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99-522: In Chinese, Afaq Khoja is known as 伊達雅圖勒拉 ; Yīdáyǎ Túlēilā . His name is also written as 阿帕克霍加 ( Āpàkè Huòjiā ) or 阿帕克和卓 ( Āpàkè Hézhuō ) and occasionally just 阿帕霍加 ( Āpà Huòjiā ); Khoja may also appear as 和卓 (Hézhuō). In the Uyghur Latin alphabet , it is written as Apaq Xoja and in Modern Uyghur script as ئاپاق خوجا . Under the later Chagatai Khans, Islam recovered from

198-492: A "wrathful worldly spirit", the propitiation of which "contradicts the precepts of taking refuge". In reply, Phabongka (who is better remembered for his teachings on the graded stages of the path and reputation of conferring Kalachakra empowerments to large crowds of laypeople regardless of his having enthusiastically propitiated Shugden) acknowledged his "error". In the same letter, Phabongka said "...I have propitiated Shugden until now because my old mother told me that Shugden

297-740: A crucial rôle in extending the influence of the Gelug school within Amdo . The 5th Dalai Lama tutored Galdan Boshugtu Khan who later became leader of the Dzungar Khanate and granted him the titles of Hongtaiji and Boshoghtu (or Boshughtu) Khan. The Dalai Lama also sanctioned Galdan Boshugtu Khan's invasion of the last remaining remnants of the Chagatai Khanate in the Dzungar conquest of Altishahr after Afaq Khoja requested help from

396-494: A home in which the disturbed spirit of Drakpa Gyaltsen  – an iconoclastic tulku and rival scholar who had died under mysterious circumstances at a time of considerable political turmoil – might finally settle. Reportedly, though, the evil spirit's harmful activities only intensified, manifesting (in part) as atmospheric disturbances including hailstorms, but also causing both people and cattle to fall prey to disease. The deaths of some monks were attributed to

495-704: A military council in Beijing on March 23, 1757) to liquidate the whole Dzungar nation till the last baby. Those who survived were killed by a smallpox epidemic. The total loss of the population in Dzungaria reached 1,000,000, transforming it eventually into the land without people . At the same time, Khoja Jahan, executing Khoja Burhan ad-Din's order, razed to ground in 1755 both Dzungar temples , Golden and Silver , in Ghulja and Kainuk cities of Ili River Valley, that were built by Galdan Boshugtu Khan and represented

594-631: A military strategy in the Dalai Lama's name, though apparently with neither Lobsang Gyatso's prior knowledge nor consent. Güshi Khan (who was head of the Khoshut tribe ) conquered Kham in 1640 bringing the Sakyas and the lords of Kham and Amdo under their control. His victory over Karma Tenkyong , the prince of Tsang in Shigatse , in 1642, completed the military conquest of the country and

693-512: A new reform of the writing system. It is to be used solely in computer-related fields as an ancillary writing system”. ULY had a heavy public relations presence on both the Internet and official Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region media but despite official efforts to play down the sense of a massive reform, ULY has acquired that connotation and the public seems wary of it. The importance of having one-to-one correspondence between Latin and Arabic

792-592: A particular type of "very powerful, perfidious spirit") in the area of Dol Chumig Karmo had "...been harming the teaching of the Buddha and sentient beings in general and in particular" since at least the fire-bird year of 1657 (CE). The version of events which the 5th Dalai Lama relates is substantially corroborated by the account laid out in 1749 (CE) by Gelug historian Sumpa Khenpo ( Tibetan : སུམ་པ་མཁན་པོ་ཡེ་ཤེས་དཔལ་འབྱོར་ , Wylie : sum-pa mKhan-po ye-shes dpal-‘byor 1702–1788 CE). At any rate: confronted with

891-595: A powerful ruler controlling several cities around the Tarim Basin , including Khotan , Yarkand , Korla , Kucha and Aksu as well as Kashgar . According to sources from Ishaki khojas Afaq Khoja initially paid 100,000 tangas (silver coins) to the Dzungars for their military assistance and accepted the mandate of the Dzungars, led by Galdan Boshughtu Khan (1670–1697). Later the Dzungars demanded they pay them 100,000 tangas every year as tribute and this request

990-619: A protector of the Sakya school to which he's tied through prior incarnations. Due largely to the determined cunning of his first regent Sonam Chöphel and the military support of his Mongolian disciple Güsri Khan, in 1642 the 25-year-old 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso inherited military and political control of a nation that had been torn by over a century of power struggles and civil war characterized by factionalism and sectarian allegiances. The general form of government he instituted would remain largely in place until Tibet's military occupation by

1089-409: A religious and secular nature. For the religious part he was an advocator of implementing Islamic Sharia law against Mongol Yassa law which was in force at that time while for the secular part he heavily criticized the luxurious lifestyle which the ruling elites enjoyed. This clash proved serious due to the fact that Chagatai Khan (c. 1185–1241 or 1242) had been appointed by Genghis Khan to see if

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1188-642: A religious principle". The 5th Dalai Lama's official visit, as an independent head of state, to Beijing in 1653 should be understood in the context of the prior relationship which existed between China and Tibet. Earlier invitations to visit the Manchu court in Beijing had been turned down by both 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso and 4th Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso. Analyzing the Ming emperors' repeated invitations of Tibetan lamas from various schools, contemporary Buddhist scholar Alexander Berzin says that "requests by

1287-600: A series held there for that purpose that started in November 2000. In January 2008, the ULY project was amended and identified by Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Regional Working Committee of Minorities' Language and Writing. The letters in the ULY are, in order: The creators of ULY strongly emphasized that “the proposed alphabet should not replace [the Persian-Arab Uyghur alphabet] nor should its introduction represent

1386-637: A significant numbers of followers of Afaq Khoja inside the Khanate so that the profile of the Afaq Khoja increased considerably. The Dzungar leader Galdan Boshugtu Khan then launched the Dzungar conquest of Altishahr , conquered the Yarkent Khanate and then installed Afaqi Khoja as one of their puppet rulers. In 1691 a temporary alliance between Muhammad Imin Khan, son of Sultan Said Baba Khan, who

1485-723: A while. The next strong Dzungar ruler, Tsewang Rabtan (1697–1727), subjugated Kashgaria again; to stay on the safe side, Dzungars this time were now to keep the Afaqi Khojas as hostages in the Ili region , and rule Kashgarian cities through Afaqis' rivals, the Ishaqi khojas - Karataghliks , i.e. 'Black Mountaineers'. In the 1750s, two Afaqi Khoja descendants, the brothers Burhān al-Dīn (خواجہ برہان الدین) and Khwāja-i Jahān (خواجہ جهان ), had been held by Dzungars as hostages in Ili. They aided

1584-437: A wife and had received rich estates, and gradually established a theocracy, laying upon the necks of the submissive, apathetic people a heavy yoke which they still bear. In course of time two parties were formed whose influence on the subsequent history of the country has been profound. The supporters of the elder son were termed Ak Taulin or "White Mountaineers", from the name of the range behind Artush, their headquarters, whereas

1683-531: Is considered the holiest Muslim site in Xinjiang . It is located at 39°29′26″N 76°1′23″E  /  39.49056°N 76.02306°E  / 39.49056; 76.02306 in Haohan Village ( 浩罕村 ), a northeastern suburb some 5 km from the city centre of Kashgar . First built ca. 1640, initially as Muhammad Yusuf tomb, the beautiful tiled mausoleum contains the tombs of five generations of

1782-609: Is credited with having discovered the incarnation. While the Karma, Drugpa and Jonangpa Kagyu orders, (beside the Gelug group from Drepung monastery ) had all independently sought to claim Künga Migyur as a reincarnation of one or another of their own lamas who'd also died in 1616, young Künga Migyur's parents reportedly resisted their demands. Lobsang Gyatso was the name which Künga Migyur received from Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen upon taking novice monastic ordination from him at Drepung . In 1638 when he took full ordination, also in

1881-536: Is noteworthy. The different orthographies are compared in the following table. Below follows an example of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1) in Uyghur: 5th Dalai Lama The 5th Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso ( Tibetan : ངག་དབང་བློ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ , Wylie : Ngag-dbang blo-bzang rgya-mtsho ; Tibetan pronunciation: [ŋɑ̀wɑ̀ŋ lɔ́psɑ̀ŋ cɑ̀t͡só] ; 1617–1682)

1980-527: Is the deity of my maternal lineage", thereby acknowledging Shugden practice's provincial and even familial (as well as Sakya ) origins. The current 14th Dalai Lama , for his part, continues to maintain it was the Fifth's intent to appease the interfering spirit of the Gyalpo class from Dol Chumig Karmo – hence his insistence on using the name "Dolgyal" to disambiguate a practice he disrecommends from one of

2079-470: Is viewed as a perfidious betrayer collaborator by some Uyghur nationalists while he and his grave was still honored and revered as a saint by other Uyghurs. The power of miracles and the equivalent status of Jesus (Isa) in Islam have been attributed, according by some Uyghurs, to Appak Khoja. "This was the famous shrine, and we were invited to step inside, where we saw a crowded mass of bluetiled tombs, that of

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2178-752: The Afāqi family, providing resting places for its 72 members, both men and women. Uyghur Latin alphabet The Uyghur Latin alphabet ( Uyghur : ئۇيغۇر لاتىن يېزىقى , Uyghur Latin Yëziqi , ULY , Уйғур Латин Йезиқи) is an auxiliary alphabet for the Uyghur language based on the Latin script . Uyghur is primarily written in Uyghur Arabic alphabet and sometimes in Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet . In 2023,

2277-529: The Potrang Karpo  – the White Palace ;– in 1649. The initial phase of construction continued until 1694, some twelve years after the 5th Dalai Lama's death, which was kept secret from the general public for that length of time. The Potrang Marpo  – or Red Palace – was added between 1690 and 1694. The Fifth Dalai Lama formally institutionalized

2376-475: The Dalai Lamas ' personal monastery (already known as Namgyal by that time). Thus invoking all of Tibet 's dharma protectors – including Nechung – the 5th Dalai Lama charged them to "not support, protect, or give ... shelter" to Drakpa Gyaltsen in a formal promulgation which the current 14th Dalai Lama characterizes as "quite strongly worded". Recalling the events of that time later,

2475-555: The Gelug order as an "elevation" by Lobsang Gyatso of the dangerously volatile Dolgyal (by now, quite thoroughly conflated with the original Sakya protector named Shugden) to the status of Dharmapala – in other words: a particularly forceful emanation of a blissfully awakened Buddha 's enlightened activity and therefore basically an enlightened being, himself. The 13th Dalai Lama therefore sought to clarify his view about Dorje Shugden's status in his letter to Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo , in which he identified Dorje Shugden as

2574-533: The Gelug school reportedly joined Mongol forces in coercing monks of certain Kagyu and Bön institutions to embrace specifically Gelug doctrines. Modern Tibetans still differentiate between Bön and Buddhism in common parlance, calling members of the Nyingma , Sakya , Kagyu and Gelug schools nangpa (meaning "insider"), while referring to practitioners of Bön as bönpo . The Jonangpa order belongs to

2673-519: The Jonang and Gelug schools' respective zhentong and rangtong views on voidness. After moving to Amdo the school's distinct transmission lineages of both zhentong philosophy and Dro Kalachakra completion stage practices could be preserved and survived intact to this day. In late 2001, the current 14th Dalai Lama reportedly composed an "Aspiration Prayer for the Flourishing of

2772-694: The Kagyupa group of schools, the 7th one to emerge. According to Snellgrove and Richardson , it was a difference in philosophy that caused a bitter schism to arise with the Gelugpa, however Samten Karmay maintains that the 5th Dalai Lama's negative attitude towards the Jonangpa was determined by political rather than philosophical or religious considerations. He records elsewhere that the Fifth Dalai Lama's personal biographer and Sanskrit teacher

2871-634: The Khufiyya and the Jahriyya , respectively. Khoja Afaq's descendants, known as the Āfāqi khojas , or the Aq Taghliqs , i.e. 'White Mountaineers', played an important part in the local politics south of the Tian Shan range for almost two centuries after Afāq's death. They first ruled Kashgaria as Dzungars ' vassals, but after the death of Dzungars' Galdan Khan managed to gain independence for

2970-498: The Lhasa Mönlam , the capital city's New Year Festival, which had originally been created by the reformer Je Tsongkhapa in 1409 (CE). It was under Gyatso's rule that the "rule of religion" was finally firmly established "even to the layman, to the nomad, or to the farmer in his fields". This was not the supremacy of the Gelug school over Bön , or over the other Buddhist schools, but "the dedication of an entire nation to

3069-454: The People's Republic of China in the 1950s. Nevertheless, Lobsang Gyatso's rule over Tibet included various incidents which, 350 years later, certain keen observers – namely, the heirs of those Kagyupa followers whose patrons lost power during unification or during the quelling of their subsequent rebellions – still consider to have been the abuse of government power. In 1648, Tibetans loyal to

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3168-599: The Qianlong Emperor of the Manchu -led Qing Empire in campaign for annihilating the Dzungars: From spring 1755 till summer 1757, around 300,000 Dzungars, regardless of gender and age, were massacred by the invading 300,000-strong Qing army, which executed an official orders given to General Zhaohui by the Qianlong Emperor first to quell Dzungar's Rebellion in the spring of 1756 and then ( on

3267-632: The Qing dynasty simultaneously, and had positive relations with other neighboring countries. He began the custom of meeting early European explorers . The 5th Dalai Lama built the Potala Palace, and also wrote 24 volumes' worth of scholarly and religious works on a wide range of subjects. To understand the context within which the Dalai Lama institution came to hold temporal power in Tibet during

3366-563: The Sakya , Jonang , and Kagyu schools, while maintaining somewhat tense but cordial relations with his Gelug neighbours at Tashilhunpo . Then Altan Khan , King of the Tumed Mongols, invited Drepung Monastery's abbot Sonam Gyatso to Mongolia. In 1577–78 Sonam Gyatso accepted, went there and converted him and his subjects to Buddhism, receiving the Mongolian name "Dalai" in the process by which action his lineage became known as

3465-461: The "Dalai Lamas" and he became the 3rd Dalai Lama . His two predecessors became known as the 1st and 2nd Dalai Lamas posthumously. The Samdruptse government saw this development as a politico-religious alliance between the Gelugpa and a foreign power. When Sonam Gyatso died, the Gelugpa recognised a Mongolian prince as his incarnation and so a Mongolian 4th Dalai Lama , Yonten Gyatso (1589–1617),

3564-651: The 5th Dalai Lama acknowledged as king of the Dzungar Upper Mongols in Kokonor . The Fifth Dalai Lama began construction of the Potala Palace in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisors, Konchog Chophel (d. 1646), pointed out that the site would be an ideal seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera monasteries, and overlooking Songtsen Gampo 's old capital city of Lhasa. The 5th Dalai Lama and his government moved into

3663-417: The 5th Dalai Lama immediately commenced the tradition of searching for his next incarnation. He composed a special prayer asking his master "to return" and directed the monks of Tibet's great monasteries to recite it. He also reserved the traditional title of Panchen (short for Pandita chen po "Great Scholar") – which had previously been a courtesy title for all exceptionally learned lamas – exclusively for

3762-433: The 5th Dalai Lama wrote that "...indirectly these creatures..." – Tibetan : འབྱུང་པོ་ , Wylie : ‘byung-po means, roughly, "creature" or "evil spirit" – "...were delivered to the peaceful state of being, released from having to experience the intolerable suffering of bad states of rebirth due to their increasingly negative actions." But the unification of Tibet having occurred at least in part on account of scapegoating

3861-469: The 5th Dalai Lama, Lobsang Gyatso, completed all his formal monastic training as a Gelugpa , proving to be an exceptional scholar, he also studied Nyingmapa doctrines, and took Nyingma tantric empowerments. The great Geluk scholar Sumpa Khenpo acknowledged that Lobsang Gyatso took a special interest in Nyingma tantric doctrines. In fact, the Fifth Dalai Lama states in his autobiography that rather than

3960-695: The British-supported Jihangir Rebellion (1826–1828) and the usurpation of Kashgaria by Kokand retainer Yaqub Beg (1864–1877) who recognized Ottoman suzerainty. Well into 20th century, there were still local princely families of Khojijan descent. The Chinese warlord and Military Governor (Duban) of Sinkiang general Sheng Shicai (April 12, 1933- August 29, 1944) restored the status of several of these local rulers to facilitate his rule. The Qarataghliks (Black Mountaineers) propagated anti-Afaq Khoja literature. For his action of inviting Dzungar invasion and rule, Afaq Khoja

4059-539: The Dalai Lama over the power struggle between the Afaqi and Ishaqi Khojas . In 1679, the 5th Dalai Lama overruled the advice of his Prime Minister and launched an expedition resulting in the Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War that did not conclude until two years after his death with the 1684 Treaty of Tingmosgang . In a move distinctly evocative of Songtsen Gampo , Lobsang Gyatso once again proclaimed Lhasa to be

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4158-639: The Drugpa Kagyu and his mother had connections with the Jonangpa Kagyu through her family at Nakartse Dzong. Thus, after his birth on the 22nd day of the 9th month of the Fire-snake year (late 1617), Taranatha , the most remarkable scholar and exponent of the Jonang school (a.k.a. Tagten Tulku, a.k.a. Kunga Nyingpo), named the child 'Kün-ga Migyur Tobgyal Wanggi Gyalpo'. His family called him 'Künga Migyur'. The child's father, Dudul Rabten,

4257-546: The Dzungar mandate, but finally he fled to India . Kashgaria was soon reconquered by Dzungar Khan Tsewang Rabtan in 1713. Afaq Khoja's influence spread far outside of Xinjiang. From 1671-72, he was preaching in Gansu (which then included parts of modern Qinghai province), where his father Muhammad Yusuf had preached before. On that tour, he visited Xining (today's Qinghai province), Lintao , and Hezhou (now Linxia ), and

4356-524: The Fifth Dalai Lama did not accept it. He wrote that after he left Beijing on his way back to Tibet, "the emperor made his men bring a golden seal for me" but "The Tibetan version of the inscription of the seal was translated by a Mongolian translator but was not a good translation." Furthermore, when he arrived back in Tibet, he discarded the emperor's famous golden seal and made a new one for important Tibetan state usage, writing in his autobiography: "Leaving out

4455-680: The Ishkiyya Sufi order, a branch of the Nakshbandi Khojas founded by Muhammad Yusuf Khoja's father Khoja Kalan and whose followers were known as Ak Taghliks or White Mountain Khojas  [ zh ] . Among some Uyghur Muslims, Khoja Appak was considered a sayyid or descendant of Muhammad . As a highly respected religious figure, he was in a clash with ruling elite of the Chagatai (Moghul) dynasty and this conflict had both

4554-706: The Jonang Teachings" entitled in Tibetan : ཇོ་ནང་པའི་བསྟན་རྒྱས་སྨོན་ལམ་ , Wylie : Jo-nang pa'i bStan rGyas sMon-lam (which might be called quite strongly worded). The 5th Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso established a centralized dual system of government under the Gyalwa Rinpoche ( i.e. , the institution of the Dalai Lama ) which was divided equally between laymen and monks (both Gelugpa and Nyingmapa ). This form of government, with few changes, survived up to modern times. He also revitalized

4653-572: The Ming emperors for Tibetan lamas to visit China and the freedom the lamas exercised in responding to these requests, characterize the Sino Tibetan relationship at this time as one of mutual independence." Fifth Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso established diplomatic relations with the second emperor of the Qing dynasty , accepting the Shunzhi Emperor 's 1649 invitation. The Shunzhi Emperor invited him to Beijing instead of Mongolia, following

4752-476: The Panchen Lama and his successors (and, for those who consider him the 4th Panchen, for his three predecessors as well). He had also predicted that Gyaltsen would continue to be reincarnated in future as the 'Panchen Lama'. The two had a teacher/disciple relationship going back to the 1st Dalai Lama Gendun Drup and his teacher Khedrup Je , considered by some in retrospect as the 1st Panchen Lama . From

4851-420: The Panchen Lama or any other Geluk masters, the great Nyingma lama Zur Choying Rangdrol ‘the omniscient’ (kun mkhyen zur chos dbyings rang grol, 1604–1657) was his 'root guru', 'spiritual master' and his 'root master'. Fifth Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso's rule over central Tibet may be characterized, in very broad terms, Although the Fifth Dalai Lama would ultimately come to be known for unifying Tibet, it

4950-519: The Qing Empire. Having lost Yarkand and Kashgar to the Qing armies in 1759, they fled to Badakhshan , where they were promptly killed by the local ruler, Sultān Shāh , who sent their heads to the Qianlong Emperor. According to a legend, Iparhan , granddaughter of Apak Khoja was given to the Qianlong Emperor as a concubine. Under Qing auspice, Khojijan rulers of city states often fell out of favor of

5049-561: The Rinpung and establishing the Tsang hegemony in 1565 by declaring himself King of Tsang . Tseten Dorje established his residence at Samdruptse castle, also called Shigatse , near the Gelug monastery of Tashilhunpo , and together with his nine sons, eventually extended the reach of his power over both of Tibet's central provinces of Ü and Tsang. The secular government of King Tseten Dorje and his descendants enjoyed general support from

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5148-410: The Saint-King being draped with red and white cloths. There were numbers of flags and banners before the tombs, and on one side was a palanquin in which a great-grandson of Apak had travelled to and from Peking. While there he had married his daughter to a Chinaman, and at the date of our visit a Celestial had arrived in Kashgar accompanied by a band of relatives, to demand his share of the great wealth of

5247-462: The Tibetan state oracle of Nechung . Lobsang Gyatso established Nechung Monastery as the seat of Tibet 's state oracle by instituting Gyalpo Pehar as the protector of Tibet's newly consolidated Ganden Phodrang government. Nechung – which, translated literally, means "small place" – was a shrine dedicated to Pehar , located about ten minutes east on foot from Drepung monastery near Tibet's newly declared capital city of Lhasa . The rôle of

5346-400: The Tsangpa and fighting against the Ganden Phodrang. In 1650 the Jonangpa printing presses were officially sealed and teaching of their zhentong philosophical views was forbidden within central Tibet, indicating that the basis of the schism was more philosophical in nature. Then in 1658 the main Jonang monastery Takten Damchö Ling in Lhatse  – which had been the monastic seat of

5445-552: The Yassa was observed so it eventually resulted in expelling of Afaq Khoja by Ismail Khan (1669, 1670–1678), the later ruler of the Yarkent Khanate. Since the Ishaki Khojas were another offshoot of the Naqshbandi Sufis, Ismail Khan purposefully approached the Ishaki khojas (also known as the Kara Taghliks, i.e. Black Mountain Khojas  [ zh ] ) to balance Afaq Khoja influences and prevent dangerous propaganda against him by followers of Afaq Khoja. This clash between religious sects worked to Ismail Khan's advantage. However,

5544-420: The advice of his Han advisors over the suggestion by his Manchu advisors. The 5th Dalai Lama set out from Lhasa in 1652 accompanied by 3,000 men. The journey to Beijing took nine months. Lobsang Gyatso and his entourage spent two months in the yellow palace which had been especially constructed by the emperor in order to house him. The Shunzhi Emperor, who was only 14 years old (13 by Western reckoning) at

5643-401: The alphabet was agreed as the BGN/PCGN romanization system for Uyghur. UYL was first introduced in the 1930s in the former Soviet Union and was briefly used in the Uyghur Autonomous Region during the 1960s to 1970s. The ULY project was finalized at Xinjiang University , Ürümqi , Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR), People's Republic of China in July 2001, at the fifth conference of

5742-430: The capital of Tibet. Assembling his government there, he "appointed governors to the districts, chose ministers for his government, and promulgated a set of laws". The young Dalai Lama also transformed his regent into a prime minister – or, as the Tibetans call him, the Desi . Administrative authority was vested in the person of the Desi , while military power remained the special domain of Güshi Khan , whom

5841-435: The death of both people and cattle combined with harsh, unpredictable weather in an atmosphere of political intrigue and diplomatic insecurity, Gyatso undertook a specific course of action which might be considered somewhat unconventional, even for a religiously affiliated head of state. At the end of the earth-bird year of 1669 (CE), a special crypt was constructed, and offerings placed within it in hopes that it might serve as

5940-445: The departed spirit of a controversial but popular rival lama was not to be without eventual historic consequence. The growth of the 19th-century nonsectarian Rime movement served in part to expose and exacerbate political tensions within the Gelug hierarchy as it had come to organize itself in the centuries following the 5th Dalai Lama's death. Some of his acts were subsequently misconstrued by certain conservative factions within

6039-504: The elderly Panchen Lama at Tashilhunpo to receive lineage transmissions which he still lacked and at this point he requested the Panchen to accept Tashilhunpo Monastery , built by the 1st Dalai Lama , as his multi-lifetime seat for future incarnations. Since then, every incarnation of the Panchen Lama has been the master of Tashilhunpo Monastery and it is there that they have all received their education and their mummified bodies were enshrined. When Panchen Gyaltsen died in 1662 at 93,

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6138-534: The establishment of the Khoshut Khanate . By this feat the Phagmodrupa dynasty , which was associated with a variant of the Kagyu school, was technically replaced; in fact it had been powerless for many years. By subsequently formally recognizing the Fifth Dalai Lama's authority in 1642, Güshi Khan effectively made Gyatso the temporal ruler of all Tibet. Güshi Khan maintained friendly and respectful relations with Lobsang Gyatso, but died in 1655, leaving ten sons. Eight of them (along with their tribes) settled in

6237-575: The exiled Afaq Khoja had accomplished a diplomatic mission that had led to the collapse of Chagatai (Moghul) dynasty in 1678. In this diplomatic mission Tibet Muslims played a crucial role by convincing the 5th Dalai Lama to write a letter of introduction to the Dzungar Khanate . Using this recommendation letter Afaq Khoja allied with the Dzungars and formed a strong coalition force which included some Chagatai (Moghul) royal family members such as Abdirishit Khan II, Muhammad Imin Khan and Muhammad Momin Akbash, who were against Ismail Khan. Moreover, there were

6336-445: The great Jonangpa exponent Taranatha (1575–1634) – was converted to a Gelug institution and renamed Phuntsok Choling. The Fifth Dalai Lama's Regent or Desi , Sonam Rapten was, in fact, a fanatical Gelugpa supremacist as well as a shrewd and canny political operator with an eye for the main chance. Being 22 years the Dalai Lama's senior he dominated him as he raised him from the age of 5. In his autobiography The Dukula

6435-465: The hegemonic power and had to flee to Uzbek protection in the Khanate of Kokand . By the 19th century, prominent Afaqi Khojas ( Khojijans ) in exile in Kokand sought to influence their former domains through preaching or allying with new imperialist powers of Russia and Great Britain . It was during the 1800s that two major attempts were launched from Kokand to claim the "Six City State of Tarim Basin" ( Altı Shahr ) from Qing domination. These were

6534-501: The king, returned with her son to her family's home, Narkatse castle, in Yardrog . The infant Künga Migyur's name had been drawn, by lot, from among the names of three children considered likely candidates in a series of divination rituals including a doughball divination which was held in secret (on account of King Dorje's prohibition against seeking the 4th Dalai Lama's reincarnation) at Radeng monastery . The former 4th Dalai Lama 's chief attendant, Sonam Choephel (1595–1658),

6633-418: The lama repeatedly remarks how he had to defer to the Desi, or had to do as he said, and even as an adult he rarely got his way if he disagreed with Sonam Rapten's wishes. That the infamous sectarian policies implemented in the decade after the 1642 civil war were the work of the Desi can be inferred from the decree that the Fifth Dalai Lama issued to him and his administration just as he departed to Beijing in

6732-474: The lifetime of the 5th, it may be helpful to review not just the early life of Lobsang Gyatso but also the world into which he was born, as Künga Migyur. The child who would become the 5th Dalai Lama was born in the Chonggye Valley in Ü , south of the Yarlung Tsangpo River and about two days' journey south-east of Lhasa, to a prominent family of nobles with traditional ties to both Nyingma and Kagyu lineages. The aristocratic Zahor family into which he

6831-423: The place named Kulagan where a decisive battle took place in 1692 between armies of Khoja and Muhammad Imin Khan. During the battle many supporters of Muhammad Imin Khan deserted him and came to Khoja, that resulted in Khan's defeat. Muhammad Imin Khan fled to the Mountains where he was captured and killed. After this victory Afak Khoja declared his son Yahiya Khoja a Khan with the title Khan Khoja and made himself

6930-410: The presence of Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen at the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, Ngawang was added to his name, Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso. At this time his interest in the Nyingmapa teachings began to deepen and his devotion to the Nyingma master Zur Choying Rangdrol became somewhat conspicuous. Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen (1570–1662), the Panchen Lama and the first to be accorded this title during his lifetime,

7029-448: The renowned Jonang scholar Jamyang Wangyal Dorje Mondrowa was a master of the Jonang tradition and belonged to a well-known Jonang family from Lato in Tsang with whom the Dalai Lama had good relations. In any case, it was during Lobsang Gyatso's rule after the civil wars and rebellions of 1640-1643 that Jonangpa institutions, teachings and followers were banished and moved out of central Tibet to be re-established in Amdo for allying with

7128-608: The reversal of specified sectarian policies being implemented, evidently without his approval, by the Desi's government: "Around this time, the adepts of the Sakya, Kagyu and Nyingma schools were not allowed to wear hats in their own way, and it was intended that their religious affinities would gradually be converted to the Gelug. Many of our major and minor figures had given their approval for this and even made pleas (for this policy). If this

7227-424: The ritual cycles of Nechung Monastery , where it continues to be practiced, up to the present day. Nechung 's role in warding off one interfering spirit in particular is quite extensively detailed in the 5th Dalai Lama's autobiography. Some contemporary scholars and the current 14th Dalai Lama would appear to agree: Lobsang Gyatso specifically states that a gyalpo ( Tibetan : རྒྱལ་པོ་ , Wylie : rgyal-po :

7326-571: The sacred symbols of Dzungar Power. Establishing Qing hegemony over Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin they waged in 1755-1756 a bloody war against their old rivals, the Karataghliks , who previously took total control of Kashgaria since 1752 after successful anti-Dzungar revolt of Khoja Yusup (1752-1755), having terminated annual tribute payments to Dzungars. However, as the two eventually victorious khojas began to seek more independence for themselves, they soon (in autumn 1757) came into conflict with

7425-795: The same time that his infant son had been recognized, in secret, by lamas of the Gelug order as the reincarnation of the 4th Dalai Lama , while Tashilhunpo 's abbot Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen used diplomacy to persuade King Karma Phuntsok Namgyal to lift the ban he'd put in place on seeking out the 5th Dalai Lama. Dudul Rabten escaped his captors and tried to reach eastern Tibet, but was rearrested. Dudul Rabten died in captivity in 1626 at Samdruptse – Karma Phuntsok Namgyal's castle also known as Shigatse – and thus, he never lived to see his son again. The young 5th Dalai Lama's family were ordered by Karma Phuntsok Namgyal to live at court in Samdruptse , but his mother, Kunga Lhanzi , fearing retribution from

7524-513: The schools should be undertaken and no hat style to be changed; the bad example of the big schools preventing the small ones from recruiting new monks was to be discouraged." In 1674, the 5th Dalai Lama met with 10th Karmapa ( i.e. , the specific tulku , or incarnate lama who heads the Karma Kagyu school) Chöying Dorje (1604–1674) at the Potala . This mutual gesture of "reconciliation"

7623-499: The set-back it had received from the invasions of Chengiz Khan and his immediate successors, thanks mainly to the influence of Bokhara and Samarcand, which had become important centres of Moslem learning. During the reign of Rashid Khan, the celebrated saint Sayyid Khoja Hasan, more generally known as Makhdum-i-Azam (مخدومِ اعظم) or "The Great Master", visited Kashgar from Samarkand and was received with extraordinary honours. The saint's sons settled at Kashgar, where their father had married

7722-565: The shrine. His credentials were unexceptionable, and during a century and a half his ancestors had been given pensions by the Chinese Government; but owing to the revolution these subsidies had been stopped. Hence his appearance, which was causing much perturbation among the managers of the shrine funds." - Sir Percy Sykes and Ella Sykes. Sykes, Ella and Percy Sykes. pages 69-70 Through deserts and oases of Central Asia. London. Macmillan and Co. Limited, 1920. Afāq Khoja's mausoleum

7821-537: The spirit as well – which was named "Dolgyal" by combining gyalpo with the ghost 's place of residence. It was only later that Dolgyal would come to be identified with Dorje Shugden ( Tibetan : རྡོ་རྗེ་ཤུགས་ལྡན་ , Wylie : rDo-rje Shugs-ldan ) through conflation with a much older Sakya protector of the same name associated with the remote Nepali village of Tsap . Modest but extensive offerings to monks of wheat and tea along with small amounts of gold reportedly resulted in sutra recitations numbering in

7920-637: The strategically important Koko Nur region of Amdo , where they frequently fought over territory. The 5th Dalai Lama sent several governors to the region between 1656 and 1659 to restore order. Although Güshi Khan 's descendants (who would come to be known as the Upper Mongols ) showed little interest in the administration of Tibet , they did appoint a regent for a while to act on their behalf in Lhasa , and gradually assimilated certain aspects of Tibetan culture into their own. They would also come to play

8019-465: The summer of 1652 to see the Emperor, leaving the Desi behind in Tibet. The issuance of such a decree, at the age of 35, indicates his growing maturity and his firm intention to start imposing his will over that of his Regent concerning such important policies which the Dalai Lama disapproved of. He presents this decree as his instructions to his regent in the form of a testament to be implemented while he

8118-518: The supporters of the younger were known as Kara Taulin or "Black Mountaineers", from the hills near Khan Arik. Both parties of Khojas. as they were termed, aimed at political supremacy and intrigued with any external power that appeared likely to favour their ambitions. Afaq Khoja was a great-grandson of the noted Naqshbandi Sufi teacher, Ahmad Kasani (احمد کاسانی) (1461–1542) (also known as Makhdūm-i`Azam , مخدومِ اعظم, "the Great Master") and

8217-436: The tens of thousands. Combined with the performance of many far more complex tantric rituals, the coordinated efforts reached eleven separate district capitals, and spread through no fewer than seventy monasteries including Dorje Drag , Sera , and Drepung . The entire cycle was concluded with an elaborate fire puja offering in which the "perfidious spirit" was ritually burnt by seven different groups of practitioners, led by

8316-415: The three-headed, six-armed Pehar as protector of Tibet can be traced back to at least the 8th century, when Pehar was oath-bound by Padmasambhava to act as chief among Tibet's protector's, with Dorje Drakden named his chief emissary. The 5th Dalai Lama also composed a generation stage practice and invocation of the protector entitled simply Dra-Yang-Ma (Melodic Chant), which was incorporated into

8415-463: The time of the 5th the two offices were known as Yab Sey Gonpo or "Father/Son Protectors" characterising their spiritual provenance as emanations of Amitābha and Avalokitesvara as well as their interchangeable guru/disciple relationship. This continued, lifetime after lifetime well into the 20th century with whichever was elder becoming the teacher of the younger, giving both monastic ordination and passing on tantric lineage transmissions. Although

8514-707: The time, first met the Dalai Lama in January 1653, honouring him with two grand imperial receptions. Some historians claim that the emperor treated the Dalai Lama as an equal while others dispute this claim. The emperor gave Gyatso a parting gift of an elaborate gold seal reading "Dalai Lama, Overseer of the Buddhist Faith on Earth Under the Great Benevolent Self-subsisting Buddha of the Western Paradise". However

8613-453: Was absent in China, and, perhaps, in case he did not return from the long and perilous journey for any reason. In The Dukula , he explains how, before departing, he handed to Sonam Rapten "for his memory, with explanations, a scroll of the following list concerning what was to be done (in my absence)". He then specifies what (amongst other things) this decree placed a ban on, and he thus ordered

8712-596: Was accepted by Afak Khoja. Afak Khoja died in 1694 and left his son Yahiya Khoja as actual ruler of the Yarkand Khanate (r. 1694–1695). After Yahiya Khoja's death (he was killed by Apak Khoja's wife Khanam Padshah, who was a daughter of Sultan Said Baba Khan, ruler of Turpan and Chalish ), Muhammad Mumin Sultan (Akbash Khan, r. 1695–1706) restored the Chagatay (Moghul) dynasty of Yarkand, attempting to get rid of

8811-520: Was arrested in 1618 for his involvement in a plot to overthrow Karma Phuntsok Namgyal , leader of the Tsang hegemony . Karma Phuntsok's grandfather Zhingshak Tseten Dorje (also known as Karma Tseten) had originally been appointed Governor of Tsang by the Rinpung Prime Minister Ngawang Namgyel in 1548. Tseten Dorje had rebelled against the heirs of Ngawang Namgyel starting in 1557, eventually overthrowing

8910-543: Was born had held their seat since the 14th century at Taktsé Castle , south of Lhasa  –  a legendary stronghold of Tibetan kings in the days of the early empire, before Songtsen Gampo (604–650 CE) had moved his capital from there to Lhasa . The 5th Dalai Lama's father was called Dudul Rabten, the local ruler of the Chonggye valley, also known as Hor Dudül Dorjé; his mother was called Tricham, Kunga Lhadze or Kunga Lhanzi. His father had friendly relations with

9009-425: Was going to serve the interests of our [Gelugpa] school, it would most likely be good to have a unified school. However, to have a unified school would be beneficial neither to our own school nor to the others. In the long run it would come to: 'Whatever one does, the results of that action will ripen'. Therefore this was a gross policy that needed to be renounced, because there was little purpose in it: no conversion of

9108-448: Was his first regent Sonam Choephel (1595-1657 CE, also known as Sonam Rabten, treasurer of Ganden ) who was, in fact, "the prime architect of the Gelug 's rise to power". The 5th Dalai Lama would eventually assume complete power – including that of appointing his regents. Sonam Choephel , the regent during the 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso's youth, requested the aid of Güshi Khan , a powerful Dzungar military leader in carrying out

9207-567: Was installed as the abbot of Drepung. This increased Mongolian involvement with the Gelugpa even further and enabled more Mongolian intervention in Tibetan affairs. As a result, King Tseten Dorje's suspicions about Gelugpa ambitions rose and when in 1616 the 4th Dalai Lama died young, at the age of 28, in an attempt to defeat the process the King prohibited the Gelugpa monks from searching for his incarnation. Dudul Rabten's arrest occurred at roughly

9306-543: Was previously recalled from Turpan and elected as a Khan of the Yarkent Khanate on Kurultai of Kashgar and Yarkent Beks and who was a strong enemy of the Dzungars and Afak Khoja came to an end. Muhammad Imin Khan expelled Khoja from Yarkent and prohibited all inhabitants of Yarkand Khanate to keep any relations with Khoja. In response, Khoja swore to "exterminate all descendants of Chengiz Khan ", called his son Yahiya Khoja from Kashgar with troops and attacked Yarkand. Muhammad Imin Khan retreated to Kargalik and from here to

9405-620: Was recognized as the 5th Dalai Lama, and he became the first Dalai Lama to hold both Tibet's political and spiritual leadership roles. He is often referred to simply as the Great Fifth , being the key religious and temporal leader of Tibetan Buddhism and Tibet . He is credited with unifying all of Tibet under the Ganden Phodrang , after Gushri Khan 's successful military interventions. As an independent head of state, he established priest and patron relations with both Mongolia and

9504-473: Was reportedly "welcomed by both parties after the many conflicts and misunderstandings between 1612 and 1642". When the 5th Dalai Lama issued the edict to appoint Sangye Gyatso as his Desi in 1679, in the same edict he also recognised the Yungdrung Bön as Tibet's native religion and describes it as being the "holder of secret mantras ". There are some fairly subtle philosophical differences between

9603-741: Was revered as a Sufi teacher in his own right. Afaq was born in 1626 in Kumul , where his father Muhammad Yusuf Khoja preached. His mother Zuleiha Begum was the daughter of Mir Sayyid Jalil Kashgari, a rich bek from the village of Bashkerim in the Kashgar Region, who settled in Kumul after fleeing from Kashgar several years previously. In 1638, at the age of 12, he came with his father to Kashgar and settled there. Yarkent Khanate ruler Abdullah Khan (1638–1669) granted his father Bashkerim village and many inhabitants of Kashgar Region became disciples of

9702-788: Was said to convert some Hui and many Salars there to Naqshbandi Sufism. According to the Chinese ( Hui ) followers of the Qadiriyya Sufi school, when Afāq Khoja was in Xining in 1672, he gave his blessing to 16-year-old Qi Jingyi (later also known as Hilal al-Din, or Qi Daozu (1656–1719)), who was then to introduce Qadiriyya into China proper. His two other spiritual descendants, Ma Laichi and Ma Mingxin , went to study in Central Asia and Arabia, and upon return to China founded two other Naqshbandi menhuans (brotherhoods) there:

9801-480: Was the tutor and a close ally of the 5th Dalai Lama, who, according to Thubten Jigme Norbu and Hugh E. Richardson , declared or pronounced the Panchen to be 'an incarnation of Dhayani Buddha Amitābha ' – although other sources all appear to indicate that he was considered as such from the start. After the 5th Dalai Lama returned from China, on a teaching tour of Tsang he visited his senior tutor and close friend

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