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102-587: Jinghai Circuit (Tĩnh Hải quân) was created in 866 by the Chinese general Gao Pian as a Tang fanzhen ("buffer town") in the former Annan Duhufu (Protectorate General to Pacify the South) after retaking it from Nanzhao , which had invaded and captured the area in 863. The area of the command was sometimes referred to as "circuit" (道 dao). In 875, the Huang Chao rebellion broke out in northern China. In 879,

204-470: A Lady Wei, the niece of Wei Zhou (韋宙), a prior military governor ( Jiedushi ) of Lingnan East Circuit (嶺南東道, headquartered in modern Guangzhou , Guangdong ), which Feng Prefecture belonged to. However, he also secretly had a concubine outside the home, a Lady Duan, and it was to Lady Duan that Liu Yan was born. When Lady Wei found out, she killed Lady Duan, but could not bear to kill the infant Liu Yan, and she took him back home to be raised as her own, as

306-419: A Tang princess to marry. It was said that because of these initiatives, Dali made no attempt to interfere with his defensive buildup. In 878, Gao was transferred to be the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou , Hubei ). He was also made the director of the salt and iron monopolies and the food supplies for the two capitals (i.e., Chang'an and Luoyang ). In 878, after

408-443: A delegation to Chu's capital Changsha to welcome Ma's daughter Empress Ma as his bride, and Ma sent his brother Ma Cun (馬存) to escort her to Qinghai. Meanwhile, Liu was dissatisfied that he was only given the title of Prince of Nanping, while another Later Liang vassal, Qian Liu , carried the greater title of Prince of Wuyue. He made a request to Zhu Zhen that he be created the similarly honored title of Prince of Nanyue and be given

510-482: A direct attack would not be successful due to the strength of Lu Yanchang's army), he put Shao under siege to try to wear out Lu Yanchang's defense, but the strategy backfired when, due to high water levels on the river, the Qinghai army's food supplies were disrupted. Lu Guangchou then launched a relief army from Qian, repelling Liu Yin from Shao. Meanwhile, Emperor Zhaozong commissioned the chancellor Cui Yuan as

612-612: A further battle, took Bi's family under his own protection. From this point on, the battle for Yang Prefecture effectively became a three-way battle between Bi, Gao, and Lü. With Bi's forces unable to capture Yang Prefecture quickly, however, Bi sought aid from Qin Yan, who was then the governor (觀察使, Guanchashi ) of Xuanshe Circuit (宣歙, headquartered in modern Xuancheng , Anhui ). Qin sent his officer Qin Chou ( 秦稠 ) to aid Bi. Soon, Yang Prefecture fell, and Lü fled. Bi briefly took control of

714-610: A further title as commander of the circuits. When Zhu Zhen refused, Liu commented: Now the Central Plain is in confusion. No one knows who is the true Son of Heaven with the Mandate of Heaven . How can I send emissaries over the mountains and the seas to serve a false dynasty? Thereafter, Liu stopped sending tributes and emissaries to the Later Liang court. In fall 917, Liu went further and declared himself emperor of

816-412: A guard force of his own, but these guard ranks were filled with hoodlums that Liu Hongdu was close to. When Yang Dongqian tried to speak on this matter to advise Liu Yan to curb Liu Hongdu's activities, as Liu Hongdu was commonly regarded as the heir, Liu Yan refused to listen. When Yang subsequently observed the guards pillage gold and silk from merchants and the merchants' fear causing them not to report

918-458: A large tribute of gold, silver, rhinoceros horns, ivory, and other assorted jewels and spices, to Emperor Taizu. In late 912, Emperor Taizu was assassinated and succeeded by his son Zhu Yougui the Prince of Ying. In early 913, Zhu Yougui bestowed the honorary title of acting Taifu (太傅, "emperor's professor") on Liu. He was subsequently defeated in a countercoup led by his brother Zhu Youzhen

1020-533: A major attack on Tang's Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu , Sichuan ), and the Tang military governor of Xichuan, Niu Cong ( 牛叢 ), was unable to resist the attack. Dali forces reached Xichuan's capital Chengdu Municipality and withdrew, but Niu, in fear of another Dali attack, gathered the people of the surrounding regions into Chengdu. Emperor Xizong ordered several circuits to send forces to aid Xichuan, while ordering Gao to head to Xichuan to handle

1122-448: A major project to remove obstacles for sea transportation between Jinghai and Lingnam East Circuit (嶺南東道, headquartered in modern Kwangzhou , Kwangdung ), such that the difficulties for supplying Jiaozhi in the past were removed. In 868, Gao Pian was recalled to Chang'an to serve as a general of the imperial guards. At his recommendation, his grandnephew Gao Xun ( 高潯 ), who fought in the campaign against Dali and had much contributions,

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1224-400: A merchant and warlord of Cantonese origin. In 965, king Xương Văn campaigned against a pair of villages on the border of Phong . While observing the battle from a boat in the river, he was shot and killed by a crossbowman lying in ambush. After Xương Văn's death, warlords across northern Vietnam enlisted their own armies and took control the land. The kingdom dissolved into civil war, known as

1326-489: A military alliance where they would attack Chu and divide its territory; the Later Jin emperor declined. In 942, Liu Yan grew seriously ill. He considered both of his oldest surviving sons, Liu Hongdu and Liu Hongxi the Prince of Jin, to be arrogant and unrestrained, and considered a younger son, Liu Hongchang the Prince of Yue, to be an appropriate successor. He thus considered sending Liu Hongdu and Liu Hongxi out of

1428-406: A minor retributive strike against Dali, and then built a number of key forts on the border with Dali. It was said that because of his defensive buildup, Dali did not further make attacks against Xichuan, although Gao's petition to launch a major attack against Dali was rejected by Emperor Xizong. However, Gao soon precipitated a mutiny against him. When Dali had previously attacked Chengdu in 870,

1530-423: A new state of Yue, at his capital of Panyu (which he renamed Xingwang). He posthumously honored his grandfather Liu Anren (劉安仁), father Liu Qian, and brother Liu Yin as emperors. He commissioned the Later Liang emissaries Zhao Guangyi and Li Yinheng (who were previously detained by Liu Yin), as well as his deputy military governor Yang Dongqian , chancellors . Also in 917, Liu Yan gave his niece, Liu Hua ,

1632-505: A petition recommending Liu Zhi as acting military governor, and died shortly after. Liu Zhi took over the circuit. Shortly after, Later Liang's Emperor Taizu made Liu Zhi full military governor. His name was changed back to Liu Yan. It was said that Liu Yan, while serving as military governor, frequently invited members of the intelligentsia who had fled from the Central Plain to serve on his staff, and often made them prefects of

1734-409: A petition stating that he no longer needed the assistance and returned the reinforcements. When Huang found out that Gao's reinforcements had left Huainan, he cut off relations with Gao and challenged Huainan forces to a battle. Gao, in anger, ordered Zhang to attack, but surprisingly, Huang prevailed over Zhang in the battle and killed Zhang, and his fortunes were revived. In fall 880, Huang crossed

1836-665: A plague. At that time, Zhang was set to attack him, and Huang was unable to resist such an attack. He therefore submitted much gold to Zhang, and further wrote Gao, offering to surrender to Gao. Gao, hoping to accept Huang's surrender as his accomplishment and further capture Huang by trickery, offered to recommend Huang as a military governor. Further, although reinforcements were arriving at Huainan from Zhaoyi (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi , Shanxi ), Ganhua (感化, headquartered in modern Xuzhou , Jiangsu ), and Yiwu (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding , Hebei ) Circuits, Gao, not wanting to have his accomplishment be divided, submitted

1938-678: A relationship with the Later Liang court through the Min state in Fujian . Wang Shenzhi called Thừa Mỹ's envoys "southern barbarian merchants". In 917, Liu Yan proclaimed himself emperor of Southern Han . In 923, the Later Liang dynasty collapsed, so the Khúc family could no longer look north for legal and moral support. The Southern Han at Guangzhou controlled all of the Xi River basin; they were eager to add Tĩnh Hải quân to their realm and to reassemble

2040-506: A roundabout route and avoided Li's and Wang Yanquan's camp, and then headed for Chang'an. Upon Zeng's and Wang Huizan's arrival in Chang'an, Emperor Yizong was pleased by the reports, and issued another order promoting Gao and allowing him to keep his command. When Gao received the edict at Haimen, he returned to the Jiaozhi front—where Li Weizhou and Wang Yanquan had taken over but had lifted

2142-665: A victory over Huang. A number of Huang's followers surrendered to Zhang and Liang, including Qin Yan , Bi Shiduo , and Li Hanzhi . This defeat caused Huang to head south, toward Lingnan East Circuit. With Huang approaching Lingnan East's capital Guang Prefecture ( 廣州 ), Gao submitted a petition to Emperor Xizong. He suggested that with Zhang stationed at Chen Prefecture (郴州, in modern Chenzhou , Hunan ) and Wang Zhongren ( 王重任 ) at Xun (循州, in modern Huizhou , Guangdong ) and Chao (潮州, in modern Chaozhou , Guangdong ) Prefectures, he could take his own forces and head directly toward Guang Prefecture to face Huang. He further proposed that

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2244-460: A visit from a Southern Han official before he could arrive. From 951, Duke Đinh Bộ Lĩnh of Hoa Lư began challenging royal authority. As the two kings prepared to march against Hoa Lư, Bộ Lĩnh sent his son Đinh Liễn as a hostage of good faith. The Ngô brothers responded by denouncing Bộ Lĩnh for not coming in person, securing Liễn, and proceeding to attack Hoa Lư. After Liễn escaped back to Hoa Lư, Bộ Lĩnh moved to make an alliance with Trần Lãm ,

2346-411: A younger brother to her own sons Liu Yin and Liu Tai (劉台). As Liu Yan grew up, it was said that he was tall and capable in both horsemanship and archery. After Liu Yin became the commander of the army of the circuit (which had been renamed Qinghai (清海)) by that point under the military governor Li Zhirou the Prince of Xue in 896, Liu Yan was also given the title of military advisor to Li Zhirou as

2448-551: The Anarchy of the 12 Warlords . In the same year, Bộ Lĩnh subdued and mobilized Ô man tribes in the west, then attacked warlord Ngô Nhật Khánh in Sơn Tây with 30,000 troops. Having gained the submission of Ngô Nhật Khánh, the grandson of Ngô Quyền, Bộ Lĩnh's force marched northwest in 966 and defeated warlord Kiều Công Hãn . Two years later, he defeated all the warlords, proclaimed himself emperor of Đại Cồ Việt or Đại Việt and moved

2550-667: The Emperor Gaozu of Southern Han (南漢高祖), was the first emperor of the Chinese Southern Han dynasty , one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . Liu Yan was born in 889, during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang . His father Liu Zhiqian (also known as Liu Qian) was then the prefect of Feng Prefecture (封州, in modern Zhaoqing , Guangdong ) and was married to

2652-554: The Nam Sách River area, which was the center of Chinese settlement and influence, and enlisted the help of Pham Bach Ho, a prominent member of a local noble family. He was also aided by Kiều Công Hãn , who came from the same family as Kiều Công Tiễn and held a grudge against the Dương family. Tam Kha tried to manipulate Ngô Quyền's second son, Ngô Xương Văn , by adopting him and making him a military leader. In 950, Xương Văn enlisted

2754-519: The Pearl River , there were some 70 camps of people who did not recognize Liu Yin's authorities. It was said that after Liu Yin entrusted the military matters to Liu Zhi, Liu Zhi gradually had these warlords expelled or forced into submission, such that he became known as the preeminent general in the Lingnan region. One of these campaigns was described as in or around 910 (by which time Liu Yin

2856-529: The Yangtze River at Caishi (采石, in modern Ma'anshan , Anhui ) and headed into Huainan territory. Despite Bi Shiduo's urging to engage Huang, Gao had become fearful of Huang after Zhang's death and refused to engage Huang. Gao, instead, sent urgent pleas to the imperial government for aid—disappointing the imperial government in that it was hopeful that Gao would be able to destroy Huang by himself. Emperor Xizong issued an edict rebuking Gao for returning

2958-553: The Huang advance, but was unable to do so. Subsequently, when a mutiny occurred at Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern Xuchang , Henan ) and Zhongwu's military governor Xue Neng ( 薛能 ) was killed, imperial forces there scattered, leaving no defenses against Huang's advances toward Luoyang and Chang'an. Around the new year 881, Emperor Xizong, with Huang's forces approaching Chang'an, abandoned it and fled to Xichuan Circuit. Upon reaching there in spring 881, Emperor Xizong still

3060-469: The Khúcs, Dương Đình Nghệ - the prefect of Ai Prefecture (愛州, Vietnamese: Ái châu, in modern Thanh Hóa Province , Vietnam) built up a personal army of 3,000 adoptive sons, wanting to take control of Jinghai. Although Li knew about this, he did nothing as he was receiving regular bribes from Dương. In 931, Dương Đình Nghệ put Jiao Prefecture under siege. Liu Yan sent the general Cheng Bao (程寶) to try to lift

3162-418: The Prince of Jun and committed suicide. Zhu Youzhen, who took the throne and changed his name to Zhu Zhen, then gave Liu the title of not only military governor of Qinghai, but also of Jianwu Circuit (建武, headquartered at Yong Prefecture), and also created him the Prince of Nanping, a title previously held by Liu Yin. Also in 913, Liu Yan sought a marital alliance with Ma Yin, and Ma agreed. In 915, Liu sent

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3264-401: The Prince of Xue, and his name was changed from Liu Yan to Liu Zhi. In 901, Li Zhirou's successor Xu Yanruo died, leaving a recommendation to Emperor Zhaozong that Liu Yin be made acting military governor, and Liu Yin subsequently took that title. Liu Zhi continued serving under his brother, and was first recorded to have participated in a campaign in 902, when Lu Guangchou , who controlled

3366-510: The Qian Prefecture (虔州, in modern Ganzhou , Jiangxi ) region as Qian's prefect, attacked Qinghai, capturing Shao Prefecture (韶州, in modern Shaoguan , Guangdong ) and giving it to his son Lu Yanchang , and then putting Chao Prefecture (潮州, in modern Chaozhou , Guangdong ) under siege. Liu Yin personally led an army and repelled Lu Guangchou from Chao, and then prepared to attack Shao. Under Liu Zhi's advice (as Liu Zhi believed that

3468-463: The Raiders attacked Gao's headquarters, although Gao hid himself and was not injured in the attack. Gao thereafter issued a public apology restoring the Raiders' commissions and salaries. Later that month, at night, he had the Raiders and their families arrested and massacred. A woman, before she was executed, was said to have proclaimed thus against Gao: Gao Pian, you, without good cause, stripped

3570-485: The Southern Han army. The Southern Han general, Cheng Bao, failed to retake Tĩnh Hải from Dương Đình Nghệ and therefore he was decapitated. Dương Đình Nghệ ruled Tĩnh Hải for 6 years. In 937, he was assassinated by Kiều Công Tiễn , a military subject who had given his allegiance to the Southern Han state and seized power. Ngô Quyền , a former general and son-in-law of Dương Đình Nghệ, marched north from Ai to avenge

3672-426: The Southern Han fleet on the river by using barriers of sharpened stakes. When hearing the news that Liu Hongcao was killed, Liu Yan cried bitterly and withdrew his own fleet and returned to Guangzhou. In February 939, Ngô Quyền abolished the title of military governor and proclaimed himself king, with the ancient town of Cổ Loa as his royal capital. Although he had defeated the Chinese dynasty of Southern Han,

3774-953: The Tang imperial court under his physical control by that point, Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor Emperor Ai of Tang commissioned Liu Yin as full military governor in 904. Liu Zhi served as Liu Yin's deputy military governor. It was said that at that time, in addition to the continued conflict with Lu Guangchou, substantial portions of the region were controlled by other warlords— Khúc Hạo (曲顥) at Jiao Prefecture (交州, in modern Hanoi , Vietnam); Liu Shizheng (劉士政) at Gui Prefecture (桂州, in modern Guilin , Guangxi ); Ye Guanglüe (葉廣略) at Yong Prefecture (邕州, in modern Nanning , Guangxi ); Pang Juzhao (龐巨昭) at Rong Prefecture (容州, in modern Yulin, Guangxi ); Liu Changlu (劉昌魯) at Gao Prefecture (高州, in modern Maoming , Guangdong ); and Liu Qian (劉潜, different person than Liu Zhi's father) at Xin Prefecture (新洲, in modern Yunfu , Guangdong ). In addition, east of

3876-491: The Tang model. He also sent emissaries to Former Shu , seeking friendly relations. In 922, there was an incident where Liu Yan, believing in the words of a sorcerer that he needed to leave the capital to avoid a disaster, left Xingwang to visit Meikou (梅口, in modern Meizhou , Guangdong ), near the Min border. The Min general Wang Yanmei (Wang Shenzhi's son or nephew) decided to launch a surprise attack on Liu Yan's train, but before Wang Yanmei's forces arrived, Liu Yan received

3978-993: The Vietnamese capital to Hoa Lư . Gao Pian Gao Pian ( Chinese : 高駢 ; 821? – 24 September 887 ), courtesy name Qianli ( 千里 ), formally the Prince of Bohai ( 渤海王 ), was a Chinese military general, poet, and politician of the Tang dynasty . He initially gained renown for defeating Nanzhao incursions, but later became known for his failure to repel the rebel army under Huang Chao and his mismanagement of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou , Jiangsu ), which he governed as military governor ( jiedushi ). A rebellion against him in 887 resulted in intense internal warfare in Huainan Circuit and his imprisonment by Qin Yan , who eventually put him to death. Gao Pian might have been born in 821. He

4080-547: The aid of Đỗ Cảnh Thạc and deposed Tam Kha. Xương Văn declared himself the "King of Southern Jin" in imitation of Chinese dynasties. In 951, Xương Văn invited his brother Xương Ngập to rule alongside him but Xương Ngập usurped his rule and declared himself "King of the Heavenly Plan" (Thien Sack Vuong). Ngập died in 954 and Văn returned to the throne. He sent envoys to Guangzhou bearing tribute and requesting credentials from Southern Han . However Xương Ngập then cancelled

4182-449: The ancient inheritance of Zhao Tuo ’s kingdom of Nanyue . In October 930, Liu Yan sent an army to occupy Đại La and met no resistance. Khúc Thừa Mỹ was captured and taken to Guangzhou, where he was allowed to live out his days quietly. In 931, a former vassal of the Khúc family, Dương Đình Nghệ from Aizhou (modern-day Thanh Hoá and Nghệ An ), raised a 3,000-men army of retainers whom he called his adopted sons. Dương Đình Nghệ attacked

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4284-414: The attack, Sun withdrew. In 937, Dương Đình Nghệ was killed by his general Kiều Công Tiễn (矯公羨), who took over Jinghai. In 938, when another former general of Dương's, Ngô Quyền (吳權), rose at Ai Prefecture and subsequently attacked Jiao Prefecture, Kiều Công Tiễn sought aid from Southern Han. Liu Yan wanted to use this opportunity to take over Jinghai again, so he commissioned his son Liu Hongcao as

4386-439: The capital and making Liu Hongchang his heir. However, the official Xiao Yi (蕭益) persuaded him that bypassing older sons would cause disturbances, and so Liu Yan did not carry out this plan. He soon died, and Liu Hongdu became emperor (as Emperor Shang). The Zizhi Tongjian , summarizing the opinions from other sources, commented about Liu Yan's reign: Gaozu [(i.e., Liu Yan)] was observant and capable of political tactics, but

4488-567: The chancellor Wang Duo , who had been put in charge of the operations against Huang, station his troops at Wu (梧州, in modern Wuzhou , Guangxi ), Gui (桂州, in modern Guilin , Guangxi ), Zhao (昭州, in modern Guilin), and Yong (永州, in modern Yongzhou , Hunan ) Prefectures to intercept Huang when the latter flees. Emperor Xizong, however, declined Gao's proposal. Gao subsequently captured Guang Prefecture and held it for some time. Meanwhile, Emperor Xizong transferred Gao to Huainan Circuit to serve as its military governor; Gao also continued to serve as

4590-437: The circuit's governance, and anyone who dared to speak against Lü suffered death. In summer 882, Emperor Xizong stripped Gao of his authorities as the director of the monopolies—thus depriving him of a major source of revenues—and although he bestowed on Gao the honorary chancellor title of Shizhong ( 侍中 ) and created Gao the Prince of Bohai, Gao was still incensed. He submitted an angry and rude petition, complaining that he

4692-659: The circuit's prefectures, so among the prefects there were no military officers. Meanwhile, also in 911, Lu Guangchou's son and successor Lu Yanchang was assassinated by his officer Li Qiu , who subsequently died and was succeeded by another officer, Li Yantu . As Li Qiu had considered killing Lu Guangchou's chief strategist Tan Quanbo , Tan claimed to be ill and retired from the Qian Prefecture army. Hearing of this, Liu Yan dispatched an army to attack Shao Prefecture and captured it; its prefect Liao Shuang (廖爽) fled to Chu, allowing Liu Yan to take Shao under his control. Meanwhile, he also again attacked Rong Prefecture. Yao Yanzhang

4794-698: The daughter of his brother Liu Yin, whom he had created the Princess Qingyuan, in marriage to Wang Yanjun , a son of his northeastern neighbor Wang Shenzhi the Prince of Min (who remained a Later Liang vassal), to cement a relationship between the two states. In 918, after Liu Yan offered sacrifices to heaven and earth and issued a general pardon, he changed the name of his state from Yue to Han (and thus his state became known as Southern Han). In 919, Liu Yan created his wife Lady Ma empress. In 920, at Yang Dongqian's request, Liu Yan established schools and imperial examinations , apparently following

4896-585: The death of his patron. The pro-Southern Han Kiều Công Tiễn called Liu Yan for help. Liu Yan placed his own son, Liu Hongcao , in command of the expedition, granting him the titles Jinghai jiedushi and King of Jiao , sailed to the coast of Annam and headed inland up the Bạch Đằng River , a northern arm of the Red River delta , to confront Ngô Quyền. Liu Yan himself set out from Guangdong , following his son's fleet with additional forces. In late 938, Ngô Quyền defeated

4998-437: The director of the salt and iron monopolies and food supplies for the two capitals. Zhou Bao replaced him at Zhenhai. After Gao Pian was transferred to Huainan Circuit, Zhang Lin continued to have success against Huang Chao. As a result, the former chancellor Lu Xi , who had previously recommended Gao to serve as the overall commander against Huang, was again made chancellor. Meanwhile, Gao recruited 70,000 soldiers to add to

5100-470: The emperor of Changhe , sent his brother Zheng Zhaochun (鄭昭淳) to Southern Han to seek a marriage alliance, Liu Yan gave another niece, the Princess Zengcheng, to Zheng Min in marriage. In 928, a Chu fleet attacked Southern Han and put Feng Prefecture under siege. In response, Liu Yan, believing that Dayou was a phrase from the I Ching that would portend good fortune in battle, changed

5202-654: The emperor of a new Later Tang (as Emperor Zhuangzong). When the news reached Liu Yan, Liu Yan became fearful of this powerful new state in the north, and in 925 sent his official He Ci (何詞) to Later Tang to try to seek friendly relations in humble terms (referring to himself as "the King of the Great Han" rather than emperor while addressing Emperor Zhuangzong as "the Emperor of the Great Tang") and to find out more about

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5304-594: The era name to Dayou , and also sent the general Su Zhang (蘇章) to take a fleet manned with well-trained archers to try to lift the siege on Feng. Su engaged the Chu fleet and pretended to withdraw after a skirmish, inducing the Chu fleet to chase; he then caught the Chu fleet in an ambush and defeated it, forcing the Chu forces to withdraw. In 930, Liu Yan sent his generals Liang Kezhen (梁克貞) and Li Shoufu (李守鄜) to attack Jiao Prefecture; they captured it and took Khúc Thừa Mỹ (曲承美, son and successor of Khúc Hạo) captive, taking (for

5406-481: The general Zeng Yuanyu ( 曾元裕 ) defeated and killed the agrarian rebel Wang Xianzhi , Wang's followers scattered, and a substantial portion pillaged Zhenhai Circuit (鎮海, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang , Jiangsu ). Because many of Wang's followers were from Tianping Circuit, and Gao was respected by the Tianping people, Emperor Xizong transferred Gao to Zhenhai Circuit to serve as its military governor, as well as

5508-525: The government Ngô Quyền established afterward still largely followed a Chinese template down to the color of dress, which increasingly alienated his Viet subjects. He died in 944 and was succeeded by his brother-in-law Dương Tam Kha , who styled himself the "King of Peace" (Binh Vuong). Tam Kha was part of the anti-Chinese faction while Ngô Quyền's sons were still part of the Chinese-influenced elite. Ngô Quyền's eldest son, Ngô Xương Ngập , fled to

5610-796: The headquarters, before turning it over to Qin Yan as he promised. Qin Yan and Bi then put Gao and his family members under arrest at a Taoist temple. Meanwhile, Lü, now outside Yang Prefecture, issued a letter in Gao's name summoning the officer Yang Xingmi , then the prefect of Lu Prefecture (廬州, in modern Hefei , Anhui ) to aid him. Yang gathered the troops of Lu Prefecture and nearby He Prefecture (和州, in modern Chaohu , Anhui ) and headed for Yang Prefecture. Yang and Lü joined their forces, and they were soon joined by several other officers, including Zhang Shenjian. While he could not capture Yang Prefecture quickly, Yang defeated every attack that Qin and Bi made against him, and Qin and Bi began to believe that Gao

5712-441: The imperial capital Chang'an . As a result, Emperor Yizong was surprised that Gao was submitting no reports at all. Li then submitted a report stating that Gao was stopping at Feng Prefecture (峯州, in modern Vĩnh Phúc Province , Vietnam ) and refusing to advance. Emperor Yizong was outraged, and in summer 866, sent the general Wang Yanquan ( 王晏權 ) to replace Gao, intending to summon Gao back to Chang'an to punish him. Receiving

5814-538: The matter, Yang lamented, "If the rule is as troubled as this, what is a chancellor for?" He thus claimed an illness and retired to his mansion. Liu Yan subsequently never again summoned Yang for any audiences, and Yang eventually died at his home without returning to chancellorship. In 936, Liu Yan sent his general Sun Dewei (孫德威) to attack Chu's Meng (蒙州, in modern Wuzhou , Guangxi ) and Gui (桂州, in modern Guilin , Guangxi ). When Chu's prince Ma Xifan (Ma Yin's son) personally went to Gui Prefecture to defend against

5916-484: The matters involving Dali. He subsequently made Gao the military governor of Xichuan to replace Niu, as well as the mayor of Chengdu. Gao, realizing that he was looking at a potential major epidemic if the people were all confined to the city of Chengdu, ordered, even before he could reach Chengdu, that the city gates be opened and the people allowed to exit, and it was said that the people were initially very pleased by his arrival. Upon arrival in spring 875, Gao launched

6018-464: The military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan , Shanxi ) subsequently defeating Tian's allies Zhu Mei the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang , Shaanxi ) and Li Changfu the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji , Shaanxi ), the Hezhong and Hedong forces approached Chang'an, and Emperor Xizong

6120-454: The military governor of Jinghai and changed his title to Prince of Jiao, having him command an army to head to Jiao Prefecture while Liu Yan himself commanded a follow-up army. By the time that Liu Hongcao was approaching Jiao Prefecture, however, Ngô Quyền had already defeated and killed Kiều Công Tiễn and occupied Jiao Prefecture. When Liu Hongcao prepared to attack, Ngô Quyền set a trap for him—setting large wooden planks covered with iron into

6222-556: The military governor of Lingnan West Circuit (嶺南西道, headquartered in modern Nanning , Guangxi ), to attack Annan. He was given the title of protector general of Annan. As of fall 865, Gao was still training his army at Haimen (海門, in modern Hai Phong , Vietnam ) and not yet attacking Annan's capital Jiaozhi ( 交趾 , modern Hanoi ). The eunuch monitor of his army, Li Weizhou ( 李維周 ) disliked Gao and wanted him to leave, so Li hurried Gao into action. Gao thus agreed to take 5,000 men to head west toward Annan and asked Li to follow up with

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6324-411: The new military governor of Qinghai, but Cui, while on the way to Qinghai, heard about popular uprisings in the region and also was worried that Liu Yin would not yield the position to him, and therefore returned to then-capital Luoyang . Subsequently, after Liu Yin bribed the powerful warlord Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng , Henan ), who had

6426-408: The news and fled Meikou before Min forces could attack. In 924, Liu Yan launched an attack on Min, advancing on the borders of Min's Ting (汀洲, in modern Longyan , Fujian ) and Zhang (漳州, in modern Zhangzhou , Fujian ) Prefectures. A Min counterattack defeated him, and he fled. Meanwhile, in 923, Later Liang had been conquered by its northern rival Jin , whose prince Li Cunxu declared himself

6528-638: The officer Yang Qingfu ( 楊慶復 ) had recruited a group of soldiers known as the "Raiders" ( 突將 ) to aid in the defense of Chengdu. Upon Gao's arrival, he withdrew the commissions of the Raiders, and even stopped supplying them with food. He, a devout Taoist , further angered the soldiers by employing sorcery before battles and announcing the reason why sorcery was needed as that the Xichuan soldiers were weak and cowardly. He also withdrew commissions from officials who had initially served as non-commissioned administrators, and employed heavy punishment. In summer 875,

6630-512: The officers and soldiers who accomplished much of their commissions, clothes, and food, and this angered everyone. You did not examine yourself, but instead used trickery to kill nearly 10,000 innocents. How would Heaven, Earth, the spirits, and the gods permit you to do so? I will make an accusation to Shangdi against you, so one day your family will be slaughtered like mine, you will be subjected to false accusations and humiliation like I, and you will be subjected to fear and distress like I! Gao

6732-449: The operations against Qi. Emperor Xizong agreed, and, in spring 882, made Wang the overall commander against Qi instead, stripping that title from Gao, but allowing him to remain the military governor of Huainan and the director of the monopolies. By this point, Gao had become very trusting of the sorcerer Lü Yongzhi , as well as Lü's associates Zhang Shouyi ( 張守一 ) and Zhuge Yin ( 諸葛殷 ), such that Lü was, in effect, taking over control of

6834-416: The order to turn his command over to Wang, Gao left his army, which by this point was sieging Jiaozhi, with Wei, while heading back to Haimen to meet Wang and turn over the command. Meanwhile, though, the messengers that Gao and Wei had sent previously to submit reports to Emperor Yizong, the officer Zeng Gun ( 曾袞 ) and the eunuch Wang Huizan ( 王惠贊 ), believing that Li Weizhou would again intercept them, took

6936-401: The people joining the agrarian rebels in droves, only the merchants still supported the imperial government, and that this proposal would turn them against the imperial government as well. Emperor Xizong thus cancelled the plan. In summer 880, Huang, who was returning north from Guang Prefecture, was stuck at Xin Prefecture (信州, in modern Shangrao , Jiangxi ), and his troops were stricken by

7038-454: The powerful eunuch Tian Lingzi , who controlled imperial governance and who had a dispute with Wang Chongrong the military governor of Hezhong Circuit (河中, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi ), tried to remove Wang by transferring him to Tianping Circuit. Wang, believing himself to be unjustly punished (as he had contributed much to Qi's destruction and the recapture of Chang'an) refused to be transferred to Tianping. When Wang and his ally Li Keyong

7140-526: The prefect of its capital Run Prefecture ( 潤州 ). He was also given the honorific title of acting Sikong (司空, one of the Three Excellencies ) and created the Duke of Yan, hoping that Wang's followers would submit to him. Most of Wang's followers, however, joined another rebel leader, Huang Chao . In 879, Gao sent his officers Zhang Lin ( 張璘 ) and Liang Zuan ( 梁纘 ) to attack Huang, and they had

7242-435: The ranks of the soldiers under his command, and was much honored for his success against Huang. In 880, with the imperial treasury drained by the campaigns against agrarian rebels, the director of finances suggested that the rich merchants and the foreign merchants be forced to loan 50% of their assets to the imperial treasury. Gao spoke against the proposal, pointing out that with the empire afflicted by widespread famine and

7344-530: The rebels sacked Guangzhou , headed north, bypassing Guangxi and northern Vietnam. A campaign against local aboriginals in Jinghai was conducted from 874 to 879. In 880, the army in Đại La mutinied, forcing the commander Zeng Gun to flee north, ending de facto Chinese control. Tang troops returned north in small groups of their own initiative. From 880 to 905, named holders of the post never actually governed Jinghai. In 904, Zhu Wen 's brother Quanyu tried to enter

7446-510: The region but was immediately dismissed the next year for being "stupid and without ability." In 905, the native chief Khúc Thừa Dụ of the Khúc clan came to power and proclaimed himself jiedushi . In 907, his son Khúc Hạo (Chu Hao) succeeded as governor and was recognized by the Later Liang dynasty in northern China. In southern China, the powerful Liu Yin ruled over Guangzhou and

7548-466: The reinforcements, and Gao submitted another petition satirizing Emperor Xizong by pointing out that Emperor Xizong approved his offer to return the reinforcements. Gao thereafter claimed to be ill and refused to engage Huang. Thereafter, the relationship between the imperial government chilled considerably. Meanwhile, with Gao refusing to engage, the imperial general Cao Quanzhen ( 曹全晸 ), with only 6,000 men against Huang's 150,000 men, tried to hold off

7650-554: The remaining forces, but after Gao departed, Li took over the remaining troops and did not render him any aid. Hearing that Gao was arriving, the Dali emperor Qiulong ( 酋龍 ) sent his general Yang Jisi ( 楊緝思 ) to aid the general defending Annan, Duan Qiuqian ( 段酋遷 ). Gao, meanwhile, was joined by the eunuch Wei Zhongzai ( 韋仲宰 ), and their joint forces repeatedly defeated Dali forces. When his reports of victory reached Haimen, however, Li Weizhou intercepted them and refused to relay them to

7752-477: The siege, but before Cheng could get there, the city fell. Li fled back to Xingwang, where Liu put him to death. Cheng tried to recapture Jiao Prefecture, but Dương Đình Nghệ defeated and killed him in battle. In 932, Liu Yan created his 19 sons as imperial princes. In 934, Empress Ma died. Also in 934, Liu Yan allowed his then-surviving oldest son Liu Hongdu the Prince of Qin (Liu Hongdu's older brothers Liu Yaoshu and Liu Guitu having died earlier) to form

7854-499: The siege. He resumed the siege, and finally captured it in winter 866, killing Duan and the local chieftain Zhu Daogu ( 朱道古 ), who was allied with Dali forces. Upon Gao's capture of Jiaozhi, Emperor Yizong converted Annan District to a new circuit, Jinghai Circuit , and commissioned him the military governor of Jinghai. It was said that Gao then rebuilt Jiaozhi's defenses such that Dali did not attack again. He further carried out

7956-577: The sorcerers that Gao trusted indicated that this was a sign of ill fortune, that the offices would soon be empty. Gao thus tried to dispel the misfortune by mobilizing his troops and claiming that he was ready to attack Huang. He exited the city with 80,000 men and stationed himself at Dongtang ( 東塘 ), just east of the city, but refused to advance further. He also ordered the nearby circuits' forces to join him, but Zhou Bao discovering that Gao had no actual intent to attack Huang, Zhou refused to mobilize Zhenhai troops and refused to join Gao, believing that Gao

8058-539: The strength of this new dynasty. After He Ci returned, He Ci reported that Emperor Zhuangzong had become arrogant and excessive and that there was no need to be fearful of him; Liu Yan was pleased, and from this point on no longer sought communications with Later Tang. Later in the year, it was said that a white dragon was discovered in the Han palace. In response, Liu Yan changed his era name to Bailong ("white dragon") and changed his own name to Gong (龔). However, later in

8160-619: The tidal zone, such that when Liu Hongcao attacked at high tide, the planks were invisible, but when the tide fell, the Southern Han ships became stuck on the planks and unable to move. Ngô Quyền then counterattacked, killing more than half of the Southern Han soldiers, including Liu Hongcao. Liu Yan, hearing the news, cried bitterly and withdrew his own fleet. (This became known as the Battle of Bạch Đằng River .) In 939, Zhao Guangyi, pointing out that there had not been any emissaries sent between Southern Han and Chu after Empress Ma's death and that

8262-404: The time being) Jinghai Circuit (靜海, Vietnamese: Tĩnh Hải, headquartered at Jiao Prefecture) under Southern Han control and ending the control of the circuit by the Khúc family . Liang further advanced to Champa and pillaged it of its treasure. Liu stationed his general Li Jin (李進) at Jiao Prefecture to defend it. The Southern Han hold on Jinghai would not last long, however. After the fall of

8364-466: The titles of overall commander and director of the monopolies to Gao. Gao, in response, submitted a petition requesting that Li Yun take the throne, and Li Yun subsequently did so. Meanwhile, Gao was beginning to realize that Lü had, in effect, becoming the ruler of Huainan, and that he was unable to exercise his own power independently. He tried to curb Lü's powers, and Lü started planning to eventually remove Gao and replace Gao himself. Meanwhile, it

8466-428: The two states, related by marriage, should be friendly to each other, recommended the official Li Shu (李紓) as an appropriate emissary. Liu Yan agreed, and after Li visited Chu, Chu also sent emissaries to Southern Han, reestablishing relations between the two states. Despite this, in 941, Liu Yan sent an emissary to Later Jin 's Emperor Gaozu (whose Later Jin state had earlier taken over Later Tang's territory) seeking

8568-650: The year and forced Qin Yan and Bi to flee, Yang bestowed on Gao's grandnephew Gao Yu ( 高愈 ) the honorary title of deputy military governor and had him be in charge of reburying Gao Pian and his family. Before Gao Pian could be reburied, however, Gao Yu himself died, and later, Gao Pian's old subordinate Guang Shiqian ( 鄺師虔 ) reburied Gao Pian. Liu Yan (emperor) Liu Yan ( traditional Chinese : 劉 龑 ; simplified Chinese : 刘 䶮 ; pinyin : Liú Yǎn ; 889 – 10 June 942 ), né Liu Yan (劉巖), also named Liu Zhi (劉陟) (from c. 896 to 911) and briefly as Liu Gong (劉龔), also known by his temple name as

8670-413: The year, when foreign monks informed him that the character "Gong" was not favorable to Southern Han's fortune, he further changed his name to a newly created character (龑, Yǎn), showing the character of a dragon (龍) over that of heaven (天). The pronunciation was similar to his birth name, but distinct in tone. (The Zizhi Tongjian placed this second name change in 941. ) Also in 925, when Zheng Min (鄭旻)

8772-475: Was a Dangxiang rebellion. Gao was put in command of 10,000 men stationed at Changwu (長武, in modern Xianyang , Shaanxi ). It was said that few officers distinguished themselves against the Dangxiang at the time, but Gao often took opportunities to attack the Dangxiang and was often successful. He was thereafter promoted to be the prefect and defender of Qin Prefecture (秦州, in modern Tianshui , Gansu ), and

8874-616: Was a close ally of Zhu Quanzhong . In 908 Khúc Hạo sent his son Khúc Thừa Mỹ to Guangzhou to gather information on the Liu family. When Liu Yin died in 911, Thừa Mỹ sent gifts to the Later Liang court by a naval envoy from the Min Kingdom . In the fifth month of the year, Liu Yin's brother and successor was named military governor at Guangzhou only. In the last month of the year, an imperial envoy arrived at Đại La to confirm Thừa Mỹ as military governor there. The Vietnamese Khúc family maintained

8976-500: Was a grandson of the famed general Gao Chongwen , who had suppressed the rebellion of Liu Pi during the reign of Emperor Xianzong . Gao Pian's father was named Gao Chengming ( 高承明 ), and served as an officer of the imperial Shence Armies . It was said that, although Gao Pian's family had served for generations in the Shence Armies, he was good at writing in his youth and often had discussions with Confucian scholars. He

9078-599: Was a vassal of the new Later Liang , which Zhu had established as its Emperor Taizu, and carried the title of Prince of Nanping or Nanhai), when Liu Zhi attacked Liu Changlu at Gao Prefecture. Liu Changlu repelled his attack, but figured that he would not be able to indefinitely hold out against the Liu brothers, and therefore, along with Pang, offered to submit to Ma Yin the Prince of Chu . Ma sent troops to safely escort Liu Changlu and Pang back to his territory and had his general Yao Yanzhang take up garrison at Rong Prefecture. In 911, Liu Yin grew deathly ill. He submitted

9180-410: Was again successful there. In 863, a major attack by Dali forces captured Annan District (安南, headquartered in modern Hanoi , Vietnam ). Several successive Tang operations failed to make any headway against Dali forces. In 864, the chancellor Xiahou Zi recommended Gao Pian, who had by that point become a general of the imperial guards, to take over the Tang forces then under Zhang Yin ( 張茵 )

9282-506: Was also considered intelligent, and was respected by the honored officers in the Shence Armies, including the eunuchs who commanded the Shence Armies. At some point, he became the discipline officer in the Right Shence Army. While he served at the Shence Armies, he had a friendship with fellow officer Zhou Bao , and he honored Zhou as an older brother. Early in the reign of Emperor Xianzong's grandson Emperor Yizong , there

9384-430: Was forced to flee to Xingyuan (興元, in modern Hanzhong , Shaanxi ). With the imperial officials concluding that Tian was the root of all of the imperial government's troubles, most of them refused to follow Emperor Xizong to Xingyuan. Zhu took the opportunity to proclaim a distant relative of Emperor Xizong's, Li Yun the Prince of Xiang, regent . Zhu, hoping to turn Gao into an ally, had Li Yun issue an edict restoring

9486-453: Was hopeful that Gao would launch an army to recapture the two capitals, and therefore issued an edict authorizing Gao to commission generals and officials as he saw fit, but this was not sufficient to entice Gao to launch his troops. Meanwhile, upon Huang's entry into Chang'an, Huang declared himself the emperor of a new state of Qi. Meanwhile, with two wild pheasants flying into the offices of Huainan's capital county Guangling County ( 廣陵 ),

9588-411: Was intending to act against him. The two exchanged testy letters, and thereafter, their friendship was completely gone. Gao subsequently used Zhou's hostility as the excuse to demobilize. With Gao Pian, while nominally serving as the overall commander against Huang Chao, refusing to act against Huang's Qi state, Wang Duo, who was then again chancellor and with Emperor Xizong at Xichuan, offered to lead

9690-455: Was made the military governor of Jinghai to replace him. Gao Pian was subsequently made the military governor of Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an , Shandong ) and was said to have governed it well. In 873, when Emperor Yizong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Xizong , Gao was still at Tianping, and was given the honorary chancellor title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ( 同中書門下平章事 ). In 874, Dali launched

9792-572: Was not given sufficient authority, complaining that Wang Duo and Wang's deputy Cui Anqian were incompetent, and comparing Emperor Xizong to such failed leaders as the Qin dynasty 's Ziying and the Han dynasty 's Gengshi Emperor . Emperor Xizong responded harshly, in an edict drafted by the chancellor Zheng Tian , and thereafter, Gao refused to submit any revenues to the imperial government. In 885, with Huang destroyed and Emperor Xizong returned to Chang'an,

9894-530: Was one of the commanders commissioned to resist Qin, came to believe that Lü was going to act against him next, and therefore gathered his forces, along with fellow officers Zheng Hanzhang ( 鄭漢章 ) and Zhang Shenjian ( 張神劍 ) and rose against the headquarters forces then nominally under Gao but actually under Lü's control. Bi's forces put Yang Prefecture under siege. With Bi proclaiming that he would surrender himself if Gao put Lü and Zhang Shouyi to death, Gao, fearing that Lü would slaughter Bi's family and precipitate

9996-605: Was said that various signs of misfortune were appearing at Huainan's capital Yang Prefecture, but when Zhou Bao was forced to flee Run Prefecture after a mutiny against him in 887, Gao believed that the signs of misfortune pointed to Zhou, and believed himself to be safe. In summer 887, though, with Qin Zongquan , a former Tang general who had proclaimed himself emperor at Cai Prefecture (蔡州, in modern Zhumadian , Henan ), preparing an attack on Huainan Circuit, Gao prepared to defend against Qin's attack. At this time, though, Bi, who

10098-505: Was said to have even considered executing Raiders who were not at Chengdu at the time of the mutiny, and he only stopped when his subordinate Wang Yin ( 王殷 ) pointed out that they could not have participated in the mutiny, and that he, as a Taoist, should be more merciful. In 876, Gao built a ring of outer walls for Chengdu. He also sent the Buddhist monk Jingxian ( 景先 ) to Dali, assuring peace and that Tang would eventually give Qiulong

10200-606: Was self-important, often referring to the emperors of the Central Plain as "prefect of Luo Prefecture" [(i.e., Luoyang , which often served as the capital of Five Dynasties states)]. The Lingnan region was where rare jewels could be gathered, so he was luxurious in his living and favored beautiful things, adorning his palaces with gold, jades, and pearls. He was cruel in his punishments, using methods including cutting off noses, cutting off tongues, dismemberment, cutting pregnant women open, tying people to heated iron poles, and boiling people. He also sometimes put poisonous snakes in

10302-510: Was unable to stand up against his attacks despite being aided by a Chu relief force commanded by Xu Dexun , so Yao took the people and left Rong Prefecture, allowing Liu to take control of the Rong Prefecture region, as well as Gao Prefecture. Hearing of the war between two of his vassals, Later Liang's Emperor Taizu sent a delegation led by the official Wei Jian (韋戩) to try to mediate a peace between Ma and Liu. Liu responded by sending

10404-446: Was using magic against their forces. A female sorcerer, Wang Fengxian ( 王奉仙 ), informed Qin that a famous person would need to die to end Yang Prefecture's misfortunes, and Qin therefore resolved to put Gao to death. On 24 September, he sent his officer Liu Kuangshi ( 劉匡時 ) to execute Gao, Gao's sons, brothers, nephews, and their families. The bodies were thrown into a single pit. After Yang Xingmi captured Yang Prefecture later in

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