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195-647: The White Croats ( Croatian : Bijeli Hrvati ; Polish : Biali Chorwaci ; Slovak : Bieli Chorváti ; Ukrainian : Білі хорвати , romanized :  Bili khorvaty ), also known simply as Croats , were a group of Early Slavic tribes that lived between East Slavic and West Slavic tribes in the historical region of Galicia north of the Carpathian Mountains (in modern Western Ukraine and Southeastern-Southern Poland ), and in Northeastern Bohemia . Debates continue over

390-600: A European population, while Lemkos are closest to the Czech and Romanian (0.17) population, and Hutsuls closest to the Croatian (0.11) and Ukrainian (0.16) population. The 2014 Y-DNA studies of 200 Pannonian Rusyns in the region of Vojvodina , Serbia, found they mostly belong to haplogroup R1a (43%), I2 (20%), E-V13 (12.5%), and R1b (8.5%), while I1 , G2a , J2b , N1 between 2.5 and 4.5%, and J1 , T , and H only in traces of less than 1%. They cluster closest to

585-770: A Soviet Red Army offensive, the Nazis who were passing through blew up all the bridges in Uzhhorod, including one built in the 14th century. On 26 November 1944 in Mukachevo representatives from all cities and villages of the land adopted the manifesto uniting Zakarpattia Ukraine with Soviet Ukraine. The Soviets occupied the Carpathians, and in 1945 the Rusyn ethnic homeland was split among three countries, as western portions were incorporated into Czechoslovakia and Poland, while

780-720: A Western route through the Moravian Gate , but that is disputable because there is no historical source and was never proved that the Croats lived there in the 7th or even 9-10th century. There exist several hypotheses on the date and historical context of the migration to the Adriatic Sea in the Roman province of Dalmatia , most often being related to the Pannonian Avars activity in late 6th and early 7th century. It

975-402: A big city where ruler S.mūt-swyt resides, located below the mountains (probably Carpathians) on river Rūtā (most probably Prut ), which springs from the mountains and is on the frontier between Pechenegs (ten days), Hungarians (two days), and Kievan Rus'. In the chronicles of the time word šahr meant "country, state, city" – thus Hurdāb represented Croatia. It was a common practice to call

1170-555: A branch of the Ukrainian people . Rusyns are descended from an East Slavic population which inhabited the northeastern regions of the Eastern Carpathians. In those regions, there are several Rusyn groups, including Dolinyans, Boykos , Hutsuls and Lemkos . Of the estimated 1.7 million people of Rusyn origin, only around 110,000 have been officially identified as such in recent ( c. 2012) national censuses. This

1365-776: A commerce and trade centers. Galicia was an important geographical location because it connected via an overland route city of Kiev in the East with Kraków , Buda , Prague and other cities in the West, as well as northwest to the Baltic Sea , southwest to the Pannonian Basin and southeast to the Black Sea . Along these routes they founded the settlements of Halych , Zvenyhorod , Terebovlia , Przemyśl (possibly founded by Lendians ), and Uzhhorod among many others, of which

1560-461: A common polycentric standard language is used, consisting of several standard varieties , similar to the existing varieties of German , English or Spanish . The aim of the new Declaration is to stimulate discussion on language without the nationalistic baggage and to counter nationalistic divisions. The terms "Serbo-Croatian", "Serbo-Croat", or "Croato-Serbian", are still used as a cover term for all these forms by foreign scholars, even though

1755-593: A common South Slavic literary language. Specifically, three major groups of dialects were spoken on Croatian territory, and there had been several literary languages over four centuries. The leader of the Illyrian movement Ljudevit Gaj standardized the Latin alphabet in 1830–1850 and worked to bring about a standardized orthography. Although based in Kajkavian-speaking Zagreb , Gaj supported using

1950-504: A common ancestry with other modern Europeans. A 2009 mitochondrial DNA study of 111 samples found that in comparison to eight other Central and Eastern European populations (Belarusian, Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian), the three Rusyn groups have a greater distance between themselves than these populations, with Boykos showing the greatest distance from all and did not cluster with anyone because have atypically low frequencies of haplogroup H (20%) and J (5%) for

2145-670: A distinct national minority , and their legal status was regulated in Yugoslav federal units of Serbia and Croatia . In the Constitution of Serbia, that was adopted in 1963, Rusyns were designated as one of seven (explicitly named) national minorities (Article 82), and the same provision was implemented in the Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina that was adopted in the same year (Article 32). Further on,

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2340-494: A division of the Croatian tribal alliance in the 7th century, but other scholars disagree with the identification of Vistulans and Lendians with the Croats. Croats seemingly were not recorded by the Bavarian Geographer (9th century), however, some scholars assumed that the unknown Sittici ("a region with many peoples and heavily fortified cities") and Stadici ("an infinite population with 516 gords"), located on

2535-678: A healthy pro-Rusyn movement exists in the Carpathians. Some Ukrainian nationalists have argued that the modern 'Rusyn movement' is in service of the expansionist aims of modern Russia . According to Mrs Jozsefne Csepanyi-Bardos, the president of the Ruthenian Ethnic Minority Council in Budapest Capital. The flag of the Ruthenians of the World and the Ruthenian Ethnic Minority Council is a tricolour in

2730-658: A minority with significant cultural influence or as a majority who outnumbered the Slavs. However, archaeological and anthropological data indicate that Slavs/Croats were not in small numbers, probably migrated and settled in several waves, contacts with natives were more prominent in Western and almost non-existent in Pannonian part of Croatia, and that the first Slavs/Croats settled near old-Roman sites in North Dalmatia in

2925-517: A mixture of all three principal dialects (Chakavian, Kajkavian and Shtokavian), and calling it "Croatian", "Dalmatian", or "Slavonian". Historically, several other names were used as synonyms for Croatian, in addition to Dalmatian and Slavonian, and these were Illyrian (ilirski) and Slavic (slovinski) . It is still used now in parts of Istria , which became a crossroads of various mixtures of Chakavian with Ekavian, Ijekavian and Ikavian isoglosses . The most standardised form (Kajkavian–Ikavian) became

3120-619: A moat, workers and artisans, and the founding of an Orthodox monastery on the Latorytsia River. The Austro-Hungarian monarchy controlled the Carpathians from 1772 to 1918. With the increased Magyarization in the nineteenth century, for some educated and intellectual Rusyns it was natural to move to Budapest , while for other Slavic minded intellectuals the Russian Empire became a favored destination. The Rusyns have always been subject to larger neighboring powers, but in

3315-536: A possible connection with the medieval descriptions of a temple dedicated to the deity Khors . Until 2008 near Stilsko have been found more than 50 settlements of open type dated between 8th–10th century, as well around 200 burial mounds. The proto-state of Great Croatia had strong polis -like states. Stilsko, Plisnesk, Halych, Revno, Terebovlia and Przemyśl are argued to have been large "tribal" capitals in 9–10th century. According to archaeological material, Plisnesk, Stilsko and many other settlements and pagan shrines by

3510-404: A reflection of this process in the broader Slavic sphere" (among East Slavs and central region of West Slavs). As assimilated with the remaining Roman population who withdrew to the coastal mountains, cities and islands, the size and influence of the autochthonous population on the modern Croatian ethnogenesis is disputed depending on the interpretation of the archaeological data, considering them as

3705-471: A result of varied historical usage. In older literature and speech, both Catholic and Orthodox Rusyns occasionally referred to themselves as Carpatho-Russians or Carpathian Russians. These terms, however, are generally considered antiquated and now typically refer to ethnic Russians of the Carpathian region. The use of several, imprecise Russian ethnonyms (in a Rusyn context) are also present in

3900-715: A route between Busani and Unlizi , were part of the Carpathian Croats tribal association, or that the Croats were part of these unknown tribal designations in Prykarpattia . In the list of Bavarian Geographer, this region would have largest number of cities and people, which does correspond to the population density and number of settlements since medieval times. Others saw Lendizi (98), Vuislane , Sleenzane (50), Fraganeo (40; Prague ), Lupiglaa (30 gords), Opolini (20), and Golensizi (5) as possible tribes of Croats. More detailed information

4095-467: A separate language that is considered key to national identity, in the sense that the term Croatian language includes all language forms from the earliest times to the present, in all areas where Croats live, as realized in the speeches of Croatian dialects, in city speeches and jargons, and in the Croatian standard language. The issue is sensitive in Croatia as the notion of a separate language being

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4290-483: A sub-group of the Ukrainian people. In spite of this, Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast has recognized Rusyns as a "distinct nationality" within the oblast since a 2007 proclamation by its regional assembly. By the end of the 20th century there appeared many societies and organizations considering Rusyns as people separate from Ukrainians. By the early 21st century they had representatives in parliaments of Serbia, Hungary, and Romania, published their own press, and in 2007

4485-419: A surface of 250 ha, including a fortress of 15 ha, defensive line of 10 km, located on river Kolodnitsa (used for navigation of ships as was connected to most important river in the region, Dniester) between current village Stilsko and Lviv . In the vicinity of Stilsko were also found some of the only examples of a pre-Christian period cult building among Slavs, for one of which Korčinskij assumed

4680-426: A surface of 450 ha, including a fortress with a pagan center, surrounded by seven long and complex lines of protection, several smaller settlements in the near vicinity, more than 142 burial mounds with both cremation and inhumation partly belonging to warriors and else, located near village Pidhirtsi and since 2015 regionally protected as a Historic and Cultural Reserve " Ancient Plisnesk "; and Stilsko with

4875-423: A whole region and country by the capital or well-known city, as well a city by the tribal name, especially if was on the periphery where the first contacts of merchants and researchers took place. Although it is generally accepted that Swntblk refers to Svatopluk I (870–894), it was puzzling that the country in which he lived and ruled over was called by the sources as Croatia. George Vernadsky also considered that

5070-761: Is controversial for native speakers, and names such as "Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian" (BCMS) are used by linguists and philologists in the 21st century. In 1997, the Croatian Parliament established the Days of the Croatian Language from March 11 to 17. Since 2013, the Institute of Croatian language has been celebrating the Month of the Croatian Language , from February 21 ( International Mother Language Day ) to March 17 (the day of signing

5265-487: Is also mentioned by Otto II (979), and pago Croudi by Otto III . According to Czech and Polish chronicles, the legendary Lech and Czech came from (White) Croatia. The Chronicle of Dalimil (14th century) recounts " V srbském jazyku jest země, jiežto Charvaty jest imě; v téj zemi bieše Lech, jemužto jmě bieše Čech ". Alois Jirásek recounted as " Za Tatrami, v rovinách při řece Visle rozkládala se od nepaměti charvátská země, část prvotní veliké vlasti slovanské " (Behind

5460-447: Is also official in the regions of Burgenland (Austria), Molise (Italy) and Vojvodina (Serbia). Additionally, it has co-official status alongside Romanian in the communes of Carașova and Lupac , Romania . In these localities, Croats or Krashovani make up the majority of the population, and education, signage and access to public administration and the justice system are provided in Croatian, alongside Romanian. Croatian

5655-510: Is argued that the Croatian migration (from Zakarpattia), seen as of a separate warrior elite group which started anti-Avar rebellions, in the second wave was or not equally numerous to make a significant common-linguistical influence into already present Slavs and natives, or was made of large units with significantly larger number. Leontii Voitovych instead advances the idea of two separate waves of Croats, first massive wave (587–614) from Galicia forced their way through Pannonia, Bosnia and started

5850-424: Is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system." Croatian, although technically a form of Serbo-Croatian , is sometimes considered a distinct language by itself. This is at odds with purely linguistic classifications of languages based on mutual intelligibility ( abstand and ausbau languages ), which do not allow varieties that are mutually intelligible to be considered separate languages. "There

6045-426: Is commonly characterized by the ijekavian pronunciation (see an explanation of yat reflexes ), the sole use of the Latin alphabet, and a number of lexical differences in common words that set it apart from standard Serbian. Some differences are absolute, while some appear mainly in the frequency of use. However, as professor John F. Bailyn states, "an examination of all the major 'levels' of language shows that BCS

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6240-720: Is considered that the uprising happened after failed Siege of Constantinople (626) , or during the Slavic uprising led by Samo against the Avars in 632, or around 635–641 when the Avars were defeated by Kubrat of the Bulgars . As the Avars were enemies of the Byzantine Empire the involvement of Emperor Heraclius on the side of Croats, and organizing relations with "barbarians" from Roman cities perspective and tradition, cannot be entirely excluded. According to other theorization

6435-406: Is given by Arabian historians and explorers. Ahmad ibn Rustah from the beginning of the 10th century recounts that the land of Pechenegs is ten days away from the Slavs and that the city in which lives Swntblk is called ʒ-r-wāb ( Džervab > Hrwat ), where every month Slavs do three-day long trade fair. Swntblk is called "king of kings", has riding horses, sturdy armor, eats mare's milk, and

6630-432: Is historiographically and archaeologically unproven and could only have been in Prykarpattia ( Western Ukraine ). They probably formed around late 4th and first half of the 5th century. It is considered that they probably were one of oldest and largest Slavic tribal formations until 6th century. Some argue that the large Proto-Slavic tribe or tribal alliance, separated somewhere between 7th and 10th century. The activity of

6825-643: Is largely because some census-taking authorities classify them as a subgroup of the Ukrainian people, while others classify them as a distinct ethnic group. The term Rusyn ( Rusyn : Русин , plural Русины , Rusynŷ ) originates from the archaic ethnonym " Rus ' ". The respective endonymic adjective has traditionally been rusʹkŷi ( руськый m. , руська f. , руське/руськое n. ), though rusynʹskŷi ( русиньскый, русинськый, русинский, русиньскій, русински ) has also been used; even more so after 1989. In interwar Czechoslovakia, Ruthenia

7020-446: Is more important than Subanj (considered Slavic title župan ), who is his deputy. In work by Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī (11th century) the city is also mentioned as ʒ(h)-rāwat , or Džarvat , and as Hadrat by Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi (11th century). In the same way, 10th century Arab historian Al-Masudi in his work The Meadows of Gold mentioned Harwātin or Khurwātīn between Moravians, Chezchs and Saxons . Abraham ben Jacob in

7215-617: Is most similar to other Ukrainians, while the Bukovina population slightly "differs from the typical Ukrainian population" because it has the highest percentage of I2a (>30%) and the lowest percentage of R1a (30%) in Ukraine. Bukovina's percentage of I2 is similar to near Moldovan and Romanian population, while the highest percentage is among South Slavs in Western Balkans . It was concluded that although bordered by diverse nations,

7410-399: Is no doubt of the near 100% mutual intelligibility of (standard) Croatian and (standard) Serbian, as is obvious from the ability of all groups to enjoy each others' films, TV and sports broadcasts, newspapers, rock lyrics etc.", writes Bailyn. Differences between various standard forms of Serbo-Croatian are often exaggerated for political reasons. Most Croatian linguists regard Croatian as

7605-640: Is no regulatory body that determines the proper usage of Croatian. However, in January 2023, the Croatian Parliament passed a law that prescribes the official use of the Croatian language, regulates the establishment of the Council for the Croatian language as a coordinating advisory body whose work will be focused on the protection and development of the Croatian language. State authorities, local and regional self-government entities are obliged to use

7800-526: Is not always accepted. Although the early medieval Croatian tribes in the scholarship are often called as White Croats, there's a scholarly dispute whether it is a correct term as some scholars differentiate the tribes according to separate regions and that the term implies only the medieval Croats who lived in Central Europe. Some scholars etymologically, and archaeologically due to burial mounds, drew parallels between Carpathian Croats and Slavs with

7995-520: Is not clear whether some unnamed Slavs or the Croats plundered the same province and Salona together with the Avars. The migration of the Croats according to narrative in DAI is commonly dated between 622 and 627, or 622–638, but the account can be interpreted as a date when the Croats revolted against the Avars after the Croatian migration and settlement in Dalmatia in the late 6th and early 7th century. It

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8190-417: Is not of Slavic origin, but a borrowing from Iranian languages . According to the most plausible theory by Max Vasmer , it derives from *(fšu-)haurvatā- (cattle guardian), more correctly Proto-Ossetian / Alanian * xurvæt- or * xurvāt- , in the meaning of "one who guards" ("guardian, protector"). It is considered that the ethnonym is first attested in anthroponyms Horoúathos, Horoáthos, and Horóathos on

8385-607: Is notable that in both chapters they are noted to be "unbaptized" pagans , a description only additionally used for the Moravians and White Serbs . Such an information probably came from an Eastern source because particular religious affiliation was of interest to the Khazars as well as to Arabian historians and explorers who carefully recorded them. Francis Dvornik doubted the claim about paganism of Croats because were part of already Christianized realms. Some scholars believe that

8580-1099: Is officially used and taught at all universities in Croatia and at the University of Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Studies of Croatian language are held in Hungary (Institute of Philosophy at the ELTE Faculty of Humanities in Budapest ), Slovakia (Faculty of Philosophy of the Comenius University in Bratislava ), Poland ( University of Warsaw , Jagiellonian University , University of Silesia in Katowice , University of Wroclaw , Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan ), Germany ( University of Regensburg ), Australia (Center for Croatian Studies at

8775-551: Is recorded Chruazzis (1012), by Henry III as Churbate (1055), by Henry IV as Grawat (also Curewate , 1086). This settlement today is Korbetha on river Saale , near Weißenfels . In the 10th–12th centuries Croatian name can be often found in the territory of March and Duchy of Carinthia, as well March and Duchy of Styria. In 954, Otto I in his charter mentions župa Croat – " hobas duas proorietatis nostrae in loco Zuric as in pago Crouuati et in ministerio Hartuuigi ", and again in 961 pago Crauuati . The pago Chruuat

8970-648: Is the standardised variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by Croats . It is the national official language and literary standard of Croatia , one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , the Serbian province of Vojvodina , the European Union and a recognized minority language elsewhere in Serbia and other neighbouring countries. In

9165-763: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Croatian (2009 Croatian government official translation): Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Rusyns Rusyns ( Rusyn : Русины , romanized:  Rusynŷ ), also known as Carpatho-Rusyns ( Rusyn : Карпаторусины or Карпатьскы Русины , romanized:  Karpatorusynŷ or Karpaťskŷ Rusynŷ ), Ruthenians , or Rusnaks ( Rusyn : Руснакы or Руснаци , romanized:  Rusnakŷ or Rusnacy ), are an East Slavic ethnic group from

9360-615: The American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese , with over 14,000 members and 78 parishes as of 2006 (and founded by former Byzantine Catholic members), uses the term Carpatho-Russian on a regular basis even today. Finally, as of the early 21st Century, one can still hear Rusyn Americans within the OCA and ROCOR Orthodox churches self-identify as Carpatho-Russian. There are different theories to explain Rusyn origins. According to Paul Robert Magocsi ,

9555-580: The Austrian Empire after 1843). In the Kingdom of Hungary , Ruthene was used as the official term for the Rusyn people ( Hungarian : rutén or ruszin ) of Transcarpathia until 1945. During the early twentieth century the term "became even more restricted: it was generally used to refer to the inhabitants of Transcarpathia and to Transcarpathian emigrants in the United States ", for whom

9750-619: The Carpi , who previously lived in the territory of Carpathian Mountains, but such theory was never taken seriously. Another more common theorization is related to the first Iranian tribes who lived on the shores of the Sea of Azov, Scythians , who arrived there c. 7th century BCE. Around the 6th century BCE, the Sarmatians began their migration westwards, gradually subordinating the Scythians by

9945-715: The Declaration on the Name and Status of the Croatian Literary Language ). In the late medieval period up to the 17th century, the majority of semi-autonomous Croatia was ruled by two domestic dynasties of princes ( banovi ), the Zrinski and the Frankopan , which were linked by inter-marriage. Toward the 17th century, both of them attempted to unify Croatia both culturally and linguistically, writing in

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10140-547: The Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1918), various parts of Rusyn people were faced with different political challenges. Those who lived in northeastern counties of the Hungarian part of the former Monarchy were faced with pretensions of Hungary, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. On the other hand, those who lived in the former Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria were faced with pretensions of Poland and Ukraine. In

10335-860: The Eastern Carpathians in Central Europe . They speak Rusyn , an East Slavic language variety , treated variously as either a distinct language or a dialect of the Ukrainian language . As traditional adherents of Eastern Christianity , the majority of Rusyns are Eastern Catholics , though a minority of Rusyns practice Eastern Orthodoxy . Rusyns primarily self-identify as a distinct Slavic people and they are recognized as such in Croatia , Hungary , Poland , Romania , Serbia , and Slovakia , where they have official minority status. Alternatively, some identify more closely with their country of residence (i.e. Polish, Slovak), while others are

10530-735: The Frank-Avar war , but it does not have enough evidence and arguments, it's not supported in written sources, and is not usually accepted by mainstream scholarship. In the territory of present-day Croatia, it is considered as archaeologically certain that by the last-third of the 7th century disappear Roman late antiquity and Germanic cultural traces in most part of the region and that there's no obvious continuity between native settlements and cemeteries with newly arrived population and paganism. The data shows sudden change of native lifestyle, defensive use and desolation of villa rustica and other smaller cities, destruction of churches and else dated at

10725-446: The Franks and Turks and Pechenegs . Nor do they have either sagēnai or kondourai or merchant ships, because they live far away from sea; it takes 30 days of travel from the place where they live to the sea. The sea to which they come down to after 30 days, is that which is called dark ". According to the 31st chapter, the Pechenegs were Eastern neighbors of the White Croats, those living around Upper Dniester in Western Ukraine, in

10920-453: The Harus (original form Hrws , some read Hrwts ; Hros , Hrus ) at the Sea of Azov , near the mythical Amazons , mentioned by Zacharias Rhetor in 550 AD. The Hros some relate to the ethnonym of the Rus' people . The distribution of the Croatian ethnonym in the form of toponyms in later centuries is considered to be hardly accidental because it is related with Slavic migrations to Central and South Europe . The epithet "white" for

11115-408: The Latin alphabet and are living in parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina , different parts of Croatia , southern parts (inc. Budapest ) of Hungary as well in the autonomous province Vojvodina of Serbia . The Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics added the Bunjevac dialect to the List of Protected Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Croatia on 8 October 2021. Article 1 of

11310-506: The Lemko-Rusyn Republic and Komancza Republic . Prior to this time, some of the founders of the Lemko-Rusyn Republic were sentenced to death or imprisoned in Talerhof by the prosecuting attorney Kost Levytsky ( Rusyn : Кость Леви́цький ), future president of the West Ukrainian People's Republic . In the interwar period , the Rusyn diaspora in Czechoslovakia enjoyed liberal conditions to develop their culture (in comparison with Ukrainians in Poland or Romania). Hutsul Stepan Klochurak

11505-506: The Macquarie University ), Northern Macedonia (Faculty of Philology in Skopje ) etc. Croatian embassies hold courses for learning Croatian in Poland, United Kingdom and a few other countries. Extracurricular education of Croatian is hold in Germany in Baden-Württemberg , Berlin , Hamburg and Saarland , as well as in North Macedonia in Skopje , Bitola , Štip and Kumanovo . Some Croatian Catholic Missions also hold Croatian language courses (for. ex. CCM in Buenos Aires ). There

11700-511: The Pannonian Avars plundered the Roman provinces, but when settled they revolted against the Avars and soon started accepting Christianity during the time of Porga ( fl. c.  7th century ), the first known archon of the Duchy of Croatia . Other Croats who stayed in their Carpathian homeland continued to practise paganism and formed a tribal proto-state with the polis -like gords of Plisnesk , Stilsko, Revno, Halych , Terebovlia (among other) in Western Ukraine, which lasted until

11895-602: The Prague-Korchak culture dated to the end of 6th and beginning of the 7th century were followed by more numerous second group of Slavs (Antes) of the Prague-Penkovka culture with artifacts of Martinovka culture from Ukraine (found in Dalmatian and Pannonian part of Croatia), while the "Old Croatian" archaeological findings from the 8th–9th century indicate social-political stabilization and stratification. Another group of historians and archaeologists, like L. Margetić , A. Milošević, M. Ančić and V. Sokol argued late 8th-early 9th century migration of Croats as Frankish vassals during

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12090-466: The Radimichians , and the Croats lived at peace ". In 904–907, " Leaving Igor (914–945) in Kiev , Oleg (879–912) attacked the Greeks. He took with him a multitude of Varangians , Slavs, Chuds , Krivichians , Merians, Polyanians , Severians , Derevlians , Radimichians, Croats, Dulebians , and Tivercians , who are pagans. All these tribes are known as Great Scythia by the Greeks. With this entire force, Oleg sallied forth by horse and by ship, and

12285-501: The Tatra Mountains , in the plains of the river Vistula , stretched from immemorial time Charvátská country ( White Croatia ), the initial part of the great Slavic homeland), and V té charvátské zemi bytovala četná plemena, příbuzná jazykem, mravy, způsobem života (In Charvátská existed numerous tribes, related by language, manners, and way of life). Dušan Třeštík noted that the chronicle tells Czech came with six brothers from Croatia which once again indicates seven chiefs/tribes like in

12480-416: The Ulichs who were not native in the region. As the region of the Ukrainian Carpathians , including Zakarpattia and Prykarpattia , has since the Early Middle Ages been inhabited by the tribes of Croats, in Ukrainian encyclopedias and dictionaries, and the Great Russian Encyclopedia , the Rusyns are generally considered to be the descendants of the White Croats. According to anthropological studies,

12675-429: The "Old Croat" archaeological period is dated between 7th and early 9th century, and were found archaeological parallels in Southeastern (Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania) and Central-Eastern (Slovakia, Czechia, Eastern Austria, Poland and Ukraine) countries. Zdenko Vinski and V. V. Sedov argued that the rare findings of objects and ceramics of the first group of Slavs (Sclaveni) of

12870-418: The "dark sea" is a reference to the Baltic Sea , however, more probable is a reference to the Black Sea because in DAI there's no reference to the Baltic Sea, the chapter has information usually found in 10th century Arabian sources like of Al-Masudi , the Black Sea was of more interest to the Eastern merchants and Byzantine Empire, and its Persian name "Dark Sea" ( axšaēna- ) was already well known. Alfred

13065-419: The 14th century. UNESCO in its inclusion of Wooden tserkvas of the Carpathian region in Poland and Ukraine also mentions two large gords at the villages of Pidhoroddya and Lykovyshche near Rohatyn dated between 6th and 8th century and identified with the White Croats. To the Croats are attributed two Gords of unusually big dimensions and each of them could inhabit tens of thousands of people – Plisnesk with

13260-400: The 17th century. The people in the west called themselves Belarusians and the people in the south were known as Malorussians ( Little Russians ). Later, in what began as a political movement in the mid 19th century, many Little Russians began using the term " Ukrainian " to distinguish themselves from the Great Russians in northern Rus'. So by the mid-20th century the original name Rus or Rusyn

13455-402: The 1920s and 1930s a dispute existed between Russophile and Ukrainophile Rusyns. In October 1938, a series of political reforms were initiated, leading to the creation of the Second Czechoslovak Republic , consisting of three autonomous political entities, one of them being the Subcarpathian Rus' ( Rusyn : Підкарпатьска Русь ). On 11 October 1938, first autonomous Government of Subcarpathian Rus

13650-400: The 19th century a Rusyn national movement was formed which emphasized distinct ethnic identity and literary language. During the Spring of Nations on 2 May 1848 in Lemberg (today Lviv ) was established the first political representation of the Galician Rusyns, the Main Ruthenian Council ( Rusyn : Головна Руська Рада , Holovna Ruska Rada ). The most active and leading stratum among Rusyns

13845-412: The 2nd-century BCE. During this period there was substantial cultural and linguistic contact between the Early Slavs and Iranians , and in this environment were formed the Antes . Antes were Slavic people who lived in that area and to the West between Dniester and Dnieper from the 4th until the 7th century. Some think that the Croats were part of the Antes tribal polity who migrated to Galicia in

14040-519: The 3rd–4th century, under pressure by invading Huns and Goths . Others related them to the early Sclaveni or saw them as a mixture of both Antes and Sclaveni. Some argue that they lived in the Carpathians until the Antes were attacked by the Pannonian Avars in 560, and the polity was finally destroyed in 602 by the same Avars. The early Croats' migration to Dalmatia , with Pannonian Avars in

14235-619: The 50th anniversary of the Declaration, at the beginning of 2017, a two-day meeting of experts from Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro was organized in Zagreb, at which the text of the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs and Montenegrins was drafted. The new Declaration has received more than ten thousand signatures . It states that in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro

14430-565: The 6th century or during the reign of Heraclius (610–641), some see as a possible continuation of the previous conflict and contacts between the Antes and Avars. In a similar fashion, regardless of Iranian or Slavic etymology of their name, Henryk Łowmiański argued that the tribe was formed by the end of the 3rd and not later than the 5th century in Lesser Poland , during the peak of the Huns and their leader Attila , but such localization

14625-491: The 7th-8th century, in which Horiv is mentioned as Horean . Paščenko related his name, beside to the Croatian ethnonym, to solar deity Khors . Near Kiev there's a stream where previously existed large homonymous village Horvatka or Hrovatka (destroyed in the time of Joseph Stalin ), which flows into Stuhna River . In the vicinity are parts of the Serpent's Wall . Some scholars consider that Croats could have been mentioned in

14820-511: The Archdeacon, they were called Goths , but also Slavs, depending on the names brought by those who came from Polish and Bohemian lands. Some scholars consider Lingones to be a distortion of the name for the Polish tribe of Lendians . The reliability to the claim adds the recorded oral tradition of Michael of Zahumlje from DAI that his family originates from the unbaptized inhabitants of

15015-679: The Avars is argued to have resulted with assumed breaking of the tribal group into Carpathian (Prykarpattia and Zakarpattia in Western Ukraine), Western or White (the Upper Vistula river in Lesser Poland , Silesia , Prešov Region in Eastern Slovakia, and Northeastern Czech Republic ), and Southern (in the Balkans). It is considered that the Croatian tribes from Prykarpattia and Zakarpattia in Ukraine were related to

15210-608: The Balkans is uncertain, but it is generally argued to be from the region of Galicia (Western Ukraine and Southeastern-Southern Poland) along an Eastern route through the Pannonian Basin and alongside Eastern Carpathians according to historical-archaeological and linguistical data about the main movement of the Avars and Slavs, and that "served as a direct link between Eastern and Southern Slavs". Other scholars considered it to be from around Bohemia and Silesia-Lesser Poland along

15405-726: The Bohemian location and existence of the Croats is very disputable, and those sources mentioning Croats and Croatia at the Carpathian Mountains never mention them around river Elbe in Bohemia. Thietmar of Merseburg recorded in 981 toponym Chrvuati vicus (also later recorded in 11th–14th century), which is present-day Großkorbetha , between Halle and Merseburg in Saxony-Anhalt , Germany. The Chruuati (901) and Chruuati (981) near Halle. In charter by Henry II

15600-534: The Brave conquered some " Hunnos seu Hungaros, Cravatios et Mardos, gentem validam, suo mancipavit imperio ". The occurrence of the Croatian name together with the Hungarians and Pechenegs and not Moravians and Bohemians, and the fact during the period of Bolesław I the Brave the Polish realm expanded to the territory later-known as Western and Eastern Galicia, indicates that the mentioned Croats most probably lived on

15795-462: The Byzantines did not differentiate Slavic "bělъ-" (white) from "velъ-" (big, great), and because of common Greek betacism , the "Belohrobatoi" should be read as "Velohrobatoi" ("Velohrovatoi"; "Great/Old Croats" not "White Croats"). The possible confusion could have happened if the original Slavic form "velo-" was transcribed to Greek alphabet and then erroneously translated, but such a conclusion

15990-585: The Carpathians seemingly were a barrier decreasing gene flow southward of N1c (М178), R1a (М198) from the region, and northward of E1b (М78), R1b (М269), J (М304) and G (М201) to the region. The general usage of 'Rusyn' by all East Slavs dates back to over 11 centuries, its origin signifying the ethnic tie to the political entity of Kievan Rus' , which existed from the late ninth to the early 13th century. The Carpathian Rusyns, Ukrainians (once called Ruthenians or Little Russians), Belarusians (once called White Russians) and Russians (Great Russians) are descendants of

16185-736: The Constitutional Law of 1969 regulated the position of Rusyn language as one of five official languages in Vojvodina (Article 67). After the fall of communism , new opportunities arose for Rusyns in Poland and in the newly formed countries of Slovakia and Ukraine. The Rusyns of the Transcarpathia region of Ukraine were able to vote in December 1991 for self-rule. With an 89% voter turnout, 78% voted Yes to autonomy. But with

16380-468: The Croatian origo gentis legend from the 30th chapter of De Administrando Imperio . It is considered that the chronicle refers to the Carpathian Croatia. One of the legendary figures Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv who founded Kiev , brother Khoryv or Horiv, and its oronym Khorevytsia, is often related to the Croatian ethnonym. This legend, recorded by Nestor, has similar Armenian transcript from

16575-736: The Croatian War, the Pechenegs arrived on the opposite side of the Dnieper ". Since then those Croats became part of Kievan Rus and are not mentioned anymore in that territory. It seems that Croatian tribes who lived in the area of Bukovina and Galicia got conquered because had too many large tribal capitals with local lords who probably didn't act in a centralized and nationalized manner (polycentric proto-state), were pressured by Bohemian, Polish and Hungarian principalities, while were attacked by Kievan Rus' because inhibited Rus' free access to

16770-566: The Croatian elite. In the 1860s, the Zagreb Philological School dominated the Croatian cultural life, drawing upon linguistic and ideological conceptions advocated by the members of the Illyrian movement. While it was dominant over the rival Rijeka Philological School and Zadar Philological Schools , its influence waned with the rise of the Croatian Vukovians (at the end of the 19th century). Croatian

16965-600: The Croatian language. The current standard language is generally laid out in the grammar books and dictionaries used in education, such as the school curriculum prescribed by the Ministry of Education and the university programmes of the Faculty of Philosophy at the four main universities . In 2013, a Hrvatski pravopis by the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics received an official sole seal of approval from

17160-496: The Croatian realm with the Duchy of Bohemia, arguably also on Vistula. According to 10th century First Old Slavonic Legend about Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia , after his murder in 929 or 935 which ordered his brother Boleslaus I , their mother Drahomíra fled in exile to Xorvaty . This is the first local account of the Croatian name in Slavic language. While some considered that those Croats lived near Prague, others noted that in

17355-461: The Croatian tribes from Poland-Bohemia. However, the same ethnic name does not necessarily mean all the tribes had the same ancestry, as well the dating and supposed existence, separation and location of different tribal groups is a matter of much debate due to lack of evidence, historical sources and their interpretation. There is a dispute among Slavic scholars as to whether the Croats were of Irani- Alanic , East Slavic, or West Slavic origin. Whether

17550-502: The Croats and their homeland is usually related to the use of colors for cardinal directions among Eurasian people. That is, it meant "Western Croats", or "Northern Croats", in comparison to Eastern Carpathian lands where they lived before. The epithet "great" ( megali ) probably was not just an association with size as could signify an "old, ancient" or "former" homeland, for the White Croats and Croats when they were new arrivals in

17745-704: The Croats implying they must have lived much further to the East. They could have been the neighbors of the Franks as early as 846 or 869 when Duchy of Bohemia was under the control of Eastern Francia. Otto I ruled the Moravians only from 950, and the White Croats were also part of the Moravian state, at least from 929. György Györffy argued that the White Croats were allies of the Hungarians (Turks), but "neither in 929 nor in 950 could be Bohemia described as being in good relations with Hungary", as part of White Croatia

17940-412: The Croats in historical sources and legends, and had their own origo gentis . In the late-6th and early-7th centuries, some of the Croats migrated from their homeland, White or Great Croatia in the Carpathians, to the Roman province of Dalmatia (in present-day Croatia along the Adriatic Sea ), becoming ancestors of the modern South Slavic Croats . They probably were among the Slavs who with

18135-442: The Croats mainly or exclusively arrived with the Avars in the first massive wave from the Eastern Carpathians. Whatever the case, the Croats had to be strong and well-organized enough to get a new homeland by war and victory over Avars. On the basis of archaeological data between the late 6th and early 9th century and emergence of cremation burials, it is considered that the dating of Slavic/Croat migration and settlement in Croatia to

18330-654: The Croats were mostly related to the Korchak and Luka-Raikovets cultures identified with the Sclaveni (while their connection to the Antes and to the Penkovka culture remains a matter of dispute). Their area is characterized by use of stone defenses, tiled tombs (and kurgan -like tombs), stone ovens, and many large, fortified settlements and cult buildings. They practiced Slavic paganism . Foreign medieval authors documented

18525-546: The Croats who now live in the regions of Dalmatia are descended from the unbaptized Croats, also called the "white", who live beyond Turkey and next to Francia, and they border the Slavs, the unbaptized Serbs ... These same Croats arrived as refugees to the emperor of the Romaioi Heraclius before the Serbs came as refugees to the same Emperor Heraclius, at that time when the Avars had fought and expelled from those parts

18720-635: The Czech Slavs. Many scholars consider that the Slavník dynasty (and possibly related Bohemian duke Witizla from 895), who competed with the Přemyslid dynasty for control over Bohemia and eventually succumbed to them, was of White Croat origin. After the massacre of the Slavníks in 995 and unification of Bohemia, the Croats aren't mentioned anymore in that territory. However, Łowmiański considered that

18915-799: The Dalamensan are the Horithi, and to the north of the Dalamensan are the Surpe , and to the west of them are the Sysele. To the north of the Horithi is Mægtha-land , and north of the Mægtha-land are the Sermende even to the Rhipæan mountains ". According to Richard Ekblom, Gerard Labuda , and Łowmiański the issue with positioning in the work is present for Scandinavia while the data is accurate for

19110-514: The Duke of Novgorod, brought with him from the north soldiers and their families to settle unpopulated Carpathian lands. While the actual number of immigrants is uncertain, the arrival of Koriatovich and his retinue was a milestone for the Rusyns, substantially improving the region's administrative, ecclesiastical and cultural aspects. This included building and fortifying Mukachevo Castle with cannons,

19305-572: The Early Middle Ages. The dispute on affiliation with West and East Slavs is also disputed on linguistic grounds because the Croats are linguistically closer to East Slavs. Nestor the Chronicler in his Primary Chronicle (12th century), which information and convoluted viewpoint were often compiled and influenced by use of various sources of different origin, mentions the White Croats, calling them Horvate Belii or Hrovate Belii ,

19500-603: The Eastern Carpathian population makes one of the sub-regional clines of the Ukrainian population, which can be regionally divided into Eastern and Western Carpathian variants. In the study by M. S. Velikanova (1975) the skulls from a medieval necropolis near village of Vasyliv in Zastavna Raion were very similar to contemporary Carpathian population, and according to S. P. Segeda , V. Dyachenko and T. I. Alekseyeva this anthropological complex developed in

19695-733: The Great in his Geography of Europe (888–893) relying on Orosius , recorded that, " These Moravians have, to the west of them, the Thuringians, and Bohemians, and part of the Bavarians ... to the east of the country Moravia, is country of the Wisle, and to the east of them are the Dacians , who were formerly Goths . To the north-east of the Moravians are the Dalamensan , and to the east of

19890-791: The Holy Widow Judith Composed in Croatian Verses ". The Croatian–Hungarian Agreement designated Croatian as one of its official languages. Croatian became an official EU language upon accession of Croatia to the European Union on 1 July 2013. In 2013, the EU started publishing a Croatian-language version of its official gazette. Standard Croatian is the official language of the Republic of Croatia and, along with Standard Bosnian and Standard Serbian , one of three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina . It

20085-1045: The Lemko Region (in southeastern Poland), and Maramureş (in north-central Romania). In the Lemko region, the endonym Lemko (pl. Lemkŷ ) became more common in the twentieth century, along with Lemko-Rusyn since the 1990s. The variant Rusnak ( Руснак ; plural: Rusnakŷ or Pannonian-Rusyn, Rusnatsi ) was also (and still is) used as an endonym ; particularly by Rusyns outside the Carpathians in Vojvodina , Serbia and Slavonia , Croatia. However, they may also referred to as Vojvodinian Rusyns ( voivodianski Rusnatsi ), Bachka-Srem Rusyns ( bachvansʹko-srimski rusnatsi ), or formerly as Yugoslav Rusyns ( iuzhnoslaviansʹki Rusnatsi ). Other terms such as Ruthene, Rusniak, Lemak, Lyshak, and Lemko are considered by some scholars to be historic, local, or synonymic names for these inhabitants of Transcarpathia. Others hold that

20280-760: The Middle Ages or earlier, as descendants of the medieval Slavs of Galicia and carriers of Chernyakhov culture along Prut - Dniester rivers, possibly with some Thracian component. According to the data, the population has the lowest admixture in Ukraine of Turkic speaking populations, like Volga Tatars and Bashkirs , while in comparison to other populations they have similarities with neighbouring Eastern Slovaks , Gorals of Poland, Romanians , some groups of Czechs and Hungarians , Northwestern Bulgarians , Central and Northern Serbians, and most of Croatians. The 2006 mitochondrial DNA study of Carpathian Highlanders – Boykos , Hutsuls and Lemkos people – showed

20475-544: The Ministry of Education. The most prominent recent editions describing the Croatian standard language are: Also notable are the recommendations of Matica hrvatska , the national publisher and promoter of Croatian heritage, and the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography , as well as the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts . Numerous representative Croatian linguistic works were published since

20670-740: The Museum of Ruthenian Culture was opened in Prešov , Slovakia. In 2010 in Mukachevo were festivities commemorating the union of Zakarpattia with Ukraine, four out of 663 of congress delegates who adopted the Manifest about the Union and who were still alive attended the event: F. Sabov, O. Lohoida, M. Moldavchuk and J. Matlakh. They shared their experience about first years of the People's Council in revival of

20865-762: The Northeastern frontier of the Prague diocese lived " Psouane, Chrouati et altera Chrowati, Zlasane... ". It is very rare that on a small territory lived two tribes of the same name, possibly indicating that the Crouati were probably settled East of Zlicans and West of Moravians having a territory around the Elbe river, while the other Chrowati were present in Silesia or along the Upper Vistula in Poland because

21060-661: The Northwest with Lendians and West with Vistulans. The analysis of housing types, and especially oven cookers in Western Ukraine which "were made out of stone (the Middle and the Upper Dniester areas), or clay (mud and butte types, Volynia)", differentiates main tribal alliances of Croats and Volhynians, but also from Tiversti and Drevlians. The craniometric studies of medieval burial grounds and modern population in

21255-638: The Old English and Nordic epic poems, like the verse in the Old English poem Widsith (10th century), which is similar to the one in Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks (13th century), where prior the battle between Goths and Huns, Heidrek died in Harvaða fjöllum (Carpathian Mountains) which is sometimes translated as "beneath the mountains of Harvathi", considered somewhere beneath Carpathian Mountains near river Dnieper. Lewicki argued that Anglo-Saxons , as in

21450-409: The Poles". The Northern Croats contributed and assimilated into Czech, Polish and Ukrainian ethnos. They are considered as the predecessors of the Rusyns , specifically Dolinyans, Boykos , Hutsuls , and Lemkos . Early Slavs , especially Sclaveni and Antae , including the White Croats, invaded and settled the Southeastern Europe since the 6th and 7th century. Their exact place of migration to

21645-407: The Prut River and ending in Khotyn on the Dniester River, northern border the watershed of the Western Bug and Dniester River, and western border in Western Carpathian ridges at Wisłoka the right tributary of Upper Vistula in Southeastern Poland. In the Eastern Bukovina region bordered with Tiversti, in Eastern Podolia with Ulichs, to the North along Upper Bug River with Dulebes-Buzhans-Volhynians, to

21840-431: The Roman province of Dalmatia . In semantical comparison, as the color "white" besides the meaning "Western" of something/someone could also mean "younger" (later also associated with "unbaptized"), the association with "great" is contradictory. The ethnonym with the epithet was also questioned lexically and grammatically by linguists like Petar Skok , Stanisław Rospond , Jerzy Nalepa and Heinrich Kunstmann, who argued that

22035-563: The Romani... Now, by the command of the Emperor Heraclius, these same Croats fought and expelled the Avars from those parts, and, by mandate of Heraclius the emperor they settled down in that same country of the Avars, where they now dwell. These same Croats had the father of Porga for their archon at that time... (It should be known) that ancient Croatia, also called "white", is still unbaptized to this day, as are also its neighboring Serbs. They muster fewer horsemen as well as fewer foot than baptized Croatia, because they are constantly plundered by

22230-421: The Russian majority in the Odesa region casting a similar vote, the Ukrainian government, fearing secession, has refused to honor this referendum. In terms of minority rights, the question of Rusyn self-identification and recognition in Ukraine has been a subject of interest for European institutions, as well as the United Nations . Nationally, Rusyns are considered (by both state and cultural authorities) only

22425-437: The Russichi, the people of Rus', that is East Slavs who mixed with other peoples over centuries, including in the south with Iranian and later with Germanic peoples, in the west with Baltic peoples, in the east with Finnish and Turkic peoples. Over the centuries these loosely affiliated peoples developed different political and economic centers as well as new names. The inhabitants of northern Rus' were known as Great Russians by

22620-408: The Rusyns of Galicia and Podolia , and Vlach shepherds of Transylvania. It is thought that the Croats were part of the Antes tribal polity who migrated to Galicia in the 3rd-4th century, under pressure by invading Huns and Goths . George Shevelov also considered a connection with East Slavic tribes , more specifically, the Hutsuls , and possibly Boykos , argued to be the descendants of

22815-404: The Second Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed the Constitutional Law on the Autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus' ( Czech : Ústavní zákon o autonomii Podkarpatské Rusi ), officially reaffirming the right of self-determination of Rusyn people ( preamble ), and confirming full political and administrative autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus', with its own assembly and government. In the constitutional system of

23010-458: The Second Czechoslovak Republic, the region continued to be known as the Subcarpathian Rus', while local institutions promoted the use of the term Carpathian Ukraine . The Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine , which existed for one day on March 15, 1939, before it was occupied and annexed by Hungary, is sometimes considered to have been a self-determining Rusyn state that had intentions to unite with Kiev . The Republic's president, Avgustyn Voloshyn ,

23205-501: The South, and Moravians in the East. The graves with kurgans in northeastern Czechia and lower Silesia, where are usually located the White Croats, can also indicate a Lechite-Croatian contact zone with Upper Lusatia , and these burial customs are main difference between White Croatian and White Serbian territory sites. Croatian language North America South America Oceania Croatian ( / k r oʊ ˈ eɪ ʃ ən / ; hrvatski [xř̩ʋaːtskiː] )

23400-447: The Soviets as kulaks, or rich peasants. Property and farm animals were confiscated and newly established kolkhozes (collectivized farms) were built, with people being forced to work on their own former land, 'employed' by the Communist government. Some of the less lucky were sent to Siberia. In 1947, under the Operation Vistula happened forced resettlement of c. 150,000 Lemkos, Boykos and other Ukrainians between Poland and Ukraine. In

23595-426: The Turks. From the Croats who came to Dalmatia, a part split off and took rule of Illyricum and Pannonia . They too had an independent archon, who would maintain friendly contact, though through envoys only, with the archon of Croatia... From that time they remained independent and autonomous, and they requested holy baptism from Rome, and bishops were sent and baptized them in the time of their Archon Porinos ". In

23790-414: The Ukrainian and Slovakian population, "providing evidence for their genetic isolation from the Serbian majority population". The 2015 Y-DNA study of 150 men from Zakarpattia and Chernivtsi Oblast (Bukovina), found they mostly belong to R1a1a1*(М198), I2a (Р37.2), R1a1a1 (М458) ranging around and less than 30%, with E1b1b1a1 (M78), R1b1b2 (M269), and I1 (М253) ranging between 4-14%. The sampled population

23985-425: The Vistula valley trade route, and did not want to submit to Kievan centralism and accept Christianity. After the attack on Croats and Polish marches, Rurikids expanded their realm on the Croatian territory which would be known as Principality of Peremyshl , Terebovlia , Zvenyhorod and eventually Principality of Halych . It is considered that Croatian nobility probably survived and retained local influence, becoming

24180-431: The White Croats, the Serbs, and the Carinthians . For when the Vlakhs (Romans) attacked the Danubian Slavs, settled among them, and did them violence, the latter came and made their homes by the Vistula , and were then called Lyakhs . Of these same Lyakhs some were called Polyanians , some Lutichians , some Mazovians , and still others Pomorians ". Most what is known about the early history of White Croats comes from

24375-440: The account from DAI about the splitting off a part of the Dalmatian Croats who took rule of Pannonia was related to the political rule rather than ethnic origin), and Carpathian Croats sites in Western Ukraine were also close to medieval Croats which "testify for their common origin". According to Sedov, all early mentions of Croatian ethnonym are in the areas where ceramics of Prague-Penkovka culture were found. It originated in

24570-448: The archaeological data, and 11th century revival of some capitals as East Slavic principalities ( Peremyshl , Terebovlia , Zvenyhorod and Halych ), show a high economic, demographic, military defense, administrative and political organization in the territory of White Croats. Excavations of many Slavic kurgan tombs in the Carpathian Mountains in the 1930s and 1960s were also attributed to the Croats. Compared to other East Slavic tribes,

24765-424: The area between Dniester and Dnieper , and later expanded to the West and South, and its bearers were the Antes tribes. A. V. Majorov and others criticized Sedov's consideration, who almost exclusively related the Croats with Penkovka culture and the Antes, because the territory the Croats inhabited in the middle and upper Dniester and the upper Vistula was part of Prague-Korchak culture related to Sclaveni which

24960-448: The area of the Croats stands out because of very present tiled tombs, and in the 11th and 13th century their appearance in Western Dnieper region is attributed to the Croats, and sometimes also Tivertsi, and Ulichs. In the territory of Czech Republic, a significant number of graves with kurgans dated 8th–10th century have been found around the Elbe river where was the presumed territory by the White Croats and Zlicans, as well among Dulebes in

25155-442: The beginning of the 20th century, in addition to designing a phonological orthography. Croatian is written in Gaj's Latin alphabet . Besides the Shtokavian dialect, on which Standard Croatian is based, there are two other main supradialects spoken on the territory of Croatia, Chakavian and Kajkavian . These supradialects, and the four national standards, are usually subsumed under the term "Serbo-Croatian" in English; this term

25350-429: The beginning of the 7th century is generally reliable. However, it's unclear whether some regional and chronological archaeological differences between Northern, Western and Southern Croatia in the end of 6th until early 8th century are result of two separate Slavic waves (via Moravian Gate and Podunavlje), as well it is difficult, practically impossible, to differentiate Croats from other Sclaveni and Antae. Conservatively,

25545-401: The borders of modern Ukraine, Russian President Vladimir Putin specifically referred to the people in the Carpathian Mountains of modern-day Ukraine as Rusyns , rather than Ukrainians. In writing about the Soviet Union's post World War II takeover of the Transcarpathian region, Putin stated that, "quote, 'Rusyns (Русины) made up a considerable share of the local population', unquote". Then, using

25740-441: The case of Alfred the Great where called Croats Horithi , often distorted foreign Slavic names. The legendary Czech hermit from the 9th century, Svatý Ivan , is mentioned as the son of certain king Gestimul or Gostimysl, who according to the Czech chronicles descended from the Croats or Obotrites . Polish writer Kazimierz Władysław Wóycicki released work Pieśni ludu Białochrobatów, Mazurów i Rusi z nad Bugu in 1836. In 1861, in

25935-467: The case of noble and royal fugitives tried to find security as distant as possible, indicating these Croats probably were located more to the East around Vistula valley. There were also some attempts to relate with Croats an anonymous neighbor ruler ( vicinus subregulus ) who was unsuccessfully helped by Saxons and Thuringians at war against Boleslaus I, but the evidence is inconclusive. The Prague Charter from 1086 AD but with data from 973 mentions that on

26130-633: The conquest of Dalmatia while second wave (626–630) from West of Galicia finished it. The theory on dual division and migration of the Slavs is criticized for being unnatural and improbable with current argumentation. Since the 10th century both Roman and Slavic tradition tried to explain their distant history and depict others (barbarians) or themselves (Slavs) in more positive or negative light. Such theorizations are based on literal interpretation of anachronistic and semi-historical narrative from passages in DAI , and according to more critical historiographical, archaeological and linguistic data and interpretations,

26325-400: The continent. Some scholars correct the north-east position of Dalamensan to north-west. Sysele are the Siusler-Susłowie, one of the Sorbian tribes. The location of Croats is usually interpreted to be East of Czechia around river Eastern Neisse or Upper Vistula in Poland, or possibly around Elbe in Czechia. Their location does not necessarily mean their whole territory, it could enter it from

26520-534: The core of the Galician nobility , who continued to control routes, trade with salt and livestock among others, but also with internal nationalization oppose Kiev. To the upper accounts by the historians were related the Vladimir the Great's conquest of the Cherven Cities in 981, and Annales Hildesheimenses note that Vladimir threatened to attack the Duke of Poland, Bolesław I the Brave (992 to 1025), in 992. Polish chronicler Wincenty Kadłubek in his Chronica Polonorum (12–13th century) recounted that Bolesław I

26715-481: The cultivated language of administration and intellectuals from the Istrian peninsula along the Croatian coast, across central Croatia up into the northern valleys of the Drava and the Mura . The cultural apex of this 17th century idiom is represented by the editions of " Adrianskoga mora sirena " ("The Siren of the Adriatic Sea") by Petar Zrinski and " Putni tovaruš " ("Traveling escort") by Katarina Zrinska . However, this first linguistic renaissance in Croatia

26910-403: The details on the king's custom of life is evidence of Alanic and Eurasian nomadic origin of the ruling caste among those Slavs. Most probable reason for the use of the Croatian name in the East among Arabs is due to trade routes which led to and passed through the lands of Buzhans , Lendians and Vistulans connecting the city of Kraków with the city of Prague, implying they were partly dependent to

27105-413: The diocese expanded up to Kraków and rivers Bug and Styr . The Eastern part of the diocese territory was part of the Moravian expansion in the 9th and Bohemian expansion in the 10th century. Some scholars located these Czech Croats within the territory of present-day Chrudim , Hradec Králové , Libice and Kłodzko . Vach argued that they had the most developed techniques of building fortifications among

27300-564: The direction of the east, as Alfred evidently did not know well Slavic borders to the East. According Łowmiański, with the fact that the Frankish chronicles do not mention Croats, while Silesian Croats are a historiographical construction without evidence in historical sources, it indicates that the Croats lived around river Vistula in southern Poland exactly south of Mazovia. In southern and southeastern Poland are usually placed tribes of Vistulans and Lendians, which Łowmiański and Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński considered as tribes of Croats after happened

27495-410: The early Croats were Slavs who had taken a name of Iranian origin, or whether they were ruled by a Sarmatian elite and were Slavicized Sarmatians, cannot be resolved, but is considered that they arrived as Slavic people when entered the Balkans. The possibility of Irani-Sarmatian elements among, or influences upon, early Croatian ethnogenesis cannot be entirely excluded, but most probably was negligible by

27690-522: The eastern portion became part of the Soviet Union and was officially named Transcarpathia . After World War II, Transcarpathia was declared as a part of Ukrainia. In Poland, the new Communist government deported many Rusyns from their ancestral region, sending many east to Ukraine, and others to the far west of the country. In Czechoslovakia a policy of Ukrainization was implemented. In Ukraine, many Rusyns who owned land or livestock, often funded via their own family members in America, were now branded by

27885-435: The end of 6th until mid-7th century. What differentiated Croats from other contemporary Slavs was that Croats or partly brought or very early accepted the practice of inhumation from Roman-Christian natives (possibly gradually accepting Christianity already by 8th century). Besides cremation and skeletal cemeteries, the Slavs in eighth and ninth century North Dalmatia also buried their skeletal remains in tumulus which "could be

28080-431: The end of the 10th and beginning of the 11th century temporary ceased to exist with the extensive layers of fire traces interpreted as evidence of the "Croatian War" by the Vladimir the Great in the end of the 10th century. It had a devastating effect on the administrative division and population of Eastern Galicia (Great Croatia), ultimately stopping their process of becoming a single unified and centralized state. However,

28275-425: The ethnic name of White Croats was possibly preserved in parts of Western Ukraine and Southern Poland until the 19th and early-20th centuries. Historians see the northern White Croats as having become assimilated into the Ukrainian , Polish , and Czech nationalities, and as having been precursors of the Rusyns . It is generally believed that the Croatian ethnonym – Hrvat , Horvat and Harvat – etymologically

28470-422: The ethno-tribal affiliation and territorial borders of the Carpathian region from 6th until 10th century, the tribal territory of the Croats ("Great Croatia") is unanimously considered by Ukrainian archaeologists to have included Prykarpattia and Zakarpattia (almost all lands of historical region of Galicia), with eastern border the Upper Dniester basin, south-eastern the Khotyn upland beginning near Chernivtsi on

28665-433: The historical sources, but it was not uncommon for Slavic tribes to get their tribal names from anthroponyms of their forefathers and chiefs of the tribe, like in the case of Czechs , Dulebes , Radimichs , and Vyatichi . Any mention of the Croats before the 9th century is uncertain, and there were several loose attempts at tracing; Struhates , Auhates , and Krobyzoi by Herodotus , Horites by Orosius in 418 AD, and

28860-451: The independence of Croatia, among them three voluminous monolingual dictionaries of contemporary Croatian. In 2021, Croatia introduced a new model of linguistic categorisation of the Bunjevac dialect (as part of New-Shtokavian Ikavian dialects of the Shtokavian dialect of the Croatian language) in three sub-branches: Dalmatian (also called Bosnian-Dalmatian), Danubian (also called Bunjevac), and Littoral-Lika. Its speakers largely use

29055-873: The last was ruled by a mythical ruler Laborec . With such position, they had in control part of the Eastern European Amber Road . Archaeological excavations held between 1981 and 1995 which researched Early Middle Age Gords in Prykarpattia and Western Podolia dated between 9th–11th century found that fortified Gords with a range of 0.2 ha made 65%, those of 2 ha 20%, and more than 2 ha 15% in that region. There were more than 35 Gords, including big Gords like Plisnesk , Stilsko, Terebovlia, Halych, Przemyśl, Revno, Krylos , Lviv ( Chernecha Hora Street  [ uk ] -Voznesensk Street in Lychakivskyi District ), Lukovyshche, Rokitne II in Roztochya region, Podillya, Zhydachiv , Kotorin complex, Klyuchi, Stuponica, Pidhorodyshche, Hanachivka, Solonsko, Mali Hrybovychi, Stradch, Dobrostany among others. Only 12 of them survived until

29250-460: The late 19th century, massive emigration of Rusyns to America took place, beginning in the early 1870s. Between 1899 and 1931, Ellis Island listed 268,669 Rusyn immigrants. Most settled in the northeastern states, but Rusyn settlements also appeared in more far flung states such as Minnesota, Colorado, Alabama, Washington and Montana. Smaller numbers also emigrated to Canada, Brazil and Argentina. Rusyns formed two ephemeral states after World War I :

29445-519: The least late 4th or during the 5th century in the area of the intertwining of these cultures around the Dniester basin. It is considered that the Carpathian Croats later between 7th and 10th century were part of the Luka-Raikovets culture , which developed from Prague-Korchak culture, and was characteristic for East Slavic tribes, besides Croats, including Buzhans , Drevlians , Polans , Tivertsi , Ulichs and Volhynians . According to recent archaeological research of material culture and conclusions on

29640-403: The life of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Parallel, medieval Latin terms such as Rusi , Russi or Rusci are found in sources of the period and were commonly used as an exonym for the East Slavs. Since the end of the 11th century, the exonymic term Rutheni ( Ruthenes ) was also used by some Latin sources of western provenance as an alternative term for all East Slavs. During

29835-410: The mid-18th century, the first attempts to provide a Croatian literary standard began on the basis of the Neo-Shtokavian dialect that served as a supraregional lingua franca – pushing back regional Chakavian , Kajkavian , and Shtokavian vernaculars . The decisive role was played by Croatian Vukovians , who cemented the usage of Ijekavian Neo-Shtokavian as the literary standard in the late 19th and

30030-403: The migration of the Croats in the 7th century was the second and final Slavic migratory wave to the Balkans . It is related to the thesis by Bogo Grafenauer about the double migration of South Slavs, that both migrations in DAI are not part of the same story and event. Although it is possible that some Croatian tribes were present among Slavs in the first Slavic-Avar wave in the 6th century, it

30225-456: The more populous Neo-Shtokavian – a version of Shtokavian that eventually became the predominant dialectal basis of both Croatian and Serbian literary language from the 19th century on. Supported by various South Slavic proponents, Neo-Shtokavian was adopted after an Austrian initiative at the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850, laying the foundation for the unified Serbo-Croatian literary language. The uniform Neo-Shtokavian then became common in

30420-405: The most important characteristic of a nation is widely accepted, stemming from the 19th-century history of Europe. The 1967 Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language , in which a group of Croatian authors and linguists demanded greater autonomy for Croatian, is viewed in Croatia as a linguistic policy milestone that was also a general milestone in national politics. On

30615-470: The name depending upon which manuscript of his is referred to: " Over a long period the Slavs settled beside the Danube , where the Hungarian and Bulgarian lands now lie. From among these Slavs, parties scattered throughout the country and were known by appropriate names, according to the places where they settled. Thus some came and settled by the river Morava , and were named Moravians , while others were called Czechs . Among these same Slavs are included

30810-424: The number of his vessels was two thousand ". The list indicates that the closest tribal neighbours were Dulebes- Volhynians , The fact no Lechitic tribe was part of Oleg's conquest it is more probable that those Croats were located on river Dniester rather than Vistula. After Vladimir the Great (980–1015) conquered several Slavic tribes and cities to the West, in 992 he " attacked the Croats. When he had returned from

31005-557: The origin of the Croats and related topics. Their ethnonym is usually considered to be of Iranian origin, and historians regard them one of the oldest Slavic tribes or tribal alliances that formed prior to the 6th century CE. They were an East Slavic tribe, but bordered both East Slavic groups ( Dulebes and their related Buzhans and Volhynians , Tivertsi , and Ulichs ) in Western Ukraine; and West Slavic tribes ( Lendians and Vistulans ) in southeastern Poland, controlling an important trade route from East to Central Europe. Archaeologically

31200-427: The origin of the present-day Carpatho-Rusyns is complex and not exclusively related to the Kievan Rus' . The ancestors were the early Slavs whose movement to the Danubian Basin was influenced by the Huns and Pannonian Avars between the 5th and 6th centuries, the White Croats who lived on both slopes of the Carpathians and built many hill-forts in the region including Uzhhorod ruled by the mythical ruler Laborec ,

31395-423: The other side" of Carpathian Mountains . It is considered that the described 7th century homeland and migration's starting point is anachronistic based on partly available information about contemporary 10th century White Croats, and the 6-7th century existence and location of White Croats and Croatia to the West of the Eastern Carpathians or Carpathian Mountains was never proved. It is considered that Constantine VII

31590-509: The pre-World War II term to describe the region, he asserted that the population of "Subcarpathian Rus", also known as Podkarpatska Rus (Подкарпатскa Рус) voted to join the Soviet Union either as "either part of the Russian Soviet republic or as a separate Carpathian republic". Putin noted however that the Soviet authorities "ignored the choice of the people" and incorporated it instead into the Ukrainian Soviet republic. Today there are estimated to be approximately 1.5 million Rusyns in Europe and

31785-471: The previous 13th chapter which described the Hungarian neighbors Franks to the West, Pechenegs to the North, and Moravians to the South, it is also mentioned that "on the other side of the mountains, the Croats are neighboring the Turks", however as are mentioned Pechenegs to the North while in the 10th century the Croats are mentioned as the Southern neighbors of the Hungarians, the account is of uncertain meaning, but most probably referring to Croats living "on

31980-450: The region of Galicia show that the Ukrainian Carpathians population makes a separate anthropological zone of Ukraine, with medieval "Eastern Croats" being "morphologically and statistically different from dolichocranic and mesocephalic massive populations at the lands of the Volynians, the Tyvertsi, and the Drevlyans". It seems that the Eastern Carpathians were not yet border between East and West Slavs as Zakarpattia's archaeological material

32175-434: The region. There is also ongoing linguistic and political controversy as to whether Rusyn is a distinct Slavic language or one of several dialects of the Ukrainian language . In several countries, it is recognized as a distinct minority language. Though Ukraine also adopted a law that recognized Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages in 2012, that law was revoked in 2014. In 2021 while discussing

32370-421: The rising national consciousness of that time. Aleksander Dukhnovich (1803–1865), who wrote the unofficial Rusyn National Anthem ("I was, am, and will be a Rusyn"), and who by some is considered to be a sort of 'George Washington' of the Rusyns, reminisced that when he saw the Russian Cossacks on the streets, he "danced and cried with joy". A few decades later, when economic conditions and repression worsened in

32565-410: The river Vistula called as Litziki , identified with Widukind 's Licicaviki , also referring to the Lendians ( Lyakhs ). According to Tibor Živković , the area of the Vistula where the ancestors of Michael of Zahumlje originate was the place where White Croats would be expected. In the 31st chapter, "Of the Croats and of the Country They Now Dwell in" Constantine wrote: " (It should be known) that

32760-407: The rule of Svatopluk I. These facts exclude the possibility of referring to Croats in Bohemia, placing them in Lesser Poland on the territory of Lendians and Vistulans (Kraków and Cherven Cities ), or more probably the Revno complex on river Prut in Western Ukraine, and generally in Prykarpattia. Nestor described how many East Slavic tribes of " ...the Polyanians , the Derevlians , the Severians ,

32955-400: The rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , the scope of Rutheni gradually narrowed to only refer to inhabitants of the East Slavic regions that now mostly belong to the states of Belarus and Ukraine . After the Partitions of Poland , Rutheni "came to be associated primarily with those [East Slavs] who lived under the Habsburg monarchy " (and was used as an official designation in

33150-452: The rule of the Avars. After they had fought one another for some years, the Croats prevailed and killed some of the Avars and the remainder they compelled to be subject to them... The rest of the Croats stayed over near Francia, and are now called the Belocroats, that is, the White Croats, and have their own archon; they are subject to Otto , the great king of Francia, which is also Saxony, and are unbaptized, and intermarry and are friendly with

33345-434: The same century probably has the only Iranian form of the name which is closest to the Vasmer's reconstructed form, hajrawās or hīrwās . The Persian geography book Hudud al-'Alam (10th century), which has information from 9th century, in the area of Slavs mentioned their two capital cities, Wabnit (actually Wāntit , considered as reference to Vyatichi , or Antes), the first city East of Slavs, and Hurdāb ( Khurdāb ),

33540-489: The same time some 8,500 Rusyns voluntarily emigrated from Czechoslovakia to Ukraine, but more than half of them returned during the 1960s. These acts were protested for years, but to no avail. In the US, the Greek Catholic Union's 1964 convention even adopted a resolution calling on the United Nations to act "so that Carpatho-Russia be recognized and accepted into the free nations of the world as an autonomous state". In former Yugoslavia , Rusyns were officially recognized as

33735-458: The second half of 7th and more prominently since early 8th century. According to anthropological craniometric studies they arrived as biological homogeneous Slavic group of people without significant similarity to Scythians-Sarmatians and Avars (see Origin hypotheses of the Croats#Anthropology ). Medieval Croatian sites in Dalmatia were more closely related to Slavic sites in distant Poland rather than in Lower Pannonia (possibly indicating that

33930-462: The second half of the 9th century and early 10th century. In that time Franks and Hungarians plundered Moravia, and White or Great Croatia was probably part of the Great Moravia . Some scholars relate Vita Methodii' s account about "the mighty prince on the Vistula" who persecuted Christians in his land, but was attacked and defeated by Svatopluk I of Moravia (870–894), possibly indicating conquest and integration of White Croatia into Great Moravia. It

34125-426: The speakers themselves largely do not use it. Within ex-Yugoslavia, the term has largely been replaced by the ethnopolitical terms Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian. The use of the name "Croatian" for a language has historically been attested to, though not always distinctively. The first printed Croatian literary work is a vernacular Chakavian poem written in 1501 by Marko Marulić , titled " The History of

34320-436: The statistical data about population in Volhynia governorship released by Mikhail Lebedkin, were counted Horvati with 17,228 people. According to United States Congress Joint Immigration Commission which ended in 1911, Polish immigrants to the United States born in around Kraków reportedly declared themselves as Bielochrovat (i.e. White Croat), which with Krakus and Crakowiak/Cracovinian was "names applying to subdivisions of

34515-401: The terms Lemko and Rusnak are simply regional variations for Rusyns or Ruthenes. Rusyns have at times also been referred to as Uhro-Rusyn ( Uhro-Rus ) in the regions of Prešov , Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia . Several endonyms such as Rus' and Rusyn were used widely by the East Slavs of Kievan Rus' during the medieval period. Common endonymic use of those terms continued through

34710-439: The terms Rusyn and Carpatho-Rusyn are more commonly used since the 1970s. In some non- Slavic languages, Rusyns may be referred to by exonymic or somewhat archaic terms such as Carpatho-Ruthenes or Carpatho-Ruthenians , but such terminology is not present in the Rusyn language . Exonymic Ruthenian designations are seen as less precise because they encompass various East Slavic groups and bear broader ethnic connotations as

34905-407: The territory of Carpathians. In the Hebrew book Josippon (10th century) are listed four Slavic ethnic names from Venice to Saxony ; Mwr.wh (Moravians), Krw.tj (Croats), Swrbjn ( Sorbs ), Lwcnj (Lučané or Lusatians), and also an East-West trade route Lwwmn (Lendians), Kr. Kr (Krakow), and Bzjm/Bwjmjn (Bohemians). Since the Croats are placed between Moravians and Serbs it identified

35100-417: The two Tanais Tablets , found in the Greek colony of Tanais at the shores of Sea of Azov in the late 2nd and early 3rd century AD, at the time when the colony was surrounded by Iranian speaking Sarmatians . However, acceptance of any non-Slavic etymology is problematic because it implies an ethnogenesis relationship with the specific ethnic group. There is no mention of an Iranian tribe named as Horoat in

35295-428: The very end of the 10th century. They were pressured and influenced by more centralized polities: Great Moravia , the Duchy of Bohemia , the Duchy of Poland , Kievan Rus' and the Principality of Hungary . After their defeat by Kievan Rus', on their territory were organized East Slavic principalities of Peremyshl , Terebovlia , Zvenyhorod and finally the Principality of Halych . According to some modern sources,

35490-486: The work by the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII , De Administrando Imperio (10th century). In the 30th chapter, "The Story of the Province of Dalmatia" Constantine wrote: " The Croats at that time were dwelling beyond Bagibareia , where the Belocroats are now. From them split off a family, namely of five brothers, Kloukas and Lobelos and Kosentzis and Mouchlo and Chrobatos, and two sisters, Touga and Bouga, who came with their folk to Dalmatia and found this land under

35685-444: The works of some older authors, including foreign authors, as well as those native to the region. This terminology has also been reflected within some groups of the Rusyn diaspora. For example, the popular newspaper of the Byzantine (Greek) Catholic Church in the U.S. for decades known as the ‘ Greek Catholic Union Messenger ’, used the term Carpatho-Russian up until the 1950s (by the 1960s the term Ruthenian came into vogue). As well,

35880-487: Was Greek-Catholic clergy (see Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo , Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church , a successor of Ecclesia Ruthena unita). The nineteenth century also saw the spread of pan Slavism in Europe, and a pro-Moscow view became popular. The Russian military campaign of Tsar Nicholas I through the Carpathians in 1849 had significance for the local Rusyn population, who came into close contact with an almost 200,000 man Russian army. This interaction had an impact on

36075-488: Was Prague-Korchak and Luka-Raikovets culture of East Slavs, only later with some West Slavic influence. The areal of Croats in the 9th-10th century is considered to have been in the valley of Laborec , Uzh , Borzhava and was densely populated. The border with the Slovaks to the West was between rivers Laborec and Ondava . By the 7th century the Croats started to establish Horods ( Gord ), and at least since 8th century fortified them with stone defensive works, which became

36270-497: Was a prime minister of Hutsul Republic centered in Yasinia that was seeking union with the West Ukrainian People's Republic, but was overran by the Hungarian troops, later Klochurak became a Defense Minister of Carpatho-Ukraine . After World War I, the majority of Rusyns found themselves in the new country of Czechoslovakia. The interwar period became a mini renaissance for Rusyn culture, as they were permitted their own schools, theater, anthem, and even their own governor. During

36465-413: Was an advocate of writing in Rusyn . The Hungarian annexation caused support for Russophile direction, while in Germany occupied Poland support for Ukrainian identity. Although the Carpathians were not a major WWII battlefield, the Rusyns saw their share of horror and destruction, beginning with the Hungarian government's 1941 deportation of the Carpathian Jews . In September 1944, while retreating from

36660-466: Was appointed, headed by prime-minister Andrej Bródy. Soon after, a crisis occurred between pro-Rusyn and pro-Ukrainian fractions, leading to the fall of Bródy government on 26 October. New regional government, headed by Avgustyn Voloshyn , adopted a pro-Ukrainian course and opted for the change of name, from Subcarpathian Rus' to Carpathian Ukraine . That move led to the creation of a particular terminological duality. On 22 November 1938, authorities of

36855-460: Was called Rusinsko in Czech; sometimes rendered Rusinia or Rusynia in American-Rusyn publications. Carpatho-Rusyn or Carpatho-Ruthenian ( Karpato-Rusyny ) is the main regional designation for Rusyns. The term refers to Carpathian Ruthenia ( Karpatsʹka Rusʹ ), which is a historical cross-border region encompassing Subcarpathian Rus' (in northeastern Slovakia and Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast ), Prešov Region (in eastern Slovakia),

37050-581: Was characteristic for the tumulus -type (burial mounds, barrows, kurgan ) burial which was also found in the upper Elbe territory where presumably lived the Czech Croats. Their association with Antes, mainly promoted in Sedov's work, is in contradiction with scientific knowledge about historical, archaeological, political and ethnic evidence of the migration period. Western Ukraine was a contact area between these two cultures in an ethnoculturally diverse environment, and they possibly were representatives of both these archaeological cultures and formed before them at

37245-513: Was halted by the political execution of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I in Vienna in 1671. Subsequently, the Croatian elite in the 18th century gradually abandoned this combined Croatian standard. The Illyrian movement was a 19th-century pan- South Slavic political and cultural movement in Croatia that had the goal to standardise the regionally differentiated and orthographically inconsistent literary languages in Croatia, and finally merge them into

37440-521: Was in the realm of Bohemia, and friendly relations between Bohemia and Magyars were established after 955. White Croats since 906 until 955, or since 955, were in friendly and matrimonial relations with the Árpád dynasty . A similar story to the 30th chapter is mentioned in the work by Thomas the Archdeacon , Historia Salonitana (13th century), where he recounts how seven or eight tribes of nobles, who he called Lingones , arrived from Poland and settled in Croatia under Totila 's leadership. According to

37635-438: Was referring to the 10th century Duchy of Bohemia which controlled parts of Southern Poland and Western Ukraine. From the 30th chapter can be observed that the Croats lived "beyond Bavaria" in the sense East of it, in Bohemia and Lesser Poland, because the original source of information was of Western Roman origin. White Croatia in the 7th century could not border Francia, and Frankish sources do not mention and know anything about

37830-425: Was retained only in the Carpathian Mountains. Rusyns settled in the Carpathian Mountain region in various waves of immigration from the north between the eighth and 17th centuries. Weapons and skeletons found in tombs in Bereg County from the 10th century era suggest that Norman Vikings (who played a role in the founding of Kiev Rus') were there as well. Even so, as late as the 11th century, this mountainous area

38025-406: Was still a sparsely inhabited 'No-Man's Land' border between the kingdoms of Kievan Rus' and Hungary. In 1241, the Carpathians fell to Mongol invasions led by Genghis Khan's grandson, Batu Khan , with populations exterminated and villages torched. The Mongols entered the region via the Veretski Pass , just to the north of Mukachevo . In 1395, Orthodox Rus' Prince Feodor Koriatovich , son of

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