Turda County was a county ( Romanian : județ ) in the Kingdom of Romania , as successor to Torda-Aranyos County in Austria-Hungary . Its capital was Turda .
83-493: Mureș County ( Romanian pronunciation: [ˈmureʃ] , Romanian : Județul Mures , Hungarian : Maros megye ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in the historical region of Transylvania , with the administrative centre in Târgu Mureș . The county was established in 1968, after the administrative reorganization that re-introduced the historical județ ( county ) system, still used today. This reform eliminated
166-488: A lexicon of over 150,000 words in its contemporary form, Romanian showed a high degree of lexical permeability, reflecting contact with Thraco-Dacian , Slavic languages (including Old Slavic , Serbian , Bulgarian , Ukrainian , and Russian ), Greek , Hungarian , German , Turkish , and to languages that served as cultural models during and after the Age of Enlightenment , in particular French . This lexical permeability
249-627: A "regional language" alongside Ukrainian as per the 2012 legislation on languages in Ukraine . Romanian is an official or administrative language in various communities and organisations, such as the Latin Union and the European Union . Romanian is also one of the five languages in which religious services are performed in the autonomous monastic state of Mount Athos , spoken in the monastic communities of Prodromos and Lakkoskiti . In
332-489: A Unitarian boys' high school, a Reformed/Calvinist school for girls, a school of agriculture, a horticultural school, a state middle school, two state primary schools, three religious primary schools (one Roman Catholic, one Reformed/Calvinist, and one Jewish). The city also had six religious communities (Greek Catholic, Romanian Orthodox, Reformed/Calvinist, Unitarian, Evangelical/Lutheran, and Jewish). The County Hospital in Turda
415-521: A county with a similar name ( Maros-Torda County , Romanian : Comitatul Mureş-Turda ) was created in 1876. There was a county with the same name under the Kingdom of Romania , and a Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region (1960–1968) under the Socialist Republic of Romania . The county has a total area of 6,714 km (2,592 sq mi). The northeastern side of the county consists of
498-741: A foreign language, for example the Nicolae Bălcescu High-school in Gyula , Hungary. Romanian is taught as a foreign language in tertiary institutions, mostly in European countries such as Germany, France and Italy, and the Netherlands, as well as in the United States. Overall, it is taught as a foreign language in 43 countries around the world. Romanian has become popular in other countries through movies and songs performed in
581-482: A foundry. Apart from these industrial units, there were carbonated waters, bricks, tiles, woodcutters, mills, water mills, vinegar, leather, wire, spirits, and paints on the territory of the county. According to the Romanian census of 1930 the population of Turda County was 183,282, of which 74.4% were ethnic Romanians, 21.4% Hungarians, 2.3% Romanies, 1.2% Jews, as well as other minorities. Classified by mother tongue:
664-530: A name that was extended to the literature and writers around this time such as Vasile Alecsandri , Grigore Alexandrescu , Nicolae Bălcescu , Timotei Cipariu . Between 1830 and 1860 "transitional alphabets" were used, adding Latin letters to the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet . The Latin alphabet became official at different dates in Wallachia and Transylvania - 1860, and Moldova -1862. Following
747-457: A new Constitution , and subsequently he had the administrative division of the Romanian territory changed. 10 ținuturi (approximate translation: "lands") were created (by merging the counties) to be ruled by rezidenți regali (approximate translation: "Royal Residents") – appointed directly by the King – instead of the prefects . Mureș County became part of Ținutul Mureș . In 1940, the county
830-578: A significant share of the local population (districts in Chernivtsi , Odesa and Zakarpattia oblasts ) Romanian is taught in schools as a primary language and there are Romanian-language newspapers, TV, and radio broadcasting. The University of Chernivtsi in western Ukraine trains teachers for Romanian schools in the fields of Romanian philology, mathematics and physics. In Hertsa Raion of Ukraine as well as in other villages of Chernivtsi Oblast and Zakarpattia Oblast , Romanian has been declared
913-424: Is also spoken within communities of Romanian and Moldovan immigrants in the United States, Canada and Australia, although they do not make up a large homogeneous community statewide. Many are Moldavians who were deported Data only for the districts on the right bank of Dniester (without Transnistria and the city of Tighina). In Moldova, it is sometimes referred to as the " Moldovan language " In Transnistria, it
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#1732780702210996-494: Is called Daco-Romanian as opposed to its closest relatives, Aromanian , Megleno-Romanian , and Istro-Romanian . It is also spoken as a minority language by stable communities in the countries surrounding Romania ( Bulgaria , Hungary , Serbia and Ukraine ), and by the large Romanian diaspora . In total, it is spoken by 25 million people as a first language . Romanian was also known as Moldovan in Moldova, although
1079-616: Is continuing today with the introduction of English words. Yet while the overall lexis was enriched with foreign words and internal constructs, in accordance with the history and development of the society and the diversification in semantic fields, the fundamental lexicon—the core vocabulary used in everyday conversation—remains governed by inherited elements from the Latin spoken in the Roman provinces bordering Danube , without which no coherent sentence can be made. Romanian descended from
1162-485: Is distinguished by the activity of Romanian literature classics in its early decades: Mihai Eminescu , Ion Luca Caragiale , Ion Creangă , Ioan Slavici . The current orthography, with minor reforms to this day and using Latin letters, was fully implemented in 1881, regulated by the Romanian Academy on a fundamentally phonological principle, with few morpho-syntactic exceptions. The first Romanian grammar
1245-684: Is located in Harghita County , and the northwestern area in Bistrița-Năsăud County today. Prior to World War I , the territory of the county belonged to Austria-Hungary and identical with the Maros-Torda County of the Kingdom of Hungary . The territory of Mureș County was transferred to Romania from Hungary as successor state to Austria-Hungary in 1920 under the Treaty of Trianon . In 1938, King Carol II promulgated
1328-597: Is official only in the villages of Vojvodinci ( Voivodinț ), Markovac ( Marcovăț ), Straža ( Straja ), Mali Žam ( Jamu Mic ), Malo Središte ( Srediștea Mică ), Mesić ( Mesici ), Jablanka ( Iablanca ), Sočica ( Sălcița ), Ritiševo ( Râtișor ), Orešac ( Oreșaț ) and Kuštilj ( Coștei ). In the 2002 Census, the last carried out in Serbia, 1.5% of Vojvodinians stated Romanian as their native language. The Vlachs of Serbia are considered to speak Romanian as well. In parts of Ukraine where Romanians constitute
1411-666: Is officially called " Moldovan language " and is written in Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet . Officially divided into Vlachs and Romanians Most in Northern Bukovina and Southern Bessarabia; according to a Moldova Noastră study (based on the latest Ukrainian census). According to the Constitution of Romania of 1991, as revised in 2003, Romanian is the official language of the Republic. Romania mandates
1494-606: Is the official and main language of Romania and Moldova . Romanian is part of the Eastern Romance sub-branch of Romance languages , a linguistic group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin which separated from the Western Romance languages in the course of the period from the 5th to the 8th centuries. To distinguish it within the Eastern Romance languages, in comparative linguistics it
1577-558: The Cannes Film Festival ). Also some artists wrote songs dedicated to the Romanian language. The multi-platinum pop trio O-Zone (originally from Moldova) released a song called "Nu mă las de limba noastră" ("I won't forsake our language"). The final verse of this song, "Eu nu mă las de limba noastră, de limba noastră cea română" , is translated in English as "I won't forsake our language, our Romanian language". Also,
1660-558: The Constitutional Court of Moldova ruled in 2013 that "the official language of Moldova is Romanian". On 16 March 2023, the Moldovan Parliament approved a law on referring to the national language as Romanian in all legislative texts and the constitution. On 22 March, the president of Moldova, Maia Sandu , promulgated the law. The history of the Romanian language started in the Roman provinces north of
1743-786: The Călimani and Gurghiu Mountains and the sub-Carpathian hills, members of the Inner Eastern Carpathians . The rest of the county is part of the Transylvanian Plateau , with deep but wide valleys. The main river crossing in the county is the Mureș River . The Târnava Mare River and the Târnava Mică River also cross the county. Mureș County is bordered by seven other counties: Suceava, Harghita, Brașov, Sibiu, Alba, Cluj and Bistrița-Năsăud. In 2022 ,
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#17327807022101826-586: The Jireček Line in Classical antiquity but there are 3 main hypotheses about its exact territory: the autochthony thesis (it developed in left-Danube Dacia only), the discontinuation thesis (it developed in right-Danube provinces only), and the "as-well-as" thesis that supports the language development on both sides of the Danube. Between the 6th and 8th century, following the accumulated tendencies inherited from
1909-467: The Romanian Academy . The third phase of the modern age of Romanian language, starting from 1880 and continuing to this day, is characterized by the prevalence of the supradialectal form of the language, standardized with the express contribution of the school system and Romanian Academy, bringing a close to the process of literary language modernization and development of literary styles. It
1992-925: The Treaty of Trianon . The county's Romanian name became Turda-Arieș County, identical with its predecessor (Comitatul Turda-Arieș). In 1924, Romanian authorities renamed a number of populated places: Copăceni (previous name: Copand), Săndulești (Sând), Petrești (Petrid), Deleni (Indol), Tureni (Tur), Borzești (Berchiș), Comșești (Comițig), Mărtinești (Sânmărtinul Deșert), Vâlcele (Banabic), Pruniș (Silivaș), Cheia (Mischiu), Mihai Viteazu (Sânmihaiu), Cornești (Sinfalău), Moldovenești (Varfalău), Plăiești (Chiend), Pietroasa (Ceagz), Călărași (Hărastăș), Stejeriș (Cârcedea), Măhăceni (Măhaci), Dumbrava (Dumbrău), Unirea (Vințu de Sus), Războieni (Cucerdea), Iacobeni (Sâniacob), Viișoara (Agârbiciu), Triteni (Tritiu), Valea Largă (Țicud), Bărboși (Săcal), Luncani (Grind), Hădăreni (Hădărău), Chețani (Cheța), Gligorești (Sânmărtinul Sărat), Gura Arieșului (Vaidasig), Oprișani (Cristiș), Podeni (Hidiș) After
2075-552: The Vulgar Latin spoken in the Roman provinces of Southeastern Europe north of the Jireček Line (a hypothetical boundary between the dominance of Latin and Greek influences). Most scholars agree that two major dialects developed from Common Romanian by the 10th century. Daco-Romanian (the official language of Romania and Moldova) and Istro-Romanian (a language spoken by no more than 2,000 people in Istria ) descended from
2158-435: The unification of Moldavia and Wallachia further studies on the language were made, culminating with the founding of Societatea Literară Română on 1 April 1866 on the initiative of C. A. Rosetti , an academic society that had the purpose of standardizing the orthography, formalizing the grammar and (via a dictionary) vocabulary of the language, and promoting literary and scientific publications. This institution later became
2241-492: The "liberty to teach in the mother language (Romanian language)". At the same time, Romanian-language newspapers and journals began to appear, such as Basarabia (1906), Viața Basarabiei (1907), Moldovanul (1907), Luminătorul (1908), Cuvînt moldovenesc (1913), Glasul Basarabiei (1913). From 1913, the synod permitted that "the churches in Bessarabia use the Romanian language". Romanian finally became
2324-490: The 16th century, by various foreign travelers into the Carpathian Romance-speaking space, as well as in other historical documents written in Romanian at that time such as Cronicile Țării Moldovei [ ro ] ( The Chronicles of the land of Moldova ) by Grigore Ureche . The few allusions to the use of Romanian in writing as well as common words, anthroponyms, and toponyms preserved in
2407-606: The 6th and 16th century, entire stages from its history are re-constructed by researchers, often with proposed relative chronologies and loose limits. From the 12th or 13th century, official documents and religious texts were written in Old Church Slavonic , a language that had a similar role to Medieval Latin in Western Europe. The oldest dated text in Romanian is a letter written in 1521 with Cyrillic letters , and until late 18th century, including during
2490-541: The Assembly, the Executive Council and the provincial administrative bodies. The Romanian language and script are officially used in eight municipalities: Alibunar , Bela Crkva ( Biserica Albă ), Žitište ( Sângeorgiu de Bega ), Zrenjanin ( Becicherecu Mare ), Kovačica ( Covăcița ), Kovin ( Cuvin ), Plandište ( Plandiște ) and Sečanj ( Seceani ). In the municipality of Vršac ( Vârșeț ), Romanian
2573-643: The Cyrillic script, and the Latin script as stipulated by the law, the Croat , Hungarian , Slovak , Romanian and Rusyn languages and their scripts, as well as languages and scripts of other nationalities, shall simultaneously be officially used in the work of the bodies of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, in the manner established by the law. The bodies of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina are:
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2656-579: The Moldovan autonomies of Gagauzia and Transnistria . Romanian is also an official language of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in Serbia along with five other languages. Romanian minorities are encountered in Serbia ( Timok Valley ), Ukraine ( Chernivtsi and Odesa oblasts ), and Hungary ( Gyula ). Large immigrant communities are found in Italy, Spain, France, and Portugal. In 1995,
2739-449: The Moldovan musicians Doina and Ion Aldea Teodorovici performed a song called "The Romanian language". Romanian is also called Daco-Romanian in comparative linguistics to distinguish from the other dialects of Common Romanian : Aromanian , Megleno-Romanian , and Istro-Romanian . The origin of the term "Daco-Romanian" can be traced back to the first printed book of Romanian grammar in 1780, by Samuil Micu and Gheorghe Șincai . There,
2822-472: The Old Church Slavonic religious writings and chancellery documents, attested prior to the 16th century, along with the analysis of graphemes show that the writing of Romanian with the Cyrillic alphabet started in the second half of the 15th century. The oldest extant document in Romanian precisely dated is Neacșu's letter (1521) and was written using the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet , which
2905-606: The Romanian dialect spoken north of the Danube is called lingua Daco-Romana to emphasize its origin and its area of use, which includes the former Roman province of Dacia , although it is spoken also south of the Danube, in Dobruja , the Timok Valley and northern Bulgaria. This article deals with the Romanian (i.e. Daco-Romanian) language, and thus only its dialectal variations are discussed here. The differences between
2988-401: The Romanian language predominated (75.1%), followed by Hungarian (22.2%), and Romany (1.2%), as well as other minorities. Classified by religion: 42.3% were Greek Catholic, 33.1% Eastern Orthodox, 13.3% Reformed (Calvinist), 4.5% Unitarian, 4.1% Roman Catholic, as well as other minorities. The population distribution of the county by city and administrative district was as follows: In 1930
3071-773: The Romanian language. Examples of Romanian acts that had a great success in non-Romanophone countries are the bands O-Zone (with their No. 1 single Dragostea Din Tei , also known as Numa Numa , across the world in 2003–2004), Akcent (popular in the Netherlands, Poland and other European countries), Activ (successful in some Eastern European countries), DJ Project (popular as clubbing music) SunStroke Project (known by viral video " Epic Sax Guy ") and Alexandra Stan (worldwide no.1 hit with " Mr. Saxobeat ") and Inna as well as high-rated movies like 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days , The Death of Mr. Lazarescu , 12:08 East of Bucharest or California Dreamin' (all of them with awards at
3154-480: The Romanian neuter became a mixture of masculine and feminine. The verb morphology of Romanian has shown the same move towards a compound perfect and future tense as the other Romance languages. Compared with the other Romance languages , during its evolution, Romanian simplified the original Latin tense system. Romanian is spoken mostly in Central , South-Eastern , and Eastern Europe , although speakers of
3237-565: The administrative unification law in 1925, the county was renamed to Turda County and its territory was reorganized. It was disestablished with the whole of the county system in 1938, but was re-established in 1940. The county was finally disestablished by the communist government of Romania in 1950 . Administratively, when the territory was transferred from Hungary, Turda-Arieș County was provisionally divided in six districts ( plăși ): The Law of Administrative Unification of 19 June 1925, promulgated by Royal Decree No. 1972 of 13 June 1925, ended
3320-447: The beginning of devoicing of asyllabic [u] after consonants. Text analysis revealed words that are now lost from modern vocabulary or used only in local varieties. These words were of various provenience for example: Latin ( cure - to run, mâneca - to leave), Old Church Slavonic ( drăghicame - gem, precious stone, prilăsti - to trick, to cheat), Hungarian ( bizăntui - to bear witness). The modern age of Romanian starts in 1780 with
3403-575: The census data of 1930, the county's population was 289,546, of which 45.8% were Romanians, 42.6% Hungarians, 3.9% Germans, 3.9% Romanies, 3.4% Jews, as well as other minorities. By mother tongue, the county population consisted of 45.9% Hungarian speakers, 45.5% Romanian speakers, 3.9% German speakers, 2.2% Yiddish speakers, and 2.1% Romany speakers. In the religious aspect, the population consisted of 32.4% Greek Catholic, 30.3% Reformed, 14.5% Eastern Orthodox, 12.1% Roman Catholic, 3.9% Lutheran, 3.6% Jewish, 2.6% Unitarian, as well as other minorities. In 1930,
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3486-422: The colloquial speech and writing. Outside the political arena the language is most often called "Romanian". In the breakaway territory of Transnistria, it is co-official with Ukrainian and Russian. In the 2014 census , out of the 2,804,801 people living in Moldova, 24% (652,394) stated Romanian as their most common language, whereas 56% stated Moldovan. While in the urban centers speakers are split evenly between
3569-446: The communist government of Romania in 1950 , and re-established in 1968 when Romania restored the county administrative system. The county originally consisted of seven districts ( plăși ): A subsequent administrative adjustment added one district, divided Plasa Mureș into two, and divided Plasa Reghin into two, leaving ten districts: The county had two urban localities: Târgu Mureş (a city) and Reghin (urban commune). According to
3652-552: The country Moldovan . In December 2013, a decision of the Constitutional Court of Moldova ruled that the Declaration of Independence took precedence over the Constitution and the state language should be called Romanian. In 2023, the Moldovan parliament passed a law officially adopting the designation "Romanian" in all legal instruments, implementing the 2013 court decision. Scholars agree that Moldovan and Romanian are
3735-651: The county are: The only cable provider in Târgu-Mureș is RCS&RDS , in Reghin is Gliga CATV , and in Sighișoara Teleson . The predominant industries in the county are: Mureș County and Sibiu County together produce about 50% of the natural gas developed in Romania. Salt is also extracted in the county. The Mureș County Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections , consists of 34 counsellors, with
3818-469: The development of printing, the same alphabet was used. The period after 1780, starting with the writing of its first grammar books, represents the modern age of the language, during which time the Latin alphabet became official, the literary language was standardized, and a large number of words from Modern Latin and other Romance languages entered the lexis. In the process of language evolution from fewer than 2500 attested words from Late Antiquity to
3901-492: The differences as 'accents' or 'speeches' (in Romanian: accent or grai ). Turda County Turda County covered 3,158 km (1,219 sq mi) and was located in central western part of Greater Romania , in the western part of Transylvania . Its borders were as follows: to the north, Cluj County ; to the west the counties of Bihor and Arad ; to the south, the counties of Hunedoara and Alba ; and to
3984-548: The district government (until 24 June 1925, when it was moved to Câmpia Turzii ), the city government, along with the police and security service, financial administration, and the bridge and road service. The judiciary was represented by the Turda District Court and the Ocol court. From the education point of view, Turda was the main center of the county, and included the school inspectorate, a state boys' high school,
4067-537: The east the counties of Târnava Mică and Mureș . Currently, the territory that comprised the greater part of Turda County is now part of Cluj County , Mureș County , and Alba County . Prior to World War I , the territory of the county belonged to Austria-Hungary and was almost identical with the Torda-Aranyos County of the Kingdom of Hungary . The territory was transferred to Romania from Hungary as successor state to Austria-Hungary in 1920 under
4150-413: The first Romanian school, and Ion Heliade Rădulescu . The end of this period is marked by the first printing of magazines and newspapers in Romanian, in particular Curierul Românesc and Albina Românească . Starting from 1831 and lasting until 1880 the modern phase is characterized by the development of literary styles: scientific, administrative, and belletristic . It quickly reached a high point with
4233-404: The following party composition: Mureș County has 4 municipalities, 7 towns and 91 communes. Municipalities Towns Communes Historically, Mureş-Turda County was located in the central-northern part of Greater Romania , in the central part of Transylvania . The capital was Târgu Mureș . After the administrative unification law in 1925, it was renamed to Mureș County, and the territory
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#17327807022104316-479: The gradual development of bilingualism . Russian continued to develop as the official language of privilege, whereas Romanian remained the principal vernacular. The period from 1905 to 1917 was one of increasing linguistic conflict spurred by an increase in Romanian nationalism. In 1905 and 1906, the Bessarabian zemstva asked for the re-introduction of Romanian in schools as a "compulsory language", and
4399-607: The influence of the Mukacheve eparchy in Ukraine. The language spoken during this period had a phonological system of seven vowels and twenty-nine consonants. Particular to Old Romanian are the distribution of /z/, as the allophone of /dz/ from Common Romanian , in the Wallachian and south-east Transylvanian varieties, the presence of palatal sonorants /ʎ/ and /ɲ/, nowadays preserved only regionally in Banat and Oltenia , and
4482-460: The language and use of the demonym Romanians ( Români ) for speakers of this language predates the foundation of the modern Romanian state. Romanians always used the general term rumân / român or regional terms like ardeleni (or ungureni ), moldoveni or munteni to designate themselves. Both the name of rumână or rumâniască for the Romanian language and the self-designation rumân/român are attested as early as
4565-514: The language can be found all over the world, mostly due to emigration of Romanian nationals and the return of immigrants to Romania back to their original countries. Romanian speakers account for 0.5% of the world's population, and 4% of the Romance-speaking population of the world. Romanian is the single official and national language in Romania and Moldova, although it shares the official status at regional level with other languages in
4648-545: The language, working together with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' Department for Romanians Abroad. Since 2013, the Romanian Language Day is celebrated on every 31 August . Romanian is the official language of the Republic of Moldova. The 1991 Declaration of Independence named the official language Romanian, and the Constitution of Moldova as originally adopted in 1994 named the state language of
4731-608: The largest Romanian-speaking community in the Middle East was found in Israel, where Romanian was spoken by 5% of the population. Romanian is also spoken as a second language by people from Arabic-speaking countries who have studied in Romania. It is estimated that almost half a million Middle Eastern Arabs studied in Romania during the 1980s. Small Romanian-speaking communities are to be found in Kazakhstan and Russia. Romanian
4814-658: The late 15th century and ended in the early decades of the 18th century, by which time Romanian had begun to be regularly used by the Church. The oldest Romanian texts of a literary nature are religious manuscripts ( Codicele Voronețean , Psaltirea Scheiană ), translations of essential Christian texts. These are considered either propagandistic results of confessional rivalries, for instance between Lutheranism and Calvinism , or as initiatives by Romanian monks stationed at Peri Monastery in Maramureș to distance themselves from
4897-462: The media regarding the forgery of the census results. The Constitution of the Republic of Serbia determines that in the regions of the Republic of Serbia inhabited by national minorities, their own languages and scripts shall be officially used as well, in the manner established by law. The Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina determines that, together with the Serbian language and
4980-409: The northern dialect. Two other languages, Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian , developed from the southern version of Common Romanian. These two languages are now spoken in lands to the south of the Jireček Line . Of the features that individualize Common Romanian, inherited from Latin or subsequently developed, of particular importance are: The use of the denomination Romanian ( română ) for
5063-427: The official language with the Constitution of 1923 . Romanian has preserved a part of the Latin declension , but whereas Latin had six cases , from a morphological viewpoint, Romanian has only three: the nominative / accusative , genitive / dative , and marginally the vocative . Romanian nouns also preserve the neuter gender , although instead of functioning as a separate gender with its own forms in adjectives,
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#17327807022105146-470: The population of Mureș County was registered as 518,193 people, 22,39% of them living in Târgu Mureș , making it the sixteenth largest city in Romania , with a population of 116,033 people. The next city in the county by number of people is Reghin , with 29,742 people, followed by Sighișoara , with 23,927 and then Târnăveni , with 20,604. In terms of religion: Some of the main tourist attractions in
5229-539: The previous Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region , which had been created in 1952 within the People's Republic of Romania . Mureș County has a vibrant multicultural fabric that includes Hungarian-speaking Székelys and Transylvanian Saxons , with a rich heritage of fortified churches and towns . In Hungarian , it is known as Maros megye ( [ˈmɒroʃ ˈmɛɟɛ] ), and in German as Kreis Mieresch . Under Kingdom of Hungary ,
5312-489: The printing in 1780 of Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae , the pre-modern phase was characterized by the publishing of school textbooks, appearance of first normative works in Romanian, numerous translations, and the beginning of a conscious stage of re-latinization of the language. Notable contributions, besides that of the Transylvanian School , are the activities of Gheorghe Lazăr , founder of
5395-659: The printing in Vienna of a very important grammar book titled Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae . The author of the book, Samuil Micu-Klein , and the revisor, Gheorghe Șincai , both members of the Transylvanian School , chose to use Latin as the language of the text and presented the phonetical and grammatical features of Romanian in comparison to its ancestor. The Modern age of Romanian language can be further divided into three phases: pre-modern or modernizing between 1780 and 1830, modern phase between 1831 and 1880, and contemporary from 1880 onwards. Beginning with
5478-524: The printing of Dacia Literară , a journal founded by Mihail Kogălniceanu and representing a literary society, which together with other publications like Propășirea and Gazeta de Transilvania spread the ideas of Romantic nationalism and later contributed to the formation of other societies that took part in the Revolutions of 1848 . Their members and those that shared their views are collectively known in Romania as "of '48"( pașoptiști ),
5561-415: The provisional administrative organization and provided for rules of unitary organization of the Romanian state. The territorial administrative units in Romania were: counties (led by prefects), settlements (led by praetors), urban and rural municipalities, and villages (all led by mayors). Turda County was reorganized into six districts ( plăși ): Later, a seventh district was established by reorganizing
5644-472: The regional varieties are small, limited to regular phonetic changes, few grammar aspects, and lexical particularities. There is a single written and spoken standard (literary) Romanian language used by all speakers, regardless of region. Like most natural languages, Romanian dialects are part of a dialect continuum . The dialects of Romanian are also referred to as 'sub-dialects' and are distinguished primarily by phonetic differences. Romanians themselves speak of
5727-553: The same language, with the glottonym "Moldovan" used in certain political contexts. It has been the sole official language since the adoption of the Law on State Language of the Moldavian SSR in 1989. This law mandates the use of Moldovan in all the political, economic, cultural and social spheres, as well as asserting the existence of a "linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity". It is also used in schools, mass media, education and in
5810-427: The territories of Plasa Mihai Viteazul, Plasa Câmpia Turzii, and Plasa Luduș: Turda County had a single urban commune, Turda , which was the county seat. The town had about 16,000 inhabitants (at the 1920 census) and over 20,000 inhabitants (at the 1930 census) and was both an important industrial center and the residence of the county's main authorities. The public institutions that were in Turda were county government,
5893-478: The two names (with the capital Chișinău showing a strong preference for the name "Romanian", i.e. 3:2), in the countryside hardly a quarter of Romanian/Moldovan speakers indicated Romanian as their native language. Unofficial results of this census first showed a stronger preference for the name Romanian, however the initial reports were later dismissed by the Institute for Statistics, which led to speculations in
5976-495: The unrecognised state of Transnistria , Moldovan is one of the official languages. However, unlike all other dialects of Romanian, this variety of Moldovan is written in Cyrillic script . Romanian is taught in some areas that have Romanian minority communities, such as Vojvodina in Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine and Hungary. The Romanian Cultural Institute (ICR) has since 1992 organised summer courses in Romanian for language teachers. There are also non-Romanians who study Romanian as
6059-406: The urban population of Turda County was 20,023 (the city of Turda), and comprised 49.7% Hungarians, 38.9% Romanians, 4.3% Jews, 2.6% Germans, 2.4% Romanies by ethnicity, as well as other minorities. By mother tongue among the urban population, Hungarian predominated (53.1%), followed by Romanian (39.0%), German (2.7%), Yiddish (2.2%), Romany (1.2%), and others. The religious mix of the urban population
6142-401: The urban population of the county was 47,807, of which 54.3% were Hungarians, 24.3% Romanians, 13.4% Jews, 6.0% Germans, 1.1% Romanies, as well as other minorities. As a mother tongue in the urban population, Hungarian was spoken by 61.2% of the population, followed by Romanian, spoken by 23.6% of the population as mother tongue, Yiddish (7.4%) and German (6.2%). From the religious point of view,
6225-414: The urban population was made up of 32.6% Reformed, 20.1% Roman Catholic, 14.2% Greek Catholic, 14.2% Jewish, 10% Eastern Orthodox, 5.9% Lutheran, 2.3% Unitarian, as well as other minorities. Romanian language Romanian (obsolete spelling: Roumanian ; endonym : limba română [ˈlimba roˈmɨnə] , or românește [romɨˈneʃte] , lit. ' in Romanian ' )
6308-428: The use of Romanian in official government publications, public education and legal contracts. Advertisements as well as other public messages must bear a translation of foreign words, while trade signs and logos shall be written predominantly in Romanian. The Romanian Language Institute (Institutul Limbii Române), established by the Ministry of Education of Romania, promotes Romanian and supports people willing to study
6391-545: The vernacular spoken in this large area and, to a much smaller degree, the influences from native dialects , and in the context of a lessened power of the Roman central authority the language evolved into Common Romanian . This proto-language then came into close contact with the Slavic languages and subsequently divided into Aromanian , Megleno-Romanian , Istro-Romanian , and Daco-Romanian. Due to limited attestation between
6474-420: Was developed, being practiced on large cultivated lands. The trade was active, generally with products of the county, the center of sales being the city of Turda. The industry was concentrated in Turda. The following factories were operating in that city: one of carbonated water, one of beer, one cement, two distilleries, one of furniture, one of leather, one of chemicals, one of soap, one of glass, one of lime, and
6557-482: Was published in Vienna in 1780. Following the annexation of Bessarabia by Russia in 1812, Moldavian was established as an official language in the governmental institutions of Bessarabia , used along with Russian, The publishing works established by Archbishop Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni were able to produce books and liturgical works in Moldavian between 1815 and 1820. Bessarabia during the 1812–1918 era witnessed
6640-422: Was reorganized. It was bordered on the south by Târnava-Mică County , on the southwest by Turda County , on the west by Cluj County , on the north by Năsăud County , on the northeast with the counties of Câmpulung and Neamț , and on the southeast with the counties of Ciuc and Odorhei . Most of the territory of the historical county is found in the present Mureș County, except for the northeastern area, which
6723-2226: Was the main medical unit of the interwar county. The 138 rural communes (according to the Socec al României Mari , 1924–1925 edition) were the following (with the names then): Agârbiciu , Agriș , Albac , Bagiu , Baia de Arieș , Băișoara , Banabic , Bedeleu , Beiul de Câmpie , Berchiș , Bicălat , Bistra , Bogata de Mureș , Brăzești , Budiul de Câmpie , Buru , Cacova Ierii , Câmpeni , Căpușul de Câmpie , Cârcedea , Ceagz , Ceanul Deșert , Ceanul Mare , Certegea , Cheța , Chiend , Chimitelnicul de Câmpie , Cicău , Cioara de Sus , Ciugudul de Jos , Ciugudul de Sus , Ciurila , Coc , Comițig , Copand , Cornești , Cristiș , Cucerdea , Dateș , Decea , Dileul Român , Dileul Unguresc , Dumbrău , Feldioara-Războieni , Feneșel , Filea de Sus , Filea de Jos , Ghiriș-Arieș , Ghiriș-Sâncraiu , Grebenișul de Câmpie , Grind , Grind-Cristur , Hădărău , Hărastăș , Hășdate , Hăsmaș , Hidiș , Iara de Jos , Iclandul Mare , Iclănzel , Indol , Inoc , Lechința de Mureș , Lita Română , Lita Ungurească , Ludoșul de Mureș , Luna de Arieș , Lunca , Lupșa , Măgura , Măhaciu , Micuș , Miheșul de Câmpie , Mischiu , Moldovenești , Muerău , Muncel , Muntele Băișoarei , Neagra , Oarba de Mureș , Ocolișul Mare , Ocolișul Mic , Ormeniș , Oroiul de Câmpie , Petea de Câmpie , Petridul de Jos , Petridul de Mijloc , Petridul de Sus , Poiana de Arieș , Ponorel , Poșaga de Jos , Poșaga de Sus , Pusta Sâncraiu sau Sâncraiu Deșert , Rachișul de Arieș , Rachișul Român , Runc , Săcalul de Câmpie , Săcel , Sălciua de Jos , Sălciua de Sus , Sălicea , Săliște , Sând , Sângeorgiu , Sânger de Câmpie , Sâniacob , Sânmarghita , Sânmartinul Deșert , Sânmartinul Sărat , Sânmihaiul de Jos , Sânmihaiul de Sus , Sartăș , Sasavința , Șăulia , Șăușa de Câmpie , Săvădisla , Scărișoara , Șchiopi , Silvașul Unguresc , Surduc , Șuțu , Tăureni , Țicud , Trăscău , Tritul de Jos , Tritul de Sus , Tur , Urca , Vaidasig , Vaidei de Câmpie , Velcheriul de Câmpie , Vereșmort , Vidolm , Vidra de Jos , Vidra de Sus , Vințul de Sus , Zău . The agriculture of Turda County
6806-607: Was transferred back to Hungary with the rest of Northern Transylvania under the Second Vienna Award . Beginning in 1944, Romanian forces with Soviet assistance recaptured the ceded territory and reintegrated it into Romania, re-establishing the county. Romanian jurisdiction over the entire county per the Treaty of Trianon was reaffirmed in the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 . The county was disestablished by
6889-478: Was used until the late 19th century. The letter is the oldest testimony of Romanian epistolary style and uses a prevalent lexis of Latin origin. However, dating by watermarks has shown the Hurmuzaki Psalter is a copy from around the turn of the 16th century. The slow process of Romanian establishing itself as an official language, used in the public sphere, in literature and ecclesiastically, began in
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