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111-1224: Among the numerous literary works titled Collected Poems are the following: Collected Poems (Achebe) by Chinua Achebe Collected Poems (Berry) by Wendell Berry Collected Poems (Boyle) by Kay Boyle Collected Poems (Browning) by Robert Browning Collected Poems (Caudwell) by Christopher Caudwell Collected Poems (Goodman) by Paul Goodman Collected Poems (Hardy) by Thomas Hardy Collected Poems (Hughes) by Ted Hughes Collected Poems (Larkin) by Philip Larkin Collected Poems (Levi) by Primo Levi Collected Poems (Lovecraft) by H. P. Lovecraft Collected Poems (MacDiarmid) by Hugh MacDiarmid Collected Poems (Moore) by Marianne Moore Collected Poems (Neilson) by Shaw Neilson The Collected Poems (Plath) by Sylvia Plath Collected Poems (Stevens) by Wallace Stevens Collected Poems (Tierney) by Richard L. Tierney See also [ edit ] Collected works (disambiguation) List of poetry collections Selected Poems (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

222-425: A cautionary tale about " tribalism " ( discrimination between African tribes). Among the first pieces of African literature to receive significant worldwide critical acclaim was the novel Things Fall Apart , by Chinua Achebe . Published in 1958, late in the colonial era, Things Fall Apart analysed the effect of colonialism on traditional African society. African literature in the late colonial period (between

333-731: A complex allegory for the country's political tumult. Its final title was How the Leopard Got His Claws . Years later a Nigerian intelligence officer told Achebe, "of all the things that came out of Biafra, that book was most important." In May 1967, the southeastern region of Nigeria broke away to form the Republic of Biafra ; in July the Nigerian military attacked to suppress what it considered an unlawful rebellion. The Achebe family narrowly escaped disaster several times during

444-474: A daughter, named Nwando , was born on 7 March 1970. When the children began attending school in Lagos, their parents became worried about the worldview—especially with regard to race, gender and how Africans were portrayed—expressed at the school, particularly through the mostly white teachers and books that presented a prejudiced view of African life. In 1966, Achebe published his first children's book, Chike and

555-510: A milestone for the literature of Africa, and highlighted the importance of community among isolated voices on the continent and beyond. While at Makerere, Achebe was asked to read a novel written by a student named James Ngugi (later known as Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o ) called Weep Not, Child . Impressed, he sent it to Alan Hill at Heinemann, which published it two years later to coincide with its paperback line of books from African writers. Achebe also recommended works by Flora Nwapa . Achebe became

666-497: A military coup!" Soon afterwards, Nigerian Army officer Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu seized control of the northern region of the country as part of the 1966 Nigerian coup d'état . Commanders in other areas failed, and the coup was followed by a military crackdown. A massacre of three thousand people from the eastern region living in the north occurred soon afterwards, and stories of other attacks on Igbo Nigerians began to filter into Lagos. The ending of his novel had brought Achebe to

777-530: A narrative poem based upon a short and a ribald anecdote and is often sung, through: narrative epic , occupational verse , ritual verse, praise poems of rulers and other prominent people. Praise singers, bards sometimes known as " griots ", tell their stories with music. Also recited, often sung, are love songs , work songs , children's songs , along with epigrams , proverbs and riddles . These oral traditions exist in many languages including Fula , Swahili , Hausa , and Wolof . In Algeria , oral poetry

888-510: A non-colonial narrative, and use of English. In his essay "English and the African Writer", Achebe discusses how the process of colonialism—for all its ills—provided colonised people from varying linguistic backgrounds "a language with which to talk to one another". As his purpose is to communicate with readers across Nigeria, he uses "the one central language enjoying nationwide currency". Using English also allowed his books to be read in

999-674: A pivotal place in African literature and remains the most widely studied, translated, and read African novel. Along with Things Fall Apart , his No Longer at Ease (1960) and Arrow of God (1964) complete the "African Trilogy". Later novels include A Man of the People (1966) and Anthills of the Savannah (1987). In the West, Achebe is often referred (or recognized as) to as the "father of African literature", although he vigorously rejected

1110-413: A pretty lean harvest by any reckoning." Like his novels, the short stories are heavily influenced by the oral tradition. They often have morals emphasising the importance of cultural traditions, as influenced by folk tales. During decolonisation in the 1950s, a debate about choice of language erupted and pursued authors around the world. Achebe's work is scrutinised for its subject matter, insistence on

1221-521: A prose adaptation of Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night's Dream ( c.  1590 ) and an Igbo version of Bunyan 's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678). Achebe eagerly anticipated traditional village events, like the constant masquerade ceremonies , which he would later recreate in his novels and stories. In 1936, Achebe entered St Philips' Central School in the Akpakaogwe region of Ogidi for his primary education. Despite his protests, he spent

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1332-575: A reply from the typing service, so he asked his boss at the NBS , Angela Beattie, to visit the company during her travels to London. She did, and angrily demanded to know why the manuscript was lying ignored in the corner of the office. The company quickly sent a typed copy to Achebe. Beattie's intervention was crucial for his ability to continue as a writer. Had the novel been lost, he later said, "I would have been so discouraged that I would probably have given up altogether." The next year Achebe sent his novel to

1443-412: A separation of art and content, African awareness is inclusive and "literature" can also simply mean an artistic use of words for the sake of art alone. Traditionally, Africans do not radically separate art from teaching. Rather than write or sing for beauty in itself, African writers, taking their cue from oral literature, use beauty to help communicate important truths and information to society. An object

1554-505: A skill that helped him later to write realistic dialogue. Lagos made a significant impression on him. A huge conurbation , the city teemed with recent migrants from the rural villages. Achebe revelled in the social and political activity around him and began work on a novel. This was challenging since very little African fiction had been written in English, although Amos Tutuola 's Palm-Wine Drinkard and Cyprian Ekwensi 's People of

1665-809: A spider in the folklore of the Ashanti people of Ghana ; Ijàpá, a tortoise in Yoruba folklore of Nigeria ; and Sungura , a hare found in central and East African folklore. Other works in written form are abundant, namely in North Africa, the Sahel regions of west Africa and on the Swahili coast . From Timbuktu alone, there are an estimated 300,000 or more manuscripts tucked away in various libraries and private collections, mostly written in Arabic but some in

1776-724: A state of emergency in the Western Region , responding to a series of conflicts between officials of varying parties. Achebe became particularly saddened by the evidence of corruption and silencing of political opposition. The same year he attended an executive conference of African writers in English at the Makerere University College in Kampala , Uganda. He met with literary figures including Ghanaian poet Kofi Awoonor , Nigerian playwright and novelist Wole Soyinka , and American poet Langston Hughes . Among

1887-546: A vast body of scholarly work discussing it has arisen. In addition to his seminal novels, Achebe's oeuvre includes numerous short stories, poetry, essays and children's books. A titled Igbo chief himself, his style relies heavily on the Igbo oral tradition , and combines straightforward narration with representations of folk stories, proverbs, and oratory. Among the many themes his works cover are culture and colonialism, masculinity and femininity, politics, and history. His legacy

1998-479: A week in the religious class for young children, but was quickly moved to a higher class when the school's chaplain took note of his intelligence. One teacher described him as the student with the best handwriting and the best reading skills in his class. Achebe had his secondary education at the prestigious Government College Umuahia , in Nigeria's present-day Abia State . He attended Sunday school every week and

2109-405: A writer after reading Mister Johnson by Joyce Cary because of the book's portrayal of its Nigerian characters as either savages or buffoons. Achebe recognised his dislike for the African protagonist as a sign of the author's cultural ignorance. He abandoned medicine to study English, history, and theology, a switch which lost him his scholarship and required extra tuition fees. To compensate,

2220-502: Is celebrated annually at the Chinua Achebe Literary Festival . Chinua Achebe was born on 16 November 1930 and baptised Albert Chinụalụmọgụ Achebe. His father, Isaiah Okafo Achebe, was a teacher and evangelist, and his mother, Janet Anaenechi Iloegbunam, was the daughter of a blacksmith from Awka , a leader among church women, and a vegetable farmer. His birthplace was Saint Simon's Church, Nneobi, which

2331-467: Is considered beautiful because of the truths it reveals and the communities it helps to build. Oral literature (or orature, the term coined by Ugandan scholar Pio Zirimu ) may be in prose or verse. The prose is often mythological or historical and often includes tales of the trickster character. Storytellers in Africa sometimes use call-and-response techniques to tell their stories. Poetry describes

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2442-458: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Chinua Achebe Chinua Achebe ( / ˈ tʃ ɪ n w ɑː ə ˈ tʃ ɛ b eɪ / ; born Albert Chinụalụmọgụ Achebe ; 16 November 1930 – 21 March 2013) was a Nigerian novelist, poet, and critic who is regarded as a central figure of modern African literature . His first novel and magnum opus , Things Fall Apart (1958), occupies

2553-413: Is embroiled in the corruption of Lagos. Obi undergoes the same turmoil as much of the Nigerian youth of his time; the clash between the traditional culture of his clan, family, and home village against his government job and modern society. Later that year, Achebe was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship for six months of travel, which he called "the first important perk of my writing career". Achebe used

2664-560: Is indeed my brother but my junior brother.' And so he proceeded to build a hospital appropriate to the needs of junior brothers with standards of hygiene reminiscent of medical practice in the days before the germ theory of disease came into being." The lecture was controversial immediately following his talk. Many English professors in attendance were upset by his remarks; one elderly professor reportedly approached him, said: "How dare you!", and stormed away. Another suggested that Achebe had "no sense of humour", but several days later Achebe

2775-739: Is not like anywhere else they know [...] there are no real people in the Dark Continent, only forces operating; and people don't speak any language you can understand, they just grunt, too busy jumping up and down in a frenzy". Achebe expanded this criticism when he presented a Chancellor's Lecture at Amherst on 18 February 1975, " An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness ". Decrying Joseph Conrad as "a bloody racist", Achebe asserted that Conrad's novel Heart of Darkness dehumanises Africans, rendering Africa as "a metaphysical battlefield devoid of all recognisable humanity, into which

2886-591: The Booker Prize , the novel was hailed in the Financial Times : "in a powerful fusion of myth, legend and modern styles, Achebe has written a book which is wise, exciting and essential, a powerful antidote to the cynical commentators from 'overseas' who see nothing ever new out of Africa." An opinion piece in the magazine West Africa said the book deserved to win the Booker Prize, and that Achebe

2997-435: The Booker Prize . The Caine Prize for African Writing , an award for short stories, was established in 2000. There have been many literary productions in Africa since the beginning of the current decade (2010), even though readers do not always follow in large numbers. One can also notice the appearance of certain writings that break with the academic style. In addition, the shortage of literary critics can be deplored on

3108-662: The Herald 's editor during the 1951–52 school year. He wrote his first short story that year, "In a Village Church" (1951), an amusing look at the Igbo synthesis between life in rural Nigeria with Christian institutions and icons. Other short stories he wrote during his time at Ibadan—including "The Old Order in Conflict with the New" (1952) and " Dead Men's Path " (1953)—examine conflicts between tradition and modernity , with an eye toward dialogue and understanding on both sides. When

3219-483: The Maghreb , North Africans such as Ibn Khaldun attained great distinction within Arabic literature . Medieval North Africa boasted universities such as those of Fes and Cairo , with copious amounts of literature to supplement them. The African works best known in the West from the periods of colonization and the slave trade are primarily slave narratives , such as Olaudah Equiano 's The Interesting Narrative of

3330-565: The University of Connecticut , Achebe returned to the University of Nigeria in 1976, where he held a chair in English until his retirement in 1981. When he returned to the University of Nigeria, he hoped to accomplish three goals: finish the novel he had been writing, renew the native publication of Okike , and further his study of Igbo culture. In an August 1976 interview, he lashed out at the archetypal Nigerian intellectual, stating that

3441-488: The 1980s delivering speeches, attending conferences, and working on his sixth novel. In 1986 he was elected president-general of the Ogidi Town Union; he reluctantly accepted and began a three-year term. In the same year, he stepped down as editor of Okike . In 1987 Achebe released his fifth novel, Anthills of the Savannah , about a military coup in the fictional West African nation of Kangan. A finalist for

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3552-502: The City were notable exceptions. A visit to Nigeria by Queen Elizabeth II in 1956 highlighted issues of colonialism and politics, and was a significant moment for Achebe. Also in 1956, Achebe was selected to attend the staff training school for the BBC . His first trip outside Nigeria was an opportunity to advance his technical production skills, and to solicit feedback on his novel (which

3663-573: The Commonwealth Literature conference at the University of Leeds , presenting his essay "The Novelist as Teacher". Achebe and Christie married on 10 September 1961, holding the ceremony in the Chapel of Resurrection on the campus of the University of Ibadan. Their first child, a daughter named Chinelo, was born on 11 July 1962. They had a son, Ikechukwu, on 3 December 1964, and another boy, Chidi , on 24 May 1967. Their last child,

3774-595: The General Editor of the African Writers Series , a collection of postcolonial literature from African writers. As these works became more widely available, reviews and essays about African literature—especially from Europe—began to flourish. Achebe published an essay entitled "Where Angels Fear to Tread" in the December 1962 issue of Nigeria Magazine in reaction to critiques African work

3885-644: The Life of Olaudah Equiano ( 1789 ). In the colonial period, Africans exposed to Western languages began to write in those tongues. In 1911 , Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford (also known as Ekra-Agiman) of the Gold Coast (now Ghana) published what is probably the first African novel written in English, Ethiopia Unbound: Studies in Race Emancipation . Although the work moves between fiction and political advocacy, its publication and positive reviews in

3996-683: The London Financial Times reported that Achebe was planning to write a novella for the Canongate Myth Series , a series of short novels in which ancient myths from myriad cultures are reimagined and rewritten by contemporary authors. Achebe was awarded the Man Booker International Prize in June 2007. The judging panel included American critic Elaine Showalter , who said he "illuminated

4107-597: The New Black and Malagasy Poetry in the French Language ), featuring a preface by the French existentialist writer Jean-Paul Sartre . For many writers this emphasis was not restricted to their publishing. Many, indeed, suffered deeply and directly: censured for casting aside their artistic responsibilities in order to participate actively in warfare, Christopher Okigbo was killed in battle for Biafra against

4218-492: The Nigerian movement of the 1960s' civil war ; Mongane Wally Serote was detained under South Africa's Terrorism Act No 83 of 1967 between 1969 and 1970, and subsequently released without ever having stood trial; in London in 1970, his countryman Arthur Norje committed suicide; Malawi 's Jack Mapanje was incarcerated with neither charge nor trial because of an off-hand remark at a university pub; and, in 1995, Ken Saro-Wiwa

4329-444: The People , was published in 1966. A bleak satire set in an unnamed African state which has just attained independence, the novel follows a teacher named Odili Samalu from the village of Anata who opposes a corrupt Minister of Culture named Nanga for his Parliament seat. Upon reading an advance copy of the novel, Achebe's friend John Pepper Clark declared: "Chinua, I know you are a prophet. Everything in this book has happened except

4440-524: The People , Achebe replied: "I think, if anything, the Nigerian politician has deteriorated." After the elections, he engaged in a heated argument—which almost became a fistfight—with Sabo Bakin Zuwo , the newly elected governor of Kano State . He left the PRP and kept his distance from political parties, expressing sadness with his perception of the dishonesty and weakness of the people involved. He spent most of

4551-457: The River , to address some of these concerns. Achebe's third book, Arrow of God , was published in 1964. The idea for the novel came in 1959, when Achebe heard the story of a Chief Priest being imprisoned by a District Officer. He drew further inspiration a year later when he viewed a collection of Igbo objects excavated from the area by archaeologist Thurstan Shaw ; Achebe was startled by

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4662-517: The Western press mark a watershed moment in African literature. During this period, African plays written in English began to emerge. Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo of South Africa published the first English-language African play, The Girl Who Killed to Save: Nongqawuse the Liberator in 1935 . In 1962 , Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o of Kenya wrote the first East African drama, The Black Hermit ,

4773-478: The agent recommended by Gilbert Phelps in London. It was sent to several publishing houses; some rejected it immediately, claiming that fiction from African writers had no market potential. The executives at Heinemann read the manuscript and hesitated in their decision to publish the book. An educational adviser, Donald MacRae, read the book and reported to the company that: "This is the best novel I have read since

4884-420: The archetype was divorced from the intellect "but for two things: status and stomach. And if there's any danger that he might suffer official displeasure or lose his job, he would prefer to turn a blind eye to what is happening around him." In October 1979, Achebe was awarded the first-ever Nigerian National Merit Award . After his 1981 retirement, he devoted more time to editing Okike and became active with

4995-660: The attention of the Nigerian Armed Forces , who suspected him of having foreknowledge of the coup. When he received word of the pursuit, he sent his wife (who was pregnant) and children on a squalid boat through a series of unseen creeks to the Eastern stronghold of Port Harcourt . They arrived safely, but Christie suffered a miscarriage at the journey's end. Chinua rejoined them soon afterwards in Ogidi. These cities were safe from military incursion because they were in

5106-470: The book "genuinely succeeds in presenting tribal life from the inside". The Observer called it "an excellent novel", and the literary magazine Time and Tide said that "Mr. Achebe's style is a model for aspirants". Initial reception in Nigeria was mixed. When Hill tried to promote the book in West Africa, he was met with scepticism and ridicule. The faculty at the University of Ibadan was amused at

5217-558: The bus." Upon reaching the waterfall, he was cheered by the black travellers from the bus, but he was saddened by their being unable to resist the policy of segregation at the time. Two years later, Achebe travelled to the United States and Brazil as part of a Fellowship for Creative Artists awarded by UNESCO . He met with a number of writers from the US, including novelists Ralph Ellison and Arthur Miller . In Brazil, he discussed

5328-684: The characterization. Born in Ogidi , Colonial Nigeria , Achebe's childhood was influenced by both Igbo traditional culture and postcolonial Christianity. He excelled in school and attended what is now the University of Ibadan , where he became fiercely critical of how Western literature depicted Africa. Moving to Lagos after graduation, he worked for the Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS) and garnered international attention for his 1958 novel Things Fall Apart . In less than 10 years he would publish four further novels through

5439-572: The children, especially Chinua. His parents were converts to the Protestant Church Mission Society (CMS) in Nigeria. As such, Isaiah stopped practising Odinani , the religious practices of his ancestors, but continued to respect its traditions. The Achebe family had five other surviving children, named in a fusion of traditional words relating to their new religion: Frank Okwuofu, John Chukwuemeka Ifeanyichukwu, Zinobia Uzoma, Augustine Ndubisi, and Grace Nwanneka. After

5550-472: The city. The New York Times described him in his obituary as "one of Africa's most widely read novelists and one of the continent's towering men of letters ." The BBC wrote that he was "revered throughout the world for his depiction of life in Africa". He was buried in his hometown of Ogidi. The style of Achebe's fiction draws heavily on the oral tradition of the Igbo people. He incorporates folk tales into his stories, exposing community values in both

5661-647: The clash between Africa's past and present, between tradition and modernity, between indigenous and foreign, between individualism and community, between socialism and capitalism, between development and self-reliance and between Africanity and humanity. Other themes in this period include social problems such as corruption, the economic disparities in newly independent countries, and the rights and roles of women. Female writers are today far better represented in published African literature than they were prior to independence (see Daughters of Africa , edited by Margaret Busby , 1992). In 1986 , Nigeria's Wole Soyinka became

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5772-629: The clash between past and present, tradition and modernity, self and community, as well as politics and development. On the whole, female writers are today far better represented in African literature than they were prior to independence. The internet has also changed the landscape of African literature, leading to the rise of digital reading and publishing platforms such as OkadaBooks . As George Joseph notes in his chapter on African Literature in Understanding Contemporary Africa , whereas European views of literature stressed

5883-590: The colonial ruling nations. African literature A common theme during the colonial period is the slave narrative, often written in English or French for western audiences. Among the first pieces of African literature to receive significant worldwide critical acclaim was Things Fall Apart , by Chinua Achebe , published in 1958. African literature in the late colonial period increasingly feature themes of liberation and independence. Post-colonial literature has become increasingly diverse, with some writers returning to their native languages. Common themes include

5994-718: The complications of writing in Portuguese with other authors. Achebe worried that the vibrant literature of the nation would be lost if left untranslated into a more widely spoken language. On his return to Nigeria in 1961, Achebe was promoted at the NBS to the position of Director of External Broadcasting. One of his primary duties was to help create the Voice of Nigeria (VON) network, which broadcast its first transmission on New Year's Day 1962. VON struggled to maintain neutrality when Nigerian Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa declared

6105-597: The content and the form of storytelling. For example, the tale about the Earth and Sky in Things Fall Apart emphasises the interdependency of the masculine and the feminine. Although Nwoye enjoys hearing his mother tell the tale, Okonkwo's dislike for it is evidence of his imbalance. Achebe used proverbs to describe the values of the rural Igbo tradition. He includes them throughout the narratives, repeating points made in conversation. Critic Anjali Gera notes that

6216-642: The continent nowadays. Literary events seem to be very fashionable, including literary awards , some of which can be distinguished by their original concepts. The case of the Grand Prix of Literary Associations is quite illustrative. Brittle Paper , an online platform founded by Ainehi Edoro , has been described as "Africa's leading literary journal". Bhakti Shringarpure notes that "the dynamic digital impulses of African creativity have not only changed African literature but have also fundamentally altered literary culture as we know it." The increasing use of

6327-488: The continuous corruption and elitism he witnessed. He lived in the United States for several years in the 1970s, and returned to the US in 1990 after a car crash left him partially paralyzed. He stayed in the US in a nineteen-year tenure at Bard College as a professor of languages and literature. Winning the 2007 Man Booker International Prize , from 2009 until his death he was Professor of African Studies at Brown University . Achebe's work has been extensively analyzed and

6438-403: The country's independence. Known as University College (now the University of Ibadan ), it was an associate college of the University of London . Achebe was admitted as the university's first intake and given a bursary to study medicine. During his studies, Achebe became critical of Western literature about Africa, particularly Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness . He decided to become

6549-414: The cultural sophistication of the artefacts. When an acquaintance showed him a series of papers from colonial officers, Achebe combined these strands of history and began work on Arrow of God . Like Achebe's previous works, Arrow was roundly praised by critics. A revised edition was published in 1974 to correct what Achebe called "certain structural weaknesses". Like its predecessors, the work explores

6660-463: The dire situation in Biafra. They visited thirty college campuses and conducted numerous interviews. Although the group was well received by students and faculty, Achebe was shocked by the harsh racist attitude toward Africa he saw in the US. At the end of the tour, he said that "world policy is absolutely ruthless and unfeeling". The beginning of 1970 saw the end of the state of Biafra. On 12 January,

6771-455: The end of World War I and independence) increasingly showed themes of liberation , independence, and (among Africans in francophone territories) négritude . One of the leaders of the négritude movement, the poet and eventual president of Senegal , Léopold Sédar Senghor , published in 1948 the first anthology of French-language poetry written by Africans, Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française ( Anthology of

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6882-473: The fellowship to tour East Africa. He first travelled to Kenya , where he was required to complete an immigration form by checking a box indicating his ethnicity: European , Asiatic , Arab , or Other. Shocked and dismayed at being forced into an "Other" identity, he found the situation "almost funny" and took an extra form as a souvenir. Continuing to Tanganyika and Zanzibar (now united in Tanzania ), he

6993-525: The first post-independence African writer to win the Nobel Prize in literature. Previously, Algerian -born Albert Camus had been awarded the prize in 1957. Other African Nobel laureates in literature are Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt) in 1988, Nadine Gordimer (South Africa) in 1991, J. M. Coetzee (South Africa) in 2003, Doris Lessing (UK/Zimbabwe) in 2007, and Abdulrazak Gurnah (Tanzania) in 2021. In 1991, Ben Okri 's novel The Famished Road won

7104-422: The form of poetry. The shorter format was a consequence of living in a war zone. "I can write poetry," he said, "something short, intense more in keeping with my mood [...] All this is creating in the context of our struggle." Many of these poems were collected in his 1971 book Beware, Soul Brother . One of his most famous, "Refugee Mother and Child", spoke to the suffering and loss that surrounded him. Dedicated to

7215-666: The government provided a bursary, and his family donated money—his older brother Augustine gave up money for a trip home from his job as a civil servant so Achebe could continue his studies. Achebe's debut as an author was in 1950 when he wrote a piece for the University Herald , the university's magazine, entitled "Polar Undergraduate". It used irony and humour to celebrate the intellectual vigour of his classmates. He followed with other essays and letters about philosophy and freedom in academia, some of which were published in another campus magazine called The Bug . He served as

7326-448: The intersections of Igbo tradition and European Christianity. Set in the village of Umuaro at the start of the twentieth century, the novel tells the story of Ezeulu, a Chief Priest of Ulu. Shocked by the power of British imperialism in the area, he orders his son to learn the foreigners' secrets. Ezeulu is consumed by the resulting tragedy. In a letter written to Achebe, American writer John Updike expressed his surprised admiration for

7437-717: The key international prizes." For the International Festival of Igbo culture, Achebe briefly returned to Nigeria to give the Ahajioku Lecture. Later that year he published The Education of A British-Protected Child , a collection of essays. In autumn he joined the Brown University faculty as the David and Marianna Fisher University Professor of Africana Studies. In 2010, Achebe was awarded The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize for $ 300,000, one of

7548-574: The left-leaning People's Redemption Party (PRP). In 1983, he became the party's deputy national vice-president. He published a book called The Trouble with Nigeria to coincide with the upcoming elections. On the first page, Achebe says: "the Nigerian problem is the unwillingness or inability of its leaders to rise to the responsibility and to the challenge of personal example which are the hallmarks of true leadership." The elections that followed were marked by violence and charges of fraud. Asked whether he thought Nigerian politics had changed since A Man of

7659-505: The military surrendered to Nigeria, and Achebe returned with his family to Ogidi, where their home had been destroyed. He took a job at the University of Nigeria in Nsukka and immersed himself once again in academia. He was unable to accept invitations to other countries, however, because the Nigerian government revoked his passport due to his support for Biafra. The Achebe family had another daughter on 7 March 1970, named Nwando . After

7770-495: The native languages (namely Fula and Songhai ). Many were written at the famous University of Timbuktu . The material covers a wide array of topics, including astronomy, poetry, law, history, faith, politics, and philosophy. Swahili literature , similarly, draws inspiration from Islamic teachings but developed under indigenous circumstances, one of the most renowned and earliest pieces of Swahili literature being Utendi wa Tambuka or "The Story of Tambuka" (dated 1728). As for

7881-476: The newly formed National Guidance Committee, charged with the task of drafting principles and ideas for the post-war era. In 1969, the group completed a document entitled The Principles of the Biafran Revolution , later released as The Ahiara Declaration . In October of the same year, Achebe joined writers Cyprian Ekwensi and Gabriel Okara for a tour of the United States to raise awareness about

7992-570: The newspapers he had read as a student, so Achebe made his own available in the classroom. He taught in Oba for four months. He left the institution in 1954 and moved to Lagos to work for the Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS), a radio network started in 1933 by the colonial government. He was assigned to the Talks Department to prepare scripts for oral delivery. This helped him master the subtle nuances between written and spoken language,

8103-422: The path for writers around the world seeking new words and forms for new realities and societies"; and South African writer Nadine Gordimer , who said Achebe's "early work made him the father of modern African literature as an integral part of world literature." The award helped correct what "many perceived as a great injustice to African literature, that the founding father of African literature had not won some of

8214-415: The poet Sheikh Shaaban Robert , who complained of the difficulty he had faced in trying to publish his Swahili-language work. In Northern Rhodesia (now called Zambia ), Achebe found himself sitting in a whites-only section of a bus to Victoria Falls . Interrogated by the ticket taker as to why he was sitting in the front, he replied, "if you must know I come from Nigeria, and there we sit where we like in

8325-442: The position for more than fifteen years. Throughout the 1990s, Achebe spent little time in Nigeria but remained actively involved in the country's politics, denouncing the usurpation of power by General Sani Abacha . In 2000 Achebe published Home and Exile , a semi-biographical collection of both his thoughts on life away from Nigeria, as well as discussion of the emerging school of Native American literature . In October 2005,

8436-466: The professor Geoffrey Parrinder arrived at the university to teach comparative religion , Achebe began to explore the fields of Christian history and African traditional religions . After the final examinations at Ibadan in year 1953, Achebe was awarded a second-class degree. Rattled by not receiving the highest level, he was uncertain how to proceed after graduation and returned to his hometown of Ogidi. While pondering possible career paths, Achebe

8547-483: The promise of Biafra, he accepted a request to serve as foreign ambassador, refusing an invitation from the Program of African Studies at Northwestern University in the US. Meanwhile, their contemporary Wole Soyinka was imprisoned for meeting with Biafran officials and spent two years in jail. Speaking in 1968, Achebe said: "I find the Nigerian situation untenable. If I had been a Nigerian, I think I would have been in

8658-536: The publisher Heinemann , with whom he began the Heinemann African Writers Series and galvanized the careers of African writers, such as Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o and Flora Nwapa . Achebe sought to escape the colonial perspective that framed African literature at the time, and drew from the traditions of the Igbo people, Christian influences, and the clash of Western and African values to create a uniquely African voice. He wrote in and defended

8769-611: The radio in the native language Booma. Examples of pre-colonial African literature are numerous. In Ethiopia , there is a substantial literature written in Ge'ez going back at least to the fourth century AD; the best-known work in this tradition is the Kebra Negast , or "Book of Kings." One popular form of traditional African folktale is the "trickster" story, in which a small animal uses its wits to survive encounters with larger creatures. Examples of animal tricksters include Anansi ,

8880-480: The region of Biafra broke away from Nigeria in 1967, Achebe supported Biafran independence and acted as ambassador for the people of the movement. The subsequent Nigerian Civil War ravaged the populace, and he appealed to the people of Europe and the Americas for aid. When the Nigerian government retook the region in 1970, he involved himself in political parties but soon became disillusioned by his frustration over

8991-524: The richest prizes for the arts. In 2012, Achebe published There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra . The work re-opened the discussion about the Nigerian Civil War . It would be his last publication during his lifetime; Achebe died after a short illness on 21 March 2013 in Boston , United States. An unidentified source close to the family said that he was ill and was hospitalised in

9102-464: The same situation as Wole Soyinka is—in prison." In his ambassador role, Achebe travelled to European and North American cities to promote the Biafra cause. Conditions in Biafra worsened as the war continued. In September 1968, the city of Aba fell to the Nigerian military and Achebe once again moved his family, this time to Umuahia , where the Biafran government had relocated. He was chosen to chair

9213-427: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Collected Poems . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collected_Poems&oldid=1047708960 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

9324-524: The second and third sections of the book, leaving only the story of a yam farmer named Okonkwo who lives during the colonization of Nigeria and struggles with his father's debtor legacy. He added sections, improved various chapters, and restructured the prose. In 1957 he sent his only copy of his handwritten manuscript (along with the £22 fee) to a London manuscript typing service he had seen an advertisement for in The Spectator . He did not receive

9435-573: The second edition of his book." Critic Nicolas Tredell divides Conrad's criticism "into two epochal phases: before and after Achebe." Asked frequently about his essay, Achebe once explained that he never meant for the work to be abandoned: "It's not in my nature to talk about banning books. I am saying, read it—with the kind of understanding and with the knowledge I talk about. And read it beside African works." Interviewed on National Public Radio with Robert Siegel in October 2009, Achebe stated that he

9546-518: The southeast, a part of the region that would later secede. Once the family had resettled in Enugu, Achebe and his friend Christopher Okigbo started a publishing house called Citadel Press to improve the quality and increase the quantity of literature available to younger readers. One of its first submissions was a story called How the Dog was Domesticated , which Achebe revised and rewrote, turning it into

9657-502: The special services held monthly, often carrying his father's bag. A controversy erupted at one such session, when apostates from the new church challenged the catechist about the tenets of Christianity. Achebe enrolled in Nekede Central School, outside of Owerri, in 1942; he was particularly studious and passed the entrance examinations for two colleges. In 1948, Nigeria's first university opened in preparation for

9768-407: The sudden downfall of Arrow of God ' s protagonist and praised the author's courage to write "an ending few Western novelists would have contrived". Achebe responded by suggesting that the individualistic hero was rare in African literature, given its roots in communal living and the degree to which characters are "subject to non-human forces in the universe". Achebe's fourth novel, A Man of

9879-402: The thought of a worthwhile novel being written by an alumnus. Others were more supportive; one review in the magazine Black Orpheus said: "The book as a whole creates for the reader such a vivid picture of Igbo life that the plot and characters are little more than symbols representing a way of life lost irrevocably within living memory." When Things Fall Apart was published in 1958, Achebe

9990-434: The topics of discussion was an attempt to determine whether the term African literature ought to include work from the diaspora , or solely that writing composed by people living within the continent itself. Achebe indicated that it was not "a very significant question", and that scholars would do well to wait until a body of work was large enough to judge. Writing about the conference in several journals, Achebe hailed it as

10101-508: The use of English, describing it as a means to reach a broad audience, particularly readers of colonial nations. In 1975 he gave a controversial lecture, " An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness ", which was a landmark in postcolonial discourse . Published in The Massachusetts Review , it featured criticism of Albert Schweitzer and Joseph Conrad , whom Achebe described as "a thoroughgoing racist." When

10212-611: The use of proverbs in Arrow of God "serves to create through an echo effect the judgement of a community upon an individual violation." The use of such repetition in Achebe's urban novels, No Longer at Ease and A Man of the People , is less pronounced. Achebe's short stories are not as widely studied as his novels, and Achebe himself did not consider them a major part of his work. In the preface for Girls at War and Other Stories , he writes: "A dozen pieces in twenty years must be accounted

10323-490: The wandering European enters at his peril." Achebe also discussed a quotation from Albert Schweitzer , a 1952 Nobel Peace Prize laureate: "That extraordinary missionary, Albert Schweitzer, who sacrificed brilliant careers in music and theology in Europe for a life of service to Africans in much the same area as Conrad writes about, epitomizes the ambivalence. In a comment which has often been quoted Schweitzer says: 'The African

10434-492: The war, Achebe helped start two magazines in 1971: the literary journal Okike , a forum for African art, fiction, and poetry; and Nsukkascope , an internal publication of the university. Achebe and the Okike committee later established another cultural magazine, Uwa Ndi Igbo , to showcase the indigenous stories and oral traditions of the Igbo community. Achebe handed over the editorship of Okike to Onuora Osmond Enekwe , who

10545-500: The war, including a bombing of their house. In August 1967, Okigbo was killed fighting in the war. Achebe was shaken considerably by the loss; in 1971 he wrote " Dirge for Okigbo", originally in the Igbo language but later translated to English. As the war intensified, the Achebe family was forced to leave Enugu for the Biafran capital of Aba . He continued to write throughout the war, but most of his creative work during this time took

10656-494: The war." Heinemann published 2,000 hardcover copies of Things Fall Apart on 17 June 1958. According to Alan Hill, employed by the publisher at the time, the company did not "touch a word of it" in preparation for release. The book was received well by the British press, and received positive reviews from critic Walter Allen and novelist Angus Wilson . Three days after publication, The Times Literary Supplement wrote that

10767-468: The youngest daughter was born, the family moved to Isaiah Achebe's ancestral town of Ogidi, in what is now the state of Anambra . Storytelling was a mainstay of the Igbo tradition and an integral part of the community. Achebe's mother and his sister Zinobia told him many stories as a child, which he repeatedly requested. His education was furthered by the collages his father hung on the walls of their home, as well as almanacs and numerous books—including

10878-421: Was "a writer who has long deserved the recognition that has already been accorded him by his sales figures." The prize went instead to Penelope Lively 's novel Moon Tiger . On 22 March 1990, Achebe was riding in a car to Lagos when an axle collapsed and the car flipped. His son Ikechukwu and the driver suffered minor injuries, but the weight of the vehicle fell on Achebe and his spine was severely damaged. He

10989-516: Was an important part of Berber traditions when the majority of the population was illiterate. These poems, called Isefra , were used for aspects of both religious and secular life. The religious poems included devotions, prophetic stories, and poems honoring saints. The secular poetry could be about celebrations like births and weddings, or accounts of heroic warriors. As another example, in Mali , oral literature or folktales continue to be broadcast on

11100-472: Was approached by a third professor, who told him: "I now realize that I had never really read Heart of Darkness although I have taught it for years." Achebe's criticism has become a mainstream perspective on Conrad's work. The essay was included in the 1988 Norton critical edition of Conrad's novel. Editor Robert Kimbrough called it one of "the three most important events in Heart of Darkness criticism since

11211-415: Was displeased with her nursery school, and the family soon learned that her frustration involved language. Achebe helped her face what he called the "alien experience" by telling her stories during the car trips to and from school. As he presented his lessons to a wide variety of students (he taught only one class, to a large audience), he began to study the perceptions of Africa in Western scholarship: "Africa

11322-680: Was flown to the Paddocks Hospital in Buckinghamshire , England, and treated for his injuries. In July doctors announced that although he was recuperating well, he was paralyzed from the waist down and would require the use of a wheelchair for the rest of his life. Soon afterwards, Achebe became the Charles P. Stevenson Professor of Languages and Literature at Bard College in Annandale-on-Hudson , New York; he held

11433-454: Was frustrated by the paternalistic attitude he observed among non-African hotel clerks and social elites. Achebe found in his travels that Swahili was gaining prominence as a major African language. Radio programs were broadcast in Swahili, and its use was widespread in the countries he visited. Nevertheless, he found an "apathy" among the people toward literature written in Swahili. He met

11544-589: Was hanged by the Nigerian junta. With liberation and increased literacy since most African nations gained their independence in the 1950s and 1960s, African literature has grown dramatically in quantity and in recognition, with numerous African works appearing in Western academic curricula and on "best of" lists compiled since the end of the 20th century. African writers in this period wrote both in Western languages (notably English , French , and Portuguese ) and in traditional African languages such as Hausa. Ali A. Mazrui and others mention seven conflicts as themes:

11655-535: Was later assisted by Amechi Akwanya . In February 1972, Chinua Achebe released Girls at War , a collection of short stories ranging in time from his undergraduate days to the recent bloodshed. It was the 100th book in Heinemann's African Writers Series. The University of Massachusetts Amherst offered Achebe a professorship in September 1972, and the family moved to the United States. Their youngest daughter

11766-457: Was later split into two books). In London, he met the novelist Gilbert Phelps , to whom he offered the manuscript. Phelps responded with great enthusiasm, asking Achebe if he could show it to his editor and publishers. Achebe declined, insisting that it needed more work. Back in Nigeria, Achebe set to work revising and editing his novel; he titled it Things Fall Apart , after a line in the poem " The Second Coming " by W. B. Yeats . He cut away

11877-455: Was near the Igbo village of Ogidi ; the area was part of the British colony of Nigeria at the time. Isaiah was the nephew of Udoh Osinyi, a leader in Ogidi with a "reputation for tolerance"; orphaned as a young man, Isaiah was an early Ogidi convert to Christianity. Both Isaiah and Janet stood at a crossroads of traditional culture and Christian influence, which made a significant impact on

11988-463: Was promoted at the NBS and put in charge of the network's Eastern region coverage. That same year Achebe began dating Christiana Chinwe (Christie) Okoli, a woman who had grown up in the area and joined the NBS staff when he arrived. The couple moved to Enugu and began to work on his administrative duties. In 1960 Achebe published No Longer at Ease , a novel about a civil servant named Obi, grandson of Things Fall Apart ' s main character, who

12099-455: Was receiving from international authors. The essay distinguished between the hostile critic (entirely negative), the amazed critic (entirely positive), and the conscious critic (who seeks a balance). He lashed out at those who critiqued African writers from the outside, saying: "no man can understand another whose language he does not speak (and 'language' here does not mean simply words, but a man's entire worldview)." In September 1964 he attended

12210-399: Was still critical of Heart of Darkness . He tempered this criticism in a discussion entitled "'Heart of Darkness' is inappropriate", stating: "Conrad was a seductive writer. He could pull his reader into the fray. And if it were not for what he said about me and my people, I would probably be thinking only of that seduction." After his service at UMass Amherst and a visiting professorship at

12321-540: Was visited by a friend from the university, who convinced him to apply for an English teaching position at the Merchants of Light school at Oba . It was a ramshackle institution with a crumbling infrastructure and a meagre library; the school was built on what the residents called "bad bush"—a section of land thought to be tainted by unfriendly spirits. As a teacher he urged his students to read extensively and be original in their work. The students did not have access to

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