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135-557: Charles Martin (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477), called the Bold , was the last duke of Burgundy from the House of Valois-Burgundy , ruling from 1467 to 1477. He was the only legitimate son of Philip the Good and his third wife, Isabella of Portugal . As heir and as ruler, Charles vied for power and influence with rivals such as his overlord, King Louis XI of France . In 1465 Charles led

270-471: A Papal dispensation to legitimise their marriage. As the dispensation was the groom's duty, Charles sent a delegation to Rome. The delegation took until May 1469 to win the dispensation. Edward IV announced the marriage of his sister to Charles and dubbed him as 'a mighty Prince who bears no crown'. Charles and Margaret were married on 3 July at Damme , a town three miles from Bruges. For their wedding ceremony, Charles prepared nine receptions each ending with

405-525: A plow or other farm equipment designed to be pulled by animals. In many parts of the world they still pull wagons for basic hauling and transportation. They may draw carriages at ceremonies, in parades or for tourist rides. As noted in "horse racing" above , horses can race in harness, pulling a very lightweight cart known as a sulky . At the other end of the spectrum, some draft horses compete in horse pulling competitions, where single or teams of horses and their drivers vie to determine who can pull

540-409: A prayer book from Lieven van Lathem which was completed in 1469. The opening diptych of the manuscript as well as two other pieces each demonstrate Charles's devotion to Saint George. In Margaret of York's copy of La Vie de Sainte Colette , she and Charles are shown as devotees of Saint Anne . Multiple modern scholars, such as Jeffrey Chipps Smith , have drawn a connection between the saint and

675-633: A bicycle, was 9 times higher for adolescents and 5.6 times higher for younger children , but that riding a horse was less risky than riding a moped . In Victoria, Australia , a search of state records found that equestrian sports had the third highest incidence of serious injury, after motor sports and power boating . In Greece , an analysis of a national registry estimated the incidence of equestrian injury to be 21 per 100,000 person-years for farming and equestrian sports combined, and 160 times higher for horse racing personnel. Other findings noted that helmets likely prevent traumatic brain injuries. In

810-582: A car. Most falling deaths are caused by head injury. The use of riding helmets substantially decreases the likelihood and severity of head injuries. When a rider falls with a helmet, he or she is five times less likely to experience a traumatic brain injury than a rider who falls without a helmet. Helmets work by crushing on impact and extending the length of time it takes the head to stop moving. Despite this, helmet usage rates in North America are estimated to be between eight and twenty percent. Once

945-414: A combination of a bosal and bit, called a "two-rein", is used at some stages of training. The standard western bridle lacks a noseband and usually consists of a single set of reins attached to a curb bit that has somewhat longer shanks than the curb of an English Weymouth bridle or a pelham bit . Western bridles have either a browband or else a "one ear" loop (sometimes two) that crosses in front of

1080-669: A coveted ally for Emperor Frederick III , who agreed to have an audience with him in Trier . In October 1473, both parties reached Trier; the Emperor with his son Maximilian and 2,500 horsemen, while the Burgundy entourage consisted of 13,000 men at arms (including artillery), Burgundian nobility, bishops, and treasures and relics. Despite all the grandeur, Frederick III was disappointed that Charles had not brought his daughter, amidst rumours spread by Habsburg adversaries alleging that Mary

1215-582: A crusade nor did he make preparations for it like his father did. Only for a short time between late 1475 and early 1476 did he seriously consider a crusade and that was only after a meeting with Andreas Palaiologos , the deposed Despot of the Morea , who agreed to cede his claim as the Emperor of Trebizond and Constantinople to Charles. Charles the Bold pursued a risky and aggressive foreign policy. Trying to have as many allies as possible, he considered everyone, aside from Louis XI, as his ally. In 1471, he made

1350-469: A helmet has sustained an impact from falling, that part of the helmet is structurally weakened, even if no visible damage is present. Helmet manufacturers recommend that a helmet that has undergone impact from a fall be replaced immediately. In addition, helmets should be replaced every three to five years; specific recommendations vary by manufacturer. Many organizations mandate helmet use in competition or on show grounds, and rules have continually moved in

1485-421: A higher hospital admittance rate per hours of riding than motorcycle racing, at 0.49 per thousand hours of riding and 0.14 accidents per thousand hours, respectively. Head injuries are especially traumatic in horseback riding. About two-thirds of all riders requiring hospitalization after a fall have sustained a traumatic brain injury. Falling from a horse without wearing a helmet is comparable to being struck by

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1620-478: A joust match. He wished to outdo his father's famous Feast of the Pheasant. The wedding displayed the power and wealth of the dukedom. At the end of the wedding, Charles left his wife alone to catch up on sleep; the two did not spend their wedding night together. Charles and Margaret never had children. They spent little time together: only three weeks during the first six months after their marriage; one-quarter of

1755-508: A lieutenant and close military advisor to Charles, he failed in his ultimate mission in marrying Mary. The Duchy of Milan was France's most important ally in the Italian peninsula , whose ruler, Galeazzo Maria Sforza was attached to the King of France through his marriage with Louis' niece, Bona of Savoy . Charles tried to form an alliance with Milan. In 1470, he offered Galeazzo membership in

1890-439: A list of his nineteen allies. He increased the number to twenty-four by the next year and had twenty-six allies in 1473, in contrast to Louis XI's fifteen allies. Some of these relations, like with Scotland , were only formalities. Kings of Scotland and Denmark would sign treaties with Louis XI and appear on his list of allies. Initially, Charles was hesitant about an alliance with Matthias Corvinus , King of Hungary . However,

2025-404: A long history as well. Thoroughbreds have the pre-eminent reputation as a racing breed, but other breeds also race. Under saddle: In harness: Distance racing: Equestrian events were first included in the modern Olympic Games in 1900. By 1912, all three Olympic disciplines still seen today were part of the games. The following forms of competition are recognized worldwide and are a part of

2160-510: A marriage between his sister, Margaret of York , and Charles. To prevent an English-Burgundian alliance, Louis XI proposed the hand of his daughter, the four-year-old Anne , to Charles in marriage. Charles refused this proposal. In the Spring of 1466, an embassy led by Edward Woodville , Edward IV's brother-in-law, arrived in Burgundy to propose two marriages between the English royal family and

2295-691: A member of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1473. Charles constantly toyed with the idea of marrying his daughter, Mary, to Ferdinand's second son, Frederick of Naples , who visited the Burgundian court in 1469 and 1470. In 1474, when a war with Louis XI was on the horizon, Ferdinand's participation was dependent on his son's marriage with Mary. Charles hinted at his willingness to give his daughter's hand to Frederick, and Ferdinand dispatched his son to Burgundy on 24 October 1474. Although Frederick became

2430-402: A more shallow seat for general ranch riding or Steer wrestling . Finished western horses are asked to perform with a loose rein controlled by one hand. The headstall of a western bridle may utilize either a Snaffle bit or curb bit . Bitless headstalls are also seen, such as a bosal -style hackamore on younger horses, or various styles of mechanical hackamore . In Vaquero style training ,

2565-571: A recent rebellion in Liége. Afterwards, Charles imprisoned Louis in the city of Péronne and coerced him to sign a treaty favourable to Burgundy with conditions such as forfeiting the Duke of Burgundy from paying homage, guarantying Charles's sovereignty of Picardy, and abolishing French jurisdiction on Burgundian subjects. Louis reluctantly agreed to all the demands and signed the Treaty of Péronne . However,

2700-416: A rider competing at Prix St. Georges and above is also riding a test at Fourth Level or below, he or she must also wear a helmet at all times while mounted. The idea that riding a horse astride could injure a woman's sex organs is a historic, but sometimes popular even today, misunderstanding or misconception, particularly that riding astride can damage the hymen . Evidence of injury to any female sex organs

2835-522: A series of princely revolts against the French crown; one chronicle recorded the number of the participants to be seven dukes, twelve counts, two lords, one marshal and 51,000 men-at-arms against Louis XI. To counteract the rebels, Louis XI amassed an army and sent it southwards to central France to defeat John II of Bourbon. Charles of Charolais soon mustered an army of 25,000 men and marched towards Paris. Louis and his army hastily returned to Paris to defend

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2970-506: A share of their money so that the state could function normally. Charles had tears in his eyes and expressed his gratitude to his staff. Although this account is quite dramatic, there is no reason not to believe it, as such acts of altruism were typical of that time. In 1462, Charles survived a poisoning attempt on his life by Jehan Coustain, premier valet de chambre . Coustain was executed in Rupelmonde . Charles blamed de Croÿ for

3105-437: A sizeable army, he entered the city of Maastricht without resistance. Roermond and Venlo quickly surrendered. Moers , whose count, Vincent von Moers, was the leader of the resistance, yielded to Charles's artillery. The only serious conflict was the siege of Nijmegen, which only surrendered after inflicting severe losses on the Burgundian army. After the successful conquest of Guelders, Charles imposed heavy taxes and changed

3240-528: A study of equestrians seen at one hospital over a 6-year period found that helmet use both increased over time and was correlated with a lower rate of admission. However, 81% of admissions were wearing a helmet at the time of injury, In the second half of the study period, of the equestrians seen at a hospital, only 14% were admitted. In contrast, a study of child equestrians seen at a hospital emergency department in Adelaide reported that 60% were admitted. In

3375-408: A substantial saddle tree that provides support to horse and rider when working long hours in the saddle. The western saddle features a prominent pommel topped by a horn (a knob used for dallying a lariat after roping an animal), wide stirrups , and in some cases, both front and back cinches. The depth of the seat may depend on the activity, a deeper seat used for barrel racing or cutting cows or

3510-635: A successful revolt of Louis's vassals in the War of the Public Weal . After becoming the Duke of Burgundy in 1467, Charles pursued his ambitions for a kingdom independent from France, stretching contiguously from the North Sea in the north to the borders of Savoy in the south. For this purpose, he acquired Guelders and Upper Alsace ; sought the title King of the Romans ; and gradually became an enemy of

3645-531: A treaty on 30 January 1475 at Moncalieri in the form of an alliance between Savoy, Burgundy and Milan. As a result of this treaty, diplomatic relations between the two duchies were established, and Galeazzo sent Giovanni Pietro Panigarola as his envoy to Burgundy. Charles's relation with the Republic of Venice was based on his willingness to launch a crusade against the Turks. With Ferdinand of Naples' insistence,

3780-649: A war with France ensued, However, from 1472, relations with France became a constant truce, and remained as such during rest of Charles's reign. Duke of Burgundy The Duchy of Burgundy was a small portion of the traditional lands of the Burgundians west of the river Saône which, in 843, was allotted to Charles the Bald 's kingdom of the West Franks . Under the Ancien Régime , the duke of Burgundy

3915-468: A well-developed flight or fight instinct able to move quickly and unexpectedly. When mounted, the rider's head may be up to 4 m (13 ft) from the ground, and the horse may travel at a speed of up to 65 km/h (40 mph). The injuries observed range from very minor injuries to fatalities. A study in Germany reported that the relative risk of injury from riding a horse, compared to riding

4050-709: A wide variety of disciplines. Horses (and other equids such as mules ) are used for non-competitive recreational riding, such as fox hunting , trail riding , or hacking . There is public access to horse trails in almost every part of the world; many parks, ranches , and public stables offer both guided and independent riding. Horses are also used for therapeutic purposes both in specialized para-equestrian competition as well as non-competitive riding to improve human health and emotional development. Horses are also driven in harness racing , at horse shows , and in other types of exhibition such as historical reenactment or ceremony, often pulling carriages . In some parts of

4185-531: A wide-brimmed cowboy hat . A rider may wear protective leather leggings called chaps . Riders may wear brighter colors or finer fabrics in competition than for work. In particular, horse show events such as Western pleasure may much flashier equipment. Saddles, bits and bridles are ornamented with substantial amounts of silver, rider clothing may have vivid colors and even rhinestones or sequins. Horses, ponies , mules and donkeys are driven in harness in many different ways. For working purposes, they can pull

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4320-603: A wooden steed. Philip the Good assigned many tutors for the young Charles, the most important among them being Antoine Haneron, professor of rhetoric in the University of Louvain . Like his father, Charles developed a fondness for reading histories, chronicles and historical romances. Charles aspired to become a conqueror like Alexander the Great . The fact that both he and Alexander had fathers named Philip stimulated his imagination and further enhanced his ambition. In 1435, with

4455-588: Is controversy over the exact date horses were domesticated and when they were first ridden, the best estimate is that horses first were ridden approximately 3500 BC. There is some evidence that about 3000 BC, near the Dnieper River and the Don River , people were using bits on horses, as a stallion that was buried there shows teeth wear consistent with using a bit. However, the most unequivocal early archaeological evidence of equines put to working use

4590-412: Is scant. In female high-level athletes, trauma to the perineum is rare and is associated with certain sports (see Pelvic floor#Clinical significance ). The type of trauma associated with equestrian sports has been termed "horse riders' perineum". A case series of 4 female mountain bike riders and 2 female horse riders found both patient-reported perineal pain and evidence of sub-clinical changes in

4725-556: Is thrown over the head of a calf or the horns of adult cattle, and the animal is secured in a fashion dictated by its size and age. In spite of popular myth, most modern "broncs" are not in fact wild horses, but are more commonly spoiled riding horses or horses bred specifically as bucking stock. There are many other forms of equestrian activity and sports seen worldwide. There are both competitive events and pleasure riding disciplines available. Handling, riding and driving horses have inherent risks. Horses are large prey animals with

4860-596: The Magnum Concilium of Kingston upon Thames and formally gave her consent to the marriage. Charles welcomed the English delegation—led by Edward and Anthony Woodville —to Burgundy, and then had her mother accompany him to negotiate the final marriage treaty. The marriage treaty and the alliance was signed and ratified in February 1468, while the marriage ceremony was delayed to eight months later. Since Charles and Margaret were fourth-degree cousins, they needed

4995-616: The Burgundian Netherlands . Charles Martin (second forename) was born on 10 November 1433 in the city of Dijon . He was the third child of Philip the Good with Isabella of Portugal and the only one to survive past infancy. His mother, fearing that she would lose another child, consecrated the infant to the Blessed Sacrament within days from his birth. Philip the Good arrived in Dijon in late November to celebrate

5130-558: The Germans . Charles married Margaret of York for an English alliance. He arranged the betrothal between his sole child, Mary , with Maximilian of Austria . A passionate musician and patron of the arts, Charles supported the production of illuminated manuscripts and music. His court was famously known as a centre of arts, chivalry and etiquette. He was obsessed with order and regulation and wrote many ordinances throughout his rule, dictating military matters, legislation, and diplomacy to

5265-965: The Habsburgs control of the remainder of the Burgundian Inheritance . Although the territory of the Duchy of Burgundy itself remained in the hands of France, the Habsburgs remained in control of the title of Duke of Burgundy and the other parts of the Burgundian inheritance, notably the Low Countries and the Free County of Burgundy in the Holy Roman Empire as well as the County of Charolais in France. They often used

5400-762: The Lower League . After his unsuccessful siege of Neuss , he was defeated by the Swiss in the battles of Grandson and Morat . Charles was killed during the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477, fighting against Duke René II of Lorraine and his Swiss army. His death triggered the War of the Burgundian Succession and ended the Burgundian State . Charles's daughter, Mary, was the last of Charles's dynasty. Mary's son, Philip of Austria , inherited

5535-540: The Moselle at dawn. Charles became enraged, locked himself in his room and smashed the furniture to small pieces. But he did not break the betrothal between Maximilian and Mary, hoping that he could still become a king. Upon ascension as duke in 1468, Charles sought to dismantle the jurisdiction of the Parlement of Paris as the highest juridical power within his country. The cities and institutions in Burgundy relied on

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5670-721: The South African Lipizzaners and the Hollandsche Manege of the Netherlands . Horse shows are held throughout the world with a tremendous variety of possible events, equipment, attire, and judging standards used. However, most forms of horse show competition can be broken into the following broad categories: In addition to the classical Olympic events, the following forms of competition are seen. In North America they are referred to as " English riding " in contrast with western riding; elsewhere in

5805-532: The Treaty of Arras , Philip the Good reconciled with Charles VII , King of France, marking the end of the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War , a conflict between the members of the Valois royal family and its branches. As a sign of good faith in his new ally, Charles VII also allowed a marriage between one of his daughters and Philip's heir. Charles sent his daughters to Burgundy; Philip chose Catherine ,

5940-573: The United States each year an estimated 30 million people ride horses, resulting in 50,000 emergency department visits (1 visit per 600 riders per year). A survey of 679 equestrians in Oregon, Washington and Idaho estimated that at some time in their equestrian career one in five will be seriously injured, resulting in hospitalization, surgery or long-term disability. Among survey respondents, novice equestrians had an incidence of any injury that

6075-541: The clitoris ; the relevance of these findings to horse riding is unknown. In men, sports-related injuries are among the major causes of testicular trauma. In a small controlled but unblinded study of 52 men, varicocele was significantly more common in equestrians than in non-equestrians. The difference between these two groups was small, however, compared to differences reported between extreme mountain bike riders and non-riders, and also between mountain bike riders and on-road bicycle riders. Horse-riding injuries to

6210-825: The equestrian events at the Olympics. They are governed by the rules of the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI). The additional internationally sanctioned but non-Olympic disciplines governed by the FEI are: combined driving ; endurance ; reining ; and vaulting . These disciplines are part of the FEI World Equestrian Games every four years and may hold their own individual World Championships in other years. The FEI also recognizes horseball and tent pegging as its two regional disciplines. Para-equestrian competition at

6345-529: The imperial diet in Regensburg . Philip the Good hoped to meet Frederick III and attach the emperor to his aspiring crusade in order to retake Constantinople from the Ottomans . However, the emperor did not show up. Even as the regent, Charles held little to no power compared to his mother, the duchess, and his father. Nevertheless, Charles still was able to issue documents in his own name. His regency

6480-540: The papal legate in the Burgundian court, Lucas de Tollentis, directing him to encourage Charles to undertake a crusade against the Ottomans. Tollentis, reported to the Pope on 23 June 1472 that Charles was 'resolved in our favour,' and the welfare of Christendom was never far from his mind. Charles may have considered an expedition to the east as the climax of his life's work; however, during his lifetime, he never undertook

6615-496: The senate of Venice agreed to a treaty against the King of France on 20 March 1472. From then on, Venice constantly urged Charles to uphold his part of the bargain and support them in their war with the Ottomans . Charles's inaction caused gradual estrangement from Venice. For instance, when he wanted to recruit the Venetian condottiero , Bartolomeo Colleoni to his ranks, (who would have brought with himself 10,000 men at arms)

6750-406: The Bold was religious, and regarded himself more devout and pious than any ruler of his day. He considered his sovereignty bestowed upon him by God and thus owed his power to God alone. From a young age, Charles chose Saint George as his patron saint . He kept an alleged sword of Saint George in his treasury and showed reverence to other warrior saints like Saint Michael as well. He commissioned

6885-480: The Burgundians: one between Margaret of York and Charles, and the other between Mary, Charles's daughter, and George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence , Edward IV's younger brother. Woodville's visit failed, as Charles was not interested in marrying his young daughter to the Duke of Clarence. In October 1467, Edward IV publicly ratified the marriage between Charles and his sister, and Margaret of York appeared before

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7020-462: The Duchy as a peace settlement, having disputed the succession to the throne of France with his brother Henry . John II of France , the second Valois king, successfully claimed the duchy after the death of Philip , the last Capet duke. John then passed the duchy to his youngest son Philip as an apanage . In 1477, the territory of the Duchy of Burgundy was annexed by France. In the same year, Mary married Maximilian , Archduke of Austria , giving

7155-484: The Duke of Burgundy. In celebration, he paraded into the city of Ghent on 28 June 1467, emulating Caesar. This Joyous Entry caused an uproar in the city. The people demanded an end to the humiliating penalties imposed on them after the revolt in 1449. Charles left the city with his daughter, the ten-year-old Mary, and the treasure kept by Philip the Good in the Prinsenhof of Ghent. In the following January, he coerced

7290-483: The Emperor and not the prince-electors was a fatal mistake, showing an utter ignorance of German political norms. As an alternative, Frederick III proposed to elevate the Duchy of Burgundy into a kingdom; Charles accepted. The two parties planned for Frederick III to crown Charles in the Trier Cathedral in a coronation on 25 November. However, the next day, the Emperor secretly departed from Trier, embarking on

7425-429: The French left flank led by Charles IV, Count of Maine . Charles pursued the fleeing count and his army, when the French vanguard counterattacked. Charles was thrown into battle with the French army and took a wound to his throat. He evaded capture and returned to his lines. After his return, Charles ordered his gunners to shoot at the king's army; by his account, 1,200–1,400 men and a large number of horses were killed. In

7560-567: The Good reconciled in June 1464, after they met in Lille, although de Croÿ kept a hold on power. Later that year, Charles assumed full power by arguing that Philip the Good was becoming too senile. Charles put pressure on de Croÿ, but Philip protected de Croÿ by threatening Charles. Ten days later, the States General gave Charles full power by appointing him lieutenant général . His first act

7695-434: The Good's chancellor. The Duke, wary of the power his chancellor might get with this appointment, refused his son's request and instead proposed Philip de Croÿ , who was high bailiff of Hainault and a member of the influential House of Croÿ , as his chamberlain. Charles distrusted de Croÿ, because he suspected that he accepted money from Charles VII to undermine Philip the Good. Charles refused his father's proposal. Philip

7830-461: The Good's niece. Her father, Charles I, Duke of Bourbon , sent her as a child to the Burgundian court as a ward of Isabella of Portugal. A shy and pliant young woman, Isabella was adored by Philip the Good, who saw an opportunity to renew the Treaty of Arras (which had been broken by the death of Catherine of France) by marrying his niece to his son. Charles was not aware of his father's intention until

7965-591: The Holy Roman Empire between themselves, with Charles becoming the King of Romans and having the lands along the Rhine under his authority while Matthias would acquire Breslau and Bohemia. In 1473, through negotiations with the new Duke of Lorraine, René II , he obtained the right to pass his armies through his lands, and assign Burgundian captains to important fortifications in Lorraine, essentially turning

8100-622: The Holy Roman Empire. At Charles's request, Sigismund of Austria proposed Charles to be the next king of the Romans , the title of the successor of the emperor, with the marriage between the Emperor's son and the Charles's daughter as an inducement. As one of the richest men in the Europe, and also an ally of the rebellious princes in the empire, the Hungarians and the Bohemians , Charles was

8235-511: The Napoleonic era. The title was subsequently revived for several younger sons of the House of Bourbon and since 1975, branches of it have used "duke of Burgundy" as a revived courtesy title . The first margrave ( marchio ), later duke ( dux ), of Burgundy was Richard of the House of Ardennes , whose duchy was created from the merging of several regional counties of the kingdom of Provence which had belonged to his brother Boso . Richard

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8370-406: The Order of the Golden Fleece, on the premise of an alliance, but was rejected. One time he even included Milan in one of his lists of allies, which caused Galeazzo to protest. To bring about Galeazzo to his circle of allies, Charles started a rumour that he wished to conquer Milan. Concerns about a probable war and Charles's diplomatic pressure by isolating Milan from France persuaded Galeazzo to sign

8505-529: The Pope sought a mediator to end the conflict in Guelders. In 1471, Charles was appointed as the mediator; he marched into Guelders and restored Arnold to power. Adolf was placed under house arrest, and then to prison after a failed escape attempt. To retain Burgundian assistance, Arnold made Charles the Regent of Guelders; when Arnold died in February 1473, having left no heirs but his imprisoned son, he bequeathed

8640-601: The Somme lands to Burgundy. On 12 June 1467, Philip the Good suddenly fell ill. In the next few days, he could hardly breathe and constantly vomited. Charles was summoned from Ghent to immediately come to his father. By the time he arrived, Philip had fallen unconscious and was struggling to breathe, and died on 15 June. Charles arranged the funeral for his father in the St. Donatian's Cathedral , attended by 1200 persons from both Charles's and Philip's households and courtiers. The cathedral

8775-600: The United States, an analysis of National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) data performed by the Equestrian Medical Safety Association studied 78,279 horse-related injuries in 2007: "The most common injuries included fractures (28.5%); contusions/abrasions (28.3%); strain/sprain (14.5%); internal injury (8.1%); lacerations (5.7%); concussions (4.6%); dislocations (1.9%); and hematomas (1.2%). Most frequent injury sites are

8910-483: The United States, for example, indicate that about 30 million people ride horses annually. On average, about 67,000 people are admitted to the hospital each year from injuries sustained while working with horses. 15,000 of those admittances are from traumatic brain injuries. Of those, about 60 die each year from their brain injuries. Studies have found horseback riding to be more dangerous than several sports, including skiing, auto racing and football. Horseback riding has

9045-411: The Venetian government did not allow him to go. Charles spent two years negotiating with the Venetian ambassadors, but at the end, was unsuccessful in convincing them. By 1475, the alliance between Venice and Burgundy did not liken a genuine union anymore. The Italian peninsula saw a shift in its sphere of influence after the Treaty of Moncalieri in 1475. Charles the Bold triumphantly replaced Louis XI as

9180-401: The age of 12, Charles began to participate in the public affairs of his father's duchy. In 1445, he accompanied his father on a rare state visit to Holland and Zealand. According to Olivier de la Marche , the inhabitants were delighted to see their count—the young Charles—in their land. Charles became fast friends with his wife, Catherine. They gave gifts to each other; in 1440 (when he was 7),

9315-551: The age of six, Charles was brought up by his cousins, John and Agnes of Cleves , who both were the children of Mary of Burgundy , the daughter of John the Fearless . Of the two, Agnes was more prominent in Charles's early education. Agatha and Charles were constantly in his mother's company. In 1441, Philip the Good appointed Jean d'Auxy, seigneur of Auxi-le-Château , as the eight-year-old Charles's guardian. D'Auxy later served as Charles's chamberlain from 1456 to 1468. At

9450-508: The aldermen in the region. Charles gave more powers to the ducal judicial officers to control the rebellious cities and to impose a centralised administration. The Burgundian state under Charles was divided into two separate areas, the Duchy of Burgundy in the south and Flanders in the north. To unify them, Charles needed the Duchy of Lorraine and Alsace . On 21 March 1469, he received Sigismund, Archduke of Austria to his court to negotiate

9585-413: The area, Peter von Hagenbach , imposed harsh taxes on the people. Soon, several towns of Alsace formed a league to unite against Hagenbach. Charles ignored the area. Charles greatly desired to transform the Duchy of Burgundy into a kingdom, free from the limitations of vassalage to the French crown, to further his personal glory. The only way for Charles to realise such a state was through the framework of

9720-607: The assassination attempt, while de Croÿ came to believe that Charles staged this attempt to fuel their feud. By the end of 1463, the disputes between Charles and his father caused the States General of the Burgundian Netherlands to intervene. In 5 February 1464, Charles made a speech to the deputies assembled in Ghent, spending more time attacking de Croÿ's family than his father. At the end, Charles and Philip

9855-461: The birth and made his son a knight of the Golden Fleece , a knightly order created by him in 1430. The infant also became the count of Charolais , a title given to the heirs of the dukes of Burgundy. He was baptised on 20 November, with Count Charles I of Nevers and Antoine I de Croÿ as his sponsors; he was named after the count of Nevers, who was Philip the Good's stepson from his second wife, Bonne of Artois. In early spring 1434, Isabella and

9990-518: The city against Charles's army. On 15 July, Charles reached the village of Montlhéry ; in search of his allies' armies, Charles discovered that the royal army was camped in Arpajon , a few miles south. On learning Charles's position, Louis moved to fight him. On 16 July, the two armies met and fought in the outskirts of Montlhéry. Charles placed himself next to the defensively positioned Burgundian vanguard, led by Louis of Saint-Pol . He attacked into

10125-403: The city, rebels forcefully stopped and arrested them near the city gate. The rebellion was suppressed in 1438, when Philip the Good blockaded the city and forced the rebels to surrender. During infancy, Charles was described as a robust child. He showed an interest in martial matters and military operations early in his life; by the age of two, he was instructed on horsemanship while training on

10260-454: The countess bought a harp for Charles, who was interested in music. In February 1446, Catherine became bedridden with cold, high fever and persistent coughing. By March, she was too pale, lethargic and had no appetite. From the start of her illness, Charles and his mother stayed close by Catherine's side. Charles urged the physicians sent by the King to do everything they could for his young wife. He visited her regularly and played music for her on

10395-615: The crown did not abide by the treaty terms and Franco-Burgundian relations remained negative. At the start of Louis XI's reign, Italy's triple alliance between the Duchy of Milan , the Republic of Florence and the Kingdom of Naples , allowed the influence of France grow in the peninsula, for Milan and Florence were long-standing allies of Louis XI. To remedy this, Charles enlarged Burgundy's sphere of influence in Italy to dwarf that of France. The first Burgundian alliance with an Italian ruler

10530-495: The crown domains . When Charles was chosen as lieutenant général in 1464, he provoked war against Louis by forming the League of the Public Weal . The League of the Public Weal was a confederation of prominent French Princes — Charles of Berry , the king's brother, Francis II, Duke of Brittany , John II, Duke of Bourbon and Jacques and John d'Armagnac — formed to act against Louis' authority. They declared Charles of Berry

10665-511: The dauphin to be the godfather of his daughter, Mary. Charles's hatred for Louis festered when he ascended to the French throne after the death of his father on 22 July 1461. Louis was crowned king on 31 August in Reims under the regnal name Louis XI. Philip the Good personally put the crown on his head. While the duke thought that the hostilities between France and Burgundy were ended, the new king at his coronation ceremony refused to participate in

10800-437: The decisive Battle of Gavere in 1453. In Lille, his mother honoured him with a feast, and to everyone's surprise, encouraged him to return to the battlefield and fight for his inheritance. By that time, Philip the Good had won the battle and defeated the rebellious burghers . Charles remained a widower for eight years until he married Isabella of Bourbon in 1454. Isabella was the daughter of Agnes of Burgundy , and Philip

10935-583: The direction of requiring helmet use. In 2011, the United States Equestrian Federation passed a rule making helmet use mandatory while mounted on competition grounds at U.S. nationally rated eventing competitions. Also in 2011, the United States Dressage Federation made helmet use in competition mandatory for all riders under 18 and all riders who are riding any test at Fourth Level and below. If

11070-752: The disciplines of riding, driving , and vaulting . This broad description includes the use of horses for practical working purposes, transportation, recreational activities, artistic or cultural exercises, and competitive sport . Horses are trained and ridden for practical working purposes, such as in police work or for controlling herd animals on a ranch . They are also used in competitive sports including dressage , endurance riding , eventing , reining , show jumping , tent pegging , vaulting , polo , horse racing , driving , and rodeo (see additional equestrian sports listed later in this article for more examples). Some popular forms of competition are grouped together at horse shows where horses perform in

11205-486: The dominant influence on the Italian politics, with three of four major secular powers in the region—Milan, Naples and Venice—all aligning towards him. Only Florence remained a French ally, though they offered a stance of neutrality to Charles on the basis of their mutual alliance with Venice. Charles successfully eliminated any possible support from Italy for France, and now could count on the support of his Italian allies if

11340-429: The duchy into a Burgundian protectorate . Among Charles's other allies were Amadeus IX , Duke of Savoy , whose wife, Yolande of Valois , Louis XI's sister, drove the duchy into an alliance with Burgundy on the basis of their shared dismay for Louis XI. The intense rivalry between Louis XI and Charles the Bold kept both rulers always prepared for an eventual war. The suspicious death of Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry,

11475-429: The duchy to Charles. However, Charles's inheritance caused opposition. The Estates of Guelders, and the towns of Nijmegen , Arnhem , and Zutphen rejected Arnold's will, and Louis XI asked Frederick III , the Holy Roman Empire, to confiscate the duchy. Frederick III was diplomatically close to Charles and did not intervene. Charles subdued the rebelling cities and the nobles of Guelders with force. On 9 June 1473, with

11610-627: The duchy to his younger son, Philip the Bold , in 1363. The Valois dukes gradually came to rule over a vast complex of territories known as the Burgundian State , and became dangerous rivals to the senior French royal line of the House of Valois . When the male line of the Valois dukes of Burgundy became extinct in 1477, the Duchy of Burgundy was confiscated by Louis XI of France . The title "duke of Burgundy" passed to Habsburg monarchs after Mary of Burgundy married Maximilian I of Austria in 1477. The Habsburgs used this connection to claim Burgundy proper and to rule their Burgundian inheritance until

11745-492: The duke for the fact that both were married three times. According to Prof. Nancy Bradley Warren, the portrayal of Charles and Saint Anne may have been a means to legitimise his marriage to Margaret by reassuring those who were dubious about an alliance with England. Throughout his reign, Charles faced multiple requests to pledge his men to a crusade against the Ottoman Empire . Pope Sixtus IV sent three instructions to

11880-509: The end of the Ice Age . Horses were brought back to North America by European explorers, beginning with the second voyage of Columbus in 1493. Equestrianism was introduced in the 1900 Summer Olympics as an Olympic sport with jumping events. Humans appear to have long expressed a desire to know which horse or horses were the fastest, and horse racing has ancient roots. Gambling on horse races appears to go hand-in hand with racing and has

12015-652: The feast sponsored by Philip in his honour. The latter thus returned to his realm disappointed. Charles feared Louis' intentions to demolish the Burgundian defensive system in Picardy, and he was furious when a crisis occurred in autumn 1463 regarding his father's lands in the Somme . de Croÿ persuaded Philip the Good to agree to amend the Treaty of Arras, which had given him cities such as Saint-Quentin , Abbeville , Amiens , Péronne and Montdidier . Philip agreed to accept 400,000 gold écus from Louis to return those cities to

12150-490: The first round, Charles struck Jacques on the shield and shattered his own lance. Philip the Good accused de Lalaing of holding back to let Charles win and demanded that the knight put up a real fight. During the second tilt, both lances were broken. The spectacle excited Philip the Good but caused Isabella of Portugal to worry for her son's safety. During the actual tourney, Charles broke sixteen or eighteen lances and received prizes from two princesses. In his honour, heralds cried

12285-430: The harp that she had gifted to him. In April the three of them were forced to journey to Arras, on Philip the Good's orders to join him in watching a tournament in that city. Wanting to please his father, Charles began anticipating the tourney instead of worrying over his wife. During the tournament, Catherine's general state deteriorated, to the point when she was overwhelmed by coughing and had to return to bed soon after

12420-462: The heir to the Burgundian State , which in turn prompted his father to cut off his allowance. Charles was deprived of any money to pay his staff or even keep his estate afloat, so in 1463, according to Georges Chastellain , he turned to his employees and asked those who could pay for themselves to stay with him, and those who could not to leave him until he could afford to pay them. His staff replied that they would live and die with him. They offered him

12555-568: The horse's ear. Two styles of Western reins developed: The long split reins of the Texas tradition, which are completely separated, or the " Romal " reins of the California tradition, which are closed reins with a long single attachment (the romal) that can be used as a quirt . Modern rodeo competitors in timed events sometimes use a closed rein without a romal . Western riders wear a long-sleeved shirt, long pants or jeans, cowboy boots , and

12690-637: The horse, but when reported separately each of these mechanisms may be more common than being kicked. In Canada , a 10-year study of trauma center patients injured while riding reported that although 48% had suffered head injuries, only 9% of these riders had been wearing helmets at the time of their accident. Other injuries involved the chest (54%), abdomen (22%) and extremities (17%). A German study reported that injuries in horse riding are rare compared to other sports, but when they occur they are severe. Specifically, they found that 40% of horse riding injuries were fractures, and only 15% were sprains. Furthermore,

12825-527: The international level, including the Paralympics , are also governed by the FEI and offer the following competition events: The haute école ( F. "high school"), an advanced component of Classical dressage , is a highly refined set of skills seldom used in competition but often seen in demonstration performances. The world's leading Classical dressage programs include: Other major classical teams include

12960-493: The king's brother, in 1472, prompted Charles to raise arms to avenge his former ally's death, stating he has been poisoned by Louis. After a small conflict, the two ceased their fighting in the winter 1473 without any talks of peace. Neither would declare war on the other for the rest of their reigns. In 1468, Charles and Louis tried to make peace, which caused astonishment throughout France. Their talks of peace soon turned into hostility once Charles learned that Louis had his hands in

13095-618: The king's request to send the dauphin back. At Philip's expense, Louis lived in Genappe , where he led a comfortable life. Charles VII attempted to regain his son but all his attempts failed. He reportedly said: "My cousin Burgundy is feeding a fox who will eat up all his chickens". Dauphin Louis would go on to become Philip the Good's favourite after the quarrel between him and his son, Charles. In contrast to his relationship with Philip, Louis and Charles disliked each other. However, Charles asked

13230-401: The king's ten-year-old daughter, to marry the six-year-old Charles. The two were married on 11 June 1439, during a ceremony accompanied by concerts, jousts and banquets in the city of Saint-Omer . The wedded children were put under the care of a governess , according to the wedding accounts, and were often separated from each other to spend their time with hobbies in tune with their age. Until

13365-428: The late evening, Louis XI retreated eastwards to Paris. While each side claimed victory at the Battle of Montlhéry , neither side achieved their full objectives. Charles could not capture Louis in the battlefield, and Louis could not prevent Charles from joining his allies. In spite of his ability to form his battle troops in a coherent battle order, Charles had yet to become an able tactician. The rebel armies joined in

13500-432: The lower trunk (19.6%); head (15.0%); upper trunk (13.4%); shoulder (8.2%); and wrist (6.8%). Within this study patients were treated and released (86.2%), were hospitalized (8.7%), were transferred (3.6%), left without being treated (0.8%), remained for observation (0.6%) and arrived at the hospital deceased (0.1%)." Horseback riding is one of the most dangerous sports, especially in relation to head injury. Statistics from

13635-433: The mayors of Ghent to ask for his pardon. Then, he abolished their governmental rights and announced that only he could appoint the government in the town, contrary to Philip IV 's constitution in 1301. On 26 September 1465, Charles's wife, Isabella of Bourbon, died of tuberculosis at the age of 31. Court Chronicles recorded laconically the long months of her illness. The most important part of her life for these chronicles

13770-411: The most weight for a short distance. In horse show competition, the following general categories of competition are seen: Rodeo events include the following forms of competition: Roping includes a number of timed events that are based on the real-life tasks of a working cowboy, who often had to capture calves and adult cattle for branding , medical treatment and other purposes. A lasso or lariat

13905-465: The mutual friendship with the Kingdom of Naples pushed Burgundy and Hungary to each other, and in his pursuit to ally with Frederick III's opponents, Charles made contacts with Matthias. Charles hoped that by supporting Matthias' claim to the Kingdom of Bohemia , Matthias would back him in the electoral college. The two successfully concluded a treaty in November 1474, in which they agreed to partition

14040-480: The new Court of Auditors , who previously resided in Lille and Brussels. The language of this parliament was French, with two-thirds of its personnel being Burgundian. The Mechelen parliament only held authority in the Low Countries. In the Burgundian mainlands, Charles established another parliament whose headquarters moved from Beaune and Dole . In Charles's own words, the proper administration of justice

14175-420: The night before his marriage on 31 October; he did not resist the match. With his marriage, the town of Chinon was incorporated into Philip the Good's realm, as part of Isabella's dowry. Throughout the decade 1454–1464, Charles was excluded from power, the ducal council, and the Burgundian court by his father. In 1454 Philip the Good appointed him as "governor and lieutenant-general in absence" while he attended

14310-401: The north-east: the Duchy of Guelders . Although it was never a part of the Burgundian lands, the duchy was dependent on Burgundian trade. In 1463, Adolf of Egmond rebelled against his father, the ruling duke, Arnold . With Philip the Good's support, Adolf usurped the duchy and imprisoned his father in 1465. Adolf's treatment of his father caused a scandal that resonated as far as Rome , where

14445-574: The parlement for challenging legal decisions. This irritated the Dukes of Burgundy who detested any reliance on France. Philip the Good established an itinerant court of justice that travelled all across the country (which was still not as powerful as the Paris Parliament). Charles established of a central sovereign court in Mechelen in his 1473 ordinance of Thionville . The city would house

14580-587: The percent indicating the amounts in relation to all injuries as reported by a New Zealand study, include: Among 36 members and employees of the Hong Kong Jockey Club who were seen in a trauma center during a period of 5 years, 24 fell from horses and 11 were kicked by the horse. Injuries comprised: 18 torso; 11 head, face or neck; and 11 limb. The authors of this study recommend that helmets, face shields and body protectors be worn when riding or handling horses. In New South Wales , Australia ,

14715-547: The purchase of his lands in Upper Alsace . Sigismund was in a desperate financial situation and eagerly agreed to sell the lands. With this purchase, Charles acquired a claim on the city of Ferrette , close to Swiss borders, alarming the Swiss Confederacy . Charles's rights and income from his new territories were severely limited because most of the land rights were mortgaged to local nobles. Charles's deputy in

14850-407: The regent of France and appointed Francis II as the captain general of the army. With the threat of rebellion looming, Louis XI offered to pardon all the dukes and lords. Minor lords accepted the pardon, but the dukes persisted with their demands. The members of the league chose Charles of Charolais as their leader and began amassing their army. The League of the Public Weal became the most dangerous of

14985-630: The smallest detail. Charles was religious and his patron saint was Saint George . He turned down multiple requests from the pope and the Venetians to undertake a crusade against the Ottoman Turks . Towards the end of his life, Charles became engaged in a multi-national conflict called the Burgundian Wars (1474–1477), where he fought to retain ownership of Upper Alsace against an alliance of Swiss, German, and Alsatian polities called

15120-480: The study noted that in Germany, one quarter of all sport related fatalities are caused by horse riding. Most horse related injuries are a result of falling from a horse, which is the cause of 60–80% of all such reported injuries. Another common cause of injury is being kicked by a horse, which may cause skull fractures or severe trauma to the internal organs . Some possible injuries resulting from horse riding, with

15255-839: The term Burgundy to refer to it (e.g. in the name of the Imperial Circle it was grouped into), until the late 18th century, when the Austrian Netherlands were lost to the French Republic . The Habsburgs also continued to claim Burgundy proper until the Treaty of Cambrai in 1529, when they surrendered their claim in exchange for French recognition of Imperial sovereignty over Flanders and Artois. Equestrianism Equestrianism (from Latin equester , equestr- , equus , 'horseman', 'horse'), commonly known as horse riding ( Commonwealth English ) or horseback riding ( American English ), includes

15390-506: The time during the years 1469 and 1470, and only three weeks throughout 1473. According to contemporary jurist, Filips Wielant , Charles housed Margaret far away from him because he did not want women to hamper his court. Like his father, Charles pursued expansionism; however, whereas Philip the Good realised this policy by peaceful means, Charles vied for territory by war and conflict. In the Netherlands, he sought to expand his realm to

15525-489: The tourney had started. When she was well enough to travel, Catherine and her mother-in-law, Isabella journeyed to Coudenberg , the princess' favourite place. She eventually died on 30 July 1446, and her death was deeply mourned by the court of Burgundy. When Charles was seventeen, he participated in his first joust in a practice tourney in Brussels. He jousted against Jacques de Lalaing , the renowned knight of Burgundy. In

15660-440: The town of Étampes and began marching towards Paris on 31 July. The rebels laid siege on Paris in 1465, during which Charles directed his gunfire at the city's walls. The rebels successfully entered the city when a nobleman named Charles de Melun opened Saint-Antoine gate for them. Louis XI was forced to negotiate. The parties signed the Treaty of Conflans , which ceded the rule of Normandy to Charles, Duke of Berry and returned

15795-517: The well-known French battle cry, " Montjoie Saint Denis! " (which was also the motto of the Kingdom of France). In 1449, the wealthy city of Ghent rebelled against Burgundian rule in response to new taxes on salt. Charles took part in the fighting; however, to keep him out of danger, Philip the Good falsely told Charles that his mother Isabella was seriously ill in Lille . Charles left shortly before

15930-590: The world, if a distinction is necessary, they are usually described as "classic riding": Western riding evolved from the cattle-working and warfare traditions brought to the Americas by the Spanish , and both equipment and riding style evolved to meet the working needs of the cowboy on ranches in the American West . The most noticeable feature of western style riding is the western saddle , which has

16065-408: The world, they are still used for practical purposes such as farming . Horses continue to be used in public service, in traditional ceremonies (parades, funerals), police and volunteer mounted patrols and for mounted search and rescue . Riding halls , also known as indoor arenas or schools, enable training of horse and rider in all weathers as well as indoor competition riding. Though there

16200-525: The young Charles moved to the mountain fortress of Talant , in fear of multiple outbreaks of plague in Burgundy. The Duchess and her son descended the mountains in April 1435, after the plague had receded. Afterwards, they travelled to Paris to join Philip the Good. En route, they passed through Bruges , where a rebellion against Philip the Good was brewing. In 1436, when Isabella and her entourage were to leave

16335-469: Was "the soul and the spirit of the public entity." He was recognised as the first sovereign to make serious effort to impose peace and justice upon the Low Countries , and he was regarded as "a prince of Justice" by historian Andreas van Haul a century after his death. However, Georges Chastellain criticized Charles for his lack of mercy while imposing justice. He damaged his relations with his people by inspecting and regulating every aspect of their life, and

16470-551: Was her marriage to Charles—of which she had only brought him one daughter and no male heirs—and the fact that she and Charles fell in love after the initially political marriage. Charles, busy with the political negotiations after the War of the Public Weal, could not attend her funeral. Within weeks of Isabella of Bourbon's death, Charles's mother sought an English marriage for her son. She sent Guillaume de Clugny, one of Charles's close advisors, to London to negotiate with Edward IV for

16605-453: Was lit by 1400 candles which heated up the inside of the church so much that holes had to be made in the windows to cool the air. Charles showed extreme emotions during his father's funeral: he shook; trembled; pulled his hair, and kept shouting and crying. The Court Chronicler, Georges Chastellain, doubted the sincerity of Charles's distress, expressing astonishment that he could show such emotions. Fourteen days later, Charles officially became

16740-469: Was not recognised as the king of the Romans. In part, Frederick III was convinced that the prince-electors would not vote for Charles to receive the title. During the conference, Charles ignored and alienated the prince-electors. When he realised how much he needed their support, Charles tried to impress them with displays of his wealth, but the Germans were not swayed. Charles's decision to only interact with

16875-458: Was of horses being driven. Chariot burials about 2500 BC present the most direct hard evidence of horses used as working animals . In ancient times chariot warfare was followed by the use of war horses as light and heavy cavalry . The horse played an important role throughout human history all over the world, both in warfare and in peaceful pursuits such as transportation , trade and agriculture . Horses lived in North America, but died out at

17010-618: Was physically defective. Charles wished to become the king of the Romans and to succeed Frederick as emperor. In return, Maximilian would inherit the Burgundian State, and later on become emperor. In addition, Charles wanted to become a prince-elector , taking the Bohemian seat in the Electoral College , and be recognised as the duke of Guelders. Although Charles received recognition for the Duchy of Guelders, he still

17145-654: Was removed from the chancellery, and Rolin's close ally, Jean Chevrot , was removed from the ducal council. De Croÿ became more powerful. Charles left the court for his personal estate at Le Quesnoy in Hainaut. There, he was entrusted with minor tasks regarding the Flemish subjects of his father. He also constructed the Blue Tower castle in Gorinchem as his personal seat in 1461. He attempted to formalise his status as

17280-461: Was short-lived, for Philip the Good returned to Burgundy on 7 or 9 August of the same year, and Charles returned to his former powerless position. Charles was on bad terms with his father due to his exclusion from power, and their bad relations climaxed in 1457, when Charles wanted to appoint Antoin Rolin, the seigneur of Aymeries , as his chamberlain. Antoin was the son of Nicolas Rolin , Philip

17415-489: Was so furious that his mother feared for Charles's life and had Charles removed from the court. Charles fled to Dendermonde and Philip got lost in the forests of Soignies trying to find his son. Through the mediation of Isabella of Bourbon, who was pregnant with Charles's child, Philip and his son reached a truce. When Charles's daughter, Mary , was born on 13 February 1457, neither Charles nor his father attended her baptism, for both wanted to avoid each other. Nicolas Rolin

17550-574: Was the premier lay peer of the Kingdom of France . Beginning with Robert II of France ( r.  996–1031 ), the title was held by the Capetians , the French royal family. In 1032 King Henry I of France granted the duchy to his younger brother, Robert , who founded the House of Burgundy . When the senior line of the House of Burgundy became extinct in 1361, the title was inherited by King John II of France through proximity of blood. John granted

17685-515: Was the son of Eccard of Macon and Richildis of Arles, Boso the son of Bivin of Gorze and Richildis of Arles. His descendants and their relatives by marriage ruled the duchy until its annexation over a century later by the French crown, their suzerain. In 1004, Burgundy was annexed by the king, of the House of Capet . Otto William continued to rule what would come to be called the Free County of Burgundy . His descendants formed another House of Ivrea . Robert , son of Robert II of France , received

17820-568: Was threefold over intermediates, fivefold over advanced equestrians, and nearly eightfold over professionals. Approximately 100 hours of experience are required to achieve a substantial decline in the risk of injury. The survey authors conclude that efforts to prevent equestrian injury should focus on novice equestrians. The most common injury is falling from the horse, followed by being kicked, trampled and bitten. About 3 out of 4 injuries are due to falling, broadly defined. A broad definition of falling often includes being crushed and being thrown from

17955-447: Was to confiscate de Croÿ's estates; they were banished to France, where to their surprise, their French patron, Louis XI, gave them no support. In 1457, Louis XI —then Dauphin of France—the heir of Charles VII, had suddenly arrived at Philip the Good's court at Brussels. Philip the Good saw his guest as an opportunity to mend his relations with the crown and took the dauphin in, indulging him with kindness, showing humility and refused all

18090-589: Was unnecessarily harsh . Charles wanted to reduce the influence of the local aldermen, who were viewed by the commoners as the local court, and he undermined the Mechelen parliament. To both increase his grip on the seats of justice and to fill up his treasury, Charles dismissed the aldermen and sold their offices to the highest bidders; only the wealthiest subjects came to hold those positions. Many institutions protested against these practices, but Charles persisted because he constantly needed to fund his armies. Charles

18225-429: Was with King Ferdinand I of Naples , a ruler admired by both Charles and Louis XI. Ferdinand was the legitimised bastard of Alfonso I , and the Pope did not recognize his claim to the throne. Meanwhile, René of Anjou , the deposed King of Naples, persistently sought his title back. In the constant fear of an invasion from René or his heirs with the support of Louis XI, Ferdinand allied himself with Charles, who made him

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