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122-538: Zhu Wen initially allied himself as Huang Chao 's lieutenant. However, he took Huang's best troops and established his own power base as a warlord in Kaifeng . By 904, he had exerted control over both of the twin Tang dynasty capitals of Chang'an and Luoyang . Tang emperor Zhaozong was ordered murdered by Zhu in 904 and the last Tang emperor, Ai Di ( Emperor Ai of Tang ), was deposed three years later. Emperor Ai of Tang

244-537: A Fengxiang contingent at Chang'an to counteract against the Shence Armies, but the Fengxiang contingent soon became allied with the eunuchs as well. While this was going on, in spring 902, Zhu launched a surprise attack on Huguo, and as part of the campaign quickly took control of the only viable path between Hedong and Huguo, so that Li Keyong could not come to Wang Ke's aid. Without Li Keyong's aid, Wang Ke

366-457: A Xuanwu ally, particularly after Li Keyong's subsequent punitive attack against Weibo was repelled by joint Weibo/Xuanwu forces. By early 896, Pang Shigu's forces had reached Tianping's capital Yun Prefecture. In spring 897, a joint siege by Pang and Ge captured Yun; Zhu Xuan and his wife were captured in flight; Zhu Xuan was subsequently executed. Zhu Jin abandoned Yan and fled to Huainan with Shi and Li Chengsi, leaving Zhu in control of all of

488-528: A battle with Zhu Jin, Zhu Quanzhong chose to reassign the army to Pang Shigu. In April/May 893 Pang Shigu captured Xu and Shi committed suicide, eliminating one of Zhu Quanzhong's rivals for dominance of the region. (Because of Zhu Yougong's accusations, Zhu Quanzhong nearly had Zhu Youyu executed, but after intercession by Zhu Quanzhong's wife Lady Zhang , Zhu Youyu was spared.) To succeed Shi Pu as governor at Xuzhou Zhu Quanzhong chose one of his own personal associates, Zhang Tingfan. The only other prefecture of

610-467: A central authority left the initiative to Zhu and the other governors. In Autumn 884, Emperor Xizong bestowed titles on Zhu as honorary dignitary for education with ministerial standing and elevated him to Marquess of Pei. In 885 Zhu married his daughter, the future Princess Changle, to Zhao Yan , son of Zhao Chou, who was already indebted to Zhu for breaking the siege of Huang Chao. With this alliance Quanzhong gained an important buffer between Bian and

732-495: A check on this Zhu Quanzhong appointed one of his guard officers, Li Tangbin, in a move clearly modelled after the Tang practice of appointing eunuch supervisors to the armies. Zhu Zhen and Li Tangbin soon began to quarrel and in August 889, while the army was encamped at Xiao County for further campaigns against Shi Pu, Zhu Zhen found an excuse to have Li Tangbin killed. He then reported that he had executed Tangbin for sedition. This

854-400: A combination of strict enforcement, ruthless violence and solicitation to ensure his officers stayed loyal to him. Zhu Wen was also a notorious sexual predator who raped not only the wives of his officers Yang Chongben and Zhang Quanyi , but also his own daughters-in-law. Zhu Wen's reign came to an end in 912 when he was murdered in his palace by his son Zhu Yougui , whom he had begotten with

976-514: A dam on the Huai River. When Yang Xingmi attacked Pang, Zhu released the waters to flood Pang's army, and then attacked Pang with Yang. Pang's army was crushed by the waters and the Huainan forces, and Pang was killed. Zhu Yanshou also defeated Ge's army. Hearing that both of his generals had been defeated, Zhu Quanzhong also retreated. The Battle of Qingkou thus affirmed Yang's control of

1098-542: A general under the rebel Huang Chao , but defected to the weakened Tang dynasty in 882. Taking advantage of the total chaos in the wake of Huang Chao's defeat, Zhu Wen was able to conquer parts of central China after destroying warlords such as Qin Zongquan , Shi Pu , Zhu Xuan , and Zhu Jin , although most of Shaanxi , Shanxi , and Hebei remained outside his reach, controlled by rival states Qi , Jin , and Yan respectively. Most of his later campaigns were directed at

1220-429: A large shipment of tea that Yang had delivered to Bian Prefecture, intending to sell.) Zhu Quanzhong thereafter dealt blow after blow against Zhu Xuan and Zhu Jin, despite reinforcements that Li Keyong was sending them from Hedong. In late 896, he had Ge Congzhou put Taining's capital Yan Prefecture ( 兗州 ) under siege, while himself followed to reinforced Ge. When Zhu Xuan sent Tianping and Hedong forces to try to lift

1342-415: A larger number officers than before were given commands of expeditionary armies. In this way no single commander would hold enough power to threaten Zhu Quanzhong again. Meanwhile, to the south Yang Xingmi had been forced to abandon Yangzhou by Sun Ru, a former subordinate of Qin Zongquan. Having divided Zhu Zhen's army between Pang Shigu and Huo Cun , Zhu Quanzhong in spring 890 ordered Pang Shigu to cross

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1464-460: A loyal ally under whose administration Luoyang was to recover after years of ruinous warfare and whom he could thereafter rely upon for money and food supplies. By June/July 888 the siege of Cai Prefecture had been ongoing for more than a hundred days. As general commander of the south-eastern front, Shi was formally in charge of the operation, Zhu Quanzhong submitted a petition to the court making accusations against Shi and demanding his removal from

1586-455: A population of just 30,000 people, including women and children. By the end of the 9th century, the Shatuo had 50,000-60,000 male warriors. In 821, Zhuye Zhiyi, the great-grandfather of Li Keyong , led a failed attack on the rebellious jiedushi circuit of Chengde . The Shatuo Turks under Zhuye Chixin ( Li Guochang ) served the Tang dynasty in fighting against their fellow Turkic people in

1708-569: A prostitute. Zhu Wen was born the youngest of three sons, Quanyu, Cun and Wen. His father, Zhu Cheng ( 朱誠 ) was an instructor in the Five Classics in Dangshan County , which at that time belonged to Songzhou . There was also a younger sister who married one Yuan Jingchu ( 袁敬初 ) of Xiayi County ( 下邑 ), near Dangshan, whose father and grandfather had held office on a provincial and prefectural level, but who claimed ancestry from

1830-601: A rival attempt by Zhu Xuan the military governor of Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an , Shandong )—an ally of Zhu Quanzhong's—to take over Yicheng. The Yicheng army was reorganized by transferring some of its officers and men to the Xuanwu army and appointing Xuanwu officers to command the rest. Large parts of the Yicheng army had to be left at Hua to guard the Yellow River, but Zhu Quanzhong had gained

1952-402: A son of Wang Chongrong's brother Wang Chongying , who had succeeded Wang Chongrong and served until his death in 895, had been contending for the control of Huguo. Li Keyong supported Wang Ke, while Zhu supported Wang Gong. In spring 897, Zhu sent Zhang Cunjing ( 張存敬 ) and Yang Shihou to put Huguo under siege, but Li Keyong sent his nephew Li Sizhao to defeat Wang Gong's forces and forcing

2074-576: A strategic reserve. In January 887 the Emperor invested Zhu Quanzhong Prince of Wuxing. Having beaten off two rebel attacks, Zhu Quanzhong in June/July 886 sent a cavalry commander, Guo Yan ( 郭言 ), to attack Qin's capital Cai Prefecture. The attack failed however and late 886 Qin began a campaign against Zhu, heading toward Bian and intending to capture it. Zhu sent Zhu Zhen to the east to recruit additional troops outside his own territory. This served

2196-544: A tense relationship with the Shatuo Turks , due to the rivalry between Zhu Quanzong and Li Keyong , a relationship that began back in the time of the Tang dynasty. After Li Keyong 's death, his son, Li Cunxu , continued to expand his State of Jin . Li was able to destroy the Later Liang in 923 and found Later Tang . Generally through Chinese history, it was historians of later kingdoms whose histories bestowed

2318-465: A wall spanning 20 km with sufficient provisions to last a year. It was seen as "the northern door to the empire" at the time. The Tang dynasty fell in 907 and was replaced by the Later Liang . The Shatuo had their own principality Jin (Later Tang precursor) under the Tang dynasty, in the area now known as Shanxi , which was granted to them as a fief in 883 by the Tang emperors, and survived

2440-408: Is repelled with loss however, and later both Cao and Pu Prefectures had to be abandoned. Meanwhile, to the south, Gao Pian , military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou , Jiangsu ), had been killed in a mutiny and the Tang court conferred on Zhu Quanzhong concurrent powers as military governor of Huainan. Zhu Quanzhong sent a deputy, Li Fan ( 李璠 ), to take control of

2562-506: Is therefore possible that Liu Chong was a relative of Zhu Wen's grandmother. If this was in fact the case, Zhu Cheng's origin can not have been too obscure since the Liu family was the leading family in the area. The marriage of the daughter into the Yuan family also indicate a family of some standing. Zhu Wen was brought up to be a family retainer or manor steward, but it is said that the people in

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2684-639: The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907-960), their number in China fell down to between 50 and 100 thousand. A detailed analysis of the term Shatuo (Sanskrit Sart ) is given by Chjan Si-man. Their social and economic life was studied by W. Eberhard. In "Tanghuyao" the Shato tamga is depicted as [REDACTED] Shatuo nobles established the Later Tang dynasty of China (923-956). During

2806-563: The Guanzhong region (i.e., the region around Chang'an) first, including, among others, Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang , Shaanxi ), governed by Li Maozhen's adoptive son Li Jihui ; he quickly forced the surrender of Li Jihui and other subordinates of Li Maozhen, isolating Fengxiang. Han sent eunuch messengers to the circuits in the southeast, ordering them to attack Zhu's territory from behind, but most or all of them were intercepted and killed by Zhu's ally Feng Xingxi

2928-586: The Later Han in 947. The capital was at Bian (Kaifeng) and the state held the same territories as its predecessor. Liu died after a single year of reign and was succeeded by his teenage son, in turn unable to reign for more than two years, when this very short-lived dynasty was ended by the Later Zhou . The remnants of the Later Han returned to the traditional Shatuo Turk stronghold of Shanxi and established

3050-584: The Mandate of Heaven posthumously on preceding dynasties. This was typically done for the purpose of strengthening the present rulers' ties to the Mandate themselves. Song dynasty historian Xue Juzheng did exactly this in his work History of the Five Dynasties . Several justifications were given for this, and successive Five Dynasties regimes, to be conferred the Mandate of Heaven . Among these

3172-816: The Mongol period the Shatuo fell under the Chagatai Khanate , and after its demise remained in its remnant in Zhetysu and northern Tian Shan . The Shatuo received tribute from the Tatar people from north of the Ordos in 966, while they were vassals of the Khitan Emperor. The early Shatuo were originally called the Turks of Shatuo circuit (lit. Shatuo Turks/Shatuo Tujue ). Occasional references were made to

3294-696: The Northern Han Kingdom. The Last Northern Han Emperor, Liu Jiyuan was originally surnamed He but was adopted by his maternal grandfather, the Northern Han Emperor Liu Chong and granted the imperial surname Liu. Liu Jiyuan granted the imperial surname to the Han Chinese general Yang Ye and adopted him as a brother. Under the protection of the Khitan Liao dynasty , the tiny kingdom survived until 979 when it

3416-631: The Qinling Mountains one by one. Li Keyong tried to aid Li Maozhen by sending his nephew Li Sizhao and officer Zhou Dewei to attack parts of Huguo, but a subsequent counterattack by Zhu's nephew Zhu Youning ( 朱友寧 ) and officer Shi Shucong ( 氏叔琮 ) beat back the Hedong forces and, for some time, actually put Taiyuan under siege again; while the Hedong forces subsequently repelled the Xuanwu forces, for several years thereafter, Li Keyong did not dare to again challenge Zhu Quanzhong's supremacy in

3538-571: The Shatuo -ruled Jin state (later to become the Later Tang ) based in Shanxi, but they failed because of the Jin leaders, Li Keyong and his son Li Cunxu . Due to his emphasis on unifying the north, Taizu was not able to make any inroads into southern China. Southern China came to be controlled by about seven different states, and the ruler Yang Wu and Former Shu was not submissive to him. Zhu Wen used

3660-665: The Uyghur Khaganate . In 839, when the Uyghur khaganate (Huigu) general Jueluowu (掘羅勿) rose against the rule of then-reigning Zhangxin Khan , he elicited the help from Zhuye Chixin by giving Zhuye 300 horses, and together, they defeated Zhangxin Khan, who then committed suicide, precipitating the subsequent collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate. In the next few years, when Uyghur Khaganate remnants tried to raid Tang borders,

3782-604: The 9th-century Deeds of An Lushan , two separate tribes Shatuo 沙陀 and Zhuye (朱耶) ~ Zhuxie 朱邪, among the non-Chinese tribes in the He and Long regions under Turko - Khotanese loyalist superintendent Geshu Han (哥舒翰, d. 757). In 808, 30,000 Shatuo under Zhuye Jinzhong defected from the Tibetans to Tang China and the Tibetans punished them by killing Zhuye Jinzhong as they were chasing them. The Uyghurs also fought against an alliance of Shatuo and Tibetans at Beshbalik. In 809,

Later Liang (Five Dynasties) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3904-831: The Fengguo forces mutinied, killed Cui Xian, and forced Cui Hong to flee to Huainan. In spring 899, Zhu's forces were engaging rivals on three fronts—with Li Hanzhi recently having seized the western half of Zhaoyi after the death of Li Keyong's general Xue Jiqin ( 薛志勤 ), who had been in command of Zhaoyi, Zhu sent forces to aid him; with Liu Rengong , who had taken control of both Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing ) and Yichang Circuit (義昌, headquartered in modern Cangzhou , Hebei ), attacking Weibo, Zhu sent forces to aid Weibo's military governor Luo Shaowei (Luo Hongxin's son and successor); and with Yang and Zhu Jin attacking Wuning. Yang's attack appeared to have soon dissipated, however, while Zhu's forces were successful on both

4026-683: The Hezhong Circuit (河中, headquartered in modern Yuncheng , Shanxi )'s military governor ( Jiedushi ), Wang Chongrong . As reward for his timely defection Emperor Xizong of Tang appointed Zhu Wen Grand General of the Imperial Guards and deputy field commander of the armies stationed at Hezhong, also conferring the new personal name Quanzhong – "wholeheartedly loyal." On May 3, 883 Zhu was appointed prefect of Bian Prefecture (汴州, in modern Kaifeng , Henan ) and military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered at Bian Prefecture),

4148-450: The Huai River and attack Sun Ru, but Sun Ru was victorious. April/May 890 the garrison of Suzhou mutinied and defected back to Shi Pu. Zhu Quanzhong personally led an attempt to retake the prefecture without success. It would take a one-and-a-half-year-long siege to recapture Suzhou. To the north Li Keyong had recently suffered defeats from rival governors Helian Duo and Li Kuangwei . Together with Zhu Quanzhong these two now petitioned

4270-469: The Huainan command and launching troops to stop Li Fan and Guo Yan (who was escorting Li Fan) from reaching Yang Prefecture, Zhu had to abandon plans to take over Huainan. Meanwhile, following the defection of one of Qin Zongquan's generals, Zhao Deyin of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangyang , Hubei , renamed Zhongyi ( 忠義 ) by Tang after Zhao's defection), to the Tang cause, Zhu's armies laid siege to Cai. To purchase supplies for

4392-465: The Huang Chao days and a man with a proven administrative record. Zhu Quanzhong next demanded from Weibo's military governor Luo Hongxin rights of passage, as well as provisions for his upcoming campaign against Li Keyong. Luo refused on the grounds that provisions were scarce and pointed out that Zhu Quanzhong's men should not have to pass through his province to the north to strike at Li Keyong to

4514-599: The Later Liang, including the Beijing area, the surrounding Sixteen Prefectures , Shanxi and Shaanxi Province . This was the first of three short-lived Shatuo dynasties. The last Later Tang Emperor was a Han Chinese, Li Congke , originally surnamed Wang, who was adopted by the Shatuo Later Tang Emperor Li Siyuan , granted the imperial surname Li and made the Prince of Lu. The Later Tang

4636-451: The Liu household did not view him highly, except Liu Chong's mother, who in fact had to intercede whenever Liu Chong, displeased with Zhu Wen, caned him. Zhu instead went on to form his own bandit gang, one of many operating between the Yellow and Huai Rivers . In about 877 Zhu Wen and the second brother, Zhu Cun ( 朱存 ), joined the rebel army of Huang Chao when it fought its way through

4758-555: The Pinglu army, Zhu Zhen proceeded to recruit the men of the region and seize horses, returning to Bian in spring 887 after only two months, bringing with him, according to the Zizhi Tongjian , ten thousand recruits and one thousand horse. These numbers might be exaggerated, but Zhu Quanzhong's total force might well have reached thirty thousands by this time. By May/June 887 Zhu felt strong enough to counterattack. He called in

4880-422: The Prince of Dongping. Despite this, however, Emperor Zhaozong did not turn control of the Shence Armies to Cui and his fellow chancellor Lu Yi , as Cui and Lu suggested, but gave the command of the Shence Armies to the eunuchs Han Quanhui and Zhang Yanhong ( 張彥弘 ). Cui, fearing the implications of this development, persuaded Li Maozhen, who had had a rapprochement with Emperor Zhaozong by this point, to leave

5002-479: The Shatuo after his father's retirement, celebrated in Chang'an the following year. According to Sima Guang , "Keyong’s contribution to the suppression of Huang Chao was arguably second to none." Despite arguably saving the Tang dynasty, the Shatuo sacked Chang'an in 885. Keyong was appointed prefect of Daizhou and governor of Yanmen . From there, he expanded his territory to Jinyang , Zezhou , and Liaozhou. In 890,

Later Liang (Five Dynasties) - Misplaced Pages Continue

5124-461: The Shatuo participated extensively in counterattacking the Uyghur Khaganate with other tribes loyal to Tang. In 843, Zhuye Chixin, under the command of the Han Chinese officer Shi Xiong with Tuyuhun, Tangut and Han Chinese troops, participated in a raid against the Uyghur khaganate that led to the slaughter of Uyghur forces at Shahu mountain. The Shatuo ruling family started using Zhuye as their surname. Zhuye Chixin (d. 888) abandoned it after he

5246-461: The Shatuo took Zhaoyi . Jinyang became the Shatuo capital. It was strategically located between two hills more akin to mountains, rising as high as a thousand meters. Combined with craters and dry riverbeds, the location made attacks from the southeast and northwest hazardous. In the west, the Yellow River made any maneuver costly in time and materiel. Jinyang itself was a fortress city with

5368-402: The Tang court once they realized that cause was not yet lost. By 882 Huang Chao was effectively surrounded, controlling only two prefectures outside Chang'an, one of which was Zhu Wen's Tong Prefecture. Wen now found the time opportune to change sides. After first assassinating his military overseer Yan Shi ( 嚴實 ), sent by Huang Chao to guard against just such a possibility, Zhu Wen surrendered to

5490-476: The Tang dynasty for support. In 702, Shatuo Jinshan, ancestor of the future late Tang warlord Li Keyong , started sending tribute to the Tang court. In 714, Jinshan was invited to Chang'an where Emperor Xuanzong of Tang hosted a banquet for him. During the An Lushan rebellion in the 750s, the Shatuo provided significant military aid to the Tang alongside the Uyghur Khaganate . Yao Runeng (姚如能) mentioned in

5612-468: The Tang resettled several Shatuo tribes in Hedong (modern northern Shanxi ), also called Jin based on the region's ancient name. The Shatuo there were semi-pastoralists who traded in horse, sheep, and cattle. However their way of life gradually changed over the 9th century as they became more settled and intermarried with border people and the Han Chinese. Their population also increased. In the early 9th century, reports of 6,000-7,000 Shatuo tents point toward

5734-729: The Utmost") had moved into Beiting Protectorate , in Tang Dezong 's time (r. 780 - 804). The Chuyue tribe members who remained in the Western Turkic Kaganate , under Onoq leadership, occupied territory east of the lake Barkul , and were called, in Chinese, Shatuo (literally "sandy slope" or "gravel sands", i.e. desert). Shatuoji is also the name of a desert in northern Xinjiang . The Shatuo consisted of three sub-tribes: Chuyue (處月), Suoge (娑葛), and Anqing (安慶),

5856-422: The Xuanwu command belonged one of the strongest armies in the region and Zhu now set about making sure that this army become loyal to him personally. The army consisted of two sections: the governor's guard and the main field force, the former acting as the governor's bodyguards. Zhu appointed several of his military retainers as guards officers, such as Ding Hui who was made administrator, and Hu Zhen ( 胡真 ) who

5978-606: The Xuanwu forces to lift the siege. In fall 897, Zhu Quanzhong decided to launch a major attack on Yang Xingmi, intending to capture Huainan, after Yang attacked Zhu's ally Du Hong the military governor of Wuchang Circuit (武昌, headquartered in modern Wuhan , Hubei ), with Pang Shigu in command of the forward forces and Zhu himself commanding the main Xuanwu forces. He gathered his available forces and sent Pang with 70,000 soldiers from Xuanwu and Wuning Circuits to Qingkou (清口, in modern Huai'an , Jiangsu ), posturing to head to Huainan's capital Yang Prefecture ( 揚州 ); Ge Congzhou with

6100-498: The Yicheng army, and asked for, and received, aid from his two neighbouring "brother" governors, Zhu Xuan and Zhu Xuan's cousin, Zhu Jin of Taining Circuit (泰寧, headquartered in modern Jining , Shandong ). Halfway through a banquet Zhu Quanzhong suddenly launched a sally from Bian. Taken by surprise by the sally and the approach of the armies of Tianping and Taining, the besieging army was routed. Following these defeats several prefectures defected from Qin. No longer in danger from

6222-506: The Zhaoyi and Weibo fronts, crushing Liu's forces and forcing him to stop his attack on Weibo, and stopping Li Keyong's attack on the Zhaoyi front and retaining the control of Zhaoyi. By 900, by which time Emperor Zhaozong had returned to Chang'an, and Cui Yin had lost his chancellor title due to pressure from the imperial eunuchs, whom Cui had been secretly planning with Emperor Zhaozong to slaughter, Cui again used Zhu's influence to return to

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6344-476: The appointment to take effect after the expected recapture of Chang'an. It was already known that Huang planned to escape east to Henan through the Lantian pass and the court needed someone to defend the canal route from the south-eastern granaries. As a former rebel with local knowledge of the area in question, Zhu was a natural choice. It could not have hurt his chances either that Quanzhong had actively sought

6466-551: The chancellorship and to force the deaths of fellow chancellor Wang Tuan (who had opposed Cui's plan of slaughtering the eunuchs) and the eunuchs Zhu Daobi ( 朱道弼 ) and Jing Wuxiu ( 景務脩 ). Also in 900, Zhu Quanzhong made a major incursion to the north, inflicting heavy losses against Liu Rengong, and also forcing the submission of two circuits which had been loosely allied with Li Keyong (Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang , Hebei ), ruled by Wang Rong , and Yiwu (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding , Hebei ), ruled at

6588-403: The circuit, but on arrival Li Fan found Yang Xingmi , one of Guo Pian's generals, in control of the provincial capital Yang Prefecture ( 揚州 ). Yang, while receiving Zhu's emissary Zhang Tingfan ( 張廷範 ), refused to accept Li Fan as the acting military governor. With Shi Pu the military governor of Ganhua (感化, headquartered in modern Xuzhou , Jiangsu ) also displeased because he was not given

6710-462: The city fell into traps that the Xuanwu army laid, and the Fengxiang army suffered huge losses, such that from that point on, Li Maozhen began considering a negotiated peace with Zhu. Shatuo ( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis ) The Shatuo , or the Shatuo Turks ( Chinese : 沙陀突厥 ; pinyin : Shātuó Tūjué ; also transcribed as Sha-t'o , Sanskrit Sart ) were a Turkic tribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics from

6832-406: The court for a campaign against Li Keyong. At court, the chancellor Zhang Jun , said to have been secretly bribed by Zhu Quanzhong, supported the measure, but the majority of the bureaucracy were against. Zhang's fellow chancellor Kong Wei , however, supported Zhang's proposal, and Emperor Zhaozong , who had succeeded his brother Emperor Xizong in 888, also initially opposed military action, but in

6954-597: The current governor Hu Zhen, had to be removed since Zhu did not wish to keep him as acting governor, nor could he return to Zhu's service. Finally the court appointed Hu Grand General of the Metropolitan Guards and he had no more to do with Zhu Quanzhong. This episode is important as Zhu Quanzhong's first success in dealing with a subordinate governor. To serve as assistant governor at Hua while he himself remained at Bian, Zhu Quanzhong appointed his ex-secretary Xie Tong ( 謝瞳 ), one of his earliest followers from

7076-458: The double purpose of expanding the armies and easing the supply situation at Bian. Guo was sent westward into rebel controlled territory. Defeating a major bandit gang, Guo Yen recruited many of the survivors and then fought his way back to Bianzhou with the recruits, the whole expedition lasting about six months. Zhu Zhen, meanwhile, headed toward the comparatively peaceful Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Weifang , Shandong ). Defeating

7198-569: The effectiveness of the Shatou Turks ' tribal cavalry during the recapture of Chang'an, Zhu ordered the formation of his own cavalry units. Command of the initial force was entrusted his military retainer Pang. Later as new units were formed, officers were both selected from men who had come with Zhu or recruited locally. Zhu soon had the opportunity to test the mettle of his new army. After his flight through Lantian Pass, Huang Chao attacked Cai Prefecture (蔡州, in modern Zhumadian , Henan ), and

7320-424: The emperor of the “Restored Tang”, officially known as the Later Tang , using the fact that his family was granted the imperial Li surname of the Tang dynasty and a princely title to declare themselves legitimate Tang dynasty emperors. In line with claims of restoring the Tang, Li moved the capital from Kaifeng back to Luoyang , where it had been during the Tang dynasty. The Later Tang controlled more territory than

7442-467: The end gave in to the pressure, assigning Zhang as commander of the campaign with the military governor Han Jian of Zhenguo Circuit (鎮國, headquartered in modern Weinan , Shaanxi ) as his deputy. At this time a mutiny had occurred at Lu Prefecture (潞州, in modern Changzhi , Shanxi ), headquarters of the Zhaoyi Circuit ( 昭義 ). The military governor Li Kegong ( 李克恭 ), a brother of Li Keyong,

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7564-637: The expanding Liao Empire established by the Khitans. Later historians would denigrate the Later Jin as a puppet regime of the powerful Liao to the north. When Shi's successor did defy the Liao, a Khitan invasion resulted in the end of the dynasty in 946. The death of the Khitan emperor on his return from the raid on the Later Jin left a power vacuum that was filled by Liu Zhiyuan , another Shatuo who founded

7686-547: The fall of the Tang dynasty in 907. The Tang dynasty emperor's had granted the Shatuo Zhuye chieftain Li Keyong the imperial surname of Li and title Prince of Jin, adopting him into the imperial family. They had tense relations with the Later Liang, and cultivated good relations with the emerging Khitan power to the north. The son of Li Keyong, Li Cunxu , succeeded in destroying the Later Liang in 923, declaring himself

7808-421: The first wave went through, Li Cunxin angered Weibo's military governor Luo Hongxin by pillaging the people of Weibo; further, Zhu Quanzhong wrote Luo and warned Luo that he believed that Li Keyong intended to conquer all of the territory north of the Yellow River, including Weibo. Luo thus ambushed Li Cunxin, inflicting heavy losses and preventing Li Cunxin's forces from reaching Tianping, and Luo thereafter became

7930-488: The forces from Tianping and Taining Circuits to Anfeng (安豐, in modern Lu'an , Anhui ), posturing to head to Shou Prefecture (壽州, in modern Lu'an); and Zhu Quanzhong himself with his main forces to Su Prefecture (宿州, in modern Suzhou). The people of Huainan Circuit were greatly shocked and dismayed by Zhu's forces. However, Pang, because he had such an impressive force, underestimated Yang Xingmi's army. Yang Xingmi had Zhu Jin serve as his advance commander, and Zhu constructed

8052-585: The general population around them. The Shatuo tribe were descended mainly from the Western Turkic Chuyue tribe, who in turn belonged to a group of four Chuy tribes, collectively known as Yueban . The Yueban state survived to the end of the 480s when its independence was destroyed by the Tiele people . After the fall of the state, the people of Yueban formed four tribes - Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun and Chuban. These tribes became major players in

8174-399: The imperial court. Meanwhile, the cousins Wang Ke the military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), an adoptive son of Wang Chongrong's and biological nephew, as Wang Ke's biological father was Wang Chongrong's older brother Wang Chongjian ( 王重簡 ), and Wang Gong the military governor of Baoyi Circuit (保義, headquartered in modern Sanmenxia , Henan ),

8296-586: The lands directly east of his own Xuanwu Circuit, all the way to the East China Sea (as Wang Shifan 's Pinglu Circuit had become a vassal by this point). However, with the Tianping/Taining/Hedong remnants now part of the Huainan army, the Huainan army's land capabilities were much enhanced in the latter battles against Zhu Quanzhong (whereas it was previously only capable in water combat). Zhu Quanzhong initially took Zhu Jin's wife, who

8418-660: The last of whom were of Sogdian origins. The Shatuo participated in wars on behalf of the Tang dynasty, including against other Turkic people like the Uyghur khaganate, which granted their leaders various titles and rewards. After a defeat of the Chuy by Tibetans in 808, the Chuy Shatuo branch asked China for protection, and moved into Inner China. After aiding in the suppression of the Huang Chao uprising in 875–883, and establishing three out of five short-lived dynasties during

8540-510: The late ninth century through the tenth century. They are noted for founding three, Later Tang , Later Jin , and Later Han , of the five dynasties and one, Northern Han , of the ten kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Northern Han would later be conquered by the Song dynasty . Sometime before the 12th century, the Shatuo disappeared as a distinct ethnic group, many of them having become acculturated and assimilating into

8662-539: The later First Turkic Khaganate and thereafter. The Chuyue and Chumi did not belong to the dominant Onoq (Ten Arrows) Union, while Chumukun and Chuban did. Other sources claim the Shatuo originated from the Tiele. The epitaph of Shatuo Li Keyong , a late-Tang military commissioner ( jiedushi ), states that his clan's progenitor was "Yidu, Lord of the Xueyantuo state, an unrivaled general" (益度、薛延陀國君、無敵將軍), Xueyantuo

8784-406: The matter with Cui. Before Zhu actually could act against the eunuchs, though, several officers of the eunuch-commanded Shence Armies , whom Cui had persuaded to turn against the eunuchs, led a mutiny against Liu and Wang in early 902, killing them and their allies and restoring Emperor Zhaozong to the throne. Apparently to reward Zhu's support of Cui in the countercoup, Emperor Zhaozong created Zhu

8906-404: The military governor of Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered at Cai Prefecture), Qin Zongquan , defected to the rebels. Huang then proceeded to attack Chen Prefecture (陳州, in modern Zhumadian), but there the prefect, Zhao Chou , decided to resist even as his prefectural capital was put under siege. With Huang held up at Chen and his armies also meeting resistance in other prefectures, Zhu joined with

9028-447: The military governor of Rongzhao Circuit (戎昭, headquartered in modern Ankang , Shaanxi ). Li Maozhen also sought aid from Wang Jian the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu , Sichuan ), a major warlord to Li Maozhen's southwest, but while Wang outwardly supported Li Maozhen and rebuked Zhu, he was in secret contact with Zhu and instead used this opportunity to seize Li Maozhen's possessions south of

9150-843: The military governor of four circuits—Xuanwu, Xuanyi, Tianping, and Huguo. Meanwhile, at Chang'an, the eunuchs, having established a firm alliance with Li Maozhen, were preparing to act against Cui. Cui, in fear, wrote to Zhu, claiming that the eunuchs were planning to attack Zhu in alliance with Li Maozhen. Zhu thereafter prepared to launch an army to march on Chang'an. When the eunuchs received this news, they seized Emperor Zhaozong and his family, and fled to Fengxiang with them. Zhu Quanzhong subsequently reached Chang'an and rendezvoused with Cui Yin, and then proceeded to Fengxiang, where Li Maozhen and Han Quanhui had Emperor Zhaozong issue orders that he return to Xuanwu. After initial preliminary engagements there, Zhu turned around and focused his attention on first conquering Li Maozhen's other possessions in

9272-422: The morale lost, withdrew from Yan. However, he left Ge in the vicinity to continue to watch and wear Zhu Jin down. In late 895 and early 896, Li Keyong tried to send Zhu Xuan and Zhu Jin two major waves of reinforcements, first commanded by the officers Shi Yan ( 史儼 ) and Li Chengsi ( 李承嗣 ), and the second commanded by his adoptive son Li Cunxin . Both waves of reinforcements had to go through Weibo, and while

9394-429: The night of June 11, 884. The attempt failed and Li Keyong escaped back to his own capital at Taiyuan from where he lodged a complaint in the imperial court. In his reply, Zhu claimed to have had no foreknowledge of the incident, but explained that the plan had been hatched by his army commander Yang Yanhong ( 楊彥洪 ) in collusion with a representative of the court and that he had since had Yang executed. (In reality, Yang

9516-403: The other commanders. Disaster averted, Zhu Quanzhong proceeded to reorganize his army to ensure a similar situation could not arise again. A new chief commander was appointed, but was not given the same powers. Zhu Quanzhong had previously created several special regiments under selected officers, and some of these would now accompany the chief commander to battle and share the field commands. Also

9638-561: The other governors of the region in early 884 to call in the man who had spearheaded the recapture of Chang'an – Li Keyong , military governor of Hedong (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan , Shanxi ) and chief of the Shatuo Turks. In spring 884 the combined forces of Zhu and Li Keyong routed Huang's generals and forced him to abandon the siege of Chen. Suffering a string of defeats from the governmental armies, Huang again managed to flee eastward, but his career had now run its course. He

9760-516: The patronage of Wang Chongrong, one of the chief architects of the imperial offensive, who he took to calling “uncle” (Quanzhong's mother was also named Wang). Tang forces entered Chang'an half a month after Zhu's appointment and on August 9 Zhu duly arrived at Bian. As seen above Zhu Quanzhong arrived at Bian more than three months after his appointment. The delay probably was related to various duties assigned to him in between, but may also have been due to bargaining over how many men of his own men he

9882-403: The post of general commander. Some time earlier Liu Zhan, the prefect of Chu Prefecture (楚州, in modern Huai'an , Jiangsu ), had fled to Zhu Quanzhong due to the turmoil in Huainan. Intending to provoke Shi to take up arms Quanzhong now ordered Zhu Zhen to lead an army east and restore Liu to his prefecture – as to reach Chu Zhu Zhen would have to pass through Shi's Ganhua Circuit. As expected this

10004-437: The prefectures as the acting military governor of Zhaoyi. At the same time, after Zhu's defeat at Qingkou, Zhao Deyin's son and successor as military governor of Zhongyi, Zhao Kuangning , had become allied with Yang. Zhu sent Shi Shucong ( 氏叔琮 ) and Kang Huaizhen ( 康懷貞 ) to attack Zhongyi. In fear, Zhao resubmitted to Zhu as a vassal. Meanwhile, Emperor Zhaozong tried to mediate a peace between Zhu and Li Keyong. Li Keyong

10126-421: The prominent middle-Tang official Yuan Shuji . (Her son with Yuan, Yuan Xiangxian , would later be an important general during Zhu Wen's Later Liang and the succeeding Later Tang .) Zhu Cheng died while Wen was still a boy, likely about 864, or after. His widow brought her three sons to live in the household of Liu Chong ( 劉崇 ) of Xiao County, Xuzhou. Zhu Cheng's mother is known to have been surnamed Liu. It

10248-640: The province was given to general Ge Congzhou. Though Ge Congzhou was often absent on campaign it is unlikely that Zhang Tingfan could take advantage of this to expand his own power. By weakening the position of new governors in this way Zhu Quanzhong could control the various prefectures directly and ensure nobody built up an independent power base to rival his own. With Shi Pu dead and Ganhua under his control, Zhu Quanzhong now concentrated on destroying Zhu Xuan and Zhu Jin. He attacked Zhu Xuan himself in 894, defeating Zhu Xuan and Zhu Jin's joint forces and killing more than 10,000 men from Tianping and Taining. (Around

10370-567: The rebel capital at Cai. A further opportunity to strengthen his position came in December 886 when the Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang , Henan ) army, headquartered at Hua Prefecture ( 滑州 ), mutinied against the court-chosen governor, An Shiru ( 安師儒 ). An suppressed the mutiny, but Zhu then attacked, and easily captured Hua, killing An and commissioning Hu Zhen as An's replacement. In doing so, Zhu also warded off

10492-750: The rebels, Zhu Quanzhong was ready to start the subjugation of Henan to his own authority. Zhu Quanzhong's alliance with Zhu Xuan and Zhu Jin did not last long. Even as their armies were returning eastward, Zhu Quanzhong accused Zhu Xuan and Zhu Jin of luring eastwards deserters from his own army. With these accusations as justifications, Zhu Quanzhong launched an offensive against Zhu Jin, and his chief commander Zhu Zhen captured Cao Prefecture (曹州, in modern Heze , Shandong ) and apprehending its prefect Qiu Hongli while Zhang Guiba ( 張歸霸 ) routed Zhu Jin in battle at Jinxiang (金鄉, in modern Jining) and overrun Pu Prefecture (濮州, also in modern Heze). An attempt by Zhu Zhen to seize Tianping's capital Yun Prefecture ( 鄆州 ) itself

10614-508: The region. By summer 902, Zhu and his main army had returned to Fengxiang and put it under siege. Li Maozhen made several attempts to counterattack, but each of Li Maozhen's attempts was beaten back by the besieging Xuanwu army. (Meanwhile, Emperor Zhaozong had sent the imperial envoy Li Yan to Huainan to order Yang Xingmi to attack Zhu's territory, but Yang, after launching a campaign but having his food supply delivery hampered by an inadequate supply system, withdrew.) By fall 902, Fengxiang

10736-517: The region. Cun was later killed in battle, but Wen rose through the ranks until given a separate command following Huang Chao's capture of the imperial capital Chang'an in January 881. With this army Zhu Wen attacked and captured nearby Tong Prefecture (同州, in modern Weinan , Shaanxi ), becoming defense commissioner of that prefecture. Many of the military governors had submitted to Huang Chao following his capture of Chang'an, but soon reverted to

10858-442: The same time, Li Keyong's strength was said to be beginning to wane after a costly campaign to defeat his adoptive son Li Cunxiao, who had rebelled against him, while the relationship between Zhu Quanzhong and Yang Xingmi was beginning to become tense again, after Zhu Quanzhong's vassal Zhang Jian ( 張諫 ) turned against Zhu Quanzhong and surrendered Si Prefecture (泗州, in modern Huai'an) to Yang, and Zhu, apparently in retaliation, seized

10980-480: The siege, Zhu Quanzhong defeated them, displaying the Tianping and Hedong officers he captured to Zhu Jin, trying to get him to surrender. However, the siege lost its force when Zhu Jin pretended to surrender, but instead used the opportunity to capture a cousin who had surrendered previously (Zhu Qiong ( 朱瓊 ) the prefect of Qi Prefecture (齊州, in modern Jinan , Shandong )) and execute Zhu Qiong. Zhu Quanzhong, with

11102-592: The territory between the Huai and the Yangtze Rivers. Meanwhile, in spring 898, at Zhu Quanzhong's insistence, Emperor Zhaozong confirmed him as the military governor of Xuanwu, Xuanyi, and Tianping. He then, in conjunction with Weibo forces, attacked three prefectures of Zhaoyi Circuit east of the Taihang Mountains that Li Keyong controlled; the three prefectures soon fell, and Zhu put Ge in charge of

11224-607: The three tribes of the Shatuo: Shatuo, Anqing, and Yinge. The Shatuo population was never large but their warriors had a reputation for being brave and aggressive as well as proficient in siege warfare and archery. They participated in Emperor Taizong of Tang 's campaigns against Goryeo in the 640s and performed with distinction despite their ultimate failure. At the same time the Shatuo also came into conflict with neighboring tribes, leading them to further depend on

11346-445: The throne to his crown prince Li Yu and putting him under house arrest. The eunuchs also wanted to kill Cui, but feared that if they did so, they would face Zhu's wrath, and so only had Cui removed from his secondary post as the director of the salt and iron monopolies. Meanwhile, Cui was secretly exchanging letters with Zhu, planning to counteract against the eunuchs, and Zhu also sent his key advisor Li Zhen to Chang'an to discuss

11468-430: The time by Wang Gao , who fled in face of the Xuanwu attack and was replaced by his uncle Wang Chuzhi . It was said that by this point, all of the circuits north of the Yellow River were submissive to Zhu. In late 901, the eunuchs headed by Liu Jishu and Wang Zhongxian ( 王仲先 ), still fearing that Emperor Zhaozong and Cui were planning to slaughter them, carried out a coup against Emperor Zhaozong, forcing him to pass

11590-520: The vanguard to his first son Zhu Youyu. Zhu Youyu's career did not get a promising start with Zhu Quanzhong suffering two defeats due to Youyu's failure to link up with the main army. Despite these setbacks Zhu Quanzhong entrusted his son with an independent command and during the following winter Zhu Youyu captured Tianping's Pu Prefecture and then put Shi Pu under siege at Xu Prefecture. However, when inspector-in-chief (Zhu Quanzhong's adoptive son) Zhu Yougong ( 朱友恭 ) charged Zhu Youyu with incompetence after

11712-614: The war against the rebels Zhu sent a military administrator north with 10,000 taels of silver to buy grain from Le Yanzhen , military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan , Hebei ). However, this mission coincided with a mutiny of the Le's guard during which Zhu's emissary was killed and the money and any grain he had purchased presumably confiscated. In retaliation Zhu dispatched Zhu Zhen with an army who successfully plundered across Wei territory before returning home. Without support from Zhu, Le's son Le Congxun ( 樂從訓 ), who

11834-514: The west. With this refusal as excuse Zhu Quanzhong in March/April 891 marched against Weibo in person, with generals Ge and Ding in charge of subordinate commands, capturing four counties and routing the Weibo army in a battle at Neihuang . Following these defeats Luo was forced to sue for peace and accept an alliance with Zhu. Elsewhere Li Keyong had by this time soundly beaten Zhang in the field

11956-536: Was a Chinese military general, monarch, and politician. He was a Jiedushi (military governor) and warlord who in 907 overthrew the Tang dynasty and established the Later Liang dynasty , ruling as its first emperor , ushering in the era of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms . The last two Tang emperors, Emperor Zhaozong of Tang (Li Jie) and Emperor Ai of Tang (Li Zuo), who "ruled" as his puppets from 903 to 907, were both murdered by him. Zhu Wen initially served as

12078-536: Was a Tiele tribe. Other Chinese chroniclers traced the Shatuo's origins to a Tiele chief named * Bayar (拔也 Baye ) ~ * Bayïrku (拔也古 Bayegu ) The Song historian Ouyang Xiu rejected the Bayïrku origin of Shatuo; he pointed out that the Bayïrku were contemporaries, not primordial ancestors, of the Shatuo's reigning clan Zhuxie, and that this Western Turkic kin-group adopted Shatuo as their tribal name and Zhuxie as surname after their chief Jinzhong (盡忠; lit. "Loyal to

12200-431: Was a grave crisis for Zhu Quanzhong as it threatened to spark off a major mutiny in the army. After planning his response with his private secretary, Jing Xiang , Zhu Quanzhong first pretended to imprison Li Tangbin's family, seemingly upholding the sedition charge, and then leaving for the army's camps at Xiao County. On arrival Zhu Zhen came out to greet him only to be seized and killed by Quanzhong's bodyguards in front of

12322-895: Was a held out against the mutineers, was defeated, and he was executed along with his father, who had tried to avoid being executed by becoming a Buddhist monk ; the Weibo officer Luo Hongxin took over Weibo and made peace with Zhu. To the west two former followers of Zhuge Shuang , Zhang Quanyi , the mayor of Henan Municipality (河南, i.e., Luoyang) and Li Hanzhi the military governor of Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered at Meng Prefecture ( 孟州 ), in modern Jiaozuo , Henan ), had been battling each other with Li Hanzhi eventually fleeing to Li Keyong, who dispatched an army to reinstate Li Hanzhi. Hard pressed Zhang turned to Zhu for aid. Zhu responded by sending an army under Ding Hui and Niu Cunjie ( 牛存節 ). They defeated Li Keyong's army and secured Heyang Circuit for Zhu Quanzhong. Thereafter, in Zhang, Zhu gained

12444-444: Was a very capable warrior. He was said to be capable of "hitting twin flying ducks from a reclining position" and was called the "Dragon with a Single Eye" because he had an eye that was noticeably larger than the other. He led Shatuo forces to defeat Huang Chao , who had rebelled against the Tang and taken Chang'an in 881. The Shatuo victory in 883 forced Huang Chao to retreat from Chang'an. The then 28-year old Keyong, in charge of

12566-610: Was also allied with the chancellor Cui Yin , such that when Emperor Zhaozong (who was then at Hua Prefecture (華州; not the same prefecture as the one in Xuanyi Circuit), the capital of Han Jian's Zhenguo Circuit, after Li Maozhen the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji , Shaanxi ) attacked Chang'an) considered sending Cui out of the imperial government, Cui used Zhu's influence to force Han and Emperor Zhaozong to change their minds and retain Cui at

12688-477: Was bestowed the name Li Guochang by the Tang emperor for his role in the suppression of Pang Xun 's rebel general, Wang Hongli, in 869. Guochang later upset the Tang court by slaying the governor of Datong , Duan Wenchu, in 872. In 880, tensions came to a head when Guochang's forces suffered a defeat to Tang mercenaries, costing him a loss of 17,000 men. This led the Shatuo to turn north to their "Tartar" friends for support. The son of Li Guochang , Li Keyong ,

12810-625: Was brought to an end in 936 when Shi Jingtang (posthumously known as Gaozu of Later Jin ), also a Shatuo, successfully rebelled against the Han Chinese Later Tang emperor Li Congke and established the Later Jin dynasty. Shi moved the capital back to Kaifeng , then called Bian. The Later Jin controlled essentially the same territory as the Later Tang except the strategic Sixteen Prefectures area, which had been ceded to

12932-490: Was captured by the Xuanwu army, as a concubine, but at the suggestion of Lady Zhang (who used reversed psychology to show Zhu Quanzhong that this was improper humiliation of Zhu Jin's wife), he allowed Zhu Jin's wife to become a Buddhist nun . He made Ge the acting military governor of Taining, Zhu Youyu the acting military governor of Tianping, and Pang the acting military governor of Wuning (i.e., Ganhua, changing its name back to its earlier name). By this point, Zhu Quanzhong

13054-521: Was eventually forced to abandon Lu. Rather than providing direct support for the imperial campaign against Li Keyong, Zhu at this time sought expand his own authority northwards. In December/January 890/891 Zhu Quanzhong gave up his claim to Huainan, an empty title given his failure to conquer that circuit, and instead received appointments as the military governor Xuanyi (i.e., Yicheng (headquartered at Hua Prefecture), with its name changed to observe naming taboo for Zhu's father Zhu Cheng). This meant that

13176-546: Was finally incorporated into the Song dynasty . Shatuo Turks that remained on the steppes were eventually absorbed into various Mongolic or Turkic tribes. From the 10th to 13th centuries, Shatuo remnants possibly joined Tatar confederation in the territory of the modern Mongolia , and became known as Ongud or White Tatars branch of the Tatars . Contemporary records of the Shatuo describes some Shatuo men as having deep set eyes and whiskers as well as lithe bodies and

13298-513: Was however not the end of rebellion against Tang imperial sovereignty. Qin Zongquan took over the leadership and declared himself emperor. Qin expanded his territory in all directions, even capturing the eastern capital Luoyang , in 885–886. With the withdrawal of Li Keyong's armies, Zhu was no longer strong enough to defeat them. No help could be gotten from the court either since Emperor Xizong had again been forced to flee Chang'an after quarreling with Zhu's former patron Wang Chongrong. The lack of

13420-430: Was hunted down and killed later that summer. The final defeat of Huang Chao brought about the surrender of several rebel commanders to Zhu, strengthening his forces and providing him with a second group of officers who would serve him loyally in the years to come. Soon after Huang's defeat a quarrel occurred between Zhu and Li Keyong, and when Li Keyong passed through Bian, Zhu attempted to have Keyong assassinated during

13542-412: Was in a desperate state, but so was Zhu—as his siege was hampered by the rainy weather and the soldiers were becoming ill. At the suggestion of his officer Gao Jichang , he laid a trap for Li Maozhen by having a soldier, Ma Jing ( 馬景 ), falsely surrender to Li Maozhen and claim that Zhu's army was so stricken by illnesses that it was withdrawing that night. A major attack by Li Maozhen's army from within

13664-438: Was killed by friendly fire (an arrow fired by Zhu himself) during the attempt to kill Li Keyong.) The Tang court, which by this time had little actual power left, was unwilling to choose sides between the two warlords and decided not to investigate the matter further, merely investing Li Keyong Prince of Longxi. This was the start of a forty-years long struggle that was to outlast both Zhu and Li Keyong. The death of Huang Chao

13786-406: Was killed. The leader of the mutiny, Feng Ba ( 馮霸 ), now invited Zhu to take over the prefecture. Zhu sent an army under Ge Congzhou to occupy Lu and the court appointed the bureaucrat Sun Kui ( 孫揆 ) as the new Zhaoyi military governor. However, on his way to Lu, Sun was captured in an ambush by Li Keyong's adoptive son Li Cunxiao (and later executed when he would not submit to Li Keyong), and Ge

13908-519: Was made a commander. Zhu Quanzhong's eldest son, Zhu Youyu ( 朱友裕 ) was also made an officer, though at this time he was yet a boy. The most important of these appointments was Zhu Zhen ( 朱珍 ), who was given special responsibility for selection, training and reorganization. Zhu Quanzhong did retain the hereditary officers in the guards and main army, but the reorganizations and preparations for war against Huang Chao had been entrusted to his own men. The Xuanwu army consisted largely of infantry. Having seen

14030-648: Was murdered in 908, also ordered by Zhu. Meanwhile, Zhu Wen declared himself emperor of the new Later Liang in Kaifeng in 907. The name Liang refers to the Henan region in which the heart of the regime rested. The Later Liang controlled most of northern China , though much of Shaanxi (controlled by the Qi ) as well as Hebei (controlled by the Yan state ) and Shanxi (controlled by Shatuo Turks state Jin) remained largely outside Later Liang control. The Later Liang maintained

14152-424: Was now restored to his former titles by the Emperor. In November/December 891 Su Prefecture finally fell to Zhu's armies after Ge and Ding flooded the city with water. This was followed the next month by the surrender of Cao Prefecture after the assassination of its prefect, Guo Ci ( 郭詞 ) by one of his own commanders, Guo Zhu ( 郭銖 ). In March 892 Zhu led his army in an attack on Yun Prefecture, giving command of

14274-416: Was quickly forced to surrender, allowing Zhu to take control of Huguo. Despite a subsequent peace overture from Li Keyong, Zhu decided to attack Hedong to see if he could wipe out his long-term rival in one campaign. He put Hedong's capital Taiyuan under siege, but with inclement weather hindering the siege, he was soon forced to give up the siege on Taiyuan. Soon thereafter, Emperor Zhaozong confirmed him as

14396-508: Was receptive, but Zhu's refusal ended hopes of peace. Zhu then discovered that another vassal, Cui Hong ( 崔洪 ) the military governor of Fengguo, was communicating with Yang. He sent Zhang Cunjing to attack Cui. Cui, in fear, sent his brother Cui Xian ( 崔賢 ) as a hostage to Zhu and offered to send troops to supplement Xuanwu forces. Zhu initially agreed and recalled Zhang. When Zhu then sent Cui Xian back to Fengguo to express Zhu's order that Fengguo forces be sent to supplement Xuanwu forces,

14518-490: Was taken captive and, after passing through several hands, ended up in the care of Zhu Quanzhong who entrusted his own manager-adjutant Li Fan with the delivery of the prisoner to Chang'an, where the imperial government executed Qin. In April/May Zhu Quanzhong was elevated to Prince of Dongping. During these firsts years as governor Zhu Quanzhong had put much trust in his chief commander, Zhu Zhen, so much that Zhen became powerful enough to challenge Quanzhong's authority. To put

14640-632: Was that these dynasties all controlled most of the traditional Chinese heartland. However, the Later Liang was an embarrassment in the brutality it employed, causing many to want to deny it this status, but doing so would break the chain through the other Five Dynasties, and thus to the Song dynasty , which itself was the successor to the last of the Five Dynasties. Zhu Wen Emperor Taizu of Later Liang ( 後梁太祖 ), personal name Zhu Quanzhong ( 朱全忠 ) (December 5, 852 – July 18, 912), né Zhu Wen ( 朱溫 ), name later changed to Zhu Huang ( 朱晃 ), nickname Zhu San (朱三, literally, "the third Zhu"),

14762-567: Was to be allowed to bring with him to his new command. When he surrendered, Zhu brought with him an army of several thousand men, but by the time he left for Bianzhou this army must have been largely dispersed or absorbed into the imperial armies, for he brought with him to Bian only a few hundred men including a core of at least eighty military retainers. These retainers would provide crucial leadership in his early years at Bian. The majority of them had probably served with Zhu under Huang Chao, but some, such as Pang Shigu ( 龐師古 ), were new recruits. To

14884-554: Was too much for Shi to bear and he ordered his armies to attack Zhu Zhen. Zhu Zhen was however victorious in a battle against Shi and proceeded to capture Su Prefecture (宿州, in modern Suzhou , Anhui ) to the south. Zhu Quanzhong then ordered subordinate commander Pang Shigu to attack Ganhua's capital Xu Prefecture ( 徐州 ). In February/March 889 Pang defeated Shi in a battle at Lüliang . Meanwhile, Cai Prefecture had finally been captured in January/February 889. Qin Zongquan

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