62-678: Birmingham city centre , also known as Central Birmingham , is the central business district of Birmingham , England. The area was historically in Warwickshire . Following the removal of the Inner Ring Road , the city centre is now defined as being the area within the Middle Ring Road . The city centre is undergoing massive redevelopment with the Big City Plan , which means there are now nine emerging districts and
124-499: A form of informal discrimination and segregation on racial grounds. He also noted that nightclubs and club culture can create an environment that encourage or tolerate the "harassment and degradation of women," citing the expectation that both female workers and patrons of bars and nightclubs engage in highly sexualized performances of femininity including dressing in a particularly sexual manner in order to gain entrance to clubs. The supervisioned use of lighting in contrast to daylight,
186-700: A newly built business district near the Potsdamer Platz . The city's historic center (home to the Reichstag building , as well as the Brandenburg Gate and most federal ministries) was largely abandoned when the Berlin Wall cut through the area. Only after the reunification with the redevelopment of Potsdamer Platz , and the construction of numerous shopping centers, government ministries, embassies, office buildings and entertainment venues,
248-525: A regeneration scheme by Argent Group PLC , regenerated an area of derelict warehouses alongside canals near Broad Street . Brindleyplace consists of three public squares, offices, retail units and the Sea Life Centre . Oozells Street Board School was refurbished to become the Ikon Gallery . On the opposite side of Broad Street Tunnel on the canal network is Gas Street Basin . Nearby is also
310-599: A single urban area. The CBD will often be highly accessible and have a large variety and concentration of specialised goods and services compared to other parts of the city. Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in New York City and in the United States. In Chicago , the Chicago Loop is the second-largest central business district in the United States. It is also referred to as
372-534: A whole. Singapore's CBD is the historic heart of the city-state, which makes it a mix of a tourist attraction and a business center. The CBD includes several multinational corporate headquarters, Singapore Management University , and historical buildings and museums. As of 2016, the Singaporean government intends to redevelop Jurong East into a second CBD in Singapore. The area has also been earmarked as
434-635: Is Government Hill , the site of the old government headquarters. As the Hong Kong SAR Government Headquarters moved to Tamar, Admiralty, the nearby area is also considered part of the CBD. In Quarry Bay , Taikoo Place and areas nearby, including Admiralty , Wan Chai and Causeway Bay , and Tsim Sha Tsui , Kwun Tong , and Kowloon Bay are regarded as major business districts of Hong Kong. India 's capital New Delhi has been known for its CBD at Connaught Place . For
496-449: Is a collective term for entertainment that is available and generally more popular from the late evening into the early hours of the morning. It includes pubs , bars , nightclubs , parties , live music , concerts , cabarets , theatre , cinemas , and shows. These venues often require a cover charge for admission. Nightlife entertainment is often more adult -oriented than daytime entertainment. People who prefer to be active during
558-922: Is a concentration of business in Botafogo harbor and in Barra da Tijuca , a newer Rio de Janeiro suburb located in city's west region. The largest CBD in Colombia is Bogotá 's Centro Internacional , where some of the tallest buildings in South America have been repurposed as national headquarters for Scotiabank Colpatria , Davivienda , and Bancolombia , among others. Over the years, Bogotá has developed minor business districts, which include Avenida Chile , Ciudad Salitre , with companies like Avianca , Rappi , Johnson & Johnson , Terpel , Hilton , Hyatt , Marriott , Sheraton , Ramada , City Express , Aloft and Novotel ; or Complejo Santa Bárbara ,
620-540: Is also one of the most important business districts of Pakistan. Gulberg, Lahore has a large number of important office buildings as well as many high-rises and shopping malls. Pakistan established its first central business district, Lahore Central Business District, also known as Central Business District Punjab (CBD Punjab) by an ACT of Parliament (LCBDDA Act, 2021) in February 2021. Jinnah Avenue in Islamabad
682-421: Is also the hub for the national coach network. Birmingham Coach Station , which is currently in the process of being prepared for redevelopment, is owned and operated by National Express who are to move their headquarters to the city. It was built by Midland Red in 1929, and until 1997 was also used by Midland Red West as a depot. The shed to the rear of the coach station has been demolished and Spencer House,
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#1732776706315744-552: Is based in the city centre whilst Birmingham City University has educational facilities there. In the Eastside area are Birmingham Metropolitan College's Matthew Boulton College campus and BMC's New Technology Institute . Birmingham Ormiston Academy is also located on the edge of the centre. The area is sometimes called Aston Triangle . Round this area are many high rise buildings providing student accommodation as well as high rise educational buildings. New Street station
806-443: Is correlated with human control over the use of technology . Research conducted by Euromonitor International indicates a growing demand for unique, immersive nightlife experiences among millennials and Generation Zero. Moreover, advancements in digital platforms and social media have reshaped how people discover and engage with nightlife, amplifying its influence and reach. As cities continue to embrace innovation and diversity,
868-530: Is debate about the degree to which nightlife contributes positively to social capital and the public goods of society. David Grazian points out that nightlife can "replicate the same structures of race, ethnic, and class inequality and exclusion found in the larger society." Grazian cites the use of dress codes by some nightlife establishments in the United States—mostly nightclubs—that specifically targets clothing popularized by hip hop culture represents
930-587: Is one of several arcades in the city centre. Digbeth is the focus for many independent retailers. Broad Street is the main centre for Birmingham's nightlife . There are further nightclubs in Digbeth . Cultural attractions include Birmingham Central Library in Chamberlain Square and Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery and the Council House , Birmingham in the same building together with
992-433: Is the commercial and business center of a city. It contains commercial space and offices, and in larger cities will often be described as a financial district . Geographically, it often coincides with the " city centre " or " downtown ". However, these concepts are not necessarily synonymous: many cities have a central business district located away from its traditional city center, and there may be multiple CBDs within
1054-846: Is the Birmingham Fault, a sandstone ridge. The "High Places" document produced and published by Birmingham City Council encouraged the construction of highrise buildings on the ridge. The city centre core is the historic heart of the city, where old and new features are juxtaposed, roughly bounded by the former Birmingham Inner Ring Road . Its pre-eminent features include Chamberlain Square , Old Square , Victoria Square , Birmingham Town Hall , Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery , Birmingham Central Library , St Philip's Cathedral , Methodist Central Hall , Victoria Law Courts and other Birmingham Law Courts . The city centre contains many tourist destinations as well as landmarks. Brindleyplace ,
1116-680: Is the first of its kind in Indonesia, and one of the largest commercial center developments in the city. Jakarta started developing its business district in the early 1960s before hosting the Asian Games in 1962 . Surabaya in East Java built its first central business district in the Darmo region. The construction was expected to be completed by 2018 with 150 SOHO units and 500 residences. In Italy , business districts do not coincide with
1178-470: Is the main business district of the city. Blue Area is the central business district of Islamabad . D Ground is the central business district of Faisalabad and Saddar is the main central business district of Rawalpindi . In Peru , the central business district is San Isidro , in Lima , which hosts the majority of Peru's financial industry headquarters. Although still a largely residential district,
1240-542: Is the main railway station in the city centre with local and national railway connections. The station was first built in 1854 and rebuilt in 1967. The redevelopment of the station in a project named Gateway Plus was finished in 2016. The project cost £600m and included a new John Lewis department store and many other shops. The project took five years to build and is one of the most expensive and controversial regenerations in all of Europe . Moor Street , Snow Hill , Bordersley and Jewellery station are also located within
1302-669: The COEX mall, are major thoroughfares in Seoul. The tallest buildings in Gangnam include Tower Palace One , a residential complex, Trade Tower , Gangnam Finance Center, and Parnas Tower. Seoul's third business district is Yeouido , an island located in central Seoul in the Yeongdeungpo District . Yeouido was developed in the 1970s; since the 1990s, however, it has become Seoul's financial center. Smaller in geographic size that
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#17327767063151364-693: The International Convention Centre and Birmingham Symphony Hall , which is considered one of the best performance venues in the world. This overlooks Centenary Square and is adjacent to the Birmingham Repertory Theatre . Centenary Square was redeveloped in 1989 and given its current name in that year. Within Centenary Square is the Hall of Memory and Baskerville House . Other public squares in
1426-563: The National Trust . The Birmingham Back to Backs are the last surviving court of back to back houses in the city. Colmore Row is the centre of the Colmore Row and Environs Conservation Area which consists of St. Philip's Cathedral . The Jewellery Quarter is also covered by a conservation area . Other quarters in the city centre are Birmingham Chinatown , Irish Quarter and Learning and Technology Quarter. Aston University
1488-696: The clock tower , Big Brum . Thinktank opened in the Millennium Point complex in Eastside in 2002, replacing the Museum of Science and Industry on Newhall Street . The history of the Jewellery Quarter is documented in the Museum of the Jewellery Quarter . Also in the Jewellery Quarter is the Royal Birmingham Society of Artists and St. Paul's Gallery . A group of back-to-back houses on Hurst Street were restored by
1550-673: The 555-metre tall Lotte World Tower , Guro Digital Complex, Gasan Digital Complex, the Magok Business District, the Sangam Digital Media City, the Munjeong Administrative Town, and Mapo Avenue. The area near Yongsan Station , including the proposed Yongsan International Business District , is considered an emerging major commercial district that will exist in synergy with nearby Yeouido . Nightlife Nightlife
1612-571: The CBD. An example is Parramatta , which is considered the financial hub of Western Sydney . São Paulo is a multipolar city, with several business districts. Avenida Faria Lima and the neighboring districts, Itaim Bibi and Vila Olímpia , now concentrate a large part of the financial activities in São Paulo and Brazil . Avenida Paulista and nearby streets is a well-established financial center that has several banking offices and corporate headquarters, as well as hospitals. Its Historic Center
1674-874: The Philippines. In Poland , the terms śródmieście or centrum are often used to describe the central business district. The largest central business district in Russia is the Moscow International Business Center (MIBC) in Moscow , a commercial development located just east of the Third Ring Road at the western edge of the Presnensky District in the Central Administrative Okrug of
1736-575: The central business district. These terms can be literally translated as " inner city " and "city center". Some of the larger cities have more than one central business district. For example, Berlin alone has three. Due to Berlin's history of division during the Cold War , the city contains central business districts both in West ( Kurfürstendamm ) and in East Berlin ( Alexanderplatz ), as well as
1798-652: The city centre include Victoria Square , Chamberlain Square and Old Square . There are two public squares within the Bull Ring complex and another in the Custard Factory . Retail is mainly focused on the Bullring Shopping Centre , Corporation Street , New Street and High Street . Other retail centres in the city centre are The Mailbox on Suffolk Street and Grand Central Shopping Centre above New Street station . Great Western Arcade
1860-399: The city centre is approximately five times bigger. Following the removal of the Inner Ring Road , which acted as a "concrete collar" "under which pedestrians would be forced to walk through intimidating, dark and stinking underpasses" and prevented the expansion of the city centre, a massive urban regeneration project known as the Big City Plan has begun. Running through the city centre
1922-722: The city centre, however. There are numerous multi-storey car parks located within the city centre, most owned by private companies. A new multi-storey car park is proposed at the rear of Millennium Point whilst the demolition of the multi-storey car park on Dale End has been granted permission by the city council as part of the Martineau Galleries redevelopment by the Birmingham Alliance. 52°28′47″N 1°54′11″W / 52.4796°N 1.9030°W / 52.4796; -1.9030 Central business district A central business district ( CBD )
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1984-546: The city centre. Ten suburban and Inter-City heavy rail routes service the city centre. The first railway station to be built in the city centre was Curzon Street railway station , which acted as the terminus for both the London and Birmingham Railway and the Grand Junction Railway, with lines connecting Birmingham to London and to Manchester and Liverpool respectively. The building, designed by Philip Hardwick ,
2046-605: The city's CBD. In South Korea , the national capital of Seoul includes three central business districts. The Downtown Seoul , a historic area inside the Fortress Wall of Seoul in the Jongno and Jung districts has historically been the city's political, social and cultural heart, and still houses many corporate headquarters and political institutions in South Korea. It is also the most popular area for tourists and
2108-468: The city's history. Cities with strong preservation laws and maximum building height restrictions to retain the character of the historic and cultural core may have a CBD quite a distance from the city centre (and in some cases, outside the city limits itself). This distinction is quite common in European cities such as Paris , Moscow , Vienna , Prague and Budapest . The New World grew quickly after
2170-650: The city's main commercial district. While the district has a high density of high rise buildings, the tallest building, the SK Building, only reaches a height of 160m due to historic preservation regulations. The second main district, located in the southeast part of Seoul, is Gangnam District , an area that was developed in the 1980s and is now among the city's most affluent neighborhoods. The Gangnam District has concentration mainly in economic power of Seoul, as many of prominent company HQs are located on Teheran Avenue . Gangnam Avenue and Yeondong Avenue, which includes
2232-724: The city. As of 2021, it is still under development. The construction of the MIBC takes place on the Presnenskaya Embankment of the Moskva River , approximately 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) west of Red Square , overlooked by the Third Ring Road. The project occupies an area of 60 hectares. The second-largest central business district is Yekaterinburg-City in Yekaterinburg , the fourth-largest city in
2294-515: The commercial and business activity located in or in the vicinity of the area. It has a permanent population of around 63,000 inhabitants and, during weekday business hours, a floating population that exceeds 700,000 daily commuters from other districts in Lima , the national capital. San Isidro is served by three stations of El Metropolitano , Lima's bus rapid transit system: Estación Javier Prado , Estación Canaval y Moreyra (with over 16,000 daily passengers) and Estación Aramburú . In
2356-488: The core of the city's downtown. Mexico City also has its own historic city center , the colonial era "Centro Histórico", along with two CBDs: the mid-late 20th century Paseo de la Reforma in Polanco , and the new Santa Fe , respectively. Russia 's largest central business district is the Moscow International Business Center in Moscow . The shape and type of a central business district almost always closely reflect
2418-656: The country. It is located on the Iset River , and is under development as of 2021. The area occupies five hectares. Saudi Arabia has several business districts, including: In Singapore , the CBD is in the Downtown Core , one of the constituent planning areas of the Central Area , the country's city center . Its densest point is centered around Raffles Place , where most of Singapore's skyscrapers are located. The CBD sometimes also describes Central Area as
2480-546: The development of culture as well as political movements. David Grazian cites as examples the development of beat poetry , musical styles including bebop , urban blues and early rock, and the importance of nightlife for the development of the gay rights movement in the United States kicked off by the riots at the Stonewall Inn nightclub in Greenwich Village , Lower Manhattan , New York City . There
2542-404: The early 21st century, the southeastern district of Surco experienced a significant increase in upscale corporate developments in the area comprised by avenues Manuel Holguín, El Derby, El Polo, and La Encalada due to lower restrictions to grant construction permit and proximity to residential middle and upper class districts and is set to become, after traditional San Isidro and Miraflores ,
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2604-514: The emergence of modern transport, therefore a single centre often included many of the region's tallest buildings and served as both a commercial and cultural city centre. In the 21st century, increasing urbanisation has led to the development of megacities that often have multiple CBDs scattered across the urban area. Downtown sections of cities, especially in North America , often are distinct from CBDs and city centres. No two CBDs have
2666-703: The extended area of Gomti Nagar , and Aminabad in old Lucknow. Kolkata also has central business districts, including B.B.D. Bagh , Park Circus , Esplanade , Salt Lake Sector V , and New Town . The largest CBD in Indonesia is the Golden Triangle ( Segitiga Emas in Indonesian ) in Jakarta . Sudirman Central Business District , a super block that is located within the Golden Triangle,
2728-599: The financial capital of the country, the famous CBD is The Bandra Kurla Complex in Mumbai . In Mumbai itself there is Nariman Point , which is another CBD including Andheri and Parel . Parry's Corner and Nungambakkam are among the main CBDs of Chennai . Bangalore has five notable business districts: UB City , Brigade Gateway, Koramangala , Indiranagar , and Electronic City . Lucknow has three business districts, including Hazratganj Market , Gomti Nagar Extension at
2790-581: The fourth in the world. La Défense hosts 19 of the world's biggest 500 companies , whilst the Paris region as a whole hosts 29 of the world's 500 largest companies, establishing itself as the first city in Europe (and the third worldwide) for the number of companies classified in Fortune Fortune Global 500 . In Germany , the terms Innenstadt and Stadtzentrum may be used to describe
2852-574: The geographical centers of the city because the city center is the historical center of the city, and usually not very suitable to function as a modern business district. A precursor to modern business districts is EUR in Rome , which is now home to several national and international companies and public bodies. The EUR, the Napoli business district , the Milan business district , and City Life , are among
2914-403: The last of which features the only W Hotel in the city. Colombia's other notable CBDs include Parque Berrío in Medellín , Bocagrande in Cartagena (the largest touristic CBD in the country), and Paseo de Bolívar in Barranquilla . La Défense , west of Paris , is France 's largest central business district. La Défense was in 2017 ranked as the leading CBD in continental Europe, and
2976-399: The master planning of Bonifacio Global City. Ortigas Center (fourth), with an area of more than 100 hectares (250 acres), is the Philippines' second most important business district after the Makati CBD and is home to Asian Development Bank. Meanwhile, the Makati Central Business District (third), also known as the Makati CBD, is the leading financial and the largest central business district in
3038-423: The most important commercial areas in Italy. Other important business and financial centers are present in Genoa and Brescia . In Pakistan, a central business district or a large, concentrated urban setting within a settlement is called a shehar . Karachi is Pakistan's largest city and the country's economic hub; the I. I. Chundrigar Road acts as Karachi's main financial district. Shahra-e-Faisal in Karachi
3100-418: The new financial center of Lima . The Philippines has three major central business districts, which are all located in Metro Manila. Bonifacio Global City (second) is the newest and one of the largest central business districts in the Philippines. The Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA), Ayala Land, Inc. and Evergreen Holdings, Inc. controls Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation, which oversees
3162-463: The night-time are called night owls . The lack of electric lighting , as well as the needs for agricultural labor , made staying up after dark difficult for most people. Larger ancient cities, such as Rome , had a reputation for danger at night. This changed in 17th and 18th-century Europe (and subsequently spread beyond) due to the development and implementation of artificial lighting: more domestic lights, added street lighting, and adaptation by
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#17327767063153224-468: The nightlife procure remains a dynamic expression of modernity's ever-evolving spirit. The evolve in urban landscape reflects in the nightlife customs through the zeitgeists of contemporary society. Nightlife venues must be licensed to serve alcohol. Nightlife venues must be licensed to serve alcohol under the Licensing Act 2003 (and the Licensing (Scotland) Act 2005 in Scotland ). Venues with door security ("bouncers") are also required to ensure that
3286-673: The office building above the main waiting room, has been boarded up. A planning application for the refurbishment of the building has been submitted and is awaiting planning permission. A temporary coach station on the opposite side of the road is currently being used. Cars are not officially encouraged in the city centre. Some areas have been pedestrianised to prevent cars interfering with pedestrian traffic, and some roundabouts with pedestrian subway systems have been replaced with signal-controlled junctions, e.g. on Smallbrook Queensway, Moor St Queensway, James Watt Queensway and St Chad's Circus near St Chad's Cathedral . However, there are still
3348-403: The other two business districts, Yeouido has some of Seoul's tallest skyscrapers, including Parc1 Tower , International Finance Center Seoul , and the 63 Building . Yeouido is where the National Assembly of South Korea and many media companies and political institutions are based. Smaller but notable central business districts in South Korea include the Jamsil area, which is the location of
3410-442: The remnants of the Birmingham Inner Ring Road (Queensway) in existence despite much demolition and downgrading, with a de facto heavily trafficked "half-ring" with vehicular underpasses for through traffic on St Chads Queensway, Great Charles St Queensway and Suffolk St Queensway. Some at-grade pedestrian crossings go over these roads, but most remain subways or bridges. This "half-ring" does arguably reduce traffic in other parts of
3472-455: The royal and upper social classes. The introduction of chocolate, coffee and tea, and cafes that stayed open through dawn, became part of the new culture. Nightlife has been a vibrant area of research for sociologists . Nightlife establishments including pubs, bars, and nightclubs function as third places , according to Ray Oldenburg in The Great Good Place . Some sociologists have argued that vibrant city nightlife scenes contribute to
3534-441: The same spatial shape, but there are certain common geometric patterns, which are largely a result of centralised commercial and industrial activities. In Australia , the term CBD is widely used officially and colloquially, in the sense of city centre. The two biggest cities, Melbourne and Sydney , have large CBDs. Sydney features growing micro central business districts, which serve as the hub for their respective areas outside
3596-450: The site of the rail terminus for the Kuala Lumpur–Singapore High Speed Rail . South Africa 's largest cities, Cape Town , Durban , Johannesburg , Pretoria , and Port Elizabeth , have CBDs that include the corporate headquarters for many of South Africa's largest companies, its convention centers , and many of the country's tallest buildings. Cape Town has one of South Africa's most iconic skyline (which includes Table Mountain ) and
3658-513: Was built by the developers of Snowhill , adjacent to Snow Hill station. Birmingham city centre used to have a trolleybus system in the 19th century and early-20th century which extended towards the suburbs. The trolleybus system was replaced by motor buses and the city centre is now the hub for the bus system in the city. The buses mainly terminate at Bull Street, Corporation Street and Moor Street, Queensway. The majority of these buses are operated by National Express West Midlands . The city centre
3720-424: Was built in 1838 and is Grade I listed . The West Midlands Metro system, opened in 1999, terminates at Grand Central and has stops at Bull Street , St Chads , St Paul's and Jewellery Quarter . Line One is currently being extended to Centenary Square, and on to Five Ways in the future. In 2007, construction of a new viaduct to carry the Metro line over Great Charles Street Queensway commenced. The viaduct
3782-514: Was the area revived. In Frankfurt am Main 's city center, there is a business district called the " Bankenviertel ". In Düsseldorf , there is a business district which is located around the famous high street Königsallee with banks, shops and offices. Traditionally, the Central Business District "CBD" of Hong Kong is Central , where many multinational financial services corporations have their headquarters. Consulates general and consulates of many countries are also located in this area, as
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#17327767063153844-441: Was the city's first business center; There, the São Paulo Stock Exchange is located. The region comprising Avenidas Berrini, Doutor Chucri Zaidan, and Nações Unidas, the city's newest commercial district, has offices of multinational companies and also commercial services. In Rio de Janeiro , Brazil's second-largest city, the main business district still is in downtown, where Petrobrás and Vale headquarters are located, but there
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