104-579: Māngere ( Māori pronunciation: [ˈmaːŋɛɾɛ] ) is a major suburb in South Auckland , New Zealand , located on mainly flat land on the northeastern shore of the Manukau Harbour , to the northwest of Manukau City Centre and 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) south of the Auckland city centre . It is the location of Auckland Airport , which lies close to the harbour's edge to the south of
208-545: A cooler climate. A number of early Tāmaki Māori iwi and hapū are associated with South Auckland. Ngā Oho was used as a unifying name for Tāmaki Māori who descended from the Tainui and Te Arawa migratory waka. Descendants of Tāhuhunui-o-te-rangi, captain of the Moekākara waka, settled around Ōtāhuhu and adopted the name Ngāi Tāhuhu , while descendants of Tāiki, a Tainui ancestor of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki , named
312-503: A disbursed circuit around the Manukau Harbour. During this time, the tribal identities of Te Ākitai Waiohua , Ngāti Tamaoho and Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua developed. Ngāti Whātua people who remained in the area and interwed with Waiohua developed into the modern iwi Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei . By the 19th century, most Tāmaki Māori peoples moved away from fortified pā and favoured kāinga closer to resources and transport routes. In
416-656: A disease-resistant variety of kūmara that became the modern Owairaka Red variety. The development of the Auckland Southern Motorway in the mid-1950s led to an explosion in the population of Papatoetoe and Manurewa. In 1958, the first modern supermarket in New Zealand was opened in Papatoetoe, by Tom Ah Chee , Norm Kent and John Brown, and in 1967 the third American-style mall in Auckland
520-465: A general geographic region, or merely gave a waka name. Initiatives like the Iwi Helpline are trying to make it easier for people to identify their iwi , and the proportion who "don't know" dropped relative to previous censuses. Some established pan-tribal organisations may exert influence across iwi divisions. The Rātana Church, for example, operates across iwi divisions, and
624-414: A generally recognised territory ( rohe ), but many of these overlap, sometimes completely. This has added a layer of complication to the long-running discussions and court cases about how to resolve historical Treaty claims. The length of coastline emerged as one factor in the final (2004) legislation to allocate fishing-rights in settlement of claims relating to commercial fisheries. Iwi can become
728-748: A group), Ngāti Poneke (Māori who have migrated to the Wellington region), and Ngāti Rānana (Māori living in London). Ngāti Tūmatauenga ("Tribe of Tūmatauenga ", the god of war) is the official Māori-language name of the New Zealand Army , and Ngā Opango ("Black Tribe") is a Māori-language name for the All Blacks . In the southern dialect of Māori, Ngāti and Ngāi become Kāti and Kāi , terms found in such iwi as Kāti Māmoe and Kāi Tahu (also known as Ngai Tahu). Each iwi has
832-468: A land sale between Tāmaki Māori chiefs, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero and Turia of Ngāti Te Rau , covering the majority of modern-day South Auckland between Ōtāhuhu and Papakura . The sale was envisioned as a way to end hostilities in the area, but it is unclear what the chiefs understood or consented to. Māori continued to live in South Auckland, unchanged by this sale. Fairburn was criticised for
936-606: A more direct route between Onehunga , Māngere, Papatoetoe and Manukau but services are at 30 min frequencies. Māngere College is a secondary school (years 9–13) with a roll of 759 students. Sir Douglas Bader Intermediate School is an intermediate school (years 7–8) with a roll of 274 students. Mangere Central School and Viscount School are full primary schools (years 1–8) with rolls of 487 and 549 students, respectively. Jean Batten School and Nga Iwi School are contributing primary schools (years 1–6) with rolls of 313 and 342 students, respectively. Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Māngere
1040-487: A new commercial and administrative centre, leading to the development of Manukau in a previously rural area between Manurewa and Papatoetoe. After the construction of Manukau, South Auckland from Ōtāhuhu to Papakura became a continuous part of the urban sprawl of Auckland. In the mid-1970s, construction on State Highway 20 (commonly known as the Southwestern Motorway) began in South Auckland, including
1144-468: A new motorway bridge to be built alongside the existing Māngere Bridge. Construction was halted by May 1978, when workers organised a labour strike over insufficient redundancy payments. The partially constructed bridge was picketed for a period of two and a half years, becoming the longest continuous labour strike in the history of New Zealand. The Auckland Botanic Gardens opened in Manurewa in 1982,
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#17327874224851248-449: A particular hapu may have belonged to different iwi at different times, the tension caused by the social and economic power moving from the iwi down rather than from the hapu up, and the fact that many iwi do not recognise spouses and adoptees who do not have kinship links. In the 2006 census, 16 per cent of the 643,977 people who claimed Māori ancestry did not know their iwi . Another 11 per cent did not state their iwi , or stated only
1352-717: A population density of 2,558 people per km. Māngere had a population of 21,363 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 2,067 people (10.7%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 2,613 people (13.9%) since the 2006 census . There were 4,317 households, comprising 10,407 males and 10,950 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.95 males per female, with 5,997 people (28.1%) aged under 15 years, 5,703 (26.7%) aged 15 to 29, 8,010 (37.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,650 (7.7%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 11.6% European/ Pākehā , 16.1% Māori , 68.1% Pacific peoples , 17.5% Asian , and 1.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas
1456-672: A population of 316,878 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 42,378 people (15.4%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 57,651 people (22.2%) since the 2006 census . There were 78,903 households, comprising 158,331 males and 158,547 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.0 males per female, with 79,629 people (25.1%) aged under 15 years, 80,154 (25.3%) aged 15 to 29, 129,459 (40.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 27,636 (8.7%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 26.9% European/ Pākehā , 21.0% Māori , 41.1% Pacific peoples , 26.1% Asian , and 2.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas
1560-438: A prospective vehicle for ideas and ideals of self-determination and/or tino rangatiratanga . Thus does Te Pāti Māori mention in the preamble of its constitution "the dreams and aspirations of tangata whenua to achieve self-determination for whānau , hapū and iwi within their own land". Some Tūhoe envisage self-determination in specifically iwi -oriented terms. Increasing urbanisation of Māori has led to
1664-642: A rural community until the mid-20th Century, when Māngere became one of the largest state housing developments in Auckland. The name Māngere is a shortened form of the Māori language name Ngā Hau Māngere, a name given to the area by Taikehu, one of the rangatira of the Tainui canoe, referring to the gentle breezes in the area. The spelling of the area was inconsistent in English in the 19th century, with Māngere variously spelt Mangere, Mangerei or Mangare. The spelling Mangere became more consistently used after 1897, when
1768-480: A situation where a significant percentage do not identify with any particular iwi . The following extract from a 2000 High Court of New Zealand judgment discussing the process of settling fishing rights illustrates some of the issues: ... 81 per cent of Maori now live in urban areas, at least one-third live outside their tribal influence, more than one-quarter do not know their iwi or for some reason do not choose to affiliate with it, at least 70 per cent live outside
1872-408: A wheat-producing area, and by the 1880s became known for dairy farming. In October 1887, Ambury and English Ltd opened a dairy factory in the area, supplying milk from the dairy farms (which includes modern day Ambury Regional Park , and farms along Wallace Road and Creamery Road) to their stores on Karangahape Road and Ponsonby Road . The creamery closed in 1937, and in 1943 operations were sold to
1976-514: Is a Māori-language area school (years 1–13) with a roll of 316 students. Al-Madinah School is an area school (years 1–13) and Zayed College for Girls is a secondary school (years 7–13) with rolls of 586 and 209 students, respectively. They are state-integrated Islamic schools on adjacent sites. All these schools except for Zayed College are coeducational. Rolls are as of August 2024. South Auckland South Auckland ( Māori : Te Tonga o Tāmaki Makaurau or Māori : Tāmaki ki te Tonga )
2080-775: Is an Auckland Council owned and operated performing arts venue and gallery space. The Mangere East Hawks rugby league club is based in Māngere at the Walter Massey Park. The Manukau Rovers RFC rugby union club is also based in Māngere and competes in the Auckland Premier Competition. The Mangere United football club is also based in Māngere and competes in the Auckland Football and NZ Football National League Competitions. Māngere has three marae : The original Māngere Bridge
2184-624: Is both singular and plural in the Māori language, and is typically pluralised as such in English. Iwi groups trace their ancestry to the original Polynesian migrants who, according to tradition, arrived from Hawaiki . Some iwi cluster into larger groupings that are based on whakapapa (genealogical tradition) and known as waka (literally ' canoes ' , with reference to the original migration voyages ). These super-groupings are generally symbolic rather than logistical. In pre-European times, most Māori were allied to relatively small groups in
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#17327874224852288-505: Is one of the major geographical regions of Auckland , the largest city in New Zealand . The area is south of the Auckland isthmus , and on the eastern shores of the Manukau Harbour . The area has been populated by Tāmaki Māori since at least the 14th century, and has important archaeological sites, such as the Ōtuataua stonefield gardens at Ihumātao , and Māngere Mountain , a former pā site important to Waiohua tribes. The area
2392-471: The Auckland volcanic field are found in South Auckland, such as Māngere Mountain , Matukutūreia and the Pukaki Lagoon . Many of the mountains of South Auckland have been quarried, such as Matukutūruru , Maungataketake and Ōtara Hill (either entirely or partially). Some of the northern-most features of the older South Auckland volcanic field can be found in the area, such as Pukekiwiriki and
2496-637: The Hūnua Falls . Both the Manukau Harbour and the Tāmaki River are drowned river valley systems. The Manukau Harbour formed between 3 and 5 million years ago when tectonic forces between the Pacific Plate and Australian Plate uplifted the Waitākere Ranges and subsided the Manukau Harbour. It began as an open bay, eventually forming as a sheltered harbour as the Āwhitu Peninsula developed at
2600-496: The Manukau Harbour , and the volcanic scoria of Maungataketake and Puketutu Island was quarried for construction material. South Auckland's demographics rapidly changed from the 1950s to the 1970s. Between the 1940s and 1960s, Māori living in rural areas were encouraged to move to cities by the Māori Affairs Department , in order to create a larger industrial labour force. Urban Māori populations first settled in
2704-490: The Māngere-Ōtāhuhu , Manurewa , Ōtara-Papatoetoe , Papakura local board areas. The term South Auckland was first used in the 1880s, to refer to areas of the southern Auckland Province , such as Cambridge , Ngāruawāhia , Te Awamutu , or Hamilton . The first references to modern South Auckland come from 1962, in discussions for the creation of Manukau City . The term began developing negative connotations in
2808-728: The Māori King Movement , though principally congregated around Waikato / Tainui , aims to transcend some iwi functions in a wider grouping. Many iwi operate or are affiliated with media organisations. Most of these belong to Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori (the National Māori Radio Network), a group of radio stations which receive contestable Government funding from Te Māngai Pāho (the Māori Broadcast Funding Agency) to operate on behalf of iwi and hapū . Under their funding agreement,
2912-726: The Native Compensation Court returned 144 of the original 485 acres that had been seized by the crown. The remaining land was kept by the crown as reserves, or sold on to British immigrant farmers. Te Ākitai Waiohua began returning to the area in 1866, settling to the west of Pūkaki Creek and at Ihumātao. In 1862, the first local government was established in the area, with the formation of the Mangerei Highway Board. The first school, Mangere Central School, opened in 1859, and churches were built in central Māngere in 1874 and 1894. Māngere had become known as
3016-576: The New Zealand Army . Areas of Papatoetoe and Manurewa were used as military camps for the United States Army . Middlemore Hospital opened in 1947, originally intended to be a temporary military hospital. In the 1950s, Chinese New Zealand gardeners Fay Gock and Joe Gock began cultivating kūmara (sweet potatoes) at their farm beside the Pūkaki Creek, using plants donated to them by their neighbours at Pūkaki Marae. The Gocks developed
3120-553: The New Zealand Co-operative Dairy Company . By 1915, Chinese New Zealand market garden were established around Māngere. The Māngere area was primarily rural for the first half of the 20th century, except for the Māngere Bridge area, where the first suburban housing developed in 1875 after the construction of the first Māngere Bridge . Māngere East began to develop as a suburban area after
3224-654: The Tāmaki River after himself (Te Wai ō Tāiki) and settled on the eastern shores of the river alongside the descendants of Huiārangi (of the early iwi Te Tini ō Maruiwi), including the shores of Te Waiōtara (the Ōtara Creek ). Over time, Ngā Riki emerged as a group who settled between Ōtāhuhu and Papakura , and Ngā Oho was used to describe the people who lived around Papakura. Many of the volcanic features of South Auckland became fortified pā sites for Tāmaki Māori, notably Māngere Mountain , Matukutūruru , Matukutūreia and Pukekiwiriki . There are few pā sites inland from
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3328-559: The Waiohua under the rangatira Huakaiwaka. The union lasted for three generations, and was centred around the pā of Maungawhau and later Maungakiekie on the Auckland isthmus . Other Tāmaki Māori groups such as Ngāi Tāhuhu were considered either allies of Waiohua, or hapū within the union. Māngere Mountain / Te Pane-o-Mataaho / Te Ara Pueru was a major pā for the Waiohua , a confederacy of Tāmaki Māori iwi . The mountain complex may have been home to thousands of people, with
3432-517: The Waokauri / Pūkaki portage , connecting the Manukau Harbour and Tāmaki River via Papatoetoe , and was often used by Tāmaki Māori to avoid the Te Tō Waka and Karetu portages, controlled by the people who lived at Ōtāhuhu / Mount Richmond . Much of the coastal Manukau Harbour area was farmed using Polynesian stonefield agricultural techniques, such as the Ōtuataua Stonefields at Ihumātao . In
3536-604: The Wesleyan Methodist Church established a mission at the foot of Maungataketake , near Ihumātao. The following year, Governor George Grey established the village of Ōtāhuhu . The village was created as a way to protect the township of Auckland, and was settled by retired British soldiers of the Royal New Zealand Fencible Corps . Grey also asked Pōtatau Te Wherowhero (then known as a powerful chief and negotiator, but later
3640-594: The taraire forest at Kirks Bush in Papakura, and areas of the Auckland Botanic Gardens in Manurewa. The Auckland area was an early location visited by many of the Māori migration canoes , including the Matahourua , Aotea , Mātaatua , Tainui , Tākitimu , Tokomaru , Te Wakatūwhenua and Moekākara waka. Some of the earliest stories about the region involve Te Tō Waka ,
3744-582: The 1820s, the threat of Ngāpuhi war parties from the north during the Musket Wars caused most of the Tāmaki Makaurau area to become deserted. Ngāti Whatua and Waiohua relocated to the Waikato under the protection of Pōtatau Te Wherowhero . A peace accord between Ngāpuhi and Waikato Tainui was reached through the marriage of Matire Toha, daughter of Ngāpuhi chief Rewa was married to Kati Takiwaru,
3848-485: The 1910s, Between the 1920s and 1940s, significant portions of South Auckland were used for Chinese-owned and operated market gardens. In 1911, the first controlled powered flight in New Zealand took place in Takanini . The flight took place inside a single paddock within the racecourse of the now-defunct Papakura Racing Club. The flight was piloted by Vivian Walsh and was carried out in a Howard Wright 1910 Biplane ,
3952-539: The 1950s and 1960s, typically from primarily from Western Samoa (modern-day Samoa), Tonga , the Cook Islands and Niue . By the mid-1970s, gentrification caused many Pasifika communities to relocate away from the central suburbs, moving to areas such as South Auckland. In 1965, Manukau City was formed by the amalgamation of the Manurewa Borough and Manukau County. The new city decided to create
4056-619: The 1970s, with non-residents associating the term with deprivation, crime and violence. From 1989, many organisations began using the term Counties Manukau as an alternative way to describe South Auckland. The name South Auckland is often used imprecisely by the press or politicians, to describe lower socio-economic areas south of the Auckland City Centre . Some areas of the Auckland isthmus occasionally referred to as South Auckland are Onehunga , Penrose , Mount Wellington , and Panmure . Some Howick ward suburbs to
4160-510: The 2040s, the Auckland Council plans to create a new regional park on Puketutu Island. Much of the island was quarried in the 1950s, and is slowly being refilled with biosolids. At the end of this process, the quarried peaks will be reformed. South Auckland covers 166.94 km (64.46 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 375,300 as of June 2024, with a population density of 2,248 people per km . South Auckland had
4264-534: The Crown as a native settlement in the 1850s, around the Te Ākitai Waiohua kāinga. In the late 1840s, a Wesleyan Mission was established at Ihumātao . The area flourished as a farming area primarily for wheat and oat crops, which were processed at a mill at Ihumātao. Until the 1860s, the Māori population of the Manukau Harbour and Waikato areas produced goods to sell or barter at the port of Onehunga . During this period,
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4368-577: The Manukau Harbour to the Waikato River in the south. Tāmaki Māori peoples settled the eastern coastline of the Manukau Harbour as early as the 14th century. Settlements in the area were based on what resources were available seasonally, such as Manukau Harbour fish and shellfish. In the 15th century, Tāmaki Māori people created extensive garden sites at Ihumātao , Wiri and the slopes of Māngere Mountain . These garden sites used Polynesian agricultural techniques and traditions, with
4472-601: The Manukau Harbour, inviting Lieutenant-Governor William Hobson to settle in Auckland, hoping this would protect the land and people living in Tāmaki Makaurau. In the winter of 1840, Ngāti Whātua moved the majority of the iwi to the Waitematā Harbour , with most iwi members resettling to the Remuera - Ōrākei area, closer to the new European settlement at Waihorotiu (modern-day Auckland City Centre ). A smaller Ngāti Whātua presence remained at Māngere-Onehunga. In 1846,
4576-418: The Māngere area, in order to tend to the farms and for ahi kā (land rights through continued occupation). Lieutenant-Colonel Marmaduke Nixon , who settled on the shores of the Pūkaki Creek in the 1850s, arrested his neighbour, the Te Ākitai Waiohua rangatira Ihaka Takanini , who later died on Rakino Island . European settlers continued to live in the area, often looting the abandoned settlements. In 1867,
4680-711: The Māori population of Māngere was significantly larger than the European population. On 9 July 1863, due to fears of the Māori King Movement, Governor Grey proclaimed that all Māori living in the South Auckland area needed to swear loyalty to the Queen and give up their weapons. Most people refused due to strong links to Tainui, leaving for the south before the Government's Invasion of the Waikato . Six men remained in
4784-680: The Pūkaki Creek, using plants donated to them by their neighbours at Pūkaki Marae. The Gocks developed a disease-resistant variety of kūmara that became the modern Owairaka Red variety. In 1958, the Mangere Aerodrome was chosen by the New Zealand Government as the site of a new purpose-built airport, to replace the RNZAF Base Auckland at Whenuapai served as the civilian airport for Auckland. The Auckland Airport opened in 1966. In 1962, central Māngere
4888-658: The Southwestern Motorway) extended south to Massey Road. The entire Western Ring Route project, connecting the Northwestern Motorway to the Southern Motorway was completed in 2017. In the 2010s, discussions began to create a light rail connection between the Auckland city centre to Māngere. After the 2023 New Zealand general election , plans for light rail to Māngere were placed on hold. Māngere covers 9.04 km (3.49 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 23,120 as of June 2024, with
4992-700: The Tāmaki River becoming one of the busiest waterways in New Zealand by the late 1850s. In April 1851, the Tāmaki Bridge was constructed along the Great South Road , spurring growth in the Papatoetoe area. By 1855, the Great South Road was extended as far south as Drury . Coal mining became a major industry in Drury during this time, and in 1862 one of the first tramways in New Zealand
5096-768: The area became a part of the Manukau City , In November 2010, all cities and districts of the Auckland Region were amalgamated into a single body, governed by the Auckland Council . Māngere is a part of the Māngere-Ōtāhuhu local board area. The residents of Māngere elect members of the Māngere-Ōtāhuhu Local Board , as well as two councillors from the Manukau ward to sit on the Auckland Council . The Māngere Arts Centre Ngā Tohu o Uenuku
5200-499: The area in the latter 19th century along the Great South Road corridor. In 1875, the North Island Main Trunk began operating in South Auckland, linking the South Auckland area to Auckland and the Waikato by train, and leading to development along this corridor. The first Māngere Bridge was opened in 1875, linking Māngere to Onehunga. The township of Woodside in modern-day Wiri dwindled in importance after
5304-539: The burial-areas of the ancestors . Māori author Keri Hulme 's novel The Bone People (1985) has a title linked directly to the dual meaning of bone and "tribal people". Many iwi names begin with Ngāti or with Ngāi (from ngā āti and ngā ai respectively, both meaning roughly ' the offspring of ' ). Ngāti has become a productive morpheme in New Zealand English to refer to groups of people: examples are Ngāti Pākehā ( Pākehā as
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#17327874224855408-531: The chiefs understood or consented to. Māori continued to live in South Auckland, unchanged by this sale. The Fairburn Purchase was criticised for the sheer size of the purchase, and in 1842 the Crown significantly reduced the size of his land holdings, and the Crown partitioned much of the land for European settlers. On 20 March 1840, Ngāti Whātua chief Apihai Te Kawau signed the Treaty of Waitangi at Orua Bay on
5512-440: The coasts, due to the flat land being unsuitable for fortified sites. The pā is known by the name Te Pā-o-te-tū-tahi-atu, a name that describes the pā as temporary, due to the surrounding flat landscape not being ideal for fortifications. In the early 17th century, the area became a part of the rohe of Te Kawerau ā Maki . In the 17th century, three major tribes of Tāmaki Makaurau, Ngā Iwi, Ngā Oho and Ngā Riki, joined to form
5616-508: The death of paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki , who became the major occupants of the Tāmaki isthmus and Māngere . Ngāti Whātua was significantly smaller than the Waiohua confederation and chose to focus life at Onehunga , Māngere and Ōrākei . Gradually, the Waiohua people who had sought refuge with their Waikato Tainui relatives to the south, re-established in the South Auckland area, mainly in
5720-628: The deity who was involved in their creation. A number of waterways are found in the area, including the Tararata Creek and Harania Creek which drain into the Māngere Inlet in the north, and the Pūkaki Creek and Waokauri Creek in the south. The first evidence of Tāmaki Māori in the coastal Māngere area comes from the 14th century, with evidence of the first settlements later in the 15th century. The Pūkaki Creek formed an important part of
5824-543: The early 18th century, Te Pane o Mataaho / Māngere Mountain was a major pā for the Waiohua , a confederacy of Tāmaki Māori iwi . The mountain complex may have been home to thousands of people, with the mountain acting as a central place for rua (food storage pits). Paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki stayed at Māngere seasonally, when it was the time of year to hunt sharks in the Manukau Harbour. The southern slopes of Te Pane o Mataaho / Māngere Mountain were known as Taotaoroa, an extensive garden that sat between wetlands, and fed by
5928-434: The east are often called South Auckland, including Flat Bush and East Tāmaki . Towns south of Auckland are also often referred to as South Auckland, including Pukekohe and Waiuku , and occasionally some towns in the northern Waikato Region, such as Pōkeno and Tuakau . South Auckland is an area on the eastern shores of the Manukau Harbour , and the upper headwaters of the Tāmaki River . Many features of
6032-509: The first Māori King ) to settle at Māngere Bridge as a second defensive site, which developed into a Ngāti Mahuta village. Papakura was established in the late 1840s by a small group of settler families. The South Auckland area flourished in the 1850s, when Manukau Harbour and Waikato tribes produced goods to sell or barter at the port of Onehunga , primarily corn, potato, kūmara, pigs, peaches, melons, fish and potatoes. Ōtāhuhu developed as an agricultural centre and trade hub, with
6136-467: The form of hapū ( ' sub-tribes ' ) and whānau ( ' family ' ). Each iwi contains a number of hapū ; among the hapū of the Ngāti Whātua iwi, for example, are Te Uri-o-Hau , Te Roroa , Te Taoū , and Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei . Māori use the word rohe to describe the territory or boundaries of iwi. In modern-day New Zealand , iwi can exercise significant political power in
6240-506: The growing New Zealand Māori population tried to keep a connection to their culture, family history, spirituality, community, language and iwi . The Victoria University of Wellington Te Reo Māori Society campaigned for Māori radio, helping to set up Te Reo o Poneke, the first Māori-owned radio operation, using airtime on Wellington student-radio station Radio Active in 1983. Twenty-one iwi radio stations were set up between 1989 and 1994, receiving Government funding in accordance with
6344-506: The harbour's mouth. Over the last two million years, the harbour has cycled between periods of being a forested river valley and a flooded harbour, depending on changes in the global sea level . The present harbour formed approximately 8,000 years ago, after the Last Glacial Maximum . Historically, much of inland South Auckland was composed of wetlands. Many areas of remnant native bush are found in South Auckland, such as
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#17327874224856448-491: The inner suburbs of Auckland and areas close to factories; often areas with poor housing. To counter overcrowding in the central suburbs, the New Zealand Government undertook large scale state housing developments, creating planned suburbs in Ōtara and Māngere in the 1970s, and adding large areas of state housing around Manurewa and Papatoetoe. Large-scale immigration of Pasifika New Zealanders began in
6552-487: The management of land and of other assets. For example, the 1997 Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the New Zealand Government and Ngāi Tahu , compensated that iwi for various losses of the rights guaranteed under the Treaty of Waitangi of 1840. As of 2019 the tribe has collective assets under management of $ 1.85 billion. Iwi affairs can have a real impact on New Zealand politics and society. A 2004 attempt by some iwi to test in court their ownership of
6656-490: The most diverse places in New Zealand but also one of the most socio-economically deprived. South Auckland is not a strictly defined area. It primarily refers to the western and central parts of the former Manukau City , which existed between 1989 and 2010, and surrounding areas of Franklin . Major areas of South Auckland include Māngere , Manukau , Manurewa , Ōtāhuhu , Ōtara , Papakura and Papatoetoe . A strict definition sometimes used for South Auckland includes just
6760-487: The mountain acting as a central place for rua (food storage pits). Paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki stayed at Māngere seasonally, when it was the time of year to hunt sharks in the Manukau Harbour. To the south, the twin peaks of Matukutūreia and Matukutūruru were home to the Ngāi Huatau hapū of Waiohua, settled by Huatau, daughter of Huakaiwaka. Around the year 1740, a conflict between Ngāti Whātua and Waiohua led to
6864-445: The mountain to warn against attacks, but Te Taoū warriors covered the pipi shells with dogskin cloaks to muffle the sound, and raided the pā at dawn. An alternate name for the mountain, Te Ara Pueru ("the dogskin cloak path"), references this event. After the events of this war, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei , a hapū created by the members of Te Taoū who remained near the Tāmaki isthmus , who intermarried with defeated members of Waiohua, settled
6968-590: The north-west. The oldest known feature is the Boggust Park Crater , which erupted an estimated 130,000 years ago, while the most recent feature is Waitomokia , which erupted around 20,300 years before the present. The low-lying volcanic features of the area, such as the Māngere Lagoon , Crater Hill , and Pukaki Lagoon were collectively known by the name Nga Tapuwae a Mataoho ("The Sacred Footprints of Mataoho ") to Tāmaki Māori peoples, referring to
7072-515: The opening of the Otahuhu Railway Workshops in the late 1920s. The Pukaki Lagoon was drained and used as a speedway from 1928 until World War II , and by the 1950s Croatian immigrant Andrew Fistonich established the first vineyards in the area, which later grew to become Villa Maria Estates . In the 1950s, Chinese New Zealand gardeners Fay Gock and Joe Gock began cultivating kūmara (sweet potatoes) at their farm beside
7176-436: The parts for which were imported from England in 1910 and assembled by members of the Auckland Aeroplane Syndicate. During the 1920s, Papatoetoe and Manurewa became some of the fastest growing areas of Auckland. These were joined by Māngere East , which developed after the opening of the Otahuhu Railway Workshops in the late 1920s. During World War II , the Papakura Military Camp was established as an important base for
7280-475: The portage at Ōtāhuhu , that allowed waka to cross between the east coast and the Manukau Harbour , where only 200 metres of land separated the two. The crossing of the Tainui waka is memorialised in the name of Ngarango Otainui Island in the Māngere Inlet , where the wooden skids used to haul the waka were left after the trip was made, and other waka including the Matahourua , Aotea , Mātaatua and Tokomaru all have traditional stories associated with
7384-437: The portage. Portages remained important features Tāmaki Māori. In South Auckland, the Waokauri and Pūkaki portages at Papatoetoe was used to avoid Te Tō Waka, controlled by the people who lived at Ōtāhuhu / Mount Richmond . The Papakura portage connected the Manukau Harbour at Papakura in the west to the Wairoa River in the east, likely along the path of the Old Wairoa Road, and Te Pai o Kaiwaka at Waiuku connected
7488-442: The post office began using this spelling. In 2019, the name of the suburb was officially gazetted as Māngere, with a macron . Central Māngere was traditionally known by the name Taotaoroa, or "The Extensive Plains". Māngere is a peninsula of the Manukau Harbour , south of the Auckland isthmus . Many features of the Auckland volcanic field can be found around Māngere, most visibly Māngere Mountain , an 106-metre volcanic cone to
7592-521: The principal residence of Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei until the 1840s, before the iwi moved to Ōrākei. When the Waiohua people began to re-establish themselves in the Tāmaki Makaurau area in the latter 18th century, most settled around the Manukau Harbour and South Auckland . A major iwi who formed in the area from these people was Te Ākitai Waiohua . By the 19th Century, most Tāmaki Māori peoples moved away from fortified pā and favoured kāinga closer to resources and transport routes. A kāinga called Te Ararata
7696-412: The railway opened, slowly being overtaken by neighbouring Manurewa . Much of South Auckland was known for wheat production, until the 1880s when dairy farming became popular. The first local governments in the area, were established in the 1860s in order to better fund roading projects. During the 1890s, the wetlands of South Auckland were a major location for kauri gum digging. Papakura township
7800-493: The region. Originally the iwi were based on Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill , but after the death of paramount chief Tūperiri (circa 1795), the Māngere Bridge area and Onehunga became permanent kāinga (settlements) for Ngāti Whātua. The location was chosen because of the good quality soils for gardening, resources from the Manukau Harbour , and the area acting as a junction for surrounding trade routes. Māngere-Onehunga remained
7904-790: The same year as, Rainbow's End a theme park in Manukau. Over time, Rainbow's End expanded to become the largest theme park in New Zealand. In the 1989 local government reforms, Manukau, Papatoetoe and Howick in East Auckland amalgamated into the Manukau City, and in 2010 all areas of the Auckland Region were merged into a single unitary body, administered by Auckland Council . By the 2010s, areas of South Auckland such as Papatoetoe had developed as major areas for South Asian communities. Between 2016 and 2020, Ihumātao
8008-399: The seabed and foreshore areas polarised public opinion (see New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy ). In Māori and in many other Polynesian languages , iwi literally means ' bone ' derived from Proto-Oceanic * suRi ₁ meaning ' thorn, splinter, fish bone ' . Māori may refer to returning home after travelling or living elsewhere as "going back to the bones" — literally to
8112-437: The sheer size of the purchase, and in 1842 the Crown significantly reduced the size of his land holdings, and the Crown partitioned much of the land for European settlers. On 20 March 1840, Ngāti Whātua chief Apihai Te Kawau signed the Treaty of Waitangi at Orua Bay on the Manukau Harbour, inviting Lieutenant-Governor William Hobson to settle in Auckland, hoping this would protect the land and people living in Auckland. In
8216-577: The south before the Government's Invasion of the Waikato . Small numbers of people remained, in order to tend to their farms and for ahi kā (land rights through continued occupation). Most Māori occupants of the area felt they had no choice due to their strong ties to Tainui and Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, and were forced to flee to the south. While fleeing, Te Ākitai Waiohua rangatira Ihaka Takanini and his family were captured by his former neighbour, Lieutenant-Colonel Marmaduke Nixon , and taken prisoner on Rakino Island , where Ihaka Takanini died. During
8320-483: The stations must produce programmes in the local Māori language and actively promote local Māori culture. A two-year Massey University survey of 30,000 people published in 2003 indicated 50 per cent of Māori in National Māori Radio Network broadcast areas listened to an iwi station. An Auckland University of Technology study in 2009 suggested the audience of iwi radio stations would increase as
8424-412: The stone walls acting acted as boundaries, windbreaks and drainage systems for the crops grown in the area, which included kūmara (sweet potato), hue ( calabash gourds ), taro , uwhi (ube yam), tī pore (Pacific cabbage tree) and aute (the paper mulberry tree). The environment-modifying techniques used in the Ōtuataua Stonefields allowed early Tāmaki Māori to propagate crops which were not suited to
8528-491: The suburb. The area has been inhabited by Tāmaki Māori since early periods of Māori history, including large-scale agricultural stonefields, such as Ihumātao , and Māngere Mountain , which was home to a fortified pā . Te Ākitai Waiohua communities in Māngere thrived in the 1840s and 1850s after the establishment of a Wesleyan Mission and extensive wheat farms, until the Invasion of the Waikato in 1863. Māngere remained
8632-408: The traditional tribal territory and these will have difficulties, which in many cases will be severe, in both relating to their tribal heritage and in accessing benefits from the settlement. It is also said that many Maori reject tribal affiliation because of a working-class unemployed attitude, defiance and frustration. Related but less important factors, are that a hapu may belong to more than one iwi,
8736-699: The two motorways running south from the isthmus, runs across the bridge and through Māngere. Passenger train Southern and Eastern Line services run along the eastern edge of Māngere, stopping at Middlemore railway station . Further north at Massey Road is Māngere railway station , closed in 2011. Frequent bus services (15 mins schedules) connect Māngere Town Centre to Sylvia Park via Ōtāhuhu railway station (route 32) and to Botany Town Centre via Papatoetoe railway station and Ōtara (route 31). Connections can be made with Onehunga , Auckland Airport and Manukau Bus Station on (route 380) Note: The 313 runs on
8840-521: The war, many stockades and redoubts were constructed by the Crown troops. This included St John's Redoubt on Great South Road , constructed in order to secure the supply line for troops and in operation until 1864. Early skirmishes between the Crown and Kīngitanga forces happened in the forested land around Drury and Pukekohe areas, including the Defence of Pukekohe East in September 1863. After
8944-435: The war, the Crown confiscated 1.2 million acres of Māori land around the Waikato , including Waiohua land in South Auckland. The former residents of the Manukau Harbour began returning to the area in 1866, with the Native Compensation Court returning small portions of land in 1867. Most land was kept by the crown as reserves, or sold on to British immigrant farmers. Small farming communities such as began developing in
9048-524: The waters of three streams: Te Ararata (Tararata Creek), the Harania Creek and the Ōtaki Creek, a tributary of the Tāmaki River . In the early 1740s, Kiwi Tāmaki was slain in battle by the Te Taoū hapū of Ngāti Whātua . After the battle, most Waiohua fled the region, although many of the remaining Waiohua warriors regrouped at Te Pane o Mataaho. The warriors strew pipi shells around the base of
9152-469: The winter of 1840, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei moved the majority of the iwi to the Waitematā Harbour , with most iwi members resettling to the Remuera - Ōrākei area, closer to the new European settlement at Waihorotiu (modern-day Auckland CBD ). A smaller Ngāti Whātua presence remained at Māngere-Onehunga, as well as members of Te Uringutu , and the western banks of the Waokauri Creek were reserved by
9256-478: The younger brother of Tainui chief Pōtatau Te Wherowhero , who settled together on the slopes of Māngere Mountain. Ngāti Whātua returned to the Māngere-Onehunga area by the mid-1830s, re-establishing a pā on Māngere Mountain called Whakarongo. During the 1840s, Waiohua descendant tribes returned to their papakāinga (settlements) at Ihumātao, Pūkaki , Papahīnau, Waimāhia and Te Aparangi . Māngere-Onehunga
9360-455: Was Paerata Rise north of Pukekohe, joined by Auranga , an area of coastal Karaka . A major development is planned for the Drury- Ōpaheke area, to be developed in stages from the 2020s through to the 2050s. Three new train stations will be constructed in the area between Papakura and Pukekohe. In the 2010s, a light rail line was proposed to link the Auckland City Centre to Māngere. In
9464-571: Was 38.5, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 25.3% had no religion, 48.6% were Christian , 2.2% had Māori religious beliefs , 8.0% were Hindu , 3.6% were Muslim , 1.5% were Buddhist and 5.3% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 34,152 (14.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 49,143 (20.7%) people had no formal qualifications. 23,367 people (9.8%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
9568-563: Was 39.7, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 14.4% had no religion, 64.7% were Christian , 2.3% had Māori religious beliefs , 4.9% were Hindu , 7.7% were Muslim , 0.7% were Buddhist and 0.7% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 1,452 (9.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 3,582 (23.3%) people had no formal qualifications. 939 people (6.1%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
9672-653: Was adjacent to the large Ardmore Gumfield (also known as the Papakura Gumfield), which stretched from Manurewa to Clevedon . By the 1900s, Auckland gumfields and swamps began being converted into farmland and orchards. In 1890, the Māori King, Tāwhiao , had a residence constructed for his family members at Māngere Bridge, where members of the family including Mahuta Tāwhiao , Tumate Mahuta and Tonga Mahuta stayed while attending schools in Auckland. The first Chinese New Zealanders arrived in South Auckland in
9776-457: Was built to link Mangere with Onehunga to its north while the isthmus of Auckland reaches its narrowest point, further to the east at Ōtāhuhu . Later, it provided a more direct route for traffic to and from Auckland Airport . Construction of a new bridge was the subject of one of New Zealand's longest-running industrial disputes, from 1978 until 1980. The bridge was finally completed in 1983. The Southwestern Motorway ( State Highway 20 ), one of
9880-469: Was chosen as a location for a large-scale state housing development. This followed Glen Innes and Ōtara as the third large-scale state housing development in Auckland aimed a low-income families, centred around a retail and community centre. By the 1980s, central Māngere had become one of the more economically deprived areas in New Zealand. By the early 2000s, Māngere had become a multicultural area of Auckland. In 1997, State Highway 20 (commonly known as
9984-496: Was constructed to transport coal from the mine to the Manukau Harbour. In 1861, Governor George Grey ordered the construction of the Great South Road further into the Waikato, due to fears of potential invasion of Waikato Tainui . On 9 July 1863, due to fears of the Māori King Movement, Governor Grey proclaimed that all Māori living in the South Auckland area needed to swear loyalty to the Queen and give up their weapons. Most people refused due to strong links to Tainui, leaving for
10088-411: Was found near modern central Māngere along the banks of the Tararata Creek, and the central Māngere area was used as an area for growing food, medicine and plants for weaving. In the 1820s and early 1830s, the threat of Ngāpuhi raiders from the north during the Musket Wars caused most of the Tāmaki Makaurau area to become deserted. During this period, a peace accord between Ngāpuhi and Waikato Tainui
10192-405: Was occupied by protesters, who were concerned at the construction of a housing development on the archaeological site, and called for the land to be returned to mana whenua . In late 2020, the New Zealand Government purchased the site, with no decision being made on the future of the land. Areas south of Papakura began developing into new suburban housing in the late 2010s. The first of these
10296-515: Was opened, Southmall Manurewa . In 1960, the Manukau Sewage Purification Works (now Māngere Wastewater Treatment Plant) was opened in the Manukau Harbour, using algae-based oxidation ponds, around Puketutu Island . A new purpose-built Auckland Airport was opened in Māngere 1966 to replace the dual commercial and military airport at Whenuapai . The construction of the airport led to significant reclamation of
10400-461: Was primarily farmland until the mid-20th century, when the construction of the Auckland Southern Motorway led to major suburban development, and the establishing of Manukau City , which was later amalgamated into Auckland. Large-scale state housing areas were constructed in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to significant Urban Māori and Pasifika communities developing in the area. The presence of 165 different ethnicities makes South Auckland one of
10504-424: Was reached through the marriage of Matire Toha, daughter of Ngāpuhi chief Rewa was married to Kati Takiwaru, the younger brother of Tainui chief Pōtatau Te Wherowhero , and they settled together on the slopes of Māngere Mountain. Ngāti Whātua returned to the Māngere-Onehunga area by the mid-1830s, re-establishing a pā on Māngere Mountain called Whakarongo. In January 1836 missionary William Thomas Fairburn brokered
10608-495: Was that 120,102 (50.6%) people were employed full-time, 26,430 (11.1%) were part-time, and 14,052 (5.9%) were unemployed. $ 24,700 $ 25,900 $ 27,400 Iwi Iwi ( Māori pronunciation: [ˈiwi] ) are the largest social units in New Zealand Māori society . In Māori , iwi roughly means ' people ' or ' nation ' , and is often translated as " tribe ", or "a confederation of tribes". The word
10712-473: Was that 7,236 (47.1%) people were employed full-time, 1,647 (10.7%) were part-time, and 975 (6.3%) were unemployed. The first local government in the area was the Mangerei Highway Board, which formed in 1862. Māngere for the 19th and early 20th Centuries, Māngere was a rural area within the Manukau County . Māngere Bridge and Māngere East were established as town districts in 1954 and 1955. In 1965,
10816-405: Was the main residence of Auckland-based Ngāti Whātua until the 1840s. In January 1836 missionary William Thomas Fairburn brokered a land sale between Tāmaki Māori chiefs, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero and Turia of Ngāti Te Rau , covering the majority of modern-day South Auckland between Ōtāhuhu and Papakura . The sale was envisioned as a way to end hostilities in the area, but it is unclear what
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