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218-641: The Andrew Carnegie Mansion is a historic house and a museum building at 2 East 91st Street , along the east side of Fifth Avenue , on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City . The three-and-a-half story, brick and stone mansion was designed by Babb, Cook & Willard in the Georgian Revival style. Completed in 1902 for the industrialist Andrew Carnegie , his wife Louise , and their only child Margaret , it served as

436-549: A skeleton crew . The Carnegie Corporation had no need to occupy the house, and, in late 1946, it offered to lease the building to the United Nations as a clubhouse and office space. The proposal called for the house to contain the United Nations Secretariat 's offices in addition to clubrooms. The Personal Parcel Service, which sent food around the world, occupied the first-floor art gallery room in

654-485: A " self-made man " in both his economic development and his intellectual and cultural development. He was so grateful to Colonel Anderson for the use of his library that he "resolved, if ever wealth came to me, [to see to it] that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar to those for which we were indebted to the nobleman". His capacity, his willingness for hard work, his perseverance, and his alertness soon brought him opportunities. Starting in 1853, when Carnegie

872-577: A $ 140,000 renovation of the building. The Carnegie Corporation submitted alteration plans to the New York City Department of Buildings on February 11, and the building was closed for renovations two weeks later. The Community Service Society of New York funded the work. The kitchen became a cafeteria, and the picture gallery became a lecture hall. The original walnut staircase was placed in storage and replaced by an enclosed stairway. The second floor bedrooms were turned into classrooms,

1090-829: A $ 55,000 inheritance tax after her husband's death, but the New York Court of Appeals ruled in 1922 that the tax did not need to be paid, as the Carnegies had co-owned the mansion. Later the same year, the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court found that the legislation creating the inheritance tax violated the Constitution of New York , a decision upheld by the Court of Appeals. Louise Carnegie took an option on 11 houses across

1308-548: A $ 600 mortgage on the family's $ 700 home, but the opportunity was available only because of Carnegie's close relationship with Scott. A few years later, he received a few shares in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff 's sleeping car company as a reward for holding shares that Woodruff had given to Scott and Thomson, as a payoff. Reinvesting his returns in such inside investments in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails ), Carnegie slowly accumulated capital,

1526-468: A brick annex in the rear, with stone quoins and various windows. At the left side of the ground story, Ionic columns flank the entryway and support a triangular pediment above. The second and third stories curve outward, and there is a marble balcony in front of the second story. The balcony is accessed by French doors on the second story, which are topped by arched stone voussoirs . The third story has rectangular windows with splayed lintels above. There

1744-453: A contractor when necessary. The cultural property stored in museums is threatened in many countries by natural disaster , war , terrorist attacks or other emergencies. To this end, an internationally important aspect is a strong bundling of existing resources and the networking of existing specialist competencies in order to prevent any loss or damage to cultural property or to keep damage as low as possible. International partner for museums

1962-471: A culture. As historian Steven Conn writes, "To see the thing itself, with one's own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience, can be enchanting." Museum purposes vary from institution to institution. Some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the Canada Science and Technology Museum favored education over

2180-623: A doorway to the reception room, which is decorated with roundels. Lincrusta friezes topped the walls. At the eastern end of the main hall was a 3,000-pipe organ, which was played regularly until 1946 and was moved to the Nassau Center for the Fine Arts in Roslyn Harbor, New York , in 1974. A decorative fireplace was on the western end of the hall, opposite the organ. The main hall also had various pieces of furniture, in addition to

2398-505: A five-story, brick-and-marble parking garage nearby in 1905; that structure had space for five cars and also housed several servants. In addition to serving as the Carnegies' city residence, the mansion served as the headquarters of Carnegie's philanthropic ventures. In general, the Carnegie family stayed in the mansion from October to May. Carnegie typically spent his mornings working in the library and exercising; after an afternoon nap and

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2616-718: A full-time director to whom authority is delegated for day-to-day operations; Have the financial resources sufficient to operate effectively; Demonstrate that it meets the Core Standards for Museums; Successfully complete the Core Documents Verification Program". Additionally, there is a legal definition of museum in United States legislation authorizing the establishment of the Institute of Museum and Library Services : "Museum means

2834-420: A garden to the south and west. Although the mansion has a mostly symmetrical design, there is a service wing and a metal-and-glass conservatory protruding off the eastern facade. The mansion was built with numerous mechanical features, including dedicated heating and cooling systems, a steel superstructure , and elevators. It contains at least 64 rooms across three basements and four above-ground stories, including

3052-528: A leading philanthropist in the United States, Great Britain, and the British Empire . During the last 18 years of his life, he gave away around $ 350 million ($ 10.9 billion in 2023 dollars ), almost 90 percent of his fortune, to charities, foundations and universities. His 1889 article proclaiming " The Gospel of Wealth " called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society, expressed support for progressive taxation and an estate tax , and stimulated

3270-522: A lift that was used to bring plants to the conservatory. Yet another elevator, between the third basement and first floor, was used specifically for dumping ashes. One of the original elevators is preserved at the National Museum of American History . The Carnegie Mansion was equipped with extensive mechanical systems and a large amount of equipment. There was a central-heating plant, generators, cooling system, and artesian well . The heating plant

3488-591: A marble fireplace and French windows. When the Columbia University School of Social Work renovated the house in 1949, the drawing room became a reading room, while the picture gallery became an auditorium. On the west side of the first floor are Carnegie's private office, library room, and den. The library room, designed by the artist Lockwood de Forest , is the only interior space that he designed that remains in its original location. Because Carnegie had requested that his office face Central Park,

3706-651: A master engineer, three assistant engineers, and nine helpers. Carnegie hired organist Walter C. Gale to play the mansion's organ at breakfast every morning, as well as piper Angus MacPherson. Louise also involved herself in the general operations of the house. Unlike other wealthy New Yorkers, Carnegie did not mingle with high society; instead, he preferred to invite politicians and intellectuals for dinner. The Carnegies hosted events such as their niece Nancy's wedding in 1905, their own 25th anniversary in 1912, Margaret's debutante ball in 1916, and annual reunions of Carnegie's business partners. Carnegie also invited journalists to

3924-427: A much wider range of objects than a library , and usually focus on a specific theme, such as the arts , science , natural history or local history . Public museums that host exhibitions and interactive demonstrations are often tourist attractions , and many attract large numbers of visitors from outside their host country, with the most visited museums in the world attracting millions of visitors annually. Since

4142-459: A museum and on display, they not only got to show their fantastic finds but also used the museum as a way to sort and "manage the empirical explosion of materials that wider dissemination of ancient texts, increased travel, voyages of discovery, and more systematic forms of communication and exchange had produced". One of these naturalists and collectors was Ulisse Aldrovandi , whose collection policy of gathering as many objects and facts about them

4360-554: A museum is successful, as happened in Bilbao, others continue especially if a museum struggles to attract visitors. The Taubman Museum of Art is an example of an expensive museum (eventually $ 66 million) that attained little success and continues to have a low endowment for its size. Some museum activists see this method of museum use as a deeply flawed model for such institutions. Steven Conn, one such museum proponent, believes that "to ask museums to solve our political and economic problems

4578-402: A museum's collection typically determines the museum's size, whereas its collection reflects the type of museum it is. Many museums normally display a "permanent collection" of important selected objects in its area of specialization, and may periodically display "special collections" on a temporary basis. The following is a list to give an idea of the major museum types. While comprehensive, it

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4796-509: A notable person, or a given period of time. Museums also can be based on the main source of funding: central or federal government, provinces, regions, universities; towns and communities; other subsidised; nonsubsidised and private. It may sometimes be useful to distinguish between diachronic museums which interpret the way its subject matter has developed and evolved through time (e.g., Lower East Side Tenement Museum and Diachronic Museum of Larissa ), and synchronic museums which interpret

5014-508: A palace of Henry VIII , in England opened the council room to the general public to create an interactive environment for visitors. Rather than allowing visitors to handle 500-year-old objects, however, the museum created replicas, as well as replica costumes. The daily activities, historic clothing, and even temperature changes immerse the visitor in an impression of what Tudor life may have been. Major professional organizations from around

5232-488: A passageway between the house's conservatory and picture gallery in 1913. An anarchist unsuccessfully tried to bomb the mansion in 1915. Carnegie bought a wooden shack on the southeast corner of Fifth Avenue and 90th Street in 1917 to prevent an apartment building from being erected there. Following the onset of World War I, the Carnegies stopped traveling to the Skibo Castle during the summers. The family instead obtained

5450-492: A philanthropist. From 1901 forward, public attention was turned from the shrewd business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to accumulate such a fortune, to the public-spirited way in which he devoted himself to using it on philanthropic projects. He had written about his views on social subjects and the responsibilities of great wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel of Wealth (1889). Carnegie devoted

5668-480: A point of naming it after Thomson. As well as having good business sense, Carnegie possessed charm and literary knowledge. He was invited to many important social functions, which Carnegie exploited to his advantage. Carnegie, through Keystone, supplied the steel for and owned shares in the landmark Eads Bridge project across the Mississippi River at St. Louis , Missouri (completed 1874). This project

5886-522: A public library; in 1886, he gave $ 250,000 to Allegheny City, Pennsylvania , for a music hall and library; and he gave $ 250,000 to Edinburgh for a free library. In total, Carnegie funded some 3,000 libraries, located in 47 U.S. states, and also in Canada, Britain, Ireland, Belgium, Serbia, France, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the West Indies , and Fiji . He also donated £50,000 to help set up

6104-407: A public, tribal, or private nonprofit institution which is organized on a permanent basis for essentially educational, cultural heritage, or aesthetic purposes and which, using a professional staff: Owns or uses tangible objects, either animate or inanimate; Cares for these objects; and Exhibits them to the general public on a regular basis" (Museum Services Act 1976). One of the oldest museums known

6322-475: A rate of about $ 11 to $ 14 per square foot ($ 120 to $ 150/m). The acquisition, which Butler and an associate had arranged in secrecy, included 17 land lots on one block and 13 lots on the other. At the time, the site was about 20 blocks away from any other mansion on Fifth Avenue. Contemporary newspapers reported that he had bought these plots because his friend Charles A. Gould was developing his own house nearby. Carnegie and Gould had planned to erect their houses on

6540-702: A regular contributor to numerous magazines, most notably The Nineteenth Century , under the editorship of James Knowles , and the influential North American Review , led by the editor Lloyd Bryce . In 1889, Carnegie published "Wealth" in the June issue of the North American Review . After reading it, Gladstone requested its publication in Britain, where it appeared as "The Gospel of Wealth" in The Pall Mall Gazette . Carnegie argued that

6758-903: A series of standards and best practices that help guide the management of museums. Various positions within the museum carry out the policies established by the Board and the Director. All museum employees should work together toward the museum's institutional goal. Here is a list of positions commonly found at museums: Other positions commonly found at museums include: building operator, public programming staff, photographer , librarian , archivist , groundskeeper , volunteer coordinator, preparator, security staff, development officer, membership officer, business officer, gift shop manager, public relations staff, and graphic designer . At smaller museums, staff members often fulfill multiple roles. Some of these positions are excluded entirely or may be carried out by

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6976-473: A somewhat rural character until the 1880s, when brownstone row houses were built there, and one source had described the area as being "only one remove from goatville". Real-estate agent Lawrence B. Elliman obtained options for land on both Fifth Avenue and Riverside Drive ; at the time, many of the city's wealthiest people lived on Riverside Drive. In December 1898, Carnegie bought all of the lots on Fifth Avenue between 90th and 92nd streets for about $ 900,000,

7194-600: A special vault was built to house the physical bulk of nearly $ 230 million worth of bonds. Carnegie continued his business career; some of his literary intentions were fulfilled. He befriended the English poet Matthew Arnold , the English philosopher Herbert Spencer , and the American humorist Mark Twain , as well as being in correspondence and acquaintance with most of the U.S. Presidents , statesmen, and notable writers. Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths for

7412-409: A statue of Mercury , the god of commerce. Following a 2014 renovation, there is a visitor desk on the west side of the main hall, which can be hidden behind a 2,000-pound (910 kg) door during major events. The southern edge of the house contains the drawing room, reception room, dining room, breakfast room, and a conservatory extending off the breakfast room. The reception room was directly across

7630-610: A steel rolling mill , and steel production and control of industry became the source of his fortune. Carnegie had some investments in the iron industry before the war. After the war, Carnegie left the railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Carnegie worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Bridge Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he had left

7848-554: A substantial breadwinner. But Carnegie attracted the attention of John Hay, a Scottish manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $ 2.00 per week ($ 70 by 2023 inflation). In his autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he had to endure with this new job: Soon after this Mr. John Hay, a fellow Scotch manufacturer of bobbins in Allegheny City, needed a boy, and asked whether I would not go into his service. I went, and received two dollars per week; but at first

8066-537: A success and a source of profit for Woodruff and Carnegie. The young Carnegie continued to work for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced several improvements in the service. In the spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of War in charge of military transportation, as Superintendent of the Military Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in

8284-404: A suite of rooms on the third story, including a living room, bedroom, bathroom, and numerous closets. Another room, where Margaret was tutored as a child, had burlap coverings so she could pin her assignments to the walls. There were also a guest bedroom, a trunk room, multiple bathrooms, and bedrooms for guests' servants. The third floor was subdivided into offices after the Carnegies died. In 1976,

8502-622: A summer house in Massachusetts ; they continued to use the New York City mansion during the winter. Margaret Carnegie married Roswell Miller at the mansion in 1919, and Andrew Carnegie died later the same year. Following Carnegie's death, the mansion was valued at $ 977,833 (equivalent to $ 14,872,000 in 2023). Louise Carnegie bought George McAlpin's house at 9 East 90th Street for her daughter and son-in-law for $ 250,000 in May 1920, and

8720-464: A thorough education, making the acquaintance of literary men. I figure that this will take three years' active work. I shall pay especial attention to speaking in public. We can settle in London and I can purchase a controlling interest in some newspaper or live review and give the general management of it attention, taking part in public matters, especially those connected with education and improvement of

8938-506: A trip to the United Kingdom. They toured Scotland by coach and enjoyed several receptions en route. The highlight was a return to Dunfermline, where Carnegie's mother laid the foundation stone of a Carnegie Library which he funded. Carnegie's criticism of British society did not mean dislike; on the contrary, one of Carnegie's ambitions was to act as a catalyst for a close association between English-speaking peoples. To this end, in

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9156-467: A walk around Central Park, he hosted business visitors. The Carnegies may have employed up to 42 servants, although about 25 worked at the house simultaneously. Like other Gilded Age mansions, the Carnegie Mansion had numerous butlers, housekeepers, cooks, engineers, and garage workers; the Carnegies also had their own security force and secretaries. The mechanical systems alone were managed by

9374-690: A wave of philanthropy. Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland . He immigrated to what is now Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , United States with his parents in 1848 at the age of 12. Carnegie started work as a telegrapher . By the 1860s he had investments in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks . He accumulated further wealth as a bond salesman, raising money for American enterprise in Europe. He built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company , which he sold to J. P. Morgan in 1901 for $ 303,450,000 (equal to $ 11,113,550,000 today); it formed

9592-402: A wedding gift for Louise, and their daughter Margaret was born there in 1897. After Margaret was born, Carnegie asked painter Howard Russell Butler to devise plans for a renovation of the 51st Street house. Louise, who wanted to build a completely new house, discussed with Butler the possibility of designing a completely new house in New York City. As late as the end of the 19th century, few of

9810-565: Is Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum , built by Princess Ennigaldi in modern Iraq at the end of the Neo-Babylonian Empire . The site dates from c.  530 BC , and contained artifacts from earlier Mesopotamian civilizations . Notably, a clay drum label—written in three languages—was found at the site, referencing the history and discovery of a museum item. Ancient Greeks and Romans collected and displayed art and objects but perceived museums differently from modern-day views. In

10028-773: Is UNESCO and Blue Shield International in accordance with the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property from 1954 and its 2nd Protocol from 1999. For legal reasons, there are many international collaborations between museums, and the local Blue Shield organizations. Blue Shield has conducted extensive missions to protect museums and cultural assets in armed conflict, such as 2011 in Egypt and Libya, 2013 in Syria and 2014 in Mali and Iraq. During these operations,

10246-409: Is a balustrade atop the curved third story, which is made of marble and iron. Above the fourth story is a marble cornice with modillions. The sloped roof contains projecting dormer windows. The side walls of the house protrude from either side of the fourth story. The Carnegie Mansion was among the first residences in New York City with a steel superstructure and private Otis elevator . The mansion

10464-422: Is a butler's pantry and steward's cabinet on the eastern side of the first floor, behind the organ machinery room. A rear hall, at the house's northeast corner, includes a servant's stair and a service elevator. The rear hall leads to the picture gallery, which originally had a leaded glass skylight that was removed by the 1970s. The room had the Carnegies' artwork and a piano; after a 1913 modification, it also had

10682-488: Is an areaway between the house and 91st Street. There is a secondary entrance on 90th Street, which was added as part of a 2014 renovation of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. The upper stories are clad with brick and have stone quoins at their corners. On the northern and southern elevations, the nine center bays are clustered in three sets of three, and quoins separate each group of bays from each other and from

10900-554: Is believed to be one of the earliest museums in the world. While it connected to the Library of Alexandria it is not clear if the museum was in a different building from the library or was part of the library complex. While little was known about the museum it was an inspiration for museums during the early Renaissance period. The royal palaces also functioned as a kind of museum outfitted with art and objects from conquered territories and gifts from ambassadors from other kingdoms allowing

11118-448: Is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is an ongoing debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museum's collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect and preserve cultural artifacts for future generations. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in preservation efforts to retard decomposition in ageing documents, artifacts, artworks, and buildings. All museums display objects that are important to

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11336-404: Is not a definitive list. Private museums are organized by individuals and managed by a board and museum officers, but public museums are created and managed by federal, state, or local governments. A government can charter a museum through legislative action but the museum can still be private as it is not part of the government. The distinction regulates the ownership and legal accountability for

11554-438: Is not necessarily a negative development; Dorothy Canfield Fisher observed that the reduction in objects has pushed museums to grow from institutions that artlessly showcased their many artifacts (in the style of early cabinets of curiosity) to instead "thinning out" the objects presented "for a general view of any given subject or period, and to put the rest away in archive-storage-rooms, where they could be consulted by students,

11772-634: Is particularly true in the case of postindustrial cities. Examples of museums fulfilling these economic roles exist around the world. For example, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao was built in Bilbao, Spain in a move by the Basque regional government to revitalize the dilapidated old port area of that city. The Basque government agreed to pay $ 100 million for the construction of the museum, a price tag that caused many Bilbaoans to protest against

11990-413: Is the staircase hall and a split-level space that was converted to a coat room at some point. To the right or west was the formal waiting room, which became a cloakroom in 1976. One visitor described the waiting room as a space with dark woodwork, accessed by a small flight of stairs. Originally, the Carnegies' business visitors were directed to the waiting room, while friends and family went straight, into

12208-417: Is to set them up for inevitable failure and to set us (the visitor) up for inevitable disappointment." Museums are facing funding shortages. Funding for museums comes from four major categories, and as of 2009 the breakdown for the United States is as follows: Government support (at all levels) 24.4%, private (charitable) giving 36.5%, earned income 27.6%, and investment income 11.5%. Government funding from

12426-518: The Age of Enlightenment saw their ideas of the museum as superior and based their natural history museums on "organization and taxonomy" rather than displaying everything in any order after the style of Aldrovandi. The first "public" museums were often accessible only for the middle and upper classes. It could be difficult to gain entrance. When the British Museum opened to the public in 1759, it

12644-466: The American Alliance of Museums does not have such a definition, their list of accreditation criteria to participate in their Accreditation Program states a museum must: "Be a legally organized nonprofit institution or part of a nonprofit organization or government entity; Be essentially educational in nature; Have a formally stated and approved mission; Use and interpret objects or a site for

12862-657: The Ancient Greek Μουσεῖον ( mouseion ), which denotes a place or temple dedicated to the muses (the patron divinities in Greek mythology of the arts), and hence was a building set apart for study and the arts, especially the Musaeum (institute) for philosophy and research at Alexandria , built under Ptolemy I Soter about 280 BC. The purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display objects of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for

13080-663: The Carnegie Corporation of New York , Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , Carnegie Institution for Science , Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland , Carnegie Hero Fund , Carnegie Mellon University , and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh , among others. Andrew Carnegie was born to Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline , Scotland, in a typical weaver's cottage with only one main room. It consisted of half

13298-626: The Carnegie Institution at Washington, D.C., to encourage research and discovery. He later contributed more to these and other schools. CIT is now known as Carnegie Mellon University after it merged with the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research . Carnegie also served on the Boards of Cornell University and Stevens Institute of Technology . In 1911, Carnegie became a sympathetic benefactor to George Ellery Hale , who

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13516-672: The Carnegie Steel Company , which became one of the largest American steel companies. Carnegie had shared a hotel suite with his mother until he married Louise Whitfield at the age of 51; they then lived near Fifth Avenue and 51st Street in Midtown Manhattan . The family stayed at their house in Scotland, the Skibo Castle , during the summer. Carnegie had been happy with the 51st Street house, which had been

13734-538: The National Endowment for the Arts , the largest museum funder in the United States, decreased by 19.586 million between 2011 and 2015, adjusted for inflation. The average spent per visitor in an art museum in 2016 was $ 8 between admissions, store and restaurant, where the average expense per visitor was $ 55. Corporations , which fall into the private giving category, can be a good source of funding to make up

13952-617: The Newark Museum in a series of books in the early 20th century so that other museum founders could plan their museums. Dana suggested that potential founders of museums should form a committee first, and reach out to the community for input as to what the museum should supply or do for the community. According to Dana, museums should be planned according to community's needs: "The new museum ... does not build on an educational superstition. It examines its community's life first, and then straightway bends its energies to supplying some

14170-681: The Philippines . Carnegie strongly opposed the idea of American colonies. He opposed the annexation of the Philippines almost to the point of supporting William Jennings Bryan against McKinley in 1900. In 1898, Carnegie tried to arrange independence for the Philippines. As the conclusion of the Spanish–American War neared, the United States purchased the Philippines from Spain for $ 20 million. To counter what he perceived as American imperialism , Carnegie personally offered $ 20 million to

14388-482: The Smithsonian Institution stated that he wanted to establish an institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge". In the late 19th century, museums of natural history exemplified the scientific drive for classifying life and interpreting the world. Their purpose was to gather examples from each field of knowledge for research and display. Concurrently, as American colleges expanded during

14606-474: The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum one block south. The Carnegie Mansion was designed by Babb, Cook & Willard in the Georgian Revival style. The Chicago Daily Tribune wrote that, during the mansion's construction, the structure was variously described as Dutch Colonial Revival and French Renaissance , although it incorporated elements of several architectural styles. The Washington Post described

14824-727: The Spence School to the east. The Church of the Heavenly Rest is directly across 90th Street to the south, while the Otto H. Kahn House , James A. Burden House , John Henry Hammond House , and John and Caroline Trevor House (from west to east) are across 91st Street to the north. The mansion is also part of Fifth Avenue's Museum Mile ; it is near the Jewish Museum in the Felix M. Warburg House one block north, as well as

15042-629: The Titanic Belfast , built on disused shipyards in Belfast , Northern Ireland , incidentally for the same price as the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and by the same architect, Frank Gehry , in time for the 100th anniversary of Titanic 's maiden voyage in 2012. Initially expecting modest visitor numbers of 425,000 annually, first year visitor numbers reached over 800,000, with almost 60% coming from outside Northern Ireland. In

15260-675: The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. uses many artifacts in their memorable exhibitions. Museums are laid out in a specific way for a specific reason and each person who enters the doors of a museum will see its collection completely differently to the person behind them- this is what makes museums fascinating because they are represented differently to each individual. In recent years, some cities have turned to museums as an avenue for economic development or rejuvenation. This

15478-758: The United States Steel Corporation . It was the first corporation in the world with a market capitalization of over $ 1 billion. The buyout, secretly negotiated by Charles M. Schwab (no relation to Charles R. Schwab ), was the largest such industrial takeover in United States history to date. The holdings were incorporated in the United States Steel Corporation, a trust organized by Morgan, and Carnegie retired from business. His steel enterprises were bought out for $ 303,450,000. Carnegie's share of this amounted to $ 225.64 million (in 2023, $ 8.26 billion), which

15696-479: The University of Birmingham in 1899. As Van Slyck (1991) showed, during the last years of the 19th century, there was the increasing adoption of the idea that free libraries should be available to the American public. But the design of such libraries was the subject of prolonged and heated debate. On one hand, the library profession called for designs that supported efficiency in administration and operation; on

15914-417: The Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. It stands on 1.2 acres (0.49 ha) of land between Fifth Avenue and Central Park to the west, 90th Street to the south, and 91st Street to the north. The rectangular land lot occupies about half of its city block and covers 46,415 square feet (4,312 m), with a frontage of around 200 feet (61 m) on Fifth Avenue and 230 feet (70 m) on

16132-834: The interpretive plan for an exhibit, determining the most effective, engaging and appropriate methods of communicating a message or telling a story. The process will often mirror the architectural process or schedule, moving from conceptual plan, through schematic design, design development, contract document, fabrication, and installation. Museums of all sizes may also contract the outside services of exhibit fabrication businesses. Some museum scholars have even begun to question whether museums truly need artifacts at all. Historian Steven Conn provocatively asks this question, suggesting that there are fewer objects in all museums now, as they have been progressively replaced by interactive technology. As educational programming has grown in museums, mass collections of objects have receded in importance. This

16350-499: The 1860s. The British Museum was described by one of their delegates as a 'hakubutsukan', a 'house of extensive things' – this would eventually become accepted as the equivalent word for 'museum' in Japan and China. American museums eventually joined European museums as the world's leading centers for the production of new knowledge in their fields of interest. A period of intense museum building, in both an intellectual and physical sense

16568-520: The 19th century, they also developed their own natural history collections to support the education of their students. By the last quarter of the 19th century, scientific research in universities was shifting toward biological research on a cellular level, and cutting-edge research moved from museums to university laboratories. While many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research

16786-665: The British Museum for its possession of rare antiquities from Egypt, Greece, and the Middle East. The roles associated with the management of a museum largely depend on the size of the institution. Together, the Board and the Director establish a system of governance that is guided by policies that set standards for the institution. Documents that set these standards include an institutional or strategic plan, institutional code of ethics, bylaws, and collections policy. The American Alliance of Museums (AAM) has also formulated

17004-405: The Carnegie Mansion since 1920. The southern elevation of the house is largely built of brick with stone trim, except the first story, which is made of rusticated blocks of white marble. On the upper stories, there are marble quoins at either corner of the facade. The window openings consist of both double-hung windows and casement windows . The western elevation is clad in red brick. There is also

17222-411: The Carnegie Mansion was built with 64 rooms, other sources state that there were 66 or 80 rooms. These spaces included thirty bedrooms, several drawing rooms, and an art-gallery room. Later subdivisions increased the number of rooms in the mansion to 88 or 99. The mansion was built with a total floor area of 55,315 square feet (5,138.9 m). On each floor, a west–east hall spans the entire house. Most of

17440-541: The Columbia Oil Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania . In one year, the firm yielded over $ 1 million in cash dividends, and petroleum from oil wells on the property sold profitably. The demand for iron products, such as armor for gunboats, cannons, and shells, as well as a hundred other industrial products, made Pittsburgh a center of wartime production. Carnegie worked with others in establishing

17658-526: The East. Carnegie helped open the rail lines into Washington D.C. that the rebels had cut; he rode the locomotive pulling the first brigade of Union troops to reach Washington D.C. Following the defeat of Union forces at Bull Run , he personally supervised the transportation of the defeated forces. Under his organization, the telegraph service rendered efficient service to the Union cause and significantly assisted in

17876-772: The Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines. Carnegie combined his assets and those of his associates in 1892 with the launching of the Carnegie Steel Company . Carnegie's success was also due to his relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied on steel for track, but were also making money from steel transport. The steel and railroad barons worked closely to negotiate prices instead of allowing free-market competition. Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, United States trade tariffs were also working in favor of

18094-701: The McAlpin family retained that land lot until June 1919, when it was sold to the Title Guarantee and Trust Company. The adjacent building at 11 East 90th Street housed George's brother William W. McAlpin. During 1898, Carnegie's private secretary visited houses in other countries to determine what features to include in Carnegie's proposed mansion. The size was large enough for a garden. Carnegie stated that he did not want "a grand palace", but rather "the most modest, plainest and most roomy house in New York". At

18312-549: The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, he remained connected to its management, namely Thomas A. Scott and J. Edgar Thomson. He used his connection to the two men to acquire contracts for his Keystone Bridge Company and the rails produced by his ironworks . He also gave stock in his businesses to Scott and Thomson, and the Pennsylvania was his best customer. When he built his first steel plant, he made

18530-534: The Pennsylvania Railroad would be vital to his later success. The railroads were the first big businesses in America, and the Pennsylvania was one of the largest. Carnegie learned much about management and cost control during these years, and from Scott in particular. Scott also helped him with his first investments. Many of these were part of the corruption indulged in by Scott and the president of

18748-481: The Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson , which consisted of inside trading in companies with which the railroad did business, or payoffs made by contracting parties "as part of a quid pro quo ". In 1855, Scott made it possible for Carnegie to invest $ 500 in the Adams Express Company , which contracted with the Pennsylvania to carry its messengers. The money was secured by his mother's placing of

18966-730: The Philippines so that the Filipino people could purchase their independence from the United States. However, nothing came of the offer. In 1898 Carnegie joined the American Anti-Imperialist League , in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines. Its membership included former presidents of the United States Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison and literary figures such as Mark Twain . Carnegie spent his last years as

19184-419: The Skibo Castle. Louise's sister Stella Whitfield , who had lived with the couple since 1890, also moved into the house, living there until the 1910s. There were erroneous media reports that the house would be turned over to Carnegie's daughter Margaret. The Carnegies hosted their first event at the mansion, a housewarming party, the week after they moved in. The mansion did not include a garage, so Carnegie built

19402-876: The U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, and Carnegie owned a large part of it. Carnegie's empire grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock (named for John Edgar Thomson , Carnegie's former boss and president of the Pennsylvania Railroad), the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, the Lucy Furnaces , the Union Iron Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Keystone Bridge Works,

19620-498: The United States in 1848 for the prospect of a better life. They headed to Allegheny, Pennsylvania , where they heard there was a demand for workers. Carnegie's emigration to America was his second journey outside Dunfermline. The first was a family outing to Edinburgh to see Queen Victoria . In September 1848, Carnegie and his family arrived in Allegheny. Carnegie's father struggled to sell his product on his own. Eventually,

19838-697: The United States, several Native American tribes and advocacy groups have lobbied extensively for the repatriation of sacred objects and the reburial of human remains. In 1990, Congress passed the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), which required federal agencies and federally funded institutions to repatriate Native American "cultural items" to culturally affiliate tribes and groups. Similarly, many European museum collections often contain objects and cultural artifacts acquired through imperialism and colonization . Some historians and scholars have criticized

20056-543: The United States, similar projects include the 81,000 square foot Taubman Museum of Art in Roanoke, Virginia and The Broad in Los Angeles . Museums being used as a cultural economic driver by city and local governments has proven to be controversial among museum activists and local populations alike. Public protests have occurred in numerous cities which have tried to employ museums in this way. While most subside if

20274-409: The United States. When Carnegie was 12, his father had fallen on tough times as a handloom weaver. Making matters worse, the country was in starvation. His mother helped support the family by assisting her brother and by selling potted meats at her "sweetie shop", becoming the primary breadwinner. Struggling to make ends meet, the Carnegies decided to borrow money from George Lauder, Sr. and move to

20492-491: The United States. One of his two great innovations was in the cheap and efficient mass production of steel by adopting and adapting the Bessemer process , which allowed the high carbon content of pig iron to be burnt away in a controlled and rapid way during steel production . Steel prices dropped as a result, and Bessemer steel was rapidly adopted for rails; however, it was not suitable for buildings and bridges. The second

20710-519: The Western Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. On December 1, 1859, Carnegie officially became superintendent of the Western Division. He hired his sixteen-year-old brother Tom to be his personal secretary and telegraph operator. Carnegie also hired his cousin, Maria Hogan, who became the first female telegraph operator in the country. As superintendent, Carnegie made a salary of $ 1500 a year ($ 51,000 by 2023 inflation). His employment by

20928-504: The architects, and Carnegie said "they were the only architects in the city who had not begged for the job". In contrast to Babb, Cook & Willard's Georgian design, Hardenbergh had drawn up a Châteauesque design, while Howard, Cauldwell & Morgan had devised an American colonial design. Carnegie hired Babb, Cook & Willard as architects in March 1899. Carnegie was about to construct his mansion and garden by June 1899, and plans for

21146-573: The architects, which Butler had to mediate. Carnegie hired Frederic Archer in May 1900 to design the mansion's organ. The organ was initially supposed to cost $ 16,000, but this price increased after Carnegie requested several alterations to the organ, including changes to its bass register. In April 1901, the New York Large Tree Company began delivering around 30 mature trees to the site, some measuring up to 60 feet (18 m) tall and 17 inches (430 mm) in diameter. By then,

21364-492: The area around his home as "the Highlands of Fifth Avenue". The grounds are enclosed by a metal fence with stone posts. A garden, designed by Guy Lowell and Richard Schermerhorn Jr. , occupies the southern half of the site and wraps around to the western frontage. During the garden's construction, workers excavated the bedrock around the house to a depth of 5 feet (1.5 m) or 10 feet (3.0 m). Workers used loam from

21582-594: The area had increased following Andrew Carnegie's death. The Carnegie Mansion and the houses across 91st Street had been restricted to residential use, but the restriction was lifted in 1934 when the Kahn House across the street was sold to the Convent of the Sacred Heart , a girls' school. The mansion remained Louise Carnegie's residence in the 1940s, when The New York Times wrote that her continued occupancy of

21800-592: The attic. The first-floor rooms include a stair hall, the conservatory, a picture gallery, a library, and various other family rooms. On the upper floors were the Carnegies' bedrooms, guest bedrooms, and staff quarters. These rooms have been modified over the years; since 1976, the interiors have hosted the museum's exhibition spaces and research facilities. Carnegie purchased land in the Upper East Side in 1898 and hired Babb, Cook & Willard following an architectural design competition , The Carnegies moved into

22018-416: The basements were used for storing gifts and as roller-skating rinks for the female servants (who were not allowed to leave the house at night). The layout of the first story was dictated by the dimensions of the dining room, on the southern side of the house, which was the first room to be designed. The entrance on 91st Street leads to a marble entrance vestibule. To the left or east of the entrance vestibule

22236-593: The basis for his later success. Throughout his later career, he made use of his close connections to Thomson and Scott, as he established businesses that supplied rails and bridges to the railroad, offering the two men stakes in his enterprises. Before the American Civil War , Carnegie arranged a merger between Woodruff's company and that of George Pullman , the inventor of the sleeping car for first-class travel , which facilitated business travel at distances over 500 miles (800 km). The investment proved

22454-536: The basis of the U.S. Steel Corporation . After selling Carnegie Steel, he surpassed John D. Rockefeller as the richest American of the time. Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to large-scale philanthropy, with special emphasis on building local libraries , working for world peace, education, and scientific research. He funded Carnegie Hall in New York City, the Peace Palace in The Hague , founded

22672-495: The bay at either end. On the second floor of the northern and southern elevations, there are protruding balconies within the central group of bays, as well as in the end bays. The center three bays on the western elevation also have a balcony at the second floor. The center bay of the eastern elevation has an oriel window at that story. Each window is surrounded by a stone frame; these surrounds are all topped by cornices , and there are triangular pediments above some windows. Atop

22890-448: The beginning of 1899, Carnegie devised blueprints for the first and second floors; he dictated some of the design details and insisted that the mansion not include a ballroom. After the initial blueprints were complete, Carnegie invited Henry J. Hardenbergh ; Howard, Cauldwell & Morgan ; and Babb, Cook & Willard to prepare plans for the mansion. Although none of the three architects specialized in mansion design, Butler knew all of

23108-500: The care of the collections. Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie ( English: / k ɑːr ˈ n ɛ ɡ i / kar- NEG -ee , Scots: [kɑrˈnɛːɡi] ; November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist . Carnegie led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and became one of the richest Americans in history. He became

23326-431: The chosen artifacts. These elements of planning have their roots with John Cotton Dana, who was perturbed at the historical placement of museums outside of cities, and in areas that were not easily accessed by the public, in gloomy European style buildings. Questions of accessibility continue to the present day. Many museums strive to make their buildings, programming, ideas, and collections more publicly accessible than in

23544-556: The city's wealthy residents lived on Fifth Avenue north of the 70s streets. Many of Fifth Avenue's wealthy residents, including the Carnegies, lived around the 50s streets in Midtown Manhattan. Louise wanted a residence that took up "a square of four lots", which would provide a large amount of space for Margaret. Before deciding to move to the neighborhood that became Carnegie Hill, Carnegie had considered relocating to Fifth Avenue, albeit further south. Carnegie Hill had retained

23762-404: The classical period, the museums were the temples and their precincts which housed collections of votive offerings. Paintings and sculptures were displayed in gardens, forums, theaters, and bathhouses. In the ancient past there was little differentiation between libraries and museums with both occupying the building and were frequently connected to a temple or royal palace. The Museum of Alexandria

23980-539: The development of more modern 19th-century museums was part of new strategies by Western governments to produce a citizenry that, rather than be directed by coercive or external forces, monitored and regulated its own conduct. To incorporate the masses in this strategy, the private space of museums that previously had been restricted and socially exclusive were made public. As such, objects and artifacts, particularly those related to high culture, became instruments for these "new tasks of social management". Universities became

24198-412: The different sounds the incoming telegraph signals produced. He developed the ability to translate signals by ear, without using the paper slip. Within a year he was promoted to an operator. Carnegie's education and passion for reading were given a boost by Colonel James Anderson , who opened his personal library of 400 volumes to working boys each Saturday night. Carnegie was a consistent borrower and

24416-521: The early 1880s in partnership with Samuel Storey , he purchased numerous newspapers in Britain, all of which were to advocate the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of "the British Republic". Carnegie's charm, aided by his wealth, afforded him many British friends, including Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone . In 1886, Carnegie's younger brother Thomas died at age 43. While owning steel works, Carnegie had purchased at low cost

24634-510: The eastern side, a rock garden. The garden, which has since become part of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, was renamed the Arthur Ross Terrace and Garden in 1991. Following a 2015 renovation, the Arthur Ross Terrace and Garden retained its rock garden and pathways, and a seating area and a southern entrance to the mansion were added. There is also an elevated walkway next to the mansion, overlooking the garden. As of 2016, people can access

24852-467: The establishment of public libraries throughout the United States, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and mostly other English-speaking countries was especially prominent. In this special driving interest of his, Carnegie was inspired by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) of Baltimore, Maryland , impressed Carnegie deeply; he said, "Pratt was my guide and inspiration." Carnegie turned over management of

25070-413: The establishment of the earliest known museum in ancient times , museums have been associated with academia and the preservation of rare items. Museums originated as private collections of interesting items, and not until much later did the emphasis on educating the public take root. The English word museum comes from Latin , and is pluralized as museums (or rarely, musea ). It is originally from

25288-471: The eventual victory. Carnegie later joked that he was "the first casualty of the war" when he gained a scar on his cheek from freeing a trapped telegraph wire. The defeat of the Confederacy required vast supplies of munitions , railroads and telegraph lines to deliver the goods. The war demonstrated how integral the industries were to Union success. In 1864, Carnegie was one of the early investors in

25506-543: The facade is a stone cornice, which in turn is topped by a stone balustrade and urns . The cornice is ornamented with modillions . There are arched dormer windows with copper sheathing above the third floor. In addition, the roof is topped by brick-and-limestone chimneys. 9 East 90th Street (also known as the McAlpin–Miller House, McAlpin House, or Miller House) is a five-story structure that has been connected with

25724-574: The family's residence until 1946. Since 1976, the house has been occupied by the Cooper-Hewitt Museum , part of the Smithsonian Institution . The mansion is internally connected to two townhouses at 9 East 90th Street (which became part of the building in the 1920s) and 11 East 90th Street , both of which are part of the Cooper-Hewitt. The mansion occupies the northern portion of a 1.2-acre (0.49 ha) site, providing space for

25942-419: The father and son both received job offers at Anchor Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job in 1848 was as a bobbin boy , changing spools of thread in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 days a week in a Pittsburgh cotton factory. His starting wage was $ 1.20 per week ($ 42 by 2023 inflation). His father soon quit his position at the cotton mill, returning to his loom, and was again removed as

26160-517: The first floor to the third; one flight was removed in the 1940s and restored in the 1970s. Another, curved stairway was installed prior to the 1940s; it had a similar ornate balustrade to the main stairway. A two-story passageway, completed in the 1990s, links the mansion to the townhouses at 9 and 11 East 90th Street and houses the Agnes Bourne Bridge Gallery. Originally, 9 East 90th Street had either 39, 45, or 47 rooms. After

26378-409: The former use and status of an object. Religious or holy objects, for instance, are handled according to cultural rules. Jewish objects that contain the name of God may not be discarded, but need to be buried. Although most museums do not allow physical contact with the associated artifacts, there are some that are interactive and encourage a more hands-on approach. In 2009, Hampton Court Palace ,

26596-697: The funding gap. The amount corporations currently give to museums accounts for just 5% of total funding. Corporate giving to the arts, however, was set to increase by 3.3% in 2017. Most mid-size and large museums employ exhibit design staff for graphic and environmental design projects, including exhibitions. In addition to traditional 2-D and 3-D designers and architects, these staff departments may include audio-visual specialists, software designers, audience research, evaluation specialists, writers, editors, and preparators or art handlers. These staff specialists may also be charged with supervising contract design or production services. The exhibit design process builds on

26814-439: The furnace and coal bin, carrying up to 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of coal at once; it transported 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) of coal daily. There was an Italian-tile turntable for this miniature railroad. The second basement had a laundry, ironing room, and drying room; and pipes connecting the furnace to radiators on the upper floors. The first basement had two kitchens, a linen closet, storage rooms, and servants' quarters. There

27032-466: The garden without paying an admission fee or going through the museum first. At the southeast corner of the main mansion is the McAlpin–Miller House at 9 East 90th Street, formerly owned by George L. McAlpin and then by Carnegie's daughter Margaret Miller . The mansion is connected with 9 East 90th Street, and the two buildings share a land lot. The mansion is also internally connected to 11 East 90th Street , and it abuts 15 and 17 East 90th Street and

27250-499: The ground floor, which was shared with the neighboring weaver's family. The main room served as a living room, dining room and bedroom. He was named after his paternal grandfather. William Carnegie had a successful weaving business and owned multiple looms. In 1836, the family moved to a larger house in Edgar Street (opposite Reid's Park), following the demand for more heavy damask , from which his father benefited. Carnegie

27468-402: The house "may come as something of a surprise to many persons". The conservatory's roof, which was blacked out during World War II, was not restored until the 1970s. Louise died in June 1946 and bequeathed the mansion to the Carnegie Corporation of New York . Following Louise Carnegie's death, the mansion remained largely intact, and it was maintained by the family steward Alexander Morrison and

27686-470: The house as "modified Georgian eclectic". The site includes 9 East 90th Street, which was completed in 1903 or 1905. The latter house was designed by George Keister in the Georgian Revival style and includes Beaux-Arts design elements. The mansion is a 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -story structure, finished in brick and stone. All four elevations of the facade are visible from the street. To maximize

27904-517: The house from 1949 to 1971. The Carnegie Corporation gave the house and property to the Smithsonian in 1972, and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum opened there in 1976 following renovations by Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates . The house underwent further renovations in the late 1990s and the early 2010s. The mansion is a New York City designated landmark and a National Historic Landmark . The Carnegie Mansion has received architectural commentary over

28122-417: The house has parquet wood floors; the conservatory was the only room in the house with a tiled floor. Various portraits of Andrew Carnegie were placed around the house when he lived there. There are also plasterwork ceilings throughout the mansion, in addition to motifs depicting acorns and oak leaves. The house was built with a grand staircase made of imported Scottish oak. The stairway originally led from

28340-467: The house was nearly completed and was surrounded by a wooden construction fence. Trees were delivered from Westchester County, New York , via a custom-made wagon pulled by six horses. One newspaper wrote that the trees were intended to block views of a nearby tavern from the house. The New York Large Tree Company placed a $ 161.40 lien on the property in September 1901 after Carnegie did not pay them. When

28558-477: The house was renovated for the Millers at the end of 1920. The Millers furnished their house with some of the furniture from the Carnegies' Massachusetts home. The Carnegie and Miller houses were internally connected so Louise Carnegie could visit her daughter and son-in-law every day. After Margaret moved out, Louise lived in the mansion with her 14 servants. The New York state government attempted to charge Louise

28776-535: The house were published in the Architectural Record the next month. The plans called for a four-story Dutch Colonial-style structure on 91st Street with an eastern wing and a terraced garden. Babb, Cook & Willard filed plans for the house that November. Several contractors submitted bids to build the house, and Charles T. Wills received the general contract in January 1900. A model of the mansion

28994-399: The houses at 9 and 11 East 90th Street. The first story of the facade is clad with rusticated stone blocks. As built, there is a curved sidewalk on 91st Street, which leads to the main entrance. A short flight of steps leads up from the sidewalk to a raised terrace. The entrance itself consists of double doors within a semicircular arch . There is a glass canopy above the main entrance, which

29212-421: The inscriptions were quotations from Scottish poets. When Carnegie was alive, both rooms displayed awards that Carnegie had received, as well as objects relating to him, including a certificate of Carnegie's first-ever stock purchase. The second floor contained the Carnegie family's private rooms, such as dressing rooms, bedrooms, a family library, and a billiard room. Originally, there was a stuffed barracuda at

29430-681: The late 1940s. As late as 1948, the Carnegie Corporation was still offering to lease the house to the UN, but ultimately the UN never moved to the mansion. In January 1949, the Carnegie Corporation agreed to lease both the Carnegie Mansion and the Miller home to the New York School of Social Work for 21 years, with an option to renew the lease. Edgar I. Williams, whose brother was the writer and poet William Carlos Williams , designed

29648-482: The library project by 1908 to his staff, led by James Bertram (1874–1934). The first Carnegie Library opened in 1883 in Dunfermline. His method was to provide funds to build and equip the library, but only on the condition that the local authority matched that by providing the land and a budget for operation and maintenance. To secure local interest, in 1885, he gave $ 500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , for

29866-422: The library room occupies most of the western frontage, while Carnegie's former office occupies the southwestern corner. The doorway to the office was only 6 feet (1.8 m) high; this was done to draw attention away from Carnegie's short stature, as he was 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m) tall. Both rooms have oak wainscoting and inscriptions in gold letters atop the walls. Reflecting Carnegie's heritage, many of

30084-527: The life of a wealthy industrialist should comprise two parts. The first part was the gathering and the accumulation of wealth. The second part was for the subsequent distribution of this wealth to benevolent causes. Philanthropy was key to making life worthwhile. Carnegie was a well-regarded writer. He published three books on travel. In the aftermath of the Spanish–American War , the United States seemed poised to annex Cuba , Guam , Puerto Rico and

30302-422: The looting of the collection is to be prevented in particular. The design of museums has evolved throughout history. However, museum planning involves planning the actual mission of the museum along with planning the space that the collection of the museum will be housed in. Intentional museum planning has its beginnings with the museum founder and librarian John Cotton Dana . Dana detailed the process of founding

30520-426: The main hall from the entry hall and was originally painted in pale yellow and cream colors, with five crystal chandeliers. The dining room, to the east of the reception room, measures 36 by 25 feet (11.0 by 7.6 m) and had a serpentine marble fireplace, damask wall coverings, walnut paneling, and a dumbwaiter from the kitchen. Near the southeast corner of the house is the breakfast room, which could fit 22 people; it

30738-445: The main hall, and other major events took place in the picture gallery. Despite the large number of libraries that Carnegie had funded worldwide , he seldom used his personal library in the mansion; he also spent relatively little on art and largely decorated the picture room with paintings by living artists. Carnegie began allowing local children to play in the mansion's garden in 1911, and Louise's brother Henry D. Whitfield designed

30956-466: The main hall. As of 2014, the Cooper-Hewitt's gift shop and the Tarallucci e Vino cafe occupy parts of the first floor. The main hall runs from west to east. The walls and coffered ceiling are made of oak; when the house was being built, Carnegie rejected proposals to clad the walls with marble or to hang tapestries on them. On the hall's south wall is a tympanum made of stained glass, as well as

31174-439: The mansion every year for his birthday. In the dining room, the Carnegies entertained visitors such as the orator Booker T. Washington and the pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski . The Carnegies sometimes asked dinner guests to sign the tablecloths and then had the signatures embroidered; Mark Twain , Marie Curie , and several U.S. presidents were among those who signed the family's tablecloths. Musical performances often took place in

31392-424: The mansion on December 12, 1902, spending their time between there and Skibo Castle in Scotland. Carnegie lived in his New York City mansion until his death in 1919, and Louise continued to live there until her own death in 1946. In the early 1920s, the mansion was connected with 9 East 90th Street, where Margaret lived from 1920 to 1948. Following a renovation, the Columbia University School of Social Work occupied

31610-405: The mansion was nearing completion in mid-1902, two hundred and fifty workers went on strike to protest low wages; the strike was resolved after less than a week. The mansion's cost was estimated at $ 1.5 million (equivalent to $ 52,823,000 in 2023) or $ 2.5 million (equivalent to $ 88,038,000 in 2023). The Carnegies moved into the house on December 12, 1902, having arrived on an ocean liner from

31828-407: The material which that community needs, and to making that material's presence widely known, and to presenting it in such a way as to secure it for the maximum of use and the maximum efficiency of that use." The way that museums are planned and designed vary according to what collections they house, but overall, they adhere to planning a space that is easily accessed by the public and easily displays

32046-404: The most valuable of the iron ore fields around Lake Superior . Following his tour of the UK, he wrote about his experiences in a book entitled An American Four-in-hand in Britain . In 1886, Carnegie wrote his most radical work to date, entitled Triumphant Democracy . Liberal in its use of statistics to make its arguments, the book argued his view that the American republican system of government

32264-409: The museum landscape has become so varied, that it may not be sufficient to use traditional categories to comprehend fully the vast variety existing throughout the world. However, it may be useful to categorize museums in different ways under multiple perspectives. Museums can vary based on size, from large institutions, to very small institutions focusing on specific subjects, such as a specific location,

32482-617: The museum planning process. Some museum experiences have very few or no artifacts and do not necessarily call themselves museums, and their mission reflects this; the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles and the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia , being notable examples where there are few artifacts, but strong, memorable stories are told or information is interpreted. In contrast,

32700-427: The northern and southern elevations, except that they are five bays wide. A brick-and-stone service wing (originally the art gallery) protrudes off the northern portion of the eastern elevation. Just south of this wing is a metal-and-glass conservatory with a base of rusticated stone blocks and an east-facing pergola . At the rear of the mansion is a passageway made of brick, cedar wood, and granite, which connects with

32918-534: The northern plot, between 91st and 92nd streets, and a "public building of some kind" on the southern plot. Carnegie purchased a plot on the north side of 90th Street in January 1899, increasing the size of the southern plot. He ultimately decided to erect his mansion on the southern plot. Carnegie also acquired several houses on the south side of 91st Street, which he rented exclusively to his friends, such as Carl Schurz . Carnegie retained ownership of several lots to protect his home's value. He did sell off parcels over

33136-485: The old Fleetwood Park Racetrack in the Bronx to fill and grade the pit. The plantings included ivy , rhododendrons , azaleas , roses , and wisterias . The garden originally had around 30 mature trees, which were clustered around the eastern boundary of the site; these included cherry , oak , chestnut , and beech trees, which remained intact in the late 20th century. There were also flower beds and pathways, and, on

33354-525: The only people who really needed to see them". This phenomenon of disappearing objects is especially present in science museums like the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago , which have a high visitorship of school-aged children who may benefit more from hands-on interactive technology than reading a label beside an artifact. There is no definitive standard as to the set types of museums. Additionally,

33572-618: The organ on the first floor remain in place, and the study, library, and one portrait of Carnegie also remained as-is. The School of Social Work officially moved into the mansion on October 5, 1949. A plaque, commemorating the mansion as Carnegie's former residence, was installed outside the house the same month. Museum A museum is an institution dedicated to displaying and/or preserving culturally or scientifically significant objects. Many museums have exhibitions of these objects on public display, and some have private collections that are used by researchers and specialists. Museums host

33790-458: The other lots directly surrounding the house, he never bought the lots at 14–18 East 90th Street to the south; the reason for this is not known. Carnegie was also initially unable to buy the sites at 9 and 11 East 90th Street , although these lots were both later connected to the mansion; these lots had been owned since 1888 by the family of tobacco magnate David Hunter McAlpin . David's son George L. McAlpin built his house at 9 East 90th Street, and

34008-472: The other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced the paternalistic metaphor and enhanced civic pride. Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library design, encouraging a closer correspondence between the two. In 1900, Carnegie gave $ 2 million to start the Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the same amount in 1902 to create

34226-415: The past. Not every museum is participating in this trend, but that seems to be the trajectory of museums in the twenty-first century with its emphasis on inclusiveness. One pioneering way museums are attempting to make their collections more accessible is with open storage. Most of a museum's collection is typically locked away in a secure location to be preserved, but the result is most people never get to see

34444-502: The people of his hometown in Dunfermline in 1879. In the following year, Carnegie gave £8,000 for the establishment of a Dunfermline Carnegie Library in Scotland. In 1884, he gave $ 50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Medical College (now part of New York University Medical Center ) to create a histological laboratory, now called the Carnegie Laboratory. In 1881, Carnegie took his family, including his 70-year-old mother, on

34662-512: The personal collection of Elias Ashmole , was set up in the University of Oxford to be open to the public and is considered by some to be the first modern public museum. The collection included that of Elias Ashmole which he had collected himself, including objects he had acquired from the gardeners, travellers and collectors John Tradescant the elder and his son of the same name . The collection included antique coins, books, engravings, geological specimens, and zoological specimens—one of which

34880-406: The poorer classes. Man must have no idol and the amassing of wealth is one of the worst species of idolatry ! No idol is more debasing than the worship of money! Whatever I engage in I must push inordinately; therefore should I be careful to choose that life which will be the most elevating in its character. To continue much longer overwhelmed by business cares and with most of my thoughts wholly upon

35098-685: The preservation of their objects. They displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a historical printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia. Some museums seek to reach a wide audience, such as a national or state museum, while others have specific audiences, like the LDS Church History Museum or local history organizations. Generally speaking, museums collect objects of significance that comply with their mission statement for conservation and display. Apart from questions of provenance and conservation, museums take into consideration

35316-422: The primary centers for innovative research in the United States well before the start of World War II . Nevertheless, museums to this day contribute new knowledge to their fields and continue to build collections that are useful for both research and display. The late twentieth century witnessed intense debate concerning the repatriation of religious, ethnic, and cultural artifacts housed in museum collections. In

35534-442: The private collections of wealthy individuals, families or institutions of art and rare or curious natural objects and artifacts . These were often displayed in so-called "wonder rooms" or cabinets of curiosities . These contemporary museums first emerged in western Europe, then spread into other parts of the world. Public access to these museums was often possible for the "respectable", especially to private art collections, but at

35752-400: The project. Nonetheless, over 1.1 million people visited the museum in 2015, indicating it appeared to have paid off for the local government despite local backlash; key to this is the large demographic of foreign visitors to the museum, with 63% of the visitors residing outside of Spain and thus feeding foreign investment straight into Bilbao. A similar project to that undertaken in Bilbao was

35970-484: The public presentation of regularly scheduled programs and exhibits; Have a formal and appropriate program of documentation, care, and use of collections or objects; Carry out the above functions primarily at a physical facility or site; Have been open to the public for at least two years; Be open to the public at least 1,000 hours a year; Have accessioned 80 percent of its permanent collection; Have at least one paid professional staff with museum knowledge and experience; Have

36188-407: The public, accessible and inclusive, museums foster diversity and sustainability. They operate and communicate ethically, professionally and with the participation of communities, offering varied experiences for education, enjoyment, reflection and knowledge sharing." The Canadian Museums Association 's definition: "A museum is a non-profit, permanent establishment, that does not exist primarily for

36406-708: The purpose of conducting temporary exhibitions and that is open to the public during regular hours and administered in the public interest for the purpose of conserving, preserving, studying, interpreting, assembling and exhibiting to the public for the instruction and enjoyment of the public, objects and specimens or educational and cultural value including artistic, scientific, historical and technological material." The United Kingdom's Museums Association 's definition: "Museums enable people to explore collections for inspiration, learning and enjoyment. They are institutions that collect, safeguard and make accessible artifacts and specimens, which they hold in trust for society." While

36624-611: The rest of his life to providing capital for purposes of public interest and social and educational advancement. He saved letters of appreciation from those he helped in a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words." He provided $ 25,000 a year to the movement for spelling reform . His organization, the Simplified Spelling Board , created the Handbook of Simplified Spelling , which was written wholly in reformed spelling. Among his many philanthropic efforts,

36842-578: The ruler to display the amassed collections to guests and to visiting dignitaries. Also in Alexandria from the time of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (r. 285–246 BCE), was the first zoological park. At first used by Philadelphus in an attempt to domesticate African elephants for use in war, the elephants were also used for show along with a menagerie of other animals specimens including hartebeests , ostriches , zebras , leopards , giraffes , rhinoceros , and pythons . Early museums began as

37060-448: The same year. Louise added a small play area for her grandchildren in the garden. Between the 1920s and the 1940s, Louise Carnegie continued to host various events such as benefits and organ recitals, and her grandchildren also came to the house. Events included the 1927 marriage of the Carnegies' niece Louise Whitfield, as well as sewing classes, student club meetings, parties in the mansion's garden, and concerts. Meanwhile, development in

37278-527: The second story hosts the Cooper-Hewitt Museum's permanent exhibits. These exhibits include an interactive "immersion room" in Margaret's former bedroom. On the third story were bedrooms for the Carnegies' visitors. The third floor's central hallway has a coved ceiling and stained-glass laylight with plaster frame. Andrew and his daughter had their own gymnasiums on the third floor, which were converted to exhibition space during 1949. Louise's sister Stella had

37496-420: The side streets. Prior to the acquisition of additional property in the early 20th century, the site measured just over 200 feet on Fifth Avenue and 90th Street, and 230 feet on 91st Street. Built for the industrialist Andrew Carnegie and later converted into the Cooper-Hewitt Museum , the mansion was finished in 1902 and was near the north end of Fifth Avenue's Millionaires' Row . Carnegie initially referred to

37714-472: The site at the southwest corner of 92nd Street and Fifth Avenue in December 1902. Carnegie sold a parcel east of Hammond's house in 1909, which became the home of the lawyer John B. Trevor , and he sold the corner of Fifth Avenue and 91st Street to the banker Otto H. Kahn in 1913. Carnegie sold off the last of his holdings on the northern block in 1916. Although Carnegie was wealthy enough to buy almost all

37932-425: The size of the garden, the Carnegie Mansion is placed along the extreme northern boundary of the site, along 91st Street. The architects intended for the house's symmetrical design, as well as its use of relatively simple architectural details, to de-emphasize its large size. The northern and southern elevations are both divided vertically into eleven bays . The western and eastern elevations have similar decorations to

38150-565: The steel industry. Carnegie spent energy and resources lobbying Congress for a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned millions of dollars a year. Carnegie tried to keep this information concealed, but legal documents released in 1900, during proceedings with the ex-chairman of Carnegie Steel, Henry Clay Frick , revealed how favorable the tariffs had been. In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age and considering retirement. He reformed his enterprises into conventional joint stock corporations as preparation for this. John Pierpont Morgan

38368-522: The street from the mansion in 1923. The next year, she sold the lot on the southeast corner of Fifth Avenue and 90th Street to the Church of the Heavenly Rest, subject to restrictions on the church's height and use. Louise also sold an adjacent lot at 2 East 91st Street to the Spence School in 1928. Almus Pratt Evans designed a "garden entrance", connecting the Carnegie Mansion and the Miller House, in

38586-461: The study and education of the public. To city leaders, an active museum community can be seen as a gauge of the cultural or economic health of a city, and a way to increase the sophistication of its inhabitants. To museum professionals, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museum's mission, such as civil rights or environmentalism . Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithson's bequest funding

38804-451: The subject matter which now include content in the form of images, audio and visual effects, and interactive exhibits. Museum creation begins with a museum plan, created through a museum planning process. The process involves identifying the museum's vision and the resources, organization and experiences needed to realize this vision. A feasibility study, analysis of comparable facilities, and an interpretive plan are all developed as part of

39022-412: The third floor became administrative offices, and the fourth floor became faculty offices. Although Carnegie's library remained in use as the school's library room, the secretary's office and drawing room were adapted into stacks and a reading room, respectively. The school upgraded the house to meet fire codes, added partition walls, and installed brighter lighting. The Carnegie Corporation requested that

39240-538: The third floor became the Cooper Hewitt Museum's library, known as the Doris and Henry Dreyfuss Study Center. The Barbara and Morton Mandel Design Gallery, measuring 6,000 square feet (560 m), was added to the third floor during a 2010s renovation. The house's servants originally stayed on the fourth story. Unlike the rest of the house, the fourth floor was not insulated and did not have ventilation; it

39458-437: The top of the stairway landing, as well as a central hall with columns, painted pilasters, and oak ceiling beams. The hallway still exists and has ornate doorways leading off either side. The family library and billiard room occupy the northern side of the second floor, next to the staircase hall. De Forest designed the family library, which had an ornate fireplace, frieze , paneling, corbels , and stenciled ceiling decoration; it

39676-710: The townhouses were converted to the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Library in 2011, the Fred & Rae S. Friedman Rare Book Room was housed at 9 East 90th Street, while 11 East 90th Street contains the reception room, the Arthur Ross Reading Room, and another reading room for quiet study. The third and lowest basement level had three water filters, a large furnace, and a coal bin that could store 200 short tons (180 long tons; 180 t) of coal. A miniature railroad ran between

39894-494: The type of collections they display, to include: fine arts , applied arts , craft , archaeology , anthropology and ethnology , biography , history , cultural history , science , technology , children's museums , natural history , botanical and zoological gardens . Within these categories, many museums specialize further, e.g., museums of modern art , folk art , local history , military history , aviation history , philately , agriculture , or geology . The size of

40112-471: The vast majority of collections. The Brooklyn Museum's Luce Center for American Art practices this open storage where the public can view items not on display, albeit with minimal interpretation. The practice of open storage is all part of an ongoing debate in the museum field of the role objects play and how accessible they should be. In terms of modern museums, interpretive museums, as opposed to art museums, have missions reflecting curatorial guidance through

40330-766: The way its subject matter existed at a certain point in time (e.g., the Anne Frank House and Colonial Williamsburg ). According to University of Florida Professor Eric Kilgerman, "While a museum in which a particular narrative unfolds within its halls is diachronic, those museums that limit their space to a single experience are called synchronic." In her book Civilizing the Museum , author Elaine Heumann Gurian proposes that there are five categories of museums based on intention and not content: object centered, narrative, client centered, community centered, and national. Museums can also be categorized into major groups by

40548-409: The way to make more money in the shortest time, must degrade me beyond hope of permanent recovery. I will resign business at thirty-five, but during these ensuing two years I wish to spend the afternoons in receiving instruction and in reading systematically! Carnegie made his fortune in the steel industry, controlling the most extensive integrated iron and steel operations ever owned by an individual in

40766-428: The whim of the owner and his staff. One way that elite men during this time period gained a higher social status in the world of elites was by becoming a collector of these curious objects and displaying them. Many of the items in these collections were new discoveries and these collectors or naturalists, since many of these people held interest in natural sciences, were eager to obtain them. By putting their collections in

40984-399: The work was even more irksome than the factory. I had to run a small steam-engine and to fire the boiler in the cellar of the bobbin factory. It was too much for me. I found myself night after night, sitting up in bed trying the steam gauges, fearing at one time that the steam was too low and that the workers above would complain that they had not power enough, and at another time that the steam

41202-475: The world offer some definitions as to what constitutes a museum, and their purpose. Common themes in all the definitions are public good and the care, preservation, and interpretation of collections. The International Council of Museums ' current definition of a museum (adopted in 2022): "A museum is a not-for-profit, permanent institution in the service of society that researches, collects, conserves, interprets and exhibits tangible and intangible heritage. Open to

41420-482: The years, but only to "congenial neighbors", namely people who were willing to build similarly ornate mansions. Carnegie sold four land lots on 91st Street to the businessman William Douglas Sloane in December 1900, After Sloane and Carnegie swapped additional land in 1901, Sloane's sons-in-law James A. Burden and John Henry Hammond built their own mansions at 7 and 9 East 91st Street, respectively. Another industrialist, James Burden's uncle I. Townsend Burden , bought

41638-467: The years. The construction of the mansion spurred other wealthy New Yorkers to build their homes nearby, and Carnegie's presence there influenced the name of the surrounding area, which has come to be called Carnegie Hill . In addition, over the years, the mansion has been depicted in several films and TV series. The Andrew Carnegie Mansion is at 2 East 91st Street in the Carnegie Hill section of

41856-540: Was "encyclopedic" in nature, reminiscent of that of Pliny, the Roman philosopher and naturalist. The idea was to consume and collect as much knowledge as possible, to put everything they collected and everything they knew in these displays. In time, however, museum philosophy would change and the encyclopedic nature of information that was so enjoyed by Aldrovandi and his cohorts would be dismissed as well as "the museums that contained this knowledge". The 18th-century scholars of

42074-484: Was a banker and America's most important financial deal maker. He had observed how efficiently Carnegie produced profits. He envisioned an integrated steel industry that would cut costs, lower prices to consumers, produce in greater quantities and raise wages to workers. To this end, he needed to buy out Carnegie and several other major producers and integrate them into one company, thereby eliminating duplication and waste. He concluded negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed

42292-435: Was a concern that large crowds could damage the artifacts. Prospective visitors to the British Museum had to apply in writing for admission, and small groups were allowed into the galleries each day. The British Museum became increasingly popular during the 19th century, amongst all age groups and social classes who visited the British Museum, especially on public holidays. The Ashmolean Museum , however, founded in 1677 from

42510-401: Was a nurse's room, a bathroom, and a nursery pantry clustered around the eastern part of the house, next to Margaret's bedroom. These rooms housed Margaret's nurse "Nannie" Lockerbie, the only servant who stayed on the second floor. The bedrooms were converted to classrooms in 1949, and some of the walls were knocked down in the 1970s when the second story was converted to galleries. As of 2014,

42728-403: Was a wine closet next to the kitchens, with terracotta walls that could hold 3,000 bottles. Also in the first basement was a central telephone switchboard that served 20 phones in the house, as well as a steward's room, a servants' sitting room, and servants' bathrooms. The basement spaces were clad with glazed brick to prevent dust from accumulating. In addition to housing the mechanical plant,

42946-559: Was an important proof-of-concept for steel technology, which marked the opening of a new steel market. Carnegie believed in using his fortune for others and doing more than making money. In 1868, at age 33, he wrote: I propose to take an income no greater than $ 50,000 per annum! Beyond this I need ever earn, make no effort to increase my fortune, but spend the surplus each year for benevolent purposes! Let us cast aside business forever, except for others. Let us settle in Oxford and I shall get

43164-481: Was around 18 years old, Thomas A. Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad employed him as a secretary/telegraph operator at a salary of $ 4.00 per week ($ 146 by 2023 inflation). Carnegie accepted the job with the railroad as he saw more prospects for career growth and experience there than with the telegraph company. When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott asked him if he could handle being superintendent of

43382-496: Was charged with organizing the Louvre as a national public museum and the centerpiece of a planned national museum system. As Napoléon I conquered the great cities of Europe, confiscating art objects as he went, the collections grew and the organizational task became more and more complicated. After Napoleon was defeated in 1815, many of the treasures he had amassed were gradually returned to their owners (and many were not). His plan

43600-461: Was designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany . Early plans for the house called for the terrace to surround the entire mansion, but Carnegie ordered that the terrace be removed when the mansion was nearly completed. When the mansion was renovated in the mid-1990s, the steps in front of the main entrance were extended outward, and a ramp was installed behind a balustrade. On the rest of the first story, there are arched openings topped by ornate keystones . There

43818-486: Was displayed at the Architectural League of New York the same year. Louise Carnegie influenced many aspects of the mansion's design, having added a "winter garden", playroom, and nursery for her only child. He also contemplated erecting a 40-foot-tall (12 m) marble wall to the east, blocking views from Madison Avenue . Carnegie requested numerous revisions to the design, causing disputes between him and

44036-452: Was drawn into the basement, filtered, and then separated into drinking and domestic water. Edward F. Caldwell & Co. installed an electric lighting system throughout the mansion. The electricity, sewage, and water intakes could all be regulated by a master switchboard . The mansion has four above-ground stories including the attic. There are three basements, which accommodated the house's heating system. Although several sources state that

44254-464: Was educated at the Free School in Dunfermline, a gift to the town from philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask. Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish political leader George Lauder Sr. , deeply influenced him as a boy by introducing him to Robert Burns ' writings and historical Scottish heroes such as Robert the Bruce , William Wallace , and Rob Roy . Lauder's son, also named George Lauder , grew up with Carnegie and later became his business partner in

44472-410: Was equipped with five electric elevators from the outset, at a time when many elevators were hydraulic. Two of the elevators carried passengers: one elevator ran only between the first and third floors, while another was used by servants and traveled between the attic and the lowest basement. There was also a dumbwaiter , which may have been one of the first dumbwaiters to use direct current , as well as

44690-458: Was illuminated by Tiffany lamps. Andrew, his wife Louise , and their only child Margaret each had their own bedrooms at the northwest, southwest, and southeast corners of the second floor, respectively. Both parents had their own bathrooms; Louise Carnegie also had her own dressing room and sitting room, while Margaret had her own sitting room or day nursery. De Forest decorated Andrew's dressing room with carved wood from India. In addition, there

44908-475: Was in his vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials. In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival Homestead Steel Works , which included an extensive plant served by tributary coal and iron fields, a 425-mile-long (684 km) railway, and a line of lake steamships . In the late 1880s, Carnegie Steel was the largest manufacturer of pig iron, steel rails, and coke in the world, with a capacity to produce approximately 2,000 tons of pig iron per day. By 1889,

45126-420: Was large enough to meet the needs of an ocean liner , while the air-cooling system was among the first in a private residence. Outdoor air was drawn from openings in the attic and through air filters in the basement, then heated, moistened, and distributed to each room. On the first through third floors, the temperature in each room was controlled by a thermostat. Water from the New York City water supply system

45344-711: Was never fully realized, but his concept of a museum as an agent of nationalistic fervor had a profound influence throughout Europe. Chinese and Japanese visitors to Europe were fascinated by the museums they saw there, but had cultural difficulties in grasping their purpose and finding an equivalent Chinese or Japanese term for them. Chinese visitors in the early 19th century named these museums based on what they contained, so defined them as "bone amassing buildings" or "courtyards of treasures" or "painting pavilions" or "curio stores" or "halls of military feats" or "gardens of everything". Japan first encountered Western museum institutions when it participated in Europe's World's Fairs in

45562-432: Was originally outfitted with walnut paneling, bronze-and-glass lamps, a plaster ceiling with molded geometric patterns, and a custom wall covering. Extending off the breakfast room is the conservatory (officially the Barbara Riley Levin Conservatory), which could accommodate 600 guests. The conservatory occupies a separate glass-and-iron enclosure and had a marble fountain and its own elevator, heating, and ventilation. There

45780-511: Was paid to him in the form of 5%, 50-year gold bonds. The letter agreeing to sell his share was signed on February 26, 1901. On March 2, the circular formally filed the organization and capitalization (at $ 1.4 billion—4% of the U.S. gross domestic product at the time) of the United States Steel Corporation actually completed the contract. The bonds were to be delivered within two weeks to the Hudson Trust Company of Hoboken, New Jersey , in trust to Robert A. Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. There,

45998-586: Was realized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (this is often called "The Museum Period" or "The Museum Age"). While many American museums, both natural history museums and art museums alike, were founded with the intention of focusing on the scientific discoveries and artistic developments in North America, many moved to emulate their European counterparts in certain ways (including the development of Classical collections from ancient Egypt , Greece , Mesopotamia , and Rome ). Drawing on Michel Foucault 's concept of liberal government, Tony Bennett has suggested

46216-416: Was relatively simple in design, with white glazed tiles. The fourth story consisted of numerous bedrooms arranged around a hall; at the center of the hallway, a bronze railing surrounded the third-floor laylight. Female servants occupied most of the rooms, while male servants lived near the southwest corner. There were also two storage rooms: one each for Louise Carnegie and for the housekeeper. The fourth floor

46434-404: Was subdivided after the Carnegies died. Since the 1990s, the Design Resource Center has occupied the fourth story, extending into 9 and 11 East 90th Street. The fourth story includes the Henry Luce Study Room for American Art and the Drue Heinz Study Center for Drawings and Prints. Andrew Carnegie, born in Scotland in 1835, immigrated to the U.S. as a child. During the late 19th century, he founded

46652-479: Was superior to the British monarchical system. It gave a highly favorable and idealized view of American progress and criticized the British royal family. The cover depicted an upended royal crown and a broken scepter. The book created considerable controversy in the UK. The book made many Americans appreciate their country's economic progress and sold over 40,000 copies, mostly in the U.S. Although actively involved in running his many businesses, Carnegie had become

46870-505: Was the Louvre in Paris , opened in 1793 during the French Revolution , which enabled for the first time free access to the former French royal collections for people of all stations and status. The fabulous art treasures collected by the French monarchy over centuries were accessible to the public three days each " décade " (the 10-day unit which had replaced the week in the French Republican Calendar ). The Conservatoire du muséum national des Arts (National Museum of Arts's Conservatory)

47088-418: Was the stuffed body of the last dodo ever seen in Europe; but by 1755 the stuffed dodo was so moth-eaten that it was destroyed, except for its head and one claw. The museum opened on 24 May 1683, with naturalist Robert Plot as the first keeper. The first building, which became known as the Old Ashmolean , is sometimes attributed to Sir Christopher Wren or Thomas Wood. In France, the first public museum

47306-472: Was too high and that the boiler might burst. In 1849, Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy in the Pittsburgh Office of the Ohio Telegraph Company, at $ 2.50 per week ($ 92 by 2023 inflation) following the recommendation of his uncle. He was a hard worker and would memorize all of the locations of Pittsburgh's businesses and the faces of important men. He made many connections this way. He also paid close attention to his work and quickly learned to distinguish

47524-435: Was trying to build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker Telescope at Mount Wilson , and donated an additional ten million dollars to the Carnegie Institution with the following suggestion to expedite the construction of the telescope: "I hope the work at Mount Wilson will be vigorously pushed, because I am so anxious to hear the expected results from it. I should like to be satisfied before I depart, that we are going to repay to

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