spain , Portugal and Turkey . In the 17th century, Ashkenazi Jews also settled in the city and soon became the majority of the Jewish population. The settlement rights given by Jan Zamoyski were re-confirmed in 1684 by Marcin Zamoyski , the fourth Ordynat of the Zamość estate. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries,

6400-698: The civil war plaguing Muscovy (the Time of Troubles and the Dymitriads ). He clashed with Sigismund for the final time during the Sejm of January 1605. Zamoyski died suddenly on 3 June 1605, due to a stroke . His fortune was inherited by his single son, Tomasz Zamoyski . The fame of Zamoyski, significance in life, endured after his death. He was praised by artists such as Szymon Starowolski and Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz , and historians, including Stanisław Staszic , Stanisław Tarnowski and Artur Śliwiński . There were also those critical of him: Hugo Kołłątaj , Józef Szujski , Michał Bobrzyński . Nonetheless, Polish historiography and culture treatment of Zamoyski

6500-414: The distance was relatively short, the transports would take several days, and many died en route. The secret Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota" , established by the Polish resistance movement operated in the city. Most historic buildings are located in the Old Town, whose main distinguishing features have been retained. It includes the regular Great Market Square ( Rynek Wielki ) of 100 x 100 metres with

6600-489: The east, and, consequently, on September 28, 1939, Zamość was handed over to the Red Army – for about a week. The Soviets withdrew on October 5, 1939, along with some 5,000 Jews after a further demarcation line adjustment. The Germans returned to the city on October 8, 1939 and shortly afterwards mass arrests of prominent citizens began. This was as part of the secret A-B Action , the deliberate extermination of Polish intellectuals . The German Nazis created an execution site in

6700-404: The edifice and added three storeys with a high parapet . The façades were built in accordance with Mannerist proportions, regular divisions and excessive architectural décor. The 18th century witnessed the construction of a guardroom and a fan-shaped double stairway, built in front of the building. In 1770 a slender dome with a lantern was added to the top of the tower. The Town Hall stands on

6800-451: The end of the 16th century, the Szczebrzeszyn House belonged to the town of Szczebrzeszyn . Its function was to keep Szczebrzeszyn's treasures and assets safely within the protection of Zamość fortress. The house has four windows, arcades and a richly ornamented finial in the form of a cartouche , which reputedly enclosed Szczebrzeszyn's coat of arms. Built, the Turobin House was built in the 1600s in line with Bernardo Morando's design for

6900-469: The exact name of this rank maintains a variety of spellings. The transliteration is also in common usage for the sake of tradition dating back to the Old Slavonic word "polk" (literally: regiment sized unit), and include the following names in alphabetical order: In Russia, the rank of lieutenant colonel is called podpolkovnik ( Russian : подполко́вник , lit.   'sub-colonel'). First it appeared in Russia as appointment or assignment to

7000-482: The final stages of World War I , in 1918, local Poles liberated the city from foreign occupation, shortly before Poland officially regained independence. In September 1939, after the outbreak of World War II , German Luftwaffe planes bombed Zamość several times. Over 250 people were killed, mainly civilians . In early September 1939, the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish gold reserve from Warsaw to Zamość, and then further southeast to Śniatyn at

7100-424: The following 1575 election he was a vocal enemy of the Habsburg dynasty and its candidate , and this anti-Habsburg stance, resounding among the lesser nobility, helped him regain his popularity. For the king, Zamoyski championed the case of a Polish candidate, which ended up in the marriage of Anna Jagiellon with the anti-Habsburg Stephen Bathory of Transylvania . Bathory thanked Zamoyski by granting him

7200-531: The former Russian imperial army. In the white voluntary army, the rank was in the period from December 1917 to November 1918. Then it was abolished as well, and harmonized to the Kapitan ranks of the guard and other officers of the other formations. However, in the Russian army of general Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel the podpolkovnik rank was reestablished in April 1920. By foundation of the Soviet Union,

7300-494: The former Russian imperial army. In the military political organization, it was equivalent to starshy battalion commissar (Russian: ста́рший батальо́нный комисса́р , IPA: [ˈstarʂɨj bətɐˈlʲjɵnːɨj kəmʲɪˈsar] ), another corresponding rank designation was Specialist 1st rank (pertaining to: military engineers, surgeons, commissionaires, veterinary surgeons, and legal personnel). In late 1943, shoulder boards were reintroduced as rank designation. From this moment in

7400-462: The ideals of "nobles"' liberty. After Zamoyski's death, it slowly lost its importance, and in 1784 it was downgraded to a lyceum . The present-day I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Jana Zamoyskiego is one of several secondary schools in Zamość. In modern Zamość there are 9 secondary schools: 7 public (numbered from 1 to 7), one Catholic and one Social school. In addition, there are 10 primary schools: 8 public (numbered from 2 – 4 and from 6–10) as well as

7500-546: The limits of law instead, avoiding a war that could devastate the country, and thus curbing his own ambitions. Podpu%C5%82kownik Podpolkovnik ( Russian : подполко́вник , lit.   'sub –, junior – , or lower regimentary ') is a military rank in Slavic and nearby countries which corresponds to the lieutenant colonel in the English-speaking states and military. In different languages

7600-543: The most important in Polish history, and the most important in Zamoyski's military career", Maximilian was taken prisoner and in the resulting Treaty of Bytom and Będzin of 1589 had to give up all pretenses to the Polish crown. Later that year Zamoyski proposed a reform of the royal elections, which failed to pass the Sejm. Zamoyski presented to this Sejm a project that in case the present King should die without issue none but

7700-574: The most powerful family in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . In 1578 he received the post of the Grand Crown Chancellor . That year poet Jan Kochanowski dedicated his Odprawa Posłów Greckich , the first Polish tragedy , to him. He took part in the preparation for a war against Muscovy in 1579–1581, where he contributed a group of 400 or 600 mercenaries. Through he had little prior military background nor experience, he

7800-582: The north side of the Great Market Square, regarded as one of the most beautiful 16th-century squares in Europe. It is surrounded by a complex of arcaded houses built by the richest Zamość merchants. It is a square, measuring exactly 100 metres in both width and length, crossed by the two main axes of the old town. The 600-metre longitudinal axis goes east–west: from Bastion No. 7 to the Zamoyski Palace. The 400-metre crosswise axis goes north–south, linking

7900-524: The office of Deputy Chancellor on 16 May 1576. He participated on Batory's side in the quelling of the Danzig rebellion in 1576–1577, sponsoring a chorągiew of pancerni (cavalry unit) and participating in close combat on several occasions. In 1577 he married again, this time marrying Krystyna Radziwiłł, daughter of magnate Mikołaj Radziwiłł Czarny ; this made him a close ally of the Radziwiłł family ,

8000-481: The other squares were placed: Salt Square ( Rynek Solny ) and Water Square ( Rynek Wodny ), functioning as the "internal organs" of the city whereas the bastions are the "hands and legs" for self-defence. The most prominent building is the Town Hall, built at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, following Bernardo Morando's design. In 1639–1651, Jan Jaroszewicz and Jan Wolff redesigned the structure. They enlarged

8100-506: The poets Jan Kochanowski and Szymon Szymonowic , and the writer and historian Joachim Bielski . Zamoyski was not a deeply religious person, and his conversion from Protestantism to Catholicism was primarily pragmatic. Leśniewski notes that Zamoyski was often motivated by greed, for example during the Danzig Rebellion, when he supported lenient treatment of the rebels, and during the 1577–1578 negotiations with, when he favored

8200-503: The rank designation and rank insignia of the Imperial Russian Army were suppressed. An equivalent rank to podpolkovnik was created in 1924, by the introduction of the so-called status category 8 rank – (English: 'assistant commander of the regiment and equivalent personnel' ; Russian: помо́щник команди́ра полка́ и ему́ ра́вные , IPA: [pɐˈmoʂnʲɪk kəmɐnʲˈdʲirə pɐlˈka i jɪˈmu ˈravnɨje] ). However, this

8300-528: The ranks major and podpolkovnik . In the Imperial Russian Navy , the rank Kapitan 2nd rank was equivalent to podpolkovnik , in the civil administration it was corresponding to privy councillor (Russian: надво́рный сове́тник , romanized : nadvornjy sovetnik , IPA: [nɐˈdvornɨj sɐˈvʲetʲnʲɪk] ). The rank podpolkovnik was abolished 16 December 1917, together with all previous ranks and rank insignia of

8400-544: The solution of George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach ; in both cases his decision was likely influenced by bribes or favors. In another example, Leśniewski describes how Zamoyski openly demanded rewards following his victory at Byczyna, and tried to include an article favoring him in the Bytom and Będzin treaty. He further notes, critically, that with raising power and political success Zamoyski begun displaying negative qualities, such as egoism and arrogance. Zamoyski

8500-580: The southern borders. The next year was much more successful, as in Moldavia in 1595 he was victorious in the Battle of Cecora , and helped hospodar Ieremia Movilă (Jeremi Mohyła) gain the throne. In 1600 he fought against Michael the Brave (Michał Waleczny, Mihai Viteazul), hospodar of Wallachia and the new Prince of Transylvania , who had conquered Moldavia a few months earlier. He defeated him on

8600-488: The splendid Town Hall ( Ratusz ) and the so-called "Armenian houses", as well as fragments of the original fortress and fortifications, including those of the Russian occupation in the 19th century. (The destroyed sections of fortifications have been largely rebuilt to restore the city's appearance.) It is often called "the new Padua". Jan Zamoyski commissioned the Venetian (from Padua) architect Bernardo Morando to design

8700-451: The town of Turobin which used to be part of Zamość Entail. It is embellished with many Renaissance decorations based on Italian models taken from Sebastiano Serlio 's books. Its façade has a frieze featuring a system of geometrical figures. The cathedral (a former collegiate church until 1992) was founded by Jan Zamoyski and dedicated to the Lord's Resurrection and St. Thomas the Apostle. It

8800-570: Was a composer, singer and poet. The festival has already taken place 3 times: 7–8 September 2007, 6–7 September 2008, 4–6 September 2009. The laureates of the competition and various well-known musicians sang at this festival. The festival is held in Zamość Great Market. In addition, there are the open-air performances of the Zamość Summer Theatre (Zamojskie Lato Teatralne) and the annual "EUROFOLK" International Folk Festival. There are

8900-429: Was an academy founded in 1594 by Polish Crown Chancellor Jan Zamoyski. It was the third institution of higher education to be founded in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The academy was an institution midway between a secondary school and an institution of higher learning that bestowed doctorates of philosophy and law. It was known for the high quality of education that it provided, which however did not extend beyond

9000-467: Was built in 1587–1598 by Bernardo Morando. It is 45 metres long and 30 metres wide; the Cathedral constitutes one of the most impressive sacral buildings in Poland. Full of numerous side chapels, thin pillars and a fine vaulted presbytery, it prides itself in original interior decor and rich Renaissance decorations, an 18th-century Rococo tabernacle and many paintings of Italian and Polish painters. In

9100-760: Was chosen for further German colonization in the General Government as part of Generalplan Ost , with the new name of Himmlerstadt , after Heinrich Himmler . The name was later changed to Pflugstadt (Plow City), a reference to the German "plow" that was to "plow the East". Neither name endured. Local people resisted the German occupiers with great determination; they escaped into the forests, organised self-defence, gave help to those who were expelled , and rescued kidnapped Polish children from German hands by bribery (see Zamość Uprising ). The Nazis found it difficult to find many families suitable for settlement in

9200-570: Was elected the rector of the law department. Around that time he also wrote De senatu Romano , a brochure about Ancient Rome government. He returned to the Commonwealth in 1565, and was the first person to receive a commendation letter from the senate of the Republic of Venice . After returning to Poland, he was appointed to the Royal Chancellery , and soon became a favorite secretary to King Sigismund II . In 1567 he commanded

9300-508: Was from now on characterized by four bars. This insignia had to be worn until the introduction of shoulder boards, and were finally replaced in 1943. In the Soviet navy, the rank kapitan 2nd rank was equivalent to podpolkovnik . In the civil administration it was corresponding to privy councillor (Russian: надво́рный сове́тник ). The rank podpolkovnik was abolished 16 December 1917, together with all previous ranks and rank insignia of

9400-463: Was in charge to command the second half of the regiment, the rear -, reserve -, and other regular units (until the introduction of the battalion structure). From the introduction of the Russian table of ranks to the abolishment in 1917, podpolkovnik was quoted to rank positioned VII, and until 1856, it was privileged by hereditary nobility. In 1884, as the mayor rank in the Russian army

9500-466: Was interested in mastering the military art, and proved to be an adept learner. With Batory's support, he began filling in for some of the roles of Grand Crown Hetman Mikołaj Mielecki , particularly when Mielecki was not present. While not campaigning, he was also instrumental in ensuring that the ongoing political support for the war continued. In 1580 he was hit by another personal tragedy, as his wife died in labor, together with their child; entering

9600-402: Was one of the leaders of a faction of the lesser and middle nobility ( szlachta ) in the Commonwealth, whose goal was the reform the country – the execution movement – preserving the unique constitutional and parliamentary government of the Commonwealth with the dominant role of poorer nobility ( Golden Freedom ). He was so influential and popular among the lesser nobility that he was known as

9700-591: Was overtaken by the introduction of individual ranks in 1935. Podpolkovnik as a military rank was reintroduced on September 1, 1939, by disposal of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union (from September 2, 1939), and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 2690 (article 41, pertaining the law of universal compulsory military service), published by the order No. 226 of

9800-579: Was regarded as one of the most prominent 17th-century churches in Poland. It was embellished with a very rich décor by Jan Michał Link. In 1784 the Austrians closed down the Franciscan Order and as a result the church lost its sacral function for many years, housing a cinema and secondary school. In 1993 the building was restored as a church again. Zamość prides itself in the long history of educational services. The Zamoyski Academy (1594–1784)

9900-417: Was ruthless to those weaker than him. At the same time, he was respected by his opponents, widely recognized as highly intelligent, a cunning strategist and tactician in matters political and military, and a popular political leader. He valued the good of the country at least as high as his own, and although he could have become the king after a victorious civil war against Sigismund, he preferred to act within

10000-444: Was suppressed, all mayors , by exemption of retirement, loss of civil rights, or mercilessly, were converted to podpolkovnik . From this moment, the rank podpolkovnik was equivalent to the rank armed forces' starshina ( Russian : войскова́я старшина́ , romanized :  voyskovaja starshina , lit.   'head of the armed forces', pronounced [vəjskɐˈvajə stərʂɨˈna] ). Before 1884,

#718281