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102-601: Zuṭṭ is an Arabicised form of Jat . Originally inhabitants of lower Indus Valley ( Pakistan) , Jats were present in Mesopotamia from the 5th century AD since the times of the Sasanian Empire , although their main migration occurred after the establishment of Umayyad Caliphate . They were one of the prominent ethnic groups in lower Iraq during the Islamic Golden Age , supplying mercenary soldiers to

204-451: A 9th-century historian, quoted a long poem by a Zutt poet when they were being deported to Cilicia. in it, poet taunted people of Baghdad , where caliph was based, for their cowardice as they could not defeat Zutt and had to employ Turkic slave-soldiers against them. The poet held these Turks in military posts in low regard and instead glorified austerity of the Zutt. Zutt also participated in

306-481: A Quraish soldier from Banu Jumah , Abu Izzah al-Jumahi . Muhammad then ordered Zubayr to execute Abu Izzah for breaking his promise with Muhammad at the battle of Badr to not involve himself in the war against them anymore. Later, after the invasion of Banu Nadir which resulted in the exile of Banu al-Nadir from Medina, their landed estates, which included palm-date gardens and cultivation fields along with their fortress residences, were confiscated and divided among

408-577: A cosmopolitan port at the time. They, along with Sayabija and Zanj , were designated as one of the Black peoples (Arabic: as-swadan ) by Arabs. Grandfather of al-Jahiz , the famous 9th century author, was reportedly a black cameleer. The term Black , however, was apparently applied to Berbers and Indians as well. As the central power of caliphate broke down after the mid-9th century, Zutt came to be viewed as outlaws and brigands instead of allies. Zutt, Asawira and other troops were effectively demilitarized at

510-546: A distinct variety of cloth called zuttī or zuttiyah . In the first half of 8th century, many of them were settled with herds of buffalo in the regions of Massisa and Amanus (present-day Turkey) to combat the large number of lions found there. The position of Zutt as mercenary soldiers remained stable for some time after the Abbasid revolution and establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate . They still formed part of

612-530: A duel. After the Muslims had conquered any of these eight Khaybar fortresses, the Jewish treasurer, Kinana , was brought to Muhammad, but he refused to reveal where their money was hidden. However, later Muhammad ibn Maslama decapitated Kinana, in retaliation for his brother Mahmud, who had been killed in the battle a few days earlier. Zubayr was later made one of the eighteen chiefs who each supervised

714-461: A half-brother, Safi ibn Al-Harith, son of Safiyya bint Abd al-Muttalib precedent wedding with Harb ibn Umayya . Al-Awwam died while Zubayr was still young, the day of Al Ablaa, the third year of the Fijar War . His mother, Safiyya, would beat him severely in order to make him "bold in battle". While he was still a boy, Zubayr fought an adult man and beat him up so fiercely that the man's hand

816-412: A heavy shoulder injury in the process. Abdullah ibn Zubayr, who at that time was still a child and was carried on his father's chest, testified that his father was doing the salah prayer on top of his camel while fighting the enemy at the same time. At some point, Zubayr fought side by side with Khalid ibn al-Walid and Hashim ibn Utba (also known as Hashim al-Marqal) until the three of them reached

918-645: A letter from a spy intended for the Quraysh, making Muhammad confident that the Muslims would now take Mecca by surprise. When Muhammad entered Mecca, Zubayr held one of the three banners of the Emigrants and commanded the left wing of the conquering army. Later, during the Battle of Hunayn in 630 CE (8 AH), the Hawazin tribe forces under Malik ibn Awf ambushed the Muslims under the valley, which drove almost

1020-619: A long series of rebellions. Four thousand Zutt became captive of Muslims during the early Muslim incursions into Makran, and later they participated as auxiliaries in the conquest of Sindh. The two chief tribal groupings in Sindh at the time of Arab conquest were Zutt and Meds . Unlike Jats, however, Meds were seafaring people. Some of them carried piracy in the Indian Ocean as Bawarij . The incident in which they captured two treasure ships coming from Ceylon to Basra became casus belli for

1122-685: A quarter in Antioch came to be known after them. This was an attempt by Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I to ward off any possible naval invasion by Byzantine Empire . During this period, the role of Zutt and the associated groups was to guard the governors of different provinces, as well as to suppress revolts. They also acted as special troops to guard provincial treasuries. Zutt had been in Mesopotamia for long enough that they were considered distinct from Sindhis or Indians. In Iraq and elsewhere, they had their separate units under their own leaders, giving them

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1224-555: A rebellion against Najashi , king of Aksum and benefactor of the Muslim emigrants, broke out. Najashi met the rebels in battle on the banks of the Nile. The Muslims were greatly worried and decided to send Zubayr to seek news from Najashi. By using an inflated waterskin, he swam down the Nile river until he reached the point where the battle was raging. He watched until Najashi had defeated

1326-531: A shrewd merchant, Zubayr diverted his trading business route from Mecca to Medina at the beginning of the emigration. Zubayr served as one of three main commanders of the Muslim forces in the Battle of Badr , along with Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib and Ali . In the course of the battle, he killed the Quraish champion Ubayda ibn Sa'id Umayya clan. According to some accounts Zubayr also killed Nawfal ibn Khuwaylid , although others credit his death to Ali . At

1428-521: A standard bearer of the Banu Abd al-Dar tribe. During the last phase of the battle, when the tide of the battle were changed as now the Muslim forces has suffered setback from Khalid ibn al-Walid counterattack, the Muslims ranks were separated each others. Not long after the battle of Uhud, Muhammad sent Zubayr and Abu Bakr to chase the victorious Quraish forces in Hamra al-Asad , where they captured

1530-561: A status of distinct sub-tribe in the Muslim society. After the conquest of Sindh in 712, a second influx of Zutt occurred from Makran into Iraq. As a nomadic pastoral community, they did not originally profess Hinduism and instead followed their tribal religion. Zutt were barely integrated into the Hindu society of Sindh, and as they were always prone to rebellion, Brahman dynasty had imposed discriminatory measures upon them, which were maintained by Arabs, and in some cases, even intensified after

1632-469: A sub-division of Jats. In the plains of Punjab, there are many communities of Jat, some of whom had converted to Islam by the 18th century. Those clans that converted to Islam remained in what is now Pakistani Punjab after Partition . In Pakistan, most Jats are land-owning agriculturalists, and they form one of the numerous ethnic group in Sindh. Jats had a strong presence in Balochistan before

1734-528: A surprise Byzantine counterattack at night against the Rashidun forces. The Byzantines eventually surrendered and the prefect of the city Al-Muqawqis , agreed to pay 50,000 gold coins. Later, during the Siege of Babylon Fortress , early chroniclers the mid medieval chronicler Qatadah reported that Zubayr personally led his soldiers climbing the walls of the fortress, then instructed his troops to shout Takbir

1836-586: A war council consisting of Zubayr, Ali, Uthman ibn Affan, Talha , Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf , and Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib to discuss the strategy to face the Sassanids in Nahavand. The caliph want to lead the army himself, but Ali urged the caliph to instead delegate the battlefield commands to the field commanders. The caliph decides to send Zubayr, Tulayha , Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib , Abdullah ibn Amr Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays and others under

1938-637: Is indicated by a canal called Nahr al-Zuṭṭ in Iraq, as well as a district called Zutt in Khuzistan or Bahrain . They also inhabited the city of Haumat al-Zutt in Khuzistan. Last Sassanid emperor, Yazdegerd III , called Zutt from Sind to help in his war against Arabs. They fought as mercenary cavalry men for the Sassanian Empire , later defecting to the side of Muslims. When Muslims besieged

2040-459: Is recorded during the lengthy siege of Tripoli , seven or eight Muslim soldiers from the Madhlij tribe of Kinanah accidentally spotted an unguarded side of Tripoli and managed to slip into the city unnoticed. Caught off guard, the confused Byzantine garrison was thrown in panic by the intruders and fled with their ships anchored in the harbor. These Madhlij warriors used this opportunity to open

2142-541: Is said that in all of the battles with Muhammad, Zubayr wore a distinctive yellow turban, except for the Battle of Hunayn, in which he reportedly wore a red one. In the third week of June 632, during the Ridda Wars , the rebel army under Tulayha moved from Dhu Qissa to Dhu Hussa, from where they prepared to launch an attack on Medina. Abu Bakr received intelligence of the rebel movements, and immediately prepared for

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2244-461: The emir of Egypt , and Abu Hatim al-Zutti , the founder of Baqliyya sub-sect of Qarmatians . Their power in lower Iraq broke down after the failed Zutt Rebellion and Jats lost their distinct identity in the Mesopotamia that they had previously, probably merging with the Marsh Arabs of Iraq. When Arabs entered Sindh and southern Punjab regions of Pakistan in the seventh century,

2346-400: The Battle of Uhud , Zubayr volunteered to take up Muhammad's sword, though Muhammad chose to give the sword to Abu Dujana al-Ansari instead. When the tide of the battle turned against the Muslim forces and many fled, Zubayr was among the few to stand with Muhammad. According to Mubarakpuri , Muhammad praised Zubayr as the "Hawari" for the first time due to his killing of Ibn Abi Talhah,

2448-604: The Grand Vizier from 1645 to 1656. After the decline of Mughal empire, many communities rose to into revolt. One of them were Afghan Rohillas, who had settled into Rohilkhand by then in large numbers. Their dynasty, the Rohilla dynasty (1714–1774) descended from Nawab Ali Muhammed Khan , who was a Jat boy of age eight when he was adopted by the chief of the Pashtun Barech tribe, Sardar Daud Khan Rohilla. Due to

2550-643: The Jat people , who are composed of followers of Islam and are native to the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent . They are found primarily throughout the Sindh and Punjab regions of Pakistan. Jats began converting to Islam from the early Medieval era onward and constitute a distinct subgroup within the diverse community of Jat people. Jats were earliest people in the Indian subcontinent to have interacted with

2652-454: The Qurayza tribe for Muhammad. The latter then praised Zubayr: "Every Prophet has a disciple, and my disciple is Al-Zubayr." After the battle, Muhammad immediately instructed the Muslim army to march without ceasing or resting to the settlement of Banu Qurayza, a Jewish tribe who had reportedly betrayed the Muslims in the previous battle. Banu Qurayza was besieged for several days before

2754-401: The Ridda Wars against Muslims. Sassanid emperor Bahram V (431 – 38) is said to have adopted a policy of tribal resettlement in the coastal regions. Due to it, a number of Zutt migrated, often with great herds of water buffalo, to the marshland of southern Iraq where they introduced large-scale rice farming. They may have came in the search of pastures there, and their presence

2856-437: The anarchy at Samarra , and the regions of Makran, Sind and Multan became independent under Ma'danids , Hābbarids and Munābbihids , respectively. Owing to these developments, the movement of Jats into Iraq ceased. During the same period, Jats left Makran and moved upward to the fertile but thinly populated Punjab plains , which, since 16th century, have been dominated by them. Afterwards, Jats lost their distinct identity in

2958-734: The conquest of Jerusalem caliph Umar stayed for while in Jerusalem, Amr ibn al-As , who at that time was in Egypt besieging a Byzantine fortress, sent a message to Umar asking for reinforcements of exactly 8,000 soldiers. However, since at the moment the available manpower of the caliphate was strained, the caliph was only able to send 4,000 soldiers, led by four commanders. The four commanders were two veteran Muhajireen, Zubayr and Miqdad ibn Aswad , and two Ansari commanders named Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari and Ubadah ibn al-Samit . However, Baladhuri , Ibn al-Athir and Ibn Sa'd recorded that

3060-666: The emirs of Egypt . During this period, Egypt was independent from the Abbasids. Ubaydallah's reign came to an end in 826, when al-Ma'mun sought to achieve control over the country by dispatching to it the Tahirid general Abdallah ibn Tahir . Ubaydullah chose to fight against him, but his forces were defeated and he was forced into exile in Samarra , where he died in 865. According to the Arabist Thierry Bianquis ,

3162-574: The siege of Alexandria , as the siege was conducted by 'Ubadah ibn al-Samit. Later in 639, the Rashidun forces marched south to the Byzantine city named Oxyrhynchus (al-Bahnasa in Arabic). 'Amr delegated Khalid ibn al-Walid to lead Zubayr and a Muslim army of 10,000 under his command to invade the city, where they faced Sudanese Christian auxiliaries of the Byzantine- Beja coalition in

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3264-503: The 1921 census 47,3% of the Jats followed Islam, 33,4% were Sikhs and 19,3% were Hindus. At the time of the 1931 census, the total Jat Muslim population in Punjab was 2,941,395 out of the Punjab province's Muslim population of 28,490,857, Jat Muslims thus contituting the single largest Muslim group of the province, at around 20%, followed by Rajputs (12%) and Arain (10%). In Pakistan,

3366-683: The Arabicization of their original name, Jit , to Zuṭṭ and further highlights that the Zutt were employed to protect badhraqa (roads). In Arabic literature, however, Sind referred to a larger region than the present province of Sindh and Makran, and the "land of Sind" designated the Indus valley or the area traversed by Indus river. The commercial activities of Zutt lead to their settlements in Arabia . They were evidently present in Arabia before

3468-809: The Baloch migrations in the medieval ages. The modern Baloch tribes of Babbar , Gurchani , Lanjwani , Kolachi , Zardari and Dodai descend directly from the Jats of Balochistan . Jats, together with the Rajputs and Gujjars, are the dominant ethnically-Punjabi and religiously-Islamic communities settled in the regions comprising eastern Pakistan. In the British province of Punjab , encompassing more than modern-day West Punjab in Pakistan and East Punjab in India, as per

3570-709: The Battle of Darishkur. Before the battle, the Rashidun army camped in a place which called Dashur . Benjamin Hendrickx reported that the African Christians mustered around 20,000 symmachoi (black Sudanese auxiliary units of Byzantine), 1,300 war elephants with howdahs housing archers, and anti-cavalry units named al-Quwwad armed with iron staffs, all of them commanded by a patrician named Batlus. Al-Maqrizi and Waqidi stated in this conflict, Zubayr alongside Miqdad, Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar , and Uqba ibn Amir each led 500 Rashidun cavalry to fight against

3672-453: The Byzantine commander Nicetas and subdued the city of Amman. Later, Zubayr participated in the Battle of the Yarmuk in 636. In the battle, Zubayr was placed on the left wing commanded by Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan , leading his personal squadron among other dozen squadrons of the left wing. Zubayr twice charged alone against the row of Byzantine soldiers, breaking up their ranks and suffering

3774-434: The Byzantine general, causing the resistance of the Byzantine army to crumble as their morale plummeted. When Abdullah ibn Masud passed away, Zubayr petitioned caliph Uthman to give Abdullah's pension to his heirs, which was granted by the caliph. Later, when Miqdad ibn al-Aswad , one of Zubayr's fellow veterans, passed away from illness, Miqdad left a message for Zubayr to manage and sell one of his estates, from which

3876-602: The Camel in December 656. In the aftermath, while Zubayr was prostrating in prayer, he was killed by Amr ibn Jurmuz . Zubayr is generally considered by historians to be one of early Islam's most accomplished commanders. The Sunni Islamic tradition credits Zubayr as being promised paradise . The Shia Islamic tradition views Zubayr negatively. The general's descendants, known as the Zubayrids , are found worldwide. His father

3978-538: The Hawazin. Later, Zubayr participated in the last campaign with Muhammad, the Expedition of Tabuk . At some point, Muhammad assigned Zubayr and Jahm ibn al-Suht to be registrars and auditors of the zakat funds. Muhammad also employ Al-Zubayr as one of his scribe. After the death of Muhammad, Ali ibn Zayd and several Tabi'un mentioned the scars covering Zubayr's body from wounds that he had suffered. It

4080-588: The Iraqi marshes and thus cut down the communication lines of Zutt. The war continued for nine months, and included amphibious operations, until Zutt leaders agreed to surrender. They were ultimately deported to a village at the Byzantine frontier of Cilicia in 835. In 855, Byzantine army made an unexpected raid on the city of Anazarbus (`Ain Zarbah) and took many of them to Constantinople . The Zutt rebellion lasted for 14 years before finally being put down. Al-Tabari ,

4182-507: The Jat population is estimated to number around 21 million compared to 12 million in India. Zubayr ibn al-Awwam An early convert to Islam , Zubayr was a commander in the Battle of Badr in 624, in which the latter was instrumental in defeating the opponent forces of the Quraysh . He participated in almost all of the early Muslim battles and expeditions under Muhammad. In the Battle of

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4284-498: The Marsh Arabs harbor mtDNAs and Y chromosomes that are predominantly of Middle Eastern origin and despite the cultural influence from the Indian subcontinent, the genetic input is marginal. Jat Muslim Jat Muslim or Musalman Jat ( Punjabi : جٹ مسلمان ; Sindhi : مسلمان جاٽ ), also spelled Jatt or Jutt ( Punjabi pronunciation: [d͡ʒəʈːᵊ] ), are an elastic and diverse ethno-social subgroup of

4386-405: The Mesopotamia that they had previously. The 19th century Dutch orientalist De Goeje attempted to link Zutt with Romani of Europe. However, there is no evidence of any direct relation between the two groups, as Romani language does not contain any significant Arabic loan words, and his thesis remains unproven. Similarly, the identification of Zutt or Jats, who were northwestern Indo-Aryans , with

4488-459: The Muslim army faced a dire situation in the battle, while one of Zubayr brother, Sa'ib ibn al-Awwam had also fallen during the battle, Zubayr gave a rousing speech towards the Muslims to reinvigorate their spirit, which then followed with the Muslims pushing back until they gained the upper hand in the battle. During the Rashidun invasion of the Levant, after Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah had pacified

4590-505: The Muslim soldiers, including Zubayr, broke through with a battering ram , and forced the surrender and execution of the garrison. In March 628 CE (6 AH), Muhammad set out for Mecca to perform the ritual pilgrimage of Umrah . The Quraysh denied the Muslims entry into the city and posted themselves outside Mecca, determined to offer resistance even though the Muslims did not have any intention or preparation for battle, which caused Muhammad to send Uthman ibn Affan as his envoy to meet with

4692-402: The Muslim states. Their mention fades from Arab chronicles after the 11th century. At the time of Umayyad conquest of Sindh in the early 8th century, Zutt (Jats) populated Makran and Turan (including Qiqan , modern Kalat ) as far as the east bank of Indus river, where cities of Mansura and Multan were located. According to Ibn Khordadbeh , Jats safeguarded the entire trade route in

4794-536: The Muslims as multiple trading communities of Jats already existed in the pre-Islamic Arabia . Jats were referred as Zuṭṭ ( Arabic : الزُّطِّ , romanized :  Az-Zutt ) in early Arab writings and Jat-an in Persian. They were present in Mesopotamia and Syria since the time of Sassanid emperor Bahram V (420–438), where they acted as mercenary soldiers for caliphate. They produced prominent people such as Abu Hanifa , Al-Sari ibn al Hakam al-Zutti ,

4896-465: The Muslims. Zubayr and Abu Salamah ibn `Abd al-Asad were acquired a shared property of al-Buwaylah from this campaign. During the Battle of the Trench , Zubayr fought and killed Nawfal ibn Abdullah ibn Mughirah al Makhzumi in a duel. However, other chroniclers such as Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani recorded the man killed by Zubayr as Uthman ibn Mughirah al Makhzumi. The Muslim defenders cheered and praised

4998-532: The Quwwad staff weapons from their hands. It was narrated by Rafi' ibn Malik that the final phase of this battle occurred when Zubayr and several other commanders led a night raid with 1,000 Rashidun cavalry , which routed the enemy encampments and seized many spoils, including numerous sheep. After the victory at Darishkur, the Byzantine Sudanese forces fled to al-Bahnasa and locked the gates, which

5100-613: The Trench , due to his military service, Muhammad bestowed the title Hawari Rasul Allah ('Disciple of Messenger of God') upon him. After Muhammad's demise, Zubayr was appointed as a commander, in the Ridda Wars, by caliph Abu Bakr. He was involved in the defense of Medina and Battle of Yamama . During Umar's caliphate, Zubayr served in the Muslim conquests of Egypt , Levant , Persia , Sudan , and Tripolitania . After Umar's assassination, Zubayr became an important political figure of

5202-663: The Umayyad invasion of Sindh. In addition to Zutt, several other groups from Indus Valley had permanently settled into Mesopotamia, including Sāyabija and Andāghar , who were at times considered as part of Jats, and sometimes described separately. Muslim accounts describe these soldiers as originally inhabitants of Sind. An important sub-group of Zutt were Qayqāniyya , who inhabited the region of Qayqan (also known as Qiqān, modern Kalat). Many of them had been taken as captives between 659 and 664 by Abd Allah bin Sawwar al-Abdi to Iraq, who

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5304-468: The advent of Islam, mainly around the Persian Gulf and are known to have interacted with Muhammad . Muhammad reportedly compared Musa (Moses) with them in physique, and stated him to be of brown complexion, straight hair and tall stature, resembling Zutt. On another occasion, when Aisha fell ill, her nephew sent for a Zutt physician to treat her. According to al-Tabari , some Zutt participated in

5406-568: The area in Moab, he sent Zubayr and Fadl ibn Abbas to subdue the city of Amman . Waqidi recorded that Said ibn Aamir al-Jumahi testified that during the battle, he saw in the front of Muslim army Zubayr and Fadl fighting ferociously against the Byzantines atop of their horses. Said ibn Amir followed by saying that the Rashidun army butchered the fleeing Byzantine soldiers, while some were captured as prisoners of war. Then Zubair managed to kill

5508-591: The armed forces of Basra during the governorship of Abbasid Sulayman bin Ali. During the Abbasid civil war (809  – 813), al-Sāri ibn al-Hakam al-Zutti gained control of the lower Egypt, including the capital city of Fustat in 813 and ruled it till his death in 820. He was a Zutt soldier of abna’ al-dawla , the elite Khurasani troops of Abbasid caliphate. His two sons, Abu Nāsr ( r.  820–822 ) and Ubāydallah ( r.  822–826 ) succeeded him as

5610-618: The battles of the Yarmuk, al-Qadisiyyah and later to the battle of Nahavand. The second reason was the abrupt request for aid from Egypt only allowed for a small number of soldiers. As they arrived in Egypt, Zubayr immediately helped the Rashidun army capture the city of Faiyum . After the fall of Faiyum, Zubayr march to Ain Shams to assist 'Amr in besieging the Byzantine fortress at Heliopolis , which had been besieged before by 'Amr unsuccessfully for months. At Heliopolis Zubayr helped repel

5712-460: The caliphate, being the chief advisor of the Shura that elected the third caliph Uthman . During the latter's caliphate, Zubayr advised the caliph in political and religious issues. After Uthman was assassinated, Zubayr pledged allegiance to the fourth caliph Ali , though later withdrew allegiance, after Ali refused to avenge Uthman's death. Zubayr's forces engaged with Ali's forces in the Battle of

5814-454: The chief tribal groupings they found were the Jats and the Med people . Most Jats clans of western Punjab have traditions that they accepted Islam at the hands of Sufi saints of Punjab. Critically, the process of conversion was said to have been a much slower process. During the era of Mughals there appears to be a little change in their position, with one Nawab Sa'adullah Khan even serving as

5916-399: The city for 4 months as Miqdad lead 200 horsemens, while Zubayr led 300 horsemen, and Dhiraar, Abdullah ibn Umar , Uqba ibn Amir al-Juhani 200 horsemen each. They camped in a village which was later renamed as Qays village, in honor of Qays ibn Harith, the overall commander of the Rashidun cavalry. The Byzantines and their Coptic allies showered the Rashidun army with arrows and stones from

6018-587: The city of Ahwaz in Iran in 640, Zutt put up a strong resistance in the defence of the city along with Persian Aswaran . Later, as did Aswaran, who were known as Asawira during the caliphate period, they settled in Basra as allies of Banu Tamim . Zutt formed a large population of the garrison town of Basra , where they became allies of the Arab tribe of Banu Hanzala in the inter-tribal warfare. The treasury of Basra

6120-476: The city wall, until the Rashidun overcame the defenders, as Dhiraar came out from the battle with his entire body stained in blood, having slain 160 Byzantine soldiers during the battle. Chroniclers recorded that the Rashidun army finally breached the city gate under either Khalid ibn al-Walid or Qays ibn Harith. After the conquest of Egypt and Sudan, al-Zubayr followed 'Amr to the west. The Muslim army under Amr continued their campaign toward Tripolitania . It

6222-428: The city. In 635 to 636, the caliph assembled his council, including Zubayr, Ali, and Talhah, about the battle plan to face the Persian army of Rostam Farrokhzad in Qadisiyyah. At first the caliph himself led the forces (including Zubayr) from Arabia to Iraq, but the council urges Umar not to lead the army and instead appoint someone else, as his presence was needed more urgently in the capital. Umar agreed and asked

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6324-437: The command of Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin to go to Nahavand, to face the army of the Sasanian Empire in the battle of Nahavand . The reinforcements sent to aid the army in Nahavand numbered 4,000 soldiers. Then as the reinforcements from Medina arrived in Nahavand, Umar gave further instruction for the army from Kufa under Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman and the army of Basra under Abu Musa al-Ashari to merge with al-Nu'man's army under

6426-415: The council to suggest the commander to lead the army. The council agreed to send Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas ; Sa'd served as the overall commander on Persian conquest and won the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah . Later, the caliph heard that Sassanid forces from Mah, Qom , Hamadan , Ray , Isfahan , Azerbaijan , and Nahavand had gathered in Nahavand to counter the Arab invasion. Caliph Umar responded by assembling

6528-525: The defense of Medina in the form of newly organised elite guard unit al-Ḥaras wa-l-shurṭa to guard Medina. Zubayr was appointed as one commander of these units. These troops rode to the mountain passes of Medina at night, intercepting the rebel forces and forcing them to retreat to Dhu Qisha. Later, Abu Bakr insisted on sending Usama ibn Zayd to Balqa to execute the last will of Muhammad. The caliph appointed Zubayr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, and Khalid ibn al-Walid as officers under Usama. Tabari states that

6630-399: The division of a block of the spoils of victory. Later, as the Muslim forces returned to Medina from Khaybar, they passed one more hostile Jewish fortress in Wadi al-Qura . During this battle Zubayr facing at least two enemy who challenged him to a duel; Zubayr accepted and defeated them both. In December 629, on the eve of the Conquest of Mecca , Zubayr and Ali brought back to Muhammad

6732-426: The elephant corps of Batlus, by using spears soaked in santonin plants and sulfur which then ignite their spears with flames to drive the elephants back in terror. while the elephant riders were toppled from the elephant's back and crushed underfoot on the ground. Meanwhile, the Quwwad warriors who used iron staffs were routed by the Rashidun cavalry soldiers who used a seized chain weapons on their hands to disarm

6834-410: The entire Muslim army into retreat except Muhammad and several of his men, possibly including Zubayr. However, the Hawazin forces paused as they almost surrounded Muhammad and his followers, giving time for the Muslim army to regroup. After they consolidated themselves and rescued Khalid, who has been gravely injured during the first clash, the Muslims commenced a general counterattack , with Zubayr on

6936-447: The expedition was successful, and Usama reached Syria and became the first Muslim force to successfully raid Byzantine territory, thus paving the way for the subsequent Muslim conquests of Syria and Egypt from the Byzantine Empire. Since all horses and trained camels were brought by main army to Balqa, Abu Bakr and the rest of Haras forces left in the capital had to resort to fighting the rebels with only untrained camels. However, as

7038-401: The four commander were Zubayr, Busr ibn Abi Artat , Umayr ibn Wahb , and Kharija ibn Hudhafa . There are differing opinions regarding the number of soldiers which Zubayr brought: some say 12,000, others only 8,000. Military historian Khalid Mahmud supports the view that the force with Zubayr numbered 4,000 fighters, as it is similar to the number of soldiers in previous reinforcements at

7140-448: The front of the Rashidun cavalry . The Hawazin forces were immediately driven out of the valley by the frontal attack led by Zubayr after a short engagement. Nafi' ibn Jubayr reported that he saw Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib passing instructions from Muhammad to Zubayr to plant the rallying flag. After the battles in Awtas, the Muslims engaged in the lengthy Siege of Ta'if , although they did not succeed in forcing an immediate surrender of

7242-426: The later Zanj and Qarmatian rebellions against the caliphate, with Abu Hatim al-Zutti being one of the major Qarmatian Da'is. Becoming active in 907, Abu Hatim prohibited his followers to slaughter animals and so they came to be known as Baqliyya , or "Green Grocers". They were a major sub-sect of Qarmatians in lower Iraq and staged multiple uprisings against the Abbasids. A certain Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad al-Zutti

7344-523: The leaders of Quraysh and negotiate their entry into the city. The Quraysh had Uthman stay longer in Mecca than they originally planned, which caused Muhammad to believe that Uthman had been killed. In response, Muhammad gathered his nearly 1,400 Sahaba and called them to pledge to fight until death and avenge the death of Uthman. After the pledge, verses were revealed in the Qur'an commemorating and appreciating

7446-460: The leadership of Muhammad ibn Uthman . Early Abbasid efforts to defeat Zutt proved unsuccessful, and they continued to levy taxes over caravans and to raid neighbouring regions of Basra. After the defeat of Ahmad bin Sa'd al-Bahili, Abbasids sent a large force of more than 10,000 under their general Ujayf ibn Anbasa in 834 to Wasit , which was a stronghold of Zutt. Abbasid forces blocked the waterways to

7548-415: The moment he reached the top of the wall. Zubayr immediately descended from the top of the wall and opened the gates, which caused the entire Muslim army to enter, prompting the terrified Muqawqis to surrender. In Tabari's version, it was the Byzantine garrison who opened the gate as they immediately surrendered after witnessed Zubayr climbing the fortress wall. Ibn Abd al-Hakam noted that Zubayr skipped

7650-474: The outskirt of Medina, the caliph went further to the north to crush another Bedouin rebellion in Dumat al-Jandal . Later, according to Ibn Hisham on secondhand testimony, as Khalid ibn al-Walid engaged the biggest rebel faction led by Musaylimah , Zubayr has participated in the Battle of Yamama while bringing the ten-year old Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr on his horse. Hisham ibn Urwah has recorded that when

7752-551: The overall command of al-Nu'man. The Arabs won a huge victory (hailed by medieval chroniclers as Fatih al-Futuh or "victory of victories") against the 150,000-man Sassanid army, more than half of whom were killed. Where there are records about Zubayr involvement in this battle of Nahavand. Later, after the siege of Shushtar , the Sassanid's chief commander, Hormuzan was captured by the Rashidun army. Zubayr then urged caliph Umar to pardon Hormuzan, which Umar granted. After

7854-536: The pacified region first. In 642, Zubayr settled in a house adjacent to the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As , neighboring the homes of other Sahabah such as Abd Allah ibn Amr ibn al-As , Abu Ayyub al-Ansari , Abu Dharr al-Ghifari , Abdullah ibn Umar, and Ubadah. At some point during Umar's reign, when Zubayr was in Medina, he along with Miqdad and the caliph's son, Abdullah ibn Umar , went to Khaybar to collect their share of

7956-555: The pledge and those who made it: Certainly Allah was well pleased with the believers when they swore allegiance to you under the tree, and He knew what was in their hearts, so He sent down tranquillity on them and rewarded them with a near victory. Due to this verse, the pledge is also known as the Pledge of Acceptance as it was believed in Islam to be a cause for God 's blessing towards those who took pledge, including Zubayr, while at

8058-434: The present day Dom people (also called Nawar ) is also spurious, as Dom are speakers of central Indo-Aryan Domari language , and migrated from central India instead. However, the term Zott has persisted in Arab countries, albeit in a pejorative way, to describe them because of their Indian origins. It is believed that the Zutt later became what are now known as Marsh Arabs of Iraq. However, genetic studies show that

8160-448: The proceeds would be donated to Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali , with each receiving 18,000 dirhams from the endowment, while from the rest he also asked Zubayr to give each of Muhammad's wives 7,000 dirhams. Zubayr's engagement in caliph Uthman's policy of land exchanging resulted in him gaining lands in Egypt, such as Fustat and Alexandria. Uthman was assassinated in 656. Zubayr had reason to hope that he would be elected as

8262-481: The profits from properties and plantations in Khaybar in which they held a stake. These properties were managed and worked by the Jewish tribes of Khaybar, who has been subdued during the time of Muhammad. However, the Jewish tribes in Khaybar refused and instead hurt Abdullah ibn Umar, who suffered a broken hand from their harassment. This prompted caliph Umar to expel the entire Jewish population from Khaybar and give

8364-416: The properties to Muslim overlords. Later, as caliph Umar was dying in 644, he selected Zubayr and five other men to elect the next caliph . Zubayr personally gave his own vote to nominate Ali as caliph. After this, Zubayr officially served as a member of Majlis-ash-Shura , which was responsible for the elections of the caliph and functioned as a governmental advisory council regarding the law. Later, in

8466-622: The protection of a citizen or by stealth. While he stayed with early converts of Islam in Mecca, Zubayr was given a shared responsibility as a hafiz , someone who memorized every verse of the Quran, along with Abu Bakr, Abdur Rahman ibn Auf, Talha and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas. Zubayr joined the general emigration to Medina in 622. At first he lodged with Al-Mundhir ibn Muhammad. It is disputed who became Zubayr's sworn brother, as various traditions name different people, including Abdullah ibn Mas'ud , Talhah, Ka'b ibn Malik , or Salama ibn Salama. As

8568-577: The rebels and then swam back to the Muslims to report the victory. However, another version recorded Zubayr as crossing the Red Sea from the coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Zubayr was among those who returned to Mecca in 619 when he heard that the Meccans had converted to Islam. However, as they approached Mecca, they learned that the report was false, and they had to enter the town under

8670-475: The rebels retreated to the foothills on the outskirts of the city, Abu Bakr and the Medinese army could not catch up to the battle in the outskirt of Medina due to their untrained camels, so they had to wait until the next day to gather momentum for the second strike. The Medinese army engaged the rebels in the Battle of Zhu Qissa , which resulted in a rout of the rebel army. Then, after the rebels retreated from

8772-549: The region which was known as bilād al-Zāt (land of the Jats). Makran had a significant number of Zutt at the time (or before) the Muslim conquest who had moved eastward into Sind as well in the following centuries. Goeje says Zutt were a people originating from Sind and claims that they were distributed throughout the Sassanid Empire . Al-Khwarizmi also elucidates their origins, attributing their roots to Sind and noting

8874-486: The role he played in the establishment of Rohilkhand and in the general history of Rohillas, he gained recognition as a Rohilla chief, however, he was not Afghan by birth. Although the Rohillas lost their kingdom after the first Rohilla War in 1774, Faizullah Khan , son of Ali Mohammed Khan, managed to become Nawab of princely state of Rampur . The Kalhoras (1701–1783) of Sindh were also probably from Channa tribe,

8976-418: The same day, the ratification of treaty of Hudaybiyyah also occurred. In 628, Zubayr participated in the Battle of Khaybar , defeating the Jewish champion Yassir in single combat. Afterward, the Muslims commented on how sharp his sword must have been; Zubayr replied that it had not been sharp but he had used it with great force. Later during the battle, Zubayr fought and killed another opposing champion in

9078-432: The sharpness of the sword which Zubayr used, only for Zubayr to reply that it is not his sword which need to be complimented, but the strength of the arm which held the sword. Zubayr caused the enemy horsemens to flee after he strike the horse of Qurayshite warrior named Hubayr ibn Abi Wahb al Makhzumi, cutting the horse armour and crupper of Hubayr horse. Zubayr also played a reconnaissance role when he volunteered to spy on

9180-445: The start of century. Some of Zutt later turned into Banu Sasan , who were members of what C. E. Bosworth calls "Islamic Underworld". The Qiqaniyya, who had reputation as sea-faring people, turned to piracy along the coast of Baluchistan and Makran. The continued political suppression, as well as relative weakness of Abbasid control after the devastating civil war, encouraged the Zutt living in lower Iraq to rise in rebellion in 820 under

9282-594: The succession of al-Sari by his sons signals the first attempt at creating an autonomous dynasty ruling Egypt, heralding the more successful Tulunids and Ikhshidids . According to Juan Signes Codoñer, Zutt may have been also involved in Thomas the Slav 's revolt against the Byzantine Empire in 821–23. Jats produced a number of well-known people during the Islamic Golden Age . Famous theologian, Abu Hanifa , who

9384-531: The tent of Vahan , commander of the Armenian division of the Byzantines, causing the chaotic retreat of the Armenian ranks. Zubayr's brother, Abd al Rahman al-Zubayr, died in the battle. After the battle at Yarmuk, Zubayr continued to accompany the Muslim army in the Levant and captured the coastal city of Ayla (modern-day Aqaba ). After Jerusalem had been subdued , Zubayr accompanied caliph Umar to visit

9486-601: The town gate and inform 'Amr, who led the Muslim army to enter the city unopposed. After they subdued Tripoli, Libda, and Sirte in 643 AD (22 AH), 'Amr sent Zubayr to besiege Sabratha in advance, before 'Amr joined him. In 644, after Zubayr and Amr had stormed Sabratha, they continued on to conquer Sharwas, a city in the Nafusa Mountains . However, further conquests in Africa came to halt after caliph Umar instructed them to restrain from advancing and consolidate

9588-498: The year of 27 AH, during the Muslim conquest of North Africa , Zubayr and his son, Abdullah were sent by caliph Uthman as reinforcements for Abdallah ibn Sa'd when fighting a Byzantine splinter group of about 120,000 under Gregory the Patrician . During this battle, Zubayr's son, Abdullah ibn Zubayr, played a pivotal role as he led an attack that caught Gregory off guard when the two forces were still in stalemate, and decapitated

9690-594: Was a Buyid minister in Baghdad in 990. Zutt, along with Turks and Daylamis, formed part of army of Buyid prince Abu Nasr Shah-Firuz, ruler of Fasa, when he waged war against Baha' al-Dawla for the control of province of Fars in 1000 AD. They were described as most numerous and bravest of the warriors of Fars by Abbasid vizier al-Rudhrawari . Little is known about them any further, although they seem to have gained certain degree of notoriety along with Kurd and Bedouin tribes. Abbasid caliphate itself disintegrated after

9792-500: Was appointed as governor of regions surrounding Sindh. He was himself killed in one of the wars against Qiqani Zutt in 667 and Qiqan was re-conquered by them. Always armed with arrows, whether cavalry or infantry, these Zutt Qayqaniyya units were master archers of the caliphate, and acted as auxiliary group for shurta . Qiqaniyya as well as Bukhariyya , an Iranian unit of soldiers, were sent to suppress revolt of Zayd ibn Ali in 740 by Umayyad Caliphate. Another group associated with Zutt

9894-479: Was broken. Safiyya, who was pregnant at the time, had to carry the man home. Zubayr is said to have entered Islam at the age of 16. He was one of the first men to accept Islam under the influence of Abu Bakr , and is said to have been the fourth or fifth adult male convert. Zubayr was one of the first fifteen emigrants to Abyssinia in 615, until he returned there in 616. During his stay in Abyssinia,

9996-486: Was followed by the Muslims besieging the town, as the Byzantines were reinforced by the arrival of 50,000 men, according to the report of al-Maqqari . The siege dragged on for months, until Khalid ibn al Walid commanded Zubayr, Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar and other commanders to intensify the siege and assigned them to lead around 10,000 Companions of the Prophet , among them 70 who were veterans of battle of Badr. They besieged

10098-596: Was guarded by 40 or 400 Zutt soldiers during the reign of Ali under their chief Abu Salama al-Zutti, who were, according to the version narrated by Abu Mikhnaf , killed while protecting bayt al-mal when rebels under Talha and Zubayr occupied the city. Zutt regiments had fought along with Ali at the battle of Camel in 656 under their chief, Ali bin Danūr. In 670, a large number of Zutt, along with Aswaran, were moved into coastal cities of Syria, such as Antioch , Beirut and Tripoli , replacing earlier Greek population, and

10200-590: Was that of Qufs , or "mountain dwellers", who were dark-skinned soldiers from Kerman. They had been recruited by Sassanids as auxiliaries and later, actively supported Arabs against Sassanids. However, they had married among Persians and had assimilated to the Persian culture. Jats (with their very name being synonymous with dromedary-men or cameleers) in Makran reportedly reared fine-quality camels which were in demand as far as Khurasan, and tall Qīqāni horses, which were presented to Mu'awiya I. In Basra, they manufactured

10302-641: Was the brother of Khadija , Al-Awwam ibn Khuwaylid of the Asad clan of the Quraysh tribe. His mother was Muhammad's aunt, Safiyya bint Abd al-Muttalib . Hence Zubayr was Muhammad's first cousin and brother in law. Zubayr ibn al-Awwam was born in Mecca in 594 . He had two brothers, Sa'ib and Abd al-Kaaba; and two sisters Hind bint Al-Awwam, who would later marry Zayd ibn Haritha , and Zaynab bint al-Awwam who will mary her paternal cousin Hakim ibn Hizam . He has also

10404-697: Was the founder of Hanafi school of thought, is considered by some to be one of them. His grandfather, named Zuttā, was brought as captive by Muslim armies in the late 7th century to lower Iraq. Other Zutt scholars include Ibn Ulayya , who was from Qayqan, and al-Awza'i . As they were earliest of the people from Indus Valley to have interacted with Muslims, "Zutt" became a general term for the people from Sind and Multan who were living in Syria, which included scholars and governors like Ibn al-A'rabi , Ibn Shahak and Abu al-Khasib . During this period, Zutt increasingly intermingled with other non-Arab foreign people in Basra,

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