Misplaced Pages

#851148

39-526: The ethnic name mari derives from the Proto-Indo-Iranian root * márya -, meaning 'human', literally 'mortal', which indicates early contacts between Finno-Ugric and Indo-Iranian languages . Some scholars have proposed that two tribes mentioned by the Gothic writer Jordanes in his Getica among the peoples in the realm of Gothic king Ermanaric in the fourth century AD can be equated with

78-943: A first-level administrative division . Each oblast features a state government holding authority over a defined geographic territory, with a state legislature , the Oblast Duma , that is democratically elected. The governor is the highest executive position of the state government in an oblast and is elected by the people. Oblasts are divided into raions (districts), cities of oblast significance (district-equivalent independent cities ), and autonomous okrugs , which are legally federal subjects equal to an oblast but are administratively subservient to one. Two oblasts have autonomous okrugs: Arkhangelsk Oblast ( Nenets Autonomous Okrug ) and Tyumen Oblast ( Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ). The term oblast can be translated into English as " province " or " region ", and there are currently 46 oblasts,

117-609: A modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet. Linguists today distinguish four different dialects, which are not all mutually intelligible: Hill Mari (мары йӹлмӹ), concentrated mainly along the right Volga bank; Meadow Mari (марий йылме), spoken in the lowland regions of the Kokshaga and Volga rivers, which includes the city of Yoshkar-Ola ; Eastern Mari, spoken east of the Vyatka River ; and Northwestern Mari (маре йӹлмӹ) in

156-406: A significant minority of around 25%. Mari paganism is divided into three groups - Chimari who are non-baptized Mari pagans and try to distance themselves from Christian traditions in favour of mainly pagan traditions, Marla Vera (also known as "dual faith") consisting of baptized Mari who follow pagan traditions while also attending Christian services and celebrating Christian feasts. Lastly, there

195-460: A source of absolute good who always helps humans as long as they refrain from harming or opposing it. The indigenous religion of the Mari people is the most important element of their national identity and tradition; speaking of their faith, many Mari intellectuals concluded that "to kill our faith means to kill us". The Mari native religion also possesses a pantheon of gods who reside in the heavens,

234-571: Is a neopagan revivalist movement called Kugu Sorta which rejects Christianity altogether in favour of "pure" pagan faith. About 60% of Mari pagans belong to the syncretic Marla Vera group, while the remaining 40% is composed of Chimari and Kugu Sorta pagans. The most common Y-chromosomal haplogroup among Mari people is N , which is frequently found within Uralic-speaking peoples and has its roots in East Eurasia. According to

273-507: Is also a small group of Mari people Baltic Mari living in Estonia. In the 2002 Russian census, 604,298 people identified themselves as "Mari", with 18,515 of those specifying that they were Mountain Mari and 56,119 as Eastern Mari. Almost 60% of Mari lived in rural areas. The Mari have their own language, also called Mari , which is a member of the Uralic language family . It is written with

312-610: Is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European . Its speakers, the hypothetical Proto-Indo-Iranians , are assumed to have lived in the late 3rd millennium BC, and are often connected with the Sintashta culture of the Eurasian Steppe and the early Andronovo archaeological horizon. Proto-Indo-Iranian was a satem language , likely removed less than a millennium from its ancestor,

351-1092: The Soviet Union dissolved into sovereign states along the lines of the SSRs, they became the first-level administrative divisions. The oblasts of the Russian SFSR , which transitioned into the Russian Federation, became the first-level administrative divisions of the new country and received greater devolved power . During the Russian invasion of Ukraine , Russia annexed the Donetsk , Kherson , Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia regions of Ukraine. While Donetsk and Luhansk were incorporated as republics, having their respective separate constitutions adopted since 2014 back when they were two breakaway states of Ukraine, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia were annexed de jure , but not de facto , as regular oblasts. Including these,

390-471: The haplogroup U (14% have the subclade U5 and about 10% have U4 ). Autosomally, Mari people stand out as an ethnic group in Europe by having a high level of Siberian -related admixture. Tambets and others estimated that it is 35% of their ancestry. This Nganasan -like Siberian component is typical for Uralic-speaking groups. Osteopetrosis affects 1 newborn out of every 20,000 to 250,000 worldwide, but

429-514: The " class consciousness " of Mari workers. In practice this involved facilitating grain requisitions by the Soviet state, the recruitment of soldiers for the Red Army and the implementation of Bolshevik control of the society. Until the 1930s, the Mari people had no cultural ties to Russia and were able to maintain its own culture and identity, as cultural interaction with Russia was "limited to

SECTION 10

#1732772662852

468-498: The Mari language is no longer taught in villages or schools and that the republic of Mari El "has already ceased to be an ethnic republic in anything but name. We are just another oblast ." In 2005, the European Commission expressed its concern over reports of repression against ethnic Mari opposition figures, journalists, and government officials that promoted Mari culture and opposed Markelov's reappointment as head of

507-516: The Mari people. However, the identification of the Imniscaris (or Sremniscans ) with "Cheremis", and Merens with "Mari" is controversial. The first safely attested mention of the Mari people comes from Khazar sources from the 10th century, where they appear by the exonym tsarmis (= "Cheremis"). At that time, the Mari settlement area was along the Volga. In the 13th century, the Mari fell under

546-650: The Maris to Christianity began in the 16th century after their territory was incorporated into the Russian Empire during the reign of Ivan IV "the Terrible" . Pressure to convert to Christianity and adopt Russian culture by the tsarist authorities in the 17th and 18th century led to backlash by the Maris as they faced persecution to conform. While in theory Mari people converted to Russian Orthodoxy, in practice they kept to their old practices relatively unhindered, and

585-510: The South-West of Kirov Oblast and North-East of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast . In the 2002 census, 451,033 people stated that they spoke the Mari language. Maris have traditionally practiced a shamanistic faith that closely connected the individual with nature. According to those beliefs, nature exerts an influence over people. Nature is seen as a sacred, powerful, and living being with which people are fully intertwined. Nature also serves as

624-514: The Terrible . While some Maris (mostly Hill Maris) assisted the Russian conquest, the majority of the Maris fought back in the so-called " Cheremis Wars ". By the end of the 16th century, resistance was finally quelled, leaving a heavy toll on the Mari population. As a result of the ensuing influx of Russian settlers, and to escape forced Christianization (starting from c. 1700), Maris started to settle further east in present-day Bashkortostan . In

663-539: The accented vowel. The most distinctive phonological change separating Proto-Indo-Iranian from Proto-Indo-European is the collapse of the ablauting vowels *e, *o into a single vowel, Proto-Indo-Iranian *a (but see Brugmann's law ). Grassmann's law , Bartholomae's law , and the ruki sound law were also complete in Proto-Indo-Iranian. A fuller list of some of the hypothesized sound changes from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Indo-Iranian follows: Among

702-615: The collapse of the Soviet Union, the newly created republic of Mari El saw a revival of Mari culture and language. However, following the appointment of Leonid Markelov as Head of the republic in 2001, the government of Mari El has pursued a policy of intense Russification in the region. According to Vasily Pekteyev of the Mari National Theater in Yoshkar-Ola, "[Markelov] hated the Mari people". He noted that

741-465: The data gathered by Kristiina Tambets and others in their 2018 study, 46.4% of Mari men have N-M178 , and 8.2% belong to the subclade N-P43 . R1a is a clearly less yet the second most common Y-DNA haplogroup for Maris, as it is carried by 22.7% of them. A 2002 study about mtDNA haplogroups in the Volga-Ural region found that 40% of the Maris belong to the haplogroup H . About one in four carry

780-484: The dual number. (singular) (singular) (singular) (plural) (plural) (plural) Oblasts of Russia In Russia, the oblasts are 46 administrative territories; they are one type of federal subject , the highest-level administrative division of Russian territory. Oblasts are constituent political entities in a federal union with representation in the Federation Council , and serve as

819-425: The dual plural and are conjugaten in the present tense. Despite Proto-Indo-Iranian preserving much of the original morphology of Proto-Indo-European, an important innovation in the noun is the creation of a genitive plural ending *-nām used with vowel stems. The following examples lack the dual number. The morphology in adjectival declension is identical to the one in noun declension. The following example lacks

SECTION 20

#1732772662852

858-657: The following centuries under tsarist Russia, the Maris were able to retain their ethnic and cultural identity, reinforced by repeated waves of returning to their traditional pre-Christian religion . During the Soviet Era, the Mari Section was set up under the auspices of Narkomnats , the Peoples Commissariat for nationalities . Its task was to facilitate the close union of the Mari people with other people, to abolish anti- Russian mistrust and to raise

897-501: The indigenous population. The Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was subjected to one of the harshest Russification measures in the USSR. Furthermore, Bolshevik policies officially aimed at combating undue influence of nationalism in a multi-nation union, resulted in the murder of leading Mari figures, such as Sergei Čavajn and Olyk Ipai and other teachers, scientists, artists, as well as religious and community leaders. Following

936-682: The influence sphere of the Golden Horde , and in 1443 became subjects of the Kazan khanate . During this time, the Maris experienced some cultural convergence with the ruling Tatars and the Volga Bulgars , which is also seen in Turkic lexical and grammatical influence on the Mari language . In 1552, the Mari territory was incorporated into Russia with the Russian conquest of Kazan under Ivan

975-477: The interaction with Christianity spurred growth of syncretic form of religions where Christian system of belief is combined with pagan traditions and rituals. Many Mari today still practice paganism in syncretic forms, or purer forms adhering to organized neopagan Mari traditional religion organizations. While most Mari today are members of the Russian Orthodox Church , pagans still comprise

1014-540: The larger guberniyas (governorates) within the first-level krais . Following the numerous administration reforms during the Soviet era , the number of oblasts gradually increased as they became the primary top-level administrative division of the Soviet Socialist Republics (SSRs), the constituent political entities of the Soviet Union . These oblasts held very little autonomy or power, but when

1053-420: The laryngeals merged as one phoneme /*H/. Beekes suggests that some instances of this /*H/ survived into Rigvedic Sanskrit and Avestan as unwritten glottal stops as evidenced by metrics. Like Proto-Indo-European and Vedic Sanskrit (and also Avestan, though it was not written down ), Proto-Indo-Iranian had a pitch accent system similar to present-day Japanese , conventionally indicated by an acute accent over

1092-708: The late Proto-Indo-European language , and in turn removed less than a millennium from Vedic Sanskrit (of the Rigveda ) and Old Avestan (of the Gathas ), its descendants. It is the ancestor of Indo-Aryan languages , the Iranian languages , and the Nuristani languages , predominantly spoken in the Southern Asian subregion of Eurasia. In addition to the vowels, * H , and * r̥ could function as

1131-540: The most common type of the 85 federal subjects in Russia. The majority of oblasts are named after their administrative center , the official term for a capital city in an oblast, which is generally the largest city. Exceptions to this include Leningrad Oblast and Moscow Oblast , which have no official capital, and Sakhalin Oblast , which is named after a geographic location. Leningrad Oblast and Sverdlovsk Oblast retain

1170-495: The most important of whom is known as the Great White God (Ош Кугу Юмо, Osh Kugu Yumo ). Other lesser gods include the god of fire (Тул Юмо, Tul Yumo ) and the god of wind (Мардеж Юмо, Mardezh Yumo ). The Mari also believe in a number of half-men, half-gods (керемет, keremet ) who live on earth. The most revered of these is Chumbulat (Чумбулат), or Chumbylat (Чумбылат), a renowned leader and warrior. Attempts to convert

1209-610: The odds are much higher in the Russian region of Mari El with 1 of every 14,000 newborns affected. Proto-Indo-Iranian Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Proto-Indo-Iranian , also called Proto-Indo-Iranic or Proto-Aryan ,

Mari people - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-453: The payment of tributes and taxes". However, intensive Russification policies were introduced during the Soviet era - the Mari language was eliminated from schools and only Russian was taught instead, many Mari people were resettled and sent to work in remote parts of the Soviet Union, and Mari communities were forcibly enlarged under the Soviet policy of eliminating "unpromising villages", leading to Russian settlement and greatly disempowering

1287-471: The previous names of Saint Petersburg and Yekaterinburg , respectively. Oblasts are typically areas that are predominantly populated by ethnic Russians and native Russian language speakers, and are mostly located in European Russia . The largest oblast by geographic size is Tyumen Oblast at 1,435,200 km (excluding autonomous okrugs Irkutsk Oblast is the largest at 767,900 km ) and

1326-736: The republic that year. The Mari people consists of four different groups: the Meadow Mari, who live along the left bank of the Volga, the Hill (Mountain) Mari, who live along the right bank of the Volga, the Northwestern Mari , who live in Southern part of Kirov Oblast and Eastern part of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, and Eastern Mari, who live in the Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia republics and Perm Krai and Sverdlovsk Oblast. There

1365-584: The second or secondary series (*č *ǰ *ǰʰ, continuing Proto-Indo-European plain and labialized velars, *k, *g, *gʰ and *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ, in palatalizing contexts). The following table shows the most common reflexes of the two series ( Proto-Iranian is the hypothetical ancestor to the Iranian languages, including Avestan and Old Persian): Proto-Indo-European is usually hypothesized to have had three to four laryngeal consonants, each of which could occur in either syllabic or non-syllabic positions. In Proto-Indo-Iranian,

1404-482: The smallest is Kaliningrad Oblast at 15,100 km . The most populous oblast is Moscow Oblast at 7,095,120 and the least populous is Magadan Oblast at 156,996. Krais , another type of federal subject, are legally identical to oblasts. The difference between a political entity with the name "oblast" and one named " krai " is purely traditional. In the Russian Empire , oblasts were a third-level administrative division, organized in 1849 and few in number, dividing

1443-481: The sound changes from Proto-Indo-Iranian to Indo-Aryan is the loss of the voiced sibilants *z, *ẓ, *ź; among those to Proto-Iranian is the de-aspiration of the PIE voiced aspirates . Proto-Indo-Iranian has preserved much of the morphology of Proto-Indo-European (PIE): thematic and athematic inflection in both nouns and verbs, all three numbers (singular, dual and plural), all the tense, mood and voice categories in

1482-458: The syllabic core. In many reconstructions, instances of * iH and * uH occur instead of * ī and * ū . Proto-Indo-Iranian is hypothesized to have contained two series of stops or affricates in the palatal to postalveolar region. The phonetic nature of this contrast is not clear, and hence they are usually referred to as the primary or first series (*ć *ȷ́ *ȷ́ʰ, continuing Proto-Indo-European palatovelar *ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ) and

1521-409: The verb, and the cases in the noun. Pronouns, nouns and adjectives are inflected into the eight cases of PIE: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, ablative, locative and instrumental (with also a comitative/sociative meaning). *só *sá In verbs, the chief innovation is the creation of a passive conjugation with the suffix *-yá , with middle inflection. The following examples lack

#851148