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62-649: The Czech Brethren may refer to: Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren , the biggest Czech Protestant church, founded 1918 Church of Brethren (Czech Republic) , an evangelical free church in the Czech Republic Moravian Church , a current church which evolved from Unity of the Brethren Unity of the Brethren Baptists , an association serving Brethren Baptist Christians in

124-469: A comfortable connection between the Danubian and Polish regions , and this area is thus of great importance in terms of the possible migration routes of large mammals – both as regards periodically recurring seasonal migrations triggered by climatic oscillations in the prehistory , when permanent settlement started. Moravia borders Bohemia in the west, Lower Austria in the southwest, Slovakia in

186-680: A frontier (cf. English march ). In Latin, the name Moravia was used. Moravia occupies most of the eastern part of the Czech Republic . Moravian territory is naturally strongly determined, in fact, as the Morava river basin , with strong effect of mountains in the west ( de facto main European continental divide ) and partly in the east, where all the rivers rise . Moravia occupies an exceptional position in Central Europe. All

248-488: A separate crown land of Austria again in 1849, and then became part of Cisleithanian Austria-Hungary after 1867. According to Austro-Hungarian census of 1910 the proportion of Czechs in the population of Moravia at the time (2.622.000) was 71.8%, while the proportion of Germans was 27.6%. Following the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, Moravia became part of Czechoslovakia . As one of

310-886: A transitive area between the Bohemian Massif and the Carpathians (from northwest to southeast), and between the Danube basin and the North European Plain (from south to northeast). Its core geomorphological features are three wide valleys, namely the Dyje-Svratka Valley ( Dyjsko-svratecký úval ), the Upper Morava Valley ( Hornomoravský úval ) and the Lower Morava Valley ( Dolnomoravský úval ). The first two form

372-699: Is a historical region in the east of the Czech Republic and one of three historical Czech lands , with Bohemia and Czech Silesia . The medieval and early modern Margraviate of Moravia was a crown land of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown from 1348 to 1918, an imperial state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1004 to 1806, a crown land of the Austrian Empire from 1804 to 1867, and a part of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918. Moravia

434-538: Is a language distinct from Czech ; however, their position is not widely supported by academics and the public. Some Moravians identify as an ethnically distinct group; the majority consider themselves to be ethnically Czech. In the census of 1991 (the first census in history in which respondents were allowed to claim Moravian nationality), 1,362,000 (13.2%) of the Czech population identified as being of Moravian nationality (or ethnicity). In some parts of Moravia (mostly in

496-474: Is also the centre of the Czech firearm industry, as the vast majority of Czech firearms manufacturers (e.g. CZUB , Zbrojovka Brno , Czech Small Arms , Czech Weapons , ZVI , Great Gun ) are found in Moravia. Almost all the well-known Czech sporting, self-defence, military, and hunting firearms are made in Moravia. Meopta rifle scopes are of Moravian origin. The original Bren gun was conceived here, as were

558-418: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren In 2019, the church reported 69,715 baptized members in more than 260 local congregations, which are broken down into 14 seniorates (presbyteries) throughout the Czech Republic . Its membership peaked in 1950 with 402,000 members. Since the end of Communist rule ,

620-457: Is named after its principal river Morava . It is theorized that the river's name is derived from Proto-Indo-European *mori : "waters", or indeed any word denoting water or a marsh . The German name for Moravia is Mähren , from the river's German name March . This could have a different etymology, as march is a term used in the Medieval times for an outlying territory, a border or

682-622: Is part of the European Watershed . For centuries, there have been plans to build a waterway across Moravia to join the Danube and Oder river systems, using the natural route through the Moravian Gate . Evidence of the presence of members of the human genus, Homo , dates back more than 600,000 years in the paleontological area of Stránská skála . Attracted by suitable living conditions, early modern humans settled in

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744-879: The Austrian Silesia (when Frederick the Great annexed most of ancient Silesia (the land of upper and middle Oder river) to Prussia , Silesia's southernmost part remained with the Habsburgs ). Today Moravia includes the South Moravian and Zlín regions, vast majority of the Olomouc Region , southeastern half of the Vysočina Region and parts of the Moravian-Silesian , Pardubice and South Bohemian regions. Geologically, Moravia covers

806-688: The Byzantine emperor Michael . The result was the mission of Saints Cyril and Methodius who translated liturgical books into Slavonic , which had lately been elevated by the Pope to the same level as Latin and Greek. Methodius became the first Moravian archbishop, the first archbishop in Slavic world, but after his death the German influence again prevailed and the disciples of Methodius were forced to flee. Great Moravia reached its greatest territorial extent in

868-704: The Morava river, which runs from its north to south, being its principal watercourse. Moravia's largest city and historical capital is Brno . Before being sacked by the Swedish army during the Thirty Years' War , Olomouc served as the Moravian capital, and it is still the seat of the Archdiocese of Olomouc . Until the expulsions after 1945 , significant parts of Moravia were German speaking . The region and former margraviate of Moravia, Morava in Czech,

930-541: The Přemyslid dynasty became extinct in 1306, and in 1310 John of Luxembourg became Margrave of Moravia and King of Bohemia. In 1333, he made his son Charles the next Margrave of Moravia (later in 1346, Charles also became the King of Bohemia). In 1349, Charles gave Moravia to his younger brother John Henry who ruled in the margraviate until his death in 1375, after him Moravia was ruled by his oldest son Jobst of Moravia who

992-633: The Reduta Theatre , was established in 17th-century Moravia. From 1599 to 1711, Moravia was frequently subjected to raids by the Ottoman Empire and its vassals (especially the Tatars and Transylvania ). Overall, hundreds of thousands were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed. In 1740, Moravia was invaded by Prussian forces under Frederick the Great , and Olomouc was forced to surrender on 27 December 1741. A few months later

1054-781: The Utraquist Hussite Church (1431–1620) and the Unity of the Brethren (1457–1620). (The latter was in the 1720s partially renewed outside of Czech territory as the Moravian Church .) However, non-Catholic churches were forbidden in 1620 when the Bohemian Revolt was decisively defeated and victorious Habsburg rulers imposed harsh Counter-Reformation measures on the Bohemian Crown . This ban

1116-493: The highlands in the west and east of this part of Europe run west–east, and therefore form a kind of filter, making north–south or south–north movement more difficult. Only Moravia with the depression of the westernmost Outer Subcarpathia , 14–40 kilometers (8.7–24.9 mi) wide, between the Bohemian Massif and the Outer Western Carpathians (gripping the meridian at a constant angle of 30°), provides

1178-578: The "right hand" of Prague dukes and kings, while Dukes of Brno and especially those of Znojmo were much more insubordinate. Moravia reached its height of autonomy in 1182, when Emperor Frederick I elevated Conrad II Otto of Znojmo to the status of a margrave , immediately subject to the emperor, independent of Bohemia. This status was short-lived: in 1186, Conrad Otto was forced to obey the supreme rule of Bohemian duke Frederick . Three years later, Conrad Otto succeeded to Frederick as Duke of Bohemia and subsequently canceled his margrave title. Nevertheless,

1240-600: The 2nd century AD, a Roman fortress stood on the vineyards hill known as German: Burgstall and Czech : Hradisko (" hillfort "), situated above the former village Mušov and above today's beach resort at Pasohlávky . During the reign of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius , the 10th Legion was assigned to control the Germanic tribes who had been defeated in the Marcomannic Wars. In 1927,

1302-547: The 890s under Svatopluk I . At this time, the empire encompassed the territory of the present-day Czech Republic and Slovakia , the western part of present Hungary ( Pannonia ), as well as Lusatia in present-day Germany and Silesia and the upper Vistula basin in southern Poland . After Svatopluk's death in 895, the Bohemian princes defected to become vassals of the East Frankish ruler Arnulf of Carinthia , and

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1364-759: The Bronze Age, people of various cultures have settled in Moravia. Notably the Nitra culture which emerged from the tradition of the Neolithic Corded Ware culture and was spread in western Slovakia (hence the name, derived from Slovak river Nitra ), eastern Moravia and southern Poland. The largest burial site (400 graves) of Nitra culture in Moravia was discovered in Holešov in 1960's. The most recent discovery unearthed 2 settlements and two burial grounds (with total 130 graves) near Olomouc , one of them of

1426-614: The Czech Republic See also [ edit ] Unity of the Brethren (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Czech Brethren . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_Brethren&oldid=1010430354 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1488-569: The Czech Republic's censuses have recorded 203,996 members in 1991, 117,212 in 2001, and 51,936 in 2011. In May 2023, the Church synod voted to allow blessing of same-sex couples . Reformation in the Czech lands started already in the 15th century, one century before the great Luther's Reformation . At that time, most Czechs (~85%) were Protestant; there were two Protestant churches:

1550-606: The Czech territory, and the latest administrative division of Czech Republic (introduced in 2000) is similar to the administrative division of 1949. Nevertheless, the federalist or separatist movement in Moravia is completely marginal. The centuries-lasting historical Bohemian-Moravian border has been preserved up to now only by the Czech Roman Catholic Administration , as the Ecclesiastical Province of Moravia corresponds with

1612-623: The Habsburg Ferdinand I was elected as his successor. After the death of King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia in 1526, Ferdinand I of Austria was elected King of Bohemia and thus ruler of the Crown of Bohemia (including Moravia). The epoch 1526–1620 was marked by increasing animosity between Catholic Habsburg kings (emperors) and the Protestant Moravian nobility (and other Crowns') estates. Moravia, like Bohemia,

1674-615: The Moravian state ceased to exist after being overrun by invading Magyars in 907. Following the defeat of the Magyars by Emperor Otto I at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, Otto's ally Boleslaus I , the Přemyslid ruler of Bohemia , took control over Moravia. Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland annexed Moravia in 999, and ruled it until 1019, when the Přemyslid prince Bretislaus recaptured it. Upon his father's death in 1034, Bretislaus became

1736-658: The Moravian–Silesian border. As well as agriculture in general, Moravia is noted for its viticulture ; it contains 94% of the Czech Republic's vineyards and is at the centre of the country's wine industry . Wallachia has at least a 400-year-old tradition of slivovitz making. The Czech automotive industry also played a significant role in Moravia's economy in the 20th century; the factories of Wikov in Prostějov and Tatra in Kopřivnice produced many automobiles. Moravia

1798-927: The Nitra culture dating between the years 2100-1800 BC and was published in October 2024. This discovery adds up to other Bronze Age discoveries such as a sword found near the city of Přerov, the sword was called ‘the Excalibur of the Late Bronze Age’. Around 60 BC, the Celtic Volcae people withdrew from the region and were succeeded by the Germanic Quadi . Some of the events of the Marcomannic Wars took place in Moravia in AD 169–180. After

1860-717: The Prussians were repelled, mainly because of their unsuccessful siege of Brno in 1742. In 1758, Olomouc was besieged by Prussians again, but this time its defenders forced the Prussians to withdraw following the Battle of Domstadtl . In 1777, a new Moravian bishopric was established in Brno, and the Olomouc bishopric was elevated to an archbishopric. In 1782, the Margraviate of Moravia was merged with Austrian Silesia into Moravia-Silesia , with Brno as its capital. Moravia became

1922-455: The archeologist Gnirs, with the support of president Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk , began research on the site, located 80 km from Vindobona and 22 km to the south of Brno. The researchers found remnants of two masonry buildings, a praetorium and a balneum ("bath"), including a hypocaustum . The discovery of bricks with the stamp of the Legio X Gemina and coins from the period of

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1984-623: The assault rifles the CZ-805 BREN and Sa vz. 58 , and the handguns CZ 75 and ZVI Kevin (also known as the "Micro Desert Eagle "). The Zlín Region hosts several aircraft manufacturers, namely Let Kunovice (also known as Aircraft Industries, a.s.), ZLIN AIRCRAFT a.s. Otrokovice (formerly known under the name Moravan Otrokovice), Evektor-Aerotechnik , and Czech Sport Aircraft . Sport aircraft are also manufactured in Jihlava by Jihlavan Airplanes / Skyleader . Aircraft production in

2046-729: The behest of the Přemyslid dynasty . Germans continued to come to Moravia in waves, culminating in the 18th century. They lived in the main city centres and in the countryside along the border with Austria (stretching up to Brno) and along the border with Silesia at Jeseníky, and also in two language islands , around Jihlava and around Moravská Třebová . After the World War II , the Czechoslovak government almost fully expelled them in retaliation for their support of Nazi Germany 's invasion and dismemberment of Czechoslovakia (1938–1939) and subsequent German war crimes (1938–1945) towards

2108-410: The centre and south), majority of the population identified as Moravians, rather than Czechs. In the census of 2001, the number of Moravians had decreased to 380,000 (3.7% of the country's population). In the census of 2011, this number rose to 522,474 (4.9% of the Czech population). Moravia historically had a large minority of ethnic Germans , some of whom had arrived as early as the 13th century at

2170-633: The electrical industry in Moravia date back to 1918. The biggest centres of electrical production are Brno ( VUES , ZPA Brno , EM Brno ), Drásov , Frenštát pod Radhoštěm , and Mohelnice (currently Siemens). The Moravians are generally a Slavic ethnic group who speak various (generally more archaic) dialects of Czech . Before the expulsion of Germans from Moravia the Moravian German minority also referred to themselves as "Moravians" ( Mährer ). Those expelled and their descendants continue to identify as Moravian. Some Moravians assert that Moravian

2232-601: The emperors Antoninus Pius , Marcus Aurelius and Commodus facilitated dating of the locality. A variety of Germanic and major Slavic tribes crossed through Moravia during the Migration Period before Slavs established themselves in the 6th century AD. At the end of the 8th century, the Moravian Principality came into being in present-day south-eastern Moravia, Záhorie in south-western Slovakia and parts of Lower Austria . In 833 AD, this became

2294-434: The entire area is drained exclusively by a single stream. Morava's far biggest tributaries are Thaya (Dyje) from the right (or west) and Bečva (east). Morava and Thaya meet at the southernmost and lowest (148 m) point of Moravia. Small peripheral parts of Moravia belong to the catchment area of Elbe , Váh and especially Oder (the northeast). The watershed line running along Moravia's border from west to north and east

2356-594: The five lands of Czechoslovakia, it had restricted autonomy. In 1928 Moravia ceased to exist as a territorial unity and was merged with Czech Silesia into the Moravian-Silesian Land (yet with the natural dominance of Moravia). By the Munich Agreement (1938), the southwestern and northern peripheries of Moravia, which had a German-speaking majority, were annexed by Nazi Germany , and during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia (1939–1945),

2418-633: The former Moravian-Silesian Land. The popular perception of the Bohemian-Moravian border's location is distorted by the memory of the 1960 regions (whose boundaries are still partly in use). An area in South Moravia , around Hodonín and Břeclav , is part of the Viennese Basin . Petroleum and lignite are found there in abundance. The main economic centres of Moravia are Brno , Olomouc , Zlín , and Ostrava lying directly on

2480-480: The king of Bohemia. The subsequent 21-year period of a divided kingdom was decisive for the rising awareness of a specific Moravian identity, distinct from that of Bohemia. Although Moravia was reunited with Bohemia in 1490 when Vladislaus Jagiellon , king of Bohemia, also became king of Hungary, some attachment to Moravian "freedoms" and resistance to government by Prague continued until the end of independence in 1620. In 1526, Vladislaus' son Louis died in battle and

2542-464: The margrave title was restored in 1197 when Vladislaus III of Bohemia resolved the succession dispute between him and his brother Ottokar by abdicating from the Bohemian throne and accepting Moravia as a vassal land of Bohemian (i.e., Prague) rulers. Vladislaus gradually established this land as Margraviate , slightly administratively different from Bohemia. After the Battle of Legnica , the Mongols carried their raids into Moravia. The main line of

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2604-427: The only city to successfully resist the Swedish invasion, Brno become the sole capital following the capture of Olomouc. The Margraviate of Moravia had, from 1348 in Olomouc and Brno, its own Diet, or parliament , zemský sněm ( Landtag in German), whose deputies from 1905 onward were elected separately from the ethnically separate German and Czech constituencies. The oldest surviving theatre building in Central Europe,

2666-746: The quaternary sector, focusing on science, research, and education. Notable projects include AdMaS (Advanced Materials, Structures, and Technologies) and CETOCOEN (Center for Research on Toxic Substances in the Environment). The machinery industry has been the most important industrial sector in the region, especially in South Moravia , for many decades. The main centres of machinery production are Brno ( Zbrojovka Brno , Zetor , První brněnská strojírna , Siemens ), Blansko ( ČKD Blansko , Metra), Kuřim ( TOS Kuřim ), Boskovice (Minerva, Novibra ) and Břeclav ( Otis Elevator Company ). A number of other, smaller machinery and machine parts factories, companies, and workshops are spread over Moravia. The beginnings of

2728-550: The region by the Paleolithic period. The Předmostí archeological ( Cro-magnon ) site in Moravia is dated to between 24,000 and 27,000 years old. Caves in Moravian Karst were used by mammoth hunters . Venus of Dolní Věstonice , the oldest ceramic figure in the world, was found in the excavation of Dolní Věstonice by Karel Absolon . In November 2024 a new discovery was made on the outskirts of Brno, where bones of at least three mammoths were found along with other animals and human stone tools dating back 15,000 years. During

2790-612: The region started in the 1930s; after a period of low production post-1989, there have been signs of recovery post-2010, and production is expected to grow from 2013 onwards. Companies with operations in Brno include Gen Digital , which maintains one of its headquarters there and continues to use the brand AVG Technologies , as well as Kyndryl (Client Innovation Centre), AT&T , and Honeywell (Global Design Center). Other significant companies include Siemens , Red Hat (Czech headquarters), and an office of Zebra Technologies . In recent years, Brno's economy has seen growth in

2852-435: The region. In 1945 after the Allied defeat of Germany and the end of World War II, the German minority was expelled to Germany and Austria in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement . The Moravian-Silesian Land was restored with Moravia as part of it and towns and villages that were left by the former German inhabitants, were re-settled by Czechs, Slovaks and reemigrants. In 1949 the territorial division of Czechoslovakia

2914-633: The remnant of Moravia was an administrative unit within the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia . During World War II , the Germans operated multiple forced labour camps in the region, including several subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs, a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp in Brno for mostly Polish prisoners, and a subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Bílá Voda for Jewish women. The occupiers also established several POW camps, including Heilag VIII-H, Oflag VIII-F and Oflag VIII-H, for French , British, Belgian and other Allied POWs in

2976-671: The rest of lands of the Bohemian Crown) was administered by the landfriedens ( landfrýdy ). The rule of young Ladislaus the Posthumous subsisted only less than five years and subsequently (1458) the Hussite George of Poděbrady was elected as the king. He again reunited all Czech lands (then Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Upper & Lower Lusatia) into one-man ruled state. In 1466, Pope Paul II excommunicated George and forbade all Catholics (i.e. about 15% of population) from continuing to serve him. The Hungarian crusade followed and in 1469 Matthias Corvinus conquered Moravia and proclaimed himself (with assistance of rebelling Bohemian nobility ) as

3038-444: The ruler of Bohemia. In 1055, he decreed that Bohemia and Moravia would be inherited together by primogeniture , although he also provided that his younger sons should govern parts (quarters) of Moravia as vassals to his oldest son. Throughout the Přemyslid era, junior princes often ruled all or part of Moravia from Olomouc , Brno or Znojmo , with varying degrees of autonomy from the ruler of Bohemia. Dukes of Olomouc often acted as

3100-418: The south). The Thaya river meanders along the border with Austria and the tripoint of Moravia, Austria and Slovakia is at the confluence of the Thaya and Morava rivers. The northeast border with Silesia runs partly along the Moravice , Oder and Ostravice rivers. Between 1782 and 1850, Moravia (also thus known as Moravia-Silesia ) also included a small portion of the former province of Silesia –

3162-408: The southeast, Poland very shortly in the north, and Czech Silesia in the northeast. Its natural boundary is formed by the Sudetes mountains in the north, the Carpathians in the east and the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands in the west (the border runs from Králický Sněžník in the north, over Suchý vrch , across Upper Svratka Highlands and Javořice Highlands to tripoint nearby Slavonice in

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3224-454: The state of Great Moravia with the conquest of the Principality of Nitra (present-day Slovakia). Their first king was Mojmír I (ruled 830–846). Louis the German invaded Moravia and replaced Mojmír I with his nephew Rastiz who became St. Rastislav. St. Rastislav (846–870) tried to emancipate his land from the Carolingian influence , so he sent envoys to Rome to get missionaries to come. When Rome refused he turned to Constantinople to

3286-598: The unification of all Lutheran and Calvinist churches in Bohemia , Moravia , and Silesia . It was intended to be a successor of the Unity of the Brethren (and the Bohemian Reformation in general). The ECCB is a member of the World Council of Churches , the Communion of Protestant Churches in Europe , the Conference of European Churches , the Lutheran World Federation , and the World Communion of Reformed Churches . International churches Moravia Moravia ( Czech : Morava [ˈmorava] ; German : Mähren [ˈmɛːʁən] )

3348-420: The very east, with Smrk (1278 m), and then south from here Javorníky (1072). The White Carpathians along the southeastern border rise up to 970 m at Velká Javořina . The spacious, but moderate Bohemian-Moravian Highlands on the west reach 837 m at Javořice . The fluvial system of Moravia is very cohesive, as the region border is similar to the watershed of the Morava river, and thus almost

3410-402: The war exposed the weakness of Rome's northern frontier , half of the Roman legions (16 out of 33) were stationed along the Danube . In response to increasing numbers of Germanic settlers in frontier regions like Pannonia , Dacia , Rome established two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, Marcomannia and Sarmatia , including today's Moravia and western Slovakia . In

3472-423: The westernmost part of the Outer Subcarpathia , the last is the northernmost part of the Vienna Basin . The valleys surround the low range of Central Moravian Carpathians . The highest mountains of Moravia are situated on its northern border in Hrubý Jeseník , the highest peak is Praděd (1491 m). Second highest is the massive of Králický Sněžník (1424  m) the third are the Moravian-Silesian Beskids at

3534-475: Was a Habsburg possession until the end of World War I . In 1573 the Jesuit University of Olomouc was established; this was the first university in Moravia. The establishment of a special papal seminary, Collegium Nordicum, made the University a centre of the Catholic Reformation and effort to revive Catholicism in Central and Northern Europe. The second largest group of students were from Scandinavia . Brno and Olomouc served as Moravia's capitals until 1641. As

3596-424: Was in 1410 elected the Holy Roman King but died in 1411 (he is buried with his father in the Church of St. Thomas in Brno – the Moravian capital from which they both ruled). Moravia and Bohemia remained within the Luxembourg dynasty of Holy Roman kings and emperors (except during the Hussite wars ), until inherited by Albert II of Habsburg in 1437. After his death followed the interregnum until 1453; land (as

3658-409: Was mitigated in 1781 by issuing the Patent of Toleration that permitted Lutheran and Calvinist churches in the Habsburg monarchy but Protestants obtained full equality with the Catholic church legally only as late as in 1867, when Austria-Hungary was created. Nevertheless, other minor churches were still forbidden until the founding of Czechoslovakia in 1918. The ECCB was established in 1918 by

3720-470: Was one of the five lands of Czechoslovakia founded in 1918. In 1928 it was merged with Czech Silesia , and then dissolved in 1948 during the abolition of the land system following the communist coup d'état . Its area of 22,623.41 km is home to about 3.0 million of the Czech Republic's 10.9 million inhabitants. The people are historically named Moravians , a subgroup of Czechs , the other group being called Bohemians . The land takes its name from

3782-478: Was only roughly alike the historical state and, chiefly, there was no land or federal autonomy, unlike Slovakia. After the fall of the Soviet Union and the whole Eastern Bloc , the Czechoslovak Federal Assembly condemned the cancellation of Moravian-Silesian land and expressed "firm conviction that this injustice will be corrected" in 1990. However, after the breakup of Czechoslovakia into Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, Moravian area remained integral to

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3844-521: Was radically changed, as the Moravian-Silesian Land was abolished and Lands were replaced by " kraje " (regions), whose borders substantially differ from the historical Bohemian-Moravian border, so Moravia politically ceased to exist after more than 1100 years (833–1949) of its history. Although another administrative reform in 1960 implemented (among others) the North Moravian and the South Moravian regions ( Severomoravský and Jihomoravský kraj ), with capitals in Ostrava and Brno respectively, their joint area

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