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150-697: The details of the arrival of the Croats in the Balkans are sparsely documented by more or less reliable historical sources. Around late 6th and early 7th century, Croats migrated from White Croatia (around present-day Galicia ). According to a legend recorded in the 10th-century De Administrando Imperio , the Croats came to their present region under the leadership of five brothers (called Kloukas, Lobelos, Kosentzis, Mouchlo, and Chrobatos) and of two sisters (called Touga and Bouga), and successfully fought and expelled

300-1059: A diaspora in the aftermath of World War II , with grassroots assistance from earlier communities and the Roman Catholic Church . In Croatia (the nation state ), 3.9 million people identify themselves as Croats, and constitute about 90.4% of the population. Another 553,000 live in Bosnia and Herzegovina , where they are one of the three constituent ethnic groups , predominantly living in Western Herzegovina , Central Bosnia and Bosnian Posavina . The minority in Serbia number about 70,000, mostly in Vojvodina . The ethnic Tarara people , indigenous to Te Tai Tokerau in New Zealand, are of mixed Croatian and Māori (predominantly Ngāpuhi ) descent. Tarara Day

450-554: A federation consisting of 6 republics, and Croats became one of two constituent peoples of two – Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croats in the Serbian autonomous province of Vojvodina are one of six main ethnic groups composing this region. Following the democratization of society, accompanied with ethnic tensions that emerged ten years after the death of Josip Broz Tito , the Republic of Croatia declared independence, which

600-514: A Slav, by contemporary sources. A closer reading of the DAI suggests that Constantine VII's consideration about the ethnic origin and identity of the population of Lower Pannonia, Pagania , Zachlumia and other principalities is based on tenth century political rule and does not indicate ethnicity, and although both Croats and Serbs could have been a small military elite which managed to organize other already settled and more numerous Slavs, it

750-457: A Southern Slav identity in others) resulted in growing ethnic conflict between Italians on one side and Slovenes and Croats on the other side. This was intertwined with class conflict, as inhabitants of Istrian towns were mostly Italian, while Croats and Slovenes largely lived out in the eastern countryside. The Croatian word for the Istrians is Istrani , or Istrijani , the latter being in

900-638: A branch of the old Croatian noble Gusić family from Krbava (14th–16th centuries); Babonić who ruled from western Kupa to eastern Vrbas and Bosna rivers, and were bans of Slavonia (13th–14th centuries); Iločki family who ruled over Slavonian stronghold-cities, and in the 15th century rose to power. During this period, the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller also acquired considerable property and assets in Croatia. In

1050-689: A brief period of self-rule, that state became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes under the Karađorđević dynasty . The name of the kingdom was changed in 1929, amid unitarianist reforms, to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . After the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920 Istria and parts of Dalmatia were annexed to Kingdom of Italy . On the basis of the Cvetković–Maček Agreement , and the Decree on

1200-489: A common Croatian ancestry , culture , history and language . They also form a sizeable minority in a number of neighboring countries, namely Slovenia , Austria , the Czech Republic , Germany , Hungary , Italy , Montenegro , Romania , Serbia and Slovakia . Due to political, social and economic reasons, many Croats migrated to North and South America as well as New Zealand and later Australia, establishing

1350-703: A consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Istria, fostering the nascent nationalism of Slovenes and Croats. During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the Germanization or Slavization of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence: His Majesty expressed

1500-469: A duke. Višeslav used to be considered by Croatian historiography as a duke of the Croats, but the evidence for most of the claims regarding him is too scarce. In his letter from 925, Pope John X refers to Tomislav I of Trpimirović dynasty as Rex Chroatorum (King of the Croats). All Croatian rulers after Tomislav I held the title of King of Croatia. This is confirmed by epigraphic inscription mentioning

1650-689: A time, with the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797, its possessions in eastern Adriatic mostly came under the authority of France which passed its rights to Austria the same year. Eight years later they were restored to France as the Illyrian Provinces , but won back to the Austrian crown 1815. Though now part of the same empire, Dalmatia and Istria were part of Cisleithania while Croatia and Slavonia were in Hungarian part of

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1800-496: A total of 25,409. Most of these people in these counties were ethnic Croats, but there were also Istro-Romanians declaring themselves as Istrian. Later, the 2021 Croatian census saw a decrease on Istrian self-designation, as 10,025 inhabitants of the Istria County used it. It has been proposed that Istria gain greater autonomy within a more decentralized Croatia. Examples of supporters of this include several members of

1950-464: A variant of the feudal system . Large fiefs were granted to individuals who would defend them against outside incursions thereby creating a system for the defence of the entire state. However, by enabling the nobility to seize more economic and military power, the kingdom itself lost influence to the powerful noble families. In Croatia the Šubić were one of the oldest Croatian noble families and would become particularly influential and important, ruling

2100-896: A wide secret diplomatic negotiations with a number of nations, including Louis XIV of France , the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , Sweden , the Republic of Venice and even the Ottoman Empire , to free Croatia from the Habsburg sovereignty. Imperial spies uncovered the conspiracy and on 30 April 1671 executed four esteemed Croatian and Hungarian noblemen involved in it, including Zrinski and Frankopan in Wiener Neustadt . The large estates of two most powerful Croatian noble houses were confiscated and their families relocated, soon after extinguished. Between 1670 and

2250-724: Is a soup made with beans and sauerkraut or sour turnip , potatoes , bacon , and spare ribs , known in the northern Adriatic regions. Under the name jota, it is typical and especially popular in Trieste and its province (where it is considered to be the prime example of Triestine food), in the Istrian peninsula, in the province of Gorizia , in the whole Slovenian Littoral , in the Rijeka area, and in Friuli , especially in some of its peripheral areas (the highland region of Carnia ,

2400-476: Is a supranational European Region that includes Italian, Slovenian and Croatian Istria. There are some claims, Istrian Italians were more than 50% of the total population of Istria for centuries, while making up about a third of the population in 1900. With its strategic position at the southern tip of the peninsula and good harbor Pula was the primary base of the Austrian Navy. A limited tension with

2550-580: Is also present in the peninsula. According to Austro-Hungarian censuses, which recorded language instead of ethnicity, the composition of Istria (i.e. the Habsburg Margraviate of Istria) was as follows (in thousands): The 2001 population census in Croatia counted 23 languages spoken by the people of Istria. In 2021 Census show that 76.40% are Croats, Italians were 5.01%, 2.96% were Serbs, 2.48% Bosniaks, 1.05% were Albanians, while regionally declared were 5.13%. The data for Slovenian Istria

2700-732: Is celebrated every 15 March to commemorate their "highly regarded place in present-day Māoridom ". Croats are mostly Catholics . The Croatian language is official in Croatia , the European Union and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Croatian is a recognized minority language within Croatian autochthonous communities and minorities in Montenegro, Austria ( Burgenland ), Italy ( Molise ), Romania ( Carașova , Lupac ) and Serbia ( Vojvodina ). The foreign ethnonym variation "Croats" of

2850-527: Is derived from the Histri ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἱστρών έθνος ) tribes, which Strabo refers to as living in the region and who are credited as being the builders of the hillfort settlements (castellieri). The Histri are classified in some sources as a "Venetic" Illyrian tribe with certain linguistic differences from other Illyrians. The Romans described the Histri as a fierce tribe of pirates, protected by

3000-651: Is derived from the river Ister (Ἴστρος) (modern Danube ), because the Greeks erroneously believed, early in their travels around the Mediterranean, that a branch of the Danube flowed into the Adriatic Sea in that area. In addition, the Greeks called the inhabitants of the area Histri (Ἴστροι); if this was their native name, it may have initially led the Greeks to assume a connection with the river Ister. The name

3150-469: Is disputed. Unlike Petar Krešimir IV, he was also an ally of the Normans , with whom he joined in wars against Byzantium. He married in 1063 Helen of Hungary , the daughter of King Bela I of the Hungarian Árpád dynasty , and the sister of the future King Ladislaus I . As King Zvonimir died in 1089 in unknown circumstances, with no direct heir to succeed him, Stjepan II ( r.   1089–1091) last of

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3300-578: Is known as Slovenian Istria , and includes the coastal municipalities of Piran / Pirano , Izola /Isola, and Koper /Capodistria. It also includes the Karstic municipality of Hrpelje-Kozina /Erpelle-Cosina. Northwards of Slovenian Istria, there is a tiny portion of the peninsula that lies in Italy. This smallest portion of Istria consists of the comunes of Muggia /Milje and San Dorligo della Valle /Dolina with Santa Croce ( Trieste ) lying farthest to

3450-656: Is named after the ancient city Histria , named after River Hister. In the Early Middle Ages , Istria was conquered and occupied by the Goths. Ostrogoth coins were found in Istria, as well as the remains of some buildings. South of Poreč there are the remains of the church of Sv. Petar, erected in the 5th century (with a baptistery added later), which reportedly served the Arian eastern Goths ruling Istria. Most notably,

3600-417: Is not as neatly organized, but the 2002 Slovenian census indicates that the four Istrian municipalities ( Izola /Isola d'Istria, Piran /Pirano, Koper /Capodistria, Ankaran/Ancarano) had a total of 56,482 Slovenes, 6,426 Croats, and 2,800 Italians. The small town of Peroj has had a unique history which exemplifies the multi-ethnic complexity of the history of the region, as do some villages on both sides of

3750-783: Is possible evidence of population continuity between Gothic and Croatian times in parts of Dalmatia, the idea of a Gothic origin of Croats was more rooted in 20th century Ustaše political aspirations than historical reality. Other, distinct polities and ethno-political groups existed around the Croat duchy. These included the Guduscans (based in Liburnia), Pagania (between the Cetina and Neretva River), Zachlumia (between Neretva and Dubrovnik ), Bosnia , and Serbia in other eastern parts of ex-Roman province of "Dalmatia". Also prominent in

3900-467: Is possible that Narentines, Zachlumians and others also arrived as Croats or with Croatian tribal alliance. The Croats became the dominant local power in northern Dalmatia, absorbing Liburnia and expanding their name by conquest and prestige. In the south, while having periods of independence, the Naretines merged with Croats later under control of Croatian Kings. With such expansion, Croatia became

4050-834: Is the highest portion of the Ćićarija /Cicceria mountain range; the rivers Dragonja /Dragogna, Mirna /Quieto, Pazinčica , and Raša ; and the Lim /Canale di Leme bay and valley. Istria lies in three countries: Croatia, Slovenia and Italy. By far the largest portion (90%) lies in Croatia. "Croatian Istria" is divided into two counties, the larger being Istria County in western Croatia. Important towns in Istria County include Pula /Pola, Poreč /Parenzo, Rovinj /Rovigno, Pazin /Pisino, Labin /Albona, Umag /Umago, Motovun /Montona, Buzet /Pinguente, and Buje /Buie. Smaller towns in Istria County include Višnjan /Visignano, Roč /Rozzo, and Hum /Colmo. The northwestern part of Istria lies in Slovenia: it

4200-683: Is the largest peninsula within the Adriatic Sea . Located at the top of the Adriatic between the Gulf of Trieste and the Kvarner Gulf , the peninsula is shared by three countries: Croatia, Slovenia , and Italy , 90% of its area being part of Croatia. Most of Croatian Istria is part of Istria County . The geographical features of Istria include the Učka /Monte Maggiore mountain range , which

4350-572: The pršut (similar to Italian prosciutto ) and on the preparation of homemade pasta. Traditional dishes of Italian origin also include gnocchi ( njoki ), risotto ( rižot ), focaccia ( pogača ), polenta ( palenta ), and brudet . Slovenian dishes of Italian origin are njoki (similar to Italian gnocchi ), rizota (the Slovenian version of risotto ) and zilkrofi (similar to Italian ravioli ). The Istrian stew ( Italian : Jota ; Croatian : Istarska jota ; Slovene : Jota )

4500-525: The 2011 Croatian census , 25,203 people of the Istria County, constituting 12% of its population, declared themselves to be Istrian before any other nationality, making it the most abundant one in the county after Croatian. People also declared an Istrian identity in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County , the county where the rest of Croatian Istria is located, therefore making the number of people declaring an Istrian identity in Croatia

4650-745: The Arpads , expelled them over the Sava River , and united (western) Pannonian and Dalmatian Croats into one state. Tomislav (910–928) became king of Croatia by 925. The chief piece of evidence that Tomislav was crowned king comes in the form of a letter dated 925, surviving only in 16th-century copies, from Pope John X calling Tomislav rex Chroatorum . According to De Administrando Imperio , Tomislav's army and navy could have consisted approximately 100,000 infantry units, 60,000 cavaliers, and 80 larger ( sagina ) and 100 smaller warships ( condura ), but generally isn't taken as credible. According to

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4800-636: The Battle of Szigetvar in 1566. During the Ottoman conquest tens of thousands of Croats were taken in Turkey, where they became slaves. The Battle of Mohács (1526) and the death of King Louis II ended the Hungarian-Croatian union. In 1526, the Hungarian parliament elected two separate kings János Szapolyai and Ferdinand I Habsburg , but the choice of the Croatian sabor at Cetin prevailed on

4950-558: The Dinaric hinterland and appears to have been depopulated, as virtually all hilltop settlements, from Noricum to Dardania , were abandoned and few appear destroyed in the early 7th century. Although the dating of the earliest Slavic settlements was disputed, recent archaeological data established that the migration and settlement of the Slavs/Croats have been in late 6th and early 7th century. Much uncertainty revolves around

5100-686: The Duchy of Croatia and Principality of Lower Pannonia . Having been under Avar control, lower Pannonia became a march of the Carolingian Empire around 800. Aided by Vojnomir in 796, the first named Slavic Duke of Pannonia, the Franks wrested control of the region from the Avars before totally destroying the Avar realm in 803. After the death of Charlemagne in 814, Frankish influence decreased on

5250-486: The First World War and dissolution of Austria-Hungary , most Croats were united within the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , created by unification of the short-lived State of SHS with the Kingdom of Serbia . Croats became one of the constituent nations of the new kingdom. The state was transformed into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 and the Croats were united in the new nation with their neighbors –

5400-793: The Holy Roman Empire for centuries, and more specifically part of the domains of the Austrian Habsburgs since the 14th century. In 1797, with the Treaty of Campo Formio , the Venetian parts of the peninsula also passed to the Habsburg monarchy which became the Austrian Empire in 1804. The French victory of 1809 compelled Austria to cede a portion of its South Slav lands to France. Napoleon combined Istira, Carniola , western Carinthia , Gorica ( Gorizia ), Trieste and parts of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Dubrovnik to form

5550-585: The Illyrian Provinces . The Code Napoléon was introduced, and roads and schools were constructed. Local citizens were given administrative posts, and native languages were used to conduct official business. This sparked the Illyrian Movement for the cultural and linguistic unification of South Slavic lands. From the Middle Ages to the 19th century, Italian and Slavic communities in Istria had lived peacefully side by side because they did not know

5700-546: The Pannonian Avars influence in the Roman province of Dalmatia . It is theorized that one of the brothers, Chrobatos ( Croatian : Hrvat ) gave his name to the Croats ( Croatian : Hrvati ) as a whole, although mainstream historians dismiss this notion as not verifiable. The Croats started gradually converting to Christianity under the rule of Porga in the 7th century. The areas of modern-day Croatia located in

5850-604: The Placitum of Riziano was held in the Parish of Rižan ( Latin : Risanum ), which was a meeting between the representatives of Istrian towns and castles and the deputies of Charlemagne and his son Pepin. The report about this judicial diet illustrates the changes accompanying the transfer of power from the Eastern Roman Empire to the Carolingian Empire and the discontent of the local residents. Afterwards it

6000-413: The Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca until 1918. At that time the borders of Istria included part of what is now Italian Venezia-Giulia and parts of modern-day Slovenia and Croatia, but not the city of Trieste. Many Istrian Italians looked with sympathy towards the Risorgimento movement that fought for the unification of Italy. However, after the Third Italian War of Independence (1866), when

6150-409: The Republic of Venice but were defeated, and were since further controlled by Venice. During the 13th century, the Patriarchate's rule weakened and the towns kept surrendering to Venice – Poreč in 1267, Umag in 1269, Novigrad in 1270, Sveti Lovreč in 1271, Motovun in 1278, Kopar in 1279, and Piran and Rovinj in 1283. Venice gradually dominated the whole coastal area of western Istria and

List of dukes and kings of Croatia - Misplaced Pages Continue

6300-463: The Turkish incursion into Europe started, Croatia once again became a border area between two major forces in the Balkans . Croatian military troops fought in many battles under command of Italian Franciscan priest fra John Capistrano , the Hungarian Generalissimo John Hunyadi , and Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus , like in the Hunyadi's long campaign (1443–1444), battle of Varna (1444), second battle of Kosovo (1448) , and contributed to

6450-696: The Venetian language whose antecedents in the region extend before the inception of the Venetian Republic or to the Istriot language the oldest spoken language in Istria, dated back to the Romans, today spoken in the southwest of Istria. It can also refer to Istrian Croats who adopted the veneer of Italian culture as they moved from rural to urban areas, or from the farms into the bourgeoisie. Similarly, national powers claim Istrian Croats according to local language, so that speakers of Čakavian and Štokavian dialects of Croatian are considered to be Croatians while speakers of other dialects may be considered to be Slovene. Croatian dialect speakers are descendants of

6600-426: The Veneto and Friuli regions were ceded by the Austrians to the newly formed Kingdom Italy , Istria remained part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic. This triggered the gradual rise of Italian irredentism among many Italians in Istria, who demanded the unification of Istria with Italy. The Italians in Istria supported the Italian Risorgimento : as

6750-541: The Western Roman Empire , the region was pillaged by the Goths , the Eastern Roman Empire , and the Avars. The first Avaro-Slavic invasion of Istria was recorded in 599. Another major incursion occurred around 600–602, in which all of Istria was devastated with fire and rapine. This was followed by the 611 invasion, the most devastating for the peninsula. It remains unclear when and how the first Slavic settlement occurred. Traces of early Slavic incursions and settlement are scarce. A few Avar findings have been discovered on

6900-451: The battle of Sisak in 1593, 100 years after the defeat at Krbava field, and the short Long Turkish War ended with the Peace of Zsitvatorok in 1606, after which Croatian classes tried unsuccessfully to have their territory on the Military Frontier restored to rule by the Croatian Ban, managing only to restore a small area of lost territory but failed to regain large parts of Croatian Kingdom (present-day western Bosnia and Herzegovina ), as

7050-447: The native name "Hrvati" derives from Medieval Latin Croāt , itself a derivation of North-West Slavic * Xərwate , by liquid metathesis from Common Slavic period *Xorvat , from proposed Proto-Slavic *Xъrvátъ which possibly comes from the 3rd-century Scytho-Sarmatian form attested in the Tanais Tablets as Χοροάθος ( Khoroáthos , alternate forms comprise Khoróatos and Khoroúathos ). The origin of

7200-429: The palaeographic analysis of the original manuscript of De Administrando Imperio , an estimation of the number of inhabitants in medieval Croatia between 440 and 880 thousand people, and military numbers of Franks and Byzantines – the Croatian military force was most probably composed of 20,000–100,000 infantrymen, and 3,000–24,000 horsemen organized in 60 allagions . The Croatian Kingdom as an ally of Byzantine Empire

7350-443: The revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire , the Croatian Ban Jelačić cooperated with the Austrians in quenching the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 by leading a military campaign into Hungary, successful until the Battle of Pákozd . Croatia was later subject to Hungarian hegemony under ban Levin Rauch when the Empire was transformed into a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867. Nevertheless, Ban Jelačić had succeeded in

7500-451: The "Slav" social group. Discussions about Istrian ethnicity often use the words "Italian", "Croatian", and "Slovene" to describe the character of the Istrian people. However these terms are best understood as "national affiliations" that may exist in combination with or independently of linguistic, cultural and historical attributes. In the Istrian context, for example, the word "Italian" can just as easily refer to autochthonous speakers of

7650-426: The 11th and 12th centuries "the Croats were never unified under a strong central government. They lived in different areas - Pannonian Croatia, Dalmatian Croatia, Bosnia - which were at times ruled by indigenous kings but more frequently controlled by agents of Byzantium, Venice and Hungary. Even during periods of relatively strong centralized government, local lords frequently enjoyed an almost autonomous status". In

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7800-710: The 19th century it included a large population of Italians , Croats , and Slovenes as well as some Istro-Romanians , Serbs , and Montenegrins ; however, official statistics in those times did not show those nationalities as they do today. In 1910, the ethnic and linguistic composition was completely mixed. According to the Austrian census results, out of 404,309 inhabitants in Istria, 168,116 (41.6%) spoke Serbo-Croatian , 147,416 (36.5%) spoke Italian , 55,365 (13.7%) spoke Slovene , 13,279 (3.3%) spoke German , 882 (0.2%) spoke Istro-Romanian , 2,116 (0.5%) spoke other languages, and 17,135 (4.2%) were non-citizens, which had not been asked for their language of communication. During

7950-420: The Austrian state did not in fact stop the rise of the use of the Italian language, in the second part of the 19th century, when the population of predominantly Italian-speaking towns in Istria had a significant rise: in the part of Istria that eventually became part of Croatia, the first Austrian census from 1846 found 34 thousand Italian speakers, alongside 120 thousand Croatian speakers (in the Austrian censuses,

8100-401: The Banate of Croatia dated 24 August 1939, the Banate of Croatia was created. Under the Agreement elected Sabor and a crown-appointed ban would decide internal matters in Croatia. In 1941, Croatia was occupied by the Axis powers along with the rest of Yugoslavia. The Independent State of Croatia was set as a puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy . Soon after its creation,

8250-540: The Bulgarian army led by military commander Alogobotur , and stopped Simeon's extension westwards. The central town in the Duvno field was named Tomislavgrad ("Tomislav's town") in his honour in the 20th century. Tomislav was succeeded by Trpimir II (928–935), and Krešimir I (935–945), this period, on the whole, however, is obscure. Miroslav (945–949) was killed by his ban Pribina during an internal power struggle, losing part of islands and coastal cities. Krešimir II (949–969) kept particularly good relations with

8400-416: The Byzantines but was of Lombard descent, is reported as its dux in 599. Pope Gregory I in 600 wrote to bishop of Salona Maximus in which he expresses concern about arrival of the Slavs , "Et quidem de Sclavorum gente, quae vobis valde imminet, et affligor vehementer et conturbor. Affligor in his quae jam in vobis patior; conturbor, quia per Istriae aditum jam ad Italiam intrare coeperunt" (And as for

8550-412: The Carinthian Duke Arnulf , the future East Frankish King and Emperor. However, Frankish control was far from smooth. The Royal Frankish Annals mention several Bulgar raids, driving up the Sava and Drava rivers, as a result of a border dispute with the Franks, from 827. By a peace treaty in 845, the Franks were confirmed as rulers over Slavonia , whilst Srijem remained under Bulgarian clientage. Later,

8700-450: The Christian victories over the Ottomans in the siege of Belgrade (1456) and Siege of Jajce (1463). At the time they suffered a major defeat in the battle of Krbava field ( Lika , Croatia) in 1493 and gradually lost increasing amounts of territory to the Ottoman Empire. Pope Leo X called Croatia the forefront of Christianity ( Antemurale Christianitatis ) in 1519, given that several Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to

8850-403: The Croatian nobles. Croatia was governed on his behalf by a viceroy ( ban ) and a parliament ( sabor ). In 1409 Ladislaus of Naples sold his rights to Dalmatia to Republic of Venice for 100,000 ducats . On 1 January 1527, the Croatian Parliament met in Cetin to elect Ferdinand I of Habsburg as the new King of Croatia. The Habsburg monarchy had annexed the lands of Dalmatia after

9000-453: The Croatians were possibly a Sarmatian tribe from the Pontic region who were part of a larger movement at the same time that the Slavs were moving toward the Adriatic . The major basis for this connection was the perceived similarity between Hrvat and inscriptions from the Tanais dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, mentioning the name Khoro(u)athos . Similar arguments have been made for an alleged Gothic -Croat link. Whilst there

9150-522: The Dalmatian cities, while his son Stjepan Držislav (969–997) established better relations with the Byzantine Empire and received a formal authority over Dalmatian cities. His three sons, Svetoslav (997–1000), Krešimir III (1000–1030) and Gojslav (1000–1020), opened a violent contest for the throne, weakening the state and further losing control. Krešimir III and his brother Gojslav co-ruled from 1000 until 1020, and attempted to restore control over lost Dalmatian cities now under Venetian control. Krešimir

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9300-425: The Entente promised Italy Istria and parts of Dalmatia , South Tyrol , the Greek Dodecanese Islands , parts of Albania and Turkey, plus more territory for Italy's North Africa colonies. After the war, Italy annexed Istria. Istria's political and economic importance declined under Italian rule, and after the fascist takeover of Italy in 1922 the Italian government began a campaign of forced Italianization . In 1926,

9450-422: The Goths used Istrian stone to build their best known monument, the Mausoleum of Theodoric in Ravenna . In the following centuries, the peninsula was attacked and conquered by the Lombards , often in conjunction with the Slavs, such as in 601. However, the extent to which the Lombards occupied Istria is a matter of debate. After the Goths, Istria became part of the Exarchate of Ravenna . Gulfaris , who served

9600-440: The Great (1342–1382), relying on the lower nobility and towns. Both kings ruled without the Parliament, and inner nobility struggles only helped them in their intentions. This led to Mladen's defeat at the battle of Bliska in 1322 by a coalition of several Croatian noblemen and Dalmatian coastal towns with support of the King himself, in exchange of Šubić's castle of Ostrovica for Zrin Castle in Central Croatia (thus this branch

9750-418: The Istrian territory, chiefly around Nesactium . By 642 the Slavs were settled in the peninsula, as indicated by the mission of an abbot Martin, sent by Pope John IV to rescue captives held by the pagans in Istria and Dalmatia . After the barbaric invasions, the western part of Istria was annexed to the Lombard Kingdom in 751, and then annexed to the Frankish kingdom by Pepin of Italy in 789. In 804,

9900-416: The Italian and Slovene parts (which make up 1% and 9% of the territory of Istria, respectively), while in the Croatian part (90% of the region), there are Croats , Italians, Istro-Romanians and Istriot -speakers, as well as some non-native minorities. Most of Croatian Istria is located in the Istria County of the country. Istria is the region of Croatia where regionalist sentiment is the strongest. In

10050-410: The Italian language suggests that amongst those who declared themselves Italian speakers in Istria, there were people whose mother tongue was different." D'Alessio notes even members of the Austrian state bureaucracy and the members of their families with the German mother tongue tended to use Italian, after living in Istrian small towns long enough. The Poles, Czechs and Slovenes and Croats tended to join

10200-409: The King of Hungary. After his death in 1312, his son Mladen II Šubić was the Ban of Bosnia (1304–1322) and Ban of Croatia (1312–1322). The kings from House of Anjou intended to strengthen the kingdom by uniting their power and control, but to do so they had to diminish the power of the higher nobility. Charles I had already tried to crash the aristocratic privileges, intention finished by his son Louis

10350-652: The Kingdom of Croatia in force, and negotiated with the Croatian feudal lords resulting in joining of Hungarian and Croatian crowns (with the crown of Dalmatia held separate from that of Croatia). According to The New Cambridge Medieval History , "at the beginning of the eleventh century the Croats lived in two more or less clearly defined regions" of the "Croatian lands" which "were now divided into three districts" including Slavonia/Pannonian Croatia (between rivers Sava and Drava) on one side and Croatia/Dalmatian littoral (between Gulf of Kvarner and rivers Vrbas and Neretva) and Bosnia (around river Bosna ) on other side. In

10500-430: The Kingdom of Italy under Lothair I , since 828. The Croatian Prince Mislav (835–845) built up a formidable navy, and in 839 signed a peace treaty with Pietro Tradonico , doge of Venice . The Venetians soon proceeded to battle with the independent Slavic pirates of the Pagania region, but failed to defeat them. The Bulgarian king Boris I (called by the Byzantine Empire Archont of Bulgaria after he made Christianity

10650-434: The Latin name Hister, or Danube (especially its lower course). Ancient folktales reported —inaccurately— that the Danube split in two or "bifurcated" and came to the sea near Trieste as well as at the Black Sea . The story of the "bifurcation of the Danube" is part of the Argonaut legend. There is also a suspected link (but no historical documentation in support of it) to the commune of Istria in Constanța, Romania which

10800-562: The Magyars. The subsequent history of Savia again becomes murky, and historians are not sure who controlled Savia during much of the 10th century. However, it is likely that the ruler Tomislav , the first crowned King, was able to exert much control over Savia and adjacent areas during his reign. It is at this time that sources first refer to a "Pannonian Croatia", appearing in the 10th century Byzantine work De Administrando Imperio . The Dalmatian Croats were recorded to have been subject to

10950-627: The Monarchy. In the 19th century Croatian romantic nationalism emerged to counteract the non-violent but apparent Germanization and Magyarization . The Croatian national revival began in the 1830s with the Illyrian movement . The movement attracted a number of influential figures and produced some important advances in the Croatian language and culture. The champion of the Illyrian movement

11100-663: The Napoleonic War of the First Coalition . The Kingdom of Dalmatia was a crown land of the Austrian Empire (1815–1867) and the Cisleithanian half of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). Maria Ludovica of Modena (m.1808-d.1816) Caroline Augusta of Bavaria (m.1816) After the World War I and the breakup of Austria-Hungary , Croatia joined a newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs . Following

11250-538: The Ottoman Empire. This caused unrest among the Croatian and Hungarian nobility which plotted against the emperor. Nikola Zrinski participated in launching the conspiracy which later came to be known as the Magnate conspiracy , but he soon died, and the rebellion was continued by his brother, Croatian ban Petar Zrinski , Fran Krsto Frankopan and Ferenc Wesselényi . Petar Zrinski, along the conspirators, went on

11400-482: The Pannonian plain had also been settled by Slavic tribes in the early Middle Ages, and history recorded some of their rulers. Slavic tribes known as the Croats settled to areas of present-day Croatia around the beginning of the 7th century, and their rulers started to be recorded in historical records in the late 8th century. Višeslav left behind a baptismal font , surviving to this day, which mentioned him being

11550-916: The South Slavs- Yugoslavs . In 1939, the Croats received a high degree of autonomy when the Banovina of Croatia was created, which united almost all ethnic Croatian territories within the Kingdom. In the Second World War , the Axis forces created the Independent State of Croatia led by the Ustaše movement which sought to create an ethnically pure Croatian state on the territory corresponding to present-day countries of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Post-WWII Yugoslavia became

11700-607: The Torre and Natisone river valleys, or Slavia Veneta ). The stew, based on etymology, most likely originated in Friuli before spreading east and south. Istrian identity , also known as Istrianity, Istrianism or Istrianness, is the regionalist identity developed by the inhabitants of the part of Istria located in Croatia . Istria is the biggest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea and a multiethnic region divided between Croatia, Italy and Slovenia . Italians and Slovenes live in both

11850-609: The Treaties of Rome were null and void and annexed the portion of Dalmatia that had been ceded to Italy. The title Duke of Croatia has been used widely: Croats North America South America Oceania The Croats ( / ˈ k r oʊ æ t s / ; Croatian : Hrvati , pronounced [xr̩ʋǎːti] ) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina and other neighboring countries in Central and Southeastern Europe who share

12000-730: The Učka that are still identified with the Istro-Romanian people which the UNESCO Redbook of Endangered Languages calls "the smallest ethnic group in Europe". The cuisine of Istria is influenced by Italian cuisine , given the historical presence of local ethnic Italians ( Istrian Italians ), influence that has eased after the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus . For example, the influence of Italian cuisine on Croatian dishes can be seen in

12150-699: The Venetian navy. Their ground forces defeated the Pannonian duke Kocelj (861–874) who was suzerain to the Franks, and thereby shed the Frankish vassal status. Wars of Domagoj and his son liberated Dalmatian Croats from supreme Franks rule. Zdeslav deposed him in 878 with the help of the Byzantines. He acknowledged the supreme rule of Byzantine Emperor Basil I . In 879, the Pope asked for help from prince Zdeslav for an armed escort for his delegates across southern Dalmatia and Zahumlje , but on early May 879, Zdeslav

12300-628: The Venetian state. Other coastal towns followed shortly thereafter. Bajamonte Tiepolo was sent away from Venice in 1310, to start a new life in Istria after his downfall. A description of the 16th-century Istria with a precise map was prepared by the Italian geographer Pietro Coppo . A copy of the map inscribed in stone can now be seen in the Pietro Coppo Park in the center of the town of Izola in southwestern Slovenia . The Inner part of Istria around Mitterburg ( Pazin ) had been part of

12450-498: The abolition of serfdom in Croatia, which eventually brought about massive changes in society: the power of the major landowners was reduced and arable land became increasingly subdivided, to the extent of risking famine. Many Croatians began emigrating to the New World countries in this period, a trend that would continue over the next century, creating a large Croatian diaspora . From 1804 to 1918, as many as 395 Croats received

12600-775: The aftermath of the Great Schism of 1054 . He was succeeded by Dmitar Zvonimir , who was of the Svetoslavić branch of the House of Trpimirović , and a Ban of Slavonia (1064–1075). He was crowned on 8 October 1076 at Solin in the Basilica of Saint Peter and Moses (known today as Hollow Church ) by a representative of Pope Gregory VII . He was in conflict with dukes of Istria , while historical records Annales Carinthiæ and Chronica Hungarorum note he invaded Carinthia to aid Hungary in war during 1079/83, but this

12750-643: The area between Zrmanja and the Krka rivers. The local noble family from Krk island (who later took the surname Frankopan ) is often considered the second most important medieval family, as ruled over northern Adriatic and is responsible for the adoption of one of oldest European statutes , Law codex of Vinodol (1288). Both families gave many native bans of Croatia. Other powerful families were Nelipić from Dalmatian Zagora (14th–15th centuries); Kačić who ruled over Pagania and were famous for piracy and wars against Venice (12th–13th centuries); Kurjaković family,

12900-484: The area to Plomin on the eastern part of the peninsula. The wealthier coastal towns cultivated increasingly strong economic relationships with Venice and by 1348 were eventually incorporated into its territory, while their inland counterparts fell under the sway of the weaker Patriarchate of Aquileia, which became part of the Habsburg Empire in 1374. On 15 February 1267, Parenzo was formally incorporated with

13050-469: The border. It became an international boundary with the independence of both countries from Yugoslavia in 1991. Since Croatia 's first multi-party elections in 1990, the Istrian regionalist party Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS-DDI, Istarski demokratski sabor or Dieta democratica istriana ) has consistently received a majority of the vote and maintained through the 1990s a position often contrary to

13200-533: The central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been established. Although a member of the Central Powers , Italy remained neutral at the start of WWI, and soon launched secret negotiations with the Triple Entente , bargaining to participate in the war on its side, in exchange for significant territorial gains. To get Italy to join the war, the secret 1915 Treaty of London

13350-581: The chancellor Metternich , the use of the Illyrian name and insignia in public was forbidden. This deterred the movement's progress but it couldn't stop the changes in the society that had already started. On 25 March 1848, was conducted a political petition " Zahtijevanja naroda ", which program included thirty national, social and liberal principles, like Croatian national independence, annexation of Dalmatia and Military Frontier, independence from Hungary as far as finance, language, education, freedom of speech and writing, religion, nullification of serfdom etc. In

13500-476: The control of Croatian kings". The lands which constitute modern Croatia fell under three major geographic-politic zones during the Middle Ages, which were influenced by powerful neighbor Empires – notably the Byzantines, the Avars and later Magyars , Franks and Bulgars . Each vied for control of the Northwest Balkan regions. Two independent Slavic dukedoms emerged sometime during the 9th century:

13650-490: The difficult navigation of their rocky coasts. It took two military campaigns for the Romans to finally subdue them in 177 BC. The region was then called together with the Venetian part the X. Roman Region of "Venetia et Histria", the ancient definition of the northeastern border of Italy. Dante Alighieri refers to it as well, the eastern border of Italy per ancient definition is the river Arsia . The eastern side of this river

13800-576: The dominant power and absorbed other polities between Frankish, Bulgarian and Byzantine empire. Although the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja has been dismissed as an unreliable record, the mentioned "Red Croatia" suggests that Croatian clans and families might have settled as far south as Duklja / Zeta . According to Martin Dimnik writing for The New Cambridge Medieval History , "at the beginning of

13950-401: The earliest known Croatian queen ( regina ) Domaslava dated to first half of 10th century. He was also addressed as princeps (prince) and dux (duke) on other occasions. Nevertheless, in modern Croatia he is traditionally considered the first (and arguably the most famous) Croatian king. From 1102, the reigning King of Hungary was also the ruler of the Kingdom of Croatia in agreement with

14100-497: The early 7th century, primarily on the basis of the later Byzantine document De Administrando Imperio . As such, the arrival of the Croats was seen as part of main wave or a second wave of Slavic migrations, which took over Dalmatia from Avar hegemony . However, as early as the 1970s, scholars questioned the reliability of Porphyrogenitus ' work, written as it was in the 10th century. Rather than being an accurate historical account, De Administrando Imperio more accurately reflects

14250-505: The eleventh century the Croats lived in two more or less clearly defined regions" of the "Croatian lands" which "were now divided into three districs" including Slavonia/Pannonian Croatia (between rivers Sava and Drava) on one side and Croatia/Dalmatian littoral (between Gulf of Kvarner and rivers Vrbas and Neretva) and Bosnia (around river Bosna ) on other side, and that "Croats, along with Serbs, also lived in Bosnia which at times came under

14400-417: The ethnic composition of the population was not surveyed, only the main "language of use" of a person). By 1910, the proportion changed significantly: there were 108 thousand Italian speakers and 134 thousand Croatian speakers. Vanni D'Alessio notes (2008), the Austrian surveys of the language of use "overestimated the diffusion of the socially dominant languages of the empire... The capacity of assimilation of

14550-492: The ethnonym is uncertain, but most probably is from Proto-Ossetian / Alanian * xurvæt- or * xurvāt- , in the meaning of "one who guards" ("guardian, protector"). Early Slavs , especially Sclaveni and Antae , including the White Croats , invaded and settled Southeastern Europe in the 6th and 7th century. Archaeological evidence shows population continuity in coastal Dalmatia and Istria . In contrast, much of

14700-522: The exact circumstances of their appearance given the scarcity of literary sources during the 7th and 8th century Middle Ages . The ethnonym "Croat" is first attested during the 9th century AD, in the charter of Duke Trpimir ; and begins to be widely attested throughout central and eastern Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries. Traditionally, scholarship has placed the arrival of the White Croats from Great/White Croatia in Eastern Europe in

14850-489: The expanding power of Great Moravia also threatened Frankish control of the region. In an effort to halt their influence, the Franks sought alliance with the Magyars, and elevated the local Slavic leader Braslav in 892, as a more independent Duke over lower Pannonia. In 896, his rule stretched from Vienna and Budapest to the southern Croat duchies, and included almost the whole of ex-Roman Pannonian provinces. He probably died c. 900 fighting against his former allies,

15000-726: The expense of domestic element. Because of this the Croatian Sabor was losing its significance, and the nobility less attended it, yet went only to the one in Hungary. In the 18th century, Croatia was one of the crown lands that supported Emperor Charles 's Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and supported Empress Maria Theresa in the War of the Austrian Succession of 1741–48. Subsequently, the empress made significant contributions to Croatian matters, by making several changes in

15150-515: The feudal and tax system, administrative control of the Military Frontier, in 1745 administratively united Slavonia with Croatia and in 1767 organized Croatian royal council with the ban on head, however, she ignored and eventually disbanded it in 1779, and Croatia was relegated to just one seat in the governing council of Hungary, held by the ban of Croatia. To fight the Austrian centralization and absolutism, Croats passed their rights to

15300-486: The first armed antifascist resistance group in Europe soon penetrated into Slovene and Croatian-speaking parts of Istria. In World War II, Istria became a battleground of competing ethnic and political groups. Istrian nationalist groups which were pro-fascist and pro-Allied and Yugoslav-supported pro-communist groups fought with each other and the Italian army. After the German withdrawal in 1945, Yugoslav partisans gained

15450-609: The government in Zagreb , led by the then nationalistic party Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ, Hrvatska demokratska zajednica ), with regards to decentralization in Croatia and certain facets of regional autonomy . However, that changed in 2000 when the IDS formed with five other parties a left-centre coalition government, led by the Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP, Socijaldemokratska Partija Hrvatske ). After

15600-475: The immediate aftermath of the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty on February 10, 1947 which granted Pula and the greater part of Istria to Yugoslavia. The division of Istria between Croatia and Slovenia runs on the former republic borders, which were not precisely defined in the former Yugoslavia. Various points of contention remain unresolved between the two countries regarding the precise line of

15750-515: The inland regions towards Pannonia , while instituting counties as a way of controlling his subordinates (an idea he picked up from the Franks). The first known written mention of the Croats, dates from 4 March 852, in statute by Trpimir. Trpimir is remembered as the initiator of the Trpimirović dynasty , that ruled in Croatia, with interruptions, from 845 until 1091. After his death, an uprising

15900-685: The last decades of the Habsburg dynasty the coast of Istria profited from tourism within the Empire. Generally speaking, Italians lived on the western coast and in the inland cities of northern Istria, while Croats lived on the eastern coast and in the eastern and southeastern inland parts of the countryside. In the second half of the 19th century a clash of new ideological movements, Italian irredentism (which claimed Trieste and Istria), Slovene nationalism , and Croatian nationalism (developing individual identities in some quarters while seeking to unite in

16050-647: The local Chakavian dialect . The term Istrani is also used in Slovenia. The Italian word for the Istrians is Istriani and today the Italian minority is organized in many towns. The Istrian county in Croatia is bilingual, as are large parts of Slovenian Istria. Every citizen has the right to speak either Italian or Croatian (Slovene in Slovenian Istria and Italian in the town of Koper/Capodistria, Piran/Pirano, Portorož/Portorose, and Izola/Isola d'Istria) in public administration or in court. Furthermore, Istria

16200-561: The main Trpimirović line came to the throne but reigned for two years. After his death civil war and unrest broke out shortly afterward as northern nobles decided Ladislaus I for the Croatian King. In 1093, southern nobles elected a new ruler, King Petar Snačić ( r.   1093–1097), who managed to unify the Kingdom around his capital of Knin . His army resisted repelling Hungarian assaults, and restored Croatian rule up to

16350-486: The national identification, given that they generically defined themselves as " Istrians " of "Romance" or "Slavic" culture. After this seven-year period, the Austrian Empire regained Istria, which became part of the constituent Kingdom of Illyria . This kingdom was broken up in 1849, after which Istria formed part of Austrian Littoral , also known as the "Küstenland", which also included the city of Trieste and

16500-461: The new king. This resulted in the Bloody Sabor of Križevci in 1397, loss of interest in the crown by Ladislaus and selling of Dalmatia to Venice in 1403, and spreading of Croatian names to the north, with those of Slavonia to the east. The dynastic struggle didn't end, and with the Ottoman invasion on Bosnia the first short raids began in Croatian territory, defended only by local nobles. As

16650-608: The north. The ancient region of Histria extended over a much wider area, including the whole Karst Plateau with the southern edges of the Vipava Valley /Vipacco Valley, the southwestern portions of modern Inner Carniola with Postojna /Postumia and Ilirska Bistrica /Bisterza, and the Italian Province of Trieste , but not the Liburnian coast which was already part of Illyricum . The name Istria (Ἰστρία)

16800-622: The official religion of Bulgaria) also waged a lengthy war against the Dalmatian Croats, trying to expand his state to the Adriatic . The Croatian Prince Trpimir I (845–864) succeeded Mislav. In 854, there was a great battle between Trpimir's forces and the Bulgars. Neither side emerged victorious, and the outcome was the exchange of gifts and the establishment of peace. Trpimir I managed to consolidate power over Dalmatia and much of

16950-548: The one side and Venetians/other Italians on the other side yielded to each other culturally while simultaneously distancing themselves from members of their ethnic groups living farther away. Another important Istrian community are the Istro-Romanians in the south and north of the Učka mountain range of Istria. A small Albanian community, which until the late 19th century spoke the Istrian Albanian dialect

17100-399: The peasants in northern Croatia and Slovenia rebelled against their feudal lords due to various injustices. After the fall of Bihać fort in 1592, only small areas of Croatia remained unrecovered. The remaining 16,800 square kilometres (6,487 sq mi) were referred to as the reliquiae reliquiarum of the once great Croatian kingdom . Croats stopped the Ottoman advance in Croatia at

17250-671: The people of the Slavs who are really approaching you, I am very depressed and confused. I am depressed because I sympathize with you, confused because they over the Istria began to enter the Italy). Some ancient reporters, including Pope Gregory, who were unaware of the importance of the Avars in the Balkans, used the terms "Slavs" to refer to the Avars or the Avaro-Slavs. After the fall of

17400-417: The political situation during the 10th century. It mainly served as Byzantine propaganda praising Emperor Heraclius for repopulating the Balkans (previously devastated by the Avars , Sclaveni and Antes ) with Croats, who were seen by the Byzantines as tributary peoples living on what had always been 'Roman land'. Scholars have hypothesized the name Croat ( Hrvat ) may be Iranian , thus suggesting that

17550-628: The precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in South Tyrol , Dalmatia and Littoral for the Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls

17700-471: The present-day border between the two countries is a remnant of this outcome. In the first half of the 17th century, Croats fought in the Thirty Years' War on the side of Holy Roman Empire , mostly as light cavalry under command of imperial generalissimo Albrecht von Wallenstein . Croatian Ban, Juraj V Zrinski , also fought in the war, but died in a military camp near Bratislava , Slovakia , as he

17850-664: The rank of general or admiral , of which 379 in the army of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy , 8 in the Russian Empire , two each in the French and Hungarian armies, and one each in the armies of the Ottoman Empire , the Republic of Venice , Portuguese Empire and Serbia. By rank, 173 were brigadier generals , 142 major generals , 55 lieutenant generals , two generals, three staff generals , 17 rear admirals , one viceadmiral and two admirals. After

18000-648: The reformed HDZ won the Croatian parliamentary elections in late 2003 and formed a minority government, the IDS has cooperated with the state government on many projects, both local (in Istria County ) and national. Since Slovenia's accession to the European Union and the Schengen Area , customs and immigration checks have been abolished at the Italian-Slovenian border. The region has traditionally been ethnically mixed. Under Austrian rule in

18150-613: The refugees of the Turkish invasion and Ottoman Empire of Bosnia and Dalmatia in the 16th century. The government of the Republic of Venice had settled them in Inner Istria, which had been devastated by wars and plague. As with other regions, the local dialects of the Croatian communities vary greatly across close distances. The Istrian Croatian and Italian vernaculars had both developed for many generations before being divided as they are today. This meant that Croats/Slovenes on

18300-594: The region, allowing Prince Ljudevit Posavski to raise a rebellion in 819. The Frankish margraves sent armies in 820, 821 and 822, but each time they failed to crush the rebels. Aided by Borna the Guduscan, the Franks eventually defeated Ljudevit, who withdrew his forces to the Serbs and conquered them, according to the Frankish Annals. For much of the subsequent period, Savia was probably directly ruled by

18450-399: The revolution of 1848, there would be only 2 bans of Croatian nationality. The period from 1670 to the Croatian cultural revival in the 19th century was Croatia's political Dark Age. Meanwhile, with the victories over Turks, Habsburgs all the more insistent they spent centralization and germanization, new regained lands in liberated Slavonia started giving to foreign families as feudal goods, at

18600-445: The river Sava . He reassembled his forces in Croatia and advanced on Gvozd Mountain , where he met the main Hungarian army led by King Coloman I of Hungary . In 1097, in the Battle of Gvozd Mountain , the last native king Peter was killed and the Croats were decisively defeated (because of this, the mountain was this time renamed to Petrova Gora , "Peter's Mountain", but identified with the wrong mountain). In 1102, Coloman returned to

18750-491: The sake of stopping the Ottoman conquering and possible assault on the capital of Vienna, the large areas of Croatia and Slavonia (even Hungary and Romania) bordering the Ottoman Empire were organized as a Military Frontier which was ruled directly from Vienna military headquarters. The invasion caused migration of Croats, and the area which became deserted was subsequently settled by Serbs , Vlachs , Germans and others. The negative effects of feudalism escalated in 1573 when

18900-401: The second half of the 13th century, during the Árpád and Anjou dynasty struggle, the Šubić family became hugely powerful under Paul I Šubić of Bribir , who was the longest Croatian Ban (1274–1312), conquering Bosnia and declaring himself "Lord of all of Bosnia" (1299–1312). He appointed his brother Mladen I Šubić as Ban of Bosnia (1299–1304), and helped Charles I from House of Anjou to be

19050-515: The side of Ferdinand I, as they elected him as the new king of Croatia on 1 January 1527, uniting both lands under Habsburg rule. In return they were promised the historic rights, freedoms, laws and defence of Croatian Kingdom. However, the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom was not enough well prepared and organized and the Ottoman Empire expanded further in the 16th century to include most of Slavonia, western Bosnia and Lika . For

19200-745: The solemn divine service in St. Peter's church in Rome in 879, John VIII] gave his blessing to the duke and the Croatian people, about which he informed Branimir in his letters, in which Branimir was recognized as the Duke of the Croats ( Dux Chroatorum ). During his reign, Croatia retained its sovereignty from both the Holy Roman Empire and Byzantine rule, and became a fully recognized state. After Branimir's death, Prince Muncimir (892–910), Zdeslav's brother, took control of Dalmatia and ruled it independently of both Rome and Byzantium as divino munere Croatorum dux (with God's help, duke of Croats). In Dalmatia, duke Tomislav (910–928) succeeded Muncimir. Tomislav successfully repelled Magyar mounted invasions of

19350-460: The state government passed three laws on the creation of the Crown of Zvonimir, which made the country de jure a kingdom. Three days later the Treaties of Rome were signed. The Italian Prince Aimone of Savoy-Aosta was designated King of Croatia. Numerous Adriatic islands and a portion of Dalmatia were annexed by Italy, which all combined to become the Italian Governonate of Dalmatia . On September 10, 1943 Independent State of Croatia declared that

19500-453: The struggle against the Ottoman Turks . Among them there were ban Petar Berislavić who won a victory at Dubica on the Una river in 1513, the captain of Senj and prince of Klis Petar Kružić , who defended the Klis Fortress for almost 25 years, captain Nikola Jurišić who deterred by a magnitude larger Turkish force on their way to Vienna in 1532, or ban Nikola IV Zrinski who helped save Pest from occupation in 1542 and fought in

19650-401: The territory of future Croatia was the polity of Prince Ljudevit who ruled the territories between the Drava and Sava rivers (" Pannonia Inferior "), centred from his fort at Sisak . Although Duke Liutevid and his people are commonly seen as a "Pannonian Croats", he is, due to the lack of "evidence that they had a sense of Croat identity" referred to as dux Pannoniae Inferioris , or simply

19800-460: The time of internal unrest. Besides King Louis's daughter Mary , Charles III of Naples was the closest king male relative with claims to the throne. In February 1386, two months after his coronation, he was assassinated by order of the queen Elizabeth of Bosnia . His supporters, bans John of Palisna , John Horvat and Stjepan Lacković planned a rebellion, and managed to capture and imprison Elizabeth and Mary. By orders of John of Palisna, Elizabeth

19950-463: The union with Hungary, institutions of separate Croatian statehood were maintained through the Sabor (an assembly of Croatian nobles) and the ban (viceroy). In addition, the Croatian nobles retained their lands and titles. Coloman retained the institution of the Sabor and relieved the Croatians of taxes on their land. Coloman's successors continued to crown themselves as Kings of Croatia separately in Biograd na Moru . The Hungarian king also introduced

20100-555: The united government in Hungary, thus to together resist the intentions from Vienna. But the connection with Hungary soon adversely affected the position of Croats, because Magyars in the spring of their nationalism tried to Magyarize Croats, and make Croatia a part of a united Hungary. Because of this pretensions, the constant struggles between Croats and Magyars emerged, and lasted until 1918. Croats were fighting in unfavorable conditions, against both Vienna and Budapest, while divided on Banska Hrvatska, Dalmatia and Military Frontier. In such

20250-408: The upper hand and began a violent purge of real or suspected opponents in an "orgy of revenge". After the end of World War II , Istria was ceded to Yugoslavia , except for a small part in the northwest corner that formed Zone B of the provisionally independent Free Territory of Trieste ; Zone B was under Yugoslav administration and after the de facto dissolution of the Free Territory in 1954 it

20400-507: The use of Slavic languages in schools and government was banned, even Slavic family names were Italianized to suit the fascist authorities. Slavic newspapers and libraries were closed, all Slavic cultural, sporting, business and political associations were banned. As a result, 100,000 Slavic-speakers left Italian-annexed areas in an exodus, moving mostly to Yugoslavia. The organization TIGR , founded in 1927 by young Slovene liberal nationalists from Gorizia region and Trieste and regarded as

20550-446: Was Ljudevit Gaj who also reformed and standardized Croatian. The official language in Croatia had been Latin until 1847, when it became Croatian. The movement relied on a South Slavic and Panslavistic conception, and its national, political and social ideas were advanced at the time. By the 1840s, the movement had moved from cultural goals to resisting Hungarian political demands. By the royal order of 11 January 1843, originating from

20700-463: Was a common practice, and he forced the Venetians to start paying tribute for sailing near the eastern Adriatic coast. After Domagoj's death, Venetian chronicles named him "The worst duke of Slavs", while Pope John VIII referred to Domagoj in letters as "Famous duke". Domagoj's son, of unknown name, ruled shortly between 876 and 878 with his brothers. They continued the rebellion, attacked the western Istrian towns in 876, but were subsequently defeated by

20850-428: Was also incorporated into Yugoslavia. Only the small town of Muggia , near Trieste , being part of Zone A remained with Italy. The events of the period are visible in Pula . The city, located on the southernmost tip of the Istrian peninsula, had an Istrian Italian majority. Between December 1946 and September 1947, a large proportion of the city's inhabitants were forced to emigrate to Italy . Most of them left in

21000-408: Was composed of twelve counties and was slightly larger than in Tomislav's time, and included the closest southern Dalmatian duchy of Pagania. From the outset, he continued the policies of his father, but was immediately commanded by Pope Nicholas II first in 1059 and then in 1060 to further reform the Croatian church in accordance with the Roman rite . This was especially significant to the papacy in

21150-510: Was followed by war . In the first years of the war, over 200,000 Croats were displaced from their homes as a result of the military actions. In the peak of the fighting, around 550,000 ethnic Croats were displaced altogether during the Yugoslav wars. Istria Istria ( / ˈ ɪ s t r i ə / IST -ree-ə ; Croatian and Slovene : Istra ; Italian and Venetian : Istria ; Istriot : Eîstria ; Istro-Romanian : Istria ; Latin : Histria ; Ancient Greek : Ἱστρία )

21300-455: Was in conflict with the rising Bulgarian Empire ruled by Tsar Simeon I . In 923, due to a deal of Pope John X and a Patriarch of Constantinopole, the sovereignty of Byzantine coastal cities in Dalmatia came under Tomislav's Governancy. The war escalated on 27 May 927, in the battle of the Bosnian Highlands , after Serbs were conquered and some fled to the Croatian Kingdom. There Croats under leadership of their king Tomislav completely defeated

21450-404: Was killed near Knin in an uprising led by Branimir , a relative of Domagoj, instigated by the Pope, fearing Byzantine power. Branimir's (879–892) own actions were approved from the Holy See to bring the Croats further away from the influence of Byzantium and closer to Rome. Duke Branimir wrote to Pope John VIII affirming this split from Byzantine and commitment to the Roman Papacy . During

21600-406: Was named Zrinski ) in 1347. Eventually, the Babonić and Nelipić families also succumbed to the king's offensive against nobility, but with the increasing process of power centralization, Louis managed to force Venice by the Treaty of Zadar in 1358 to give up their possessions in Dalmatia. When King Louis died without successor, the question of succession remained open. The kingdom once again entered

21750-417: Was poisoned by von Wallenstein after a verbal duel. His son, future ban and captain-general of Croatia, Nikola Zrinski , participated during the closing stages of the war. In 1664, the Austrian imperial army was victorious against the Turks, but Emperor Leopold failed to capitalize on the success when he signed the Peace of Vasvár in which Croatia and Hungary were prevented from regaining territory lost to

21900-417: Was raised by a powerful nobleman from Knin – Domagoj , and his son Zdeslav was exiled with his brothers, Petar and Muncimir to Constantinople . Facing a number of naval threats by Saracens and Byzantine Empire, the Croatian Prince Domagoj (864–876) built up the Croatian navy again and helped the coalition of emperor Louis II and the Byzantine to conquer Bari in 871. During Domagoj's reign piracy

22050-427: Was settled by people whose culture was different from Histrians. Earlier influence of the Iapodes was attested there, while at some time between the 4th and 1st century BC the Liburnians extended their territory and it became a part of Liburnia . On the northern side, Histria extended much further north and included the Italian city of Trieste. Some scholars speculate that the names Histri and Istria are related to

22200-434: Was strangled. In retaliation, Magyars crowned Mary's husband Sigismund of Luxembourg . King Sigismund's army was catastrophically defeated at the Battle of Nicopolis (1396) as the Ottoman invasion was getting closer to the borders of the Hungarian-Croatian kingdom. Without news about the king after the battle, the then ruling Croatian ban Stjepan Lacković and nobles invited Charles III's son Ladislaus of Naples to be

22350-444: Was succeeded by his son Stjepan I (1030–1058), who continued his ambitions of spreading rule over the coastal cities, and during whose rule was established the diocese of Knin between 1040 and 1050 which bishop had the nominal title of "Croatian bishop" (Latin: episcopus Chroatensis ). Krešimir IV (1058–1074) managed to get the Byzantine Empire to confirm him as the supreme ruler of the Dalmatian cities. Croatia under Krešimir IV

22500-429: Was successively controlled by the dukes of Carantania , Merania , Bavaria and by the patriarch of Aquileia , before it became the territory of the Republic of Venice in 1267. The medieval Croatian kingdom held only the far eastern part of Istria (the border was near the river Raša ), but they lost it to the Holy Roman Empire in the late 11th century. In 1145, the cities of Pula, Koper and Izola rose against

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