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84-653: Paektu Mountain or Baekdu Mountain ( Korean :  백두산 ) is an active stratovolcano on the Chinese–North Korean border . In China, it is known as Changbai Mountain ( Chinese : 长白山 ). At 2,744 m (9,003 ft), it is the tallest mountain in North Korea and Northeast China and the tallest mountain of the Baekdu-daegan and Changbai mountain ranges. The highest peak, called Janggun Peak, belongs to North Korea. The mountain notably has

168-557: A World Heritage Site , and bids for a Winter Olympic Games, constitute attempts to claim the mountain as Chinese territory. These groups object to China's use of the name Mount Changbai . Some groups also regard the entire mountain as Korean territory that was given away by North Korea in the Korean War . During the 2007 Asian Winter Games , which were held in Changchun , China, a group of South Korean athletes held up signs during

252-479: A spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language ) is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since the end of World War II and

336-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with

420-475: A caldera that contains a large crater lake called Heaven Lake , and is also the source of the Songhua , Tumen , and Yalu rivers. Korean and Manchu people assign a mythical quality to the mountain and its lake, and consider the mountain to be their ancestral homeland. The mountain's caldera was formed by an eruption in 946 that released about 100–120 km (24–29 cu mi) of tephra . The eruption

504-480: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this

588-539: A lava plateau. The construction of the cone of the volcano began approximately 1 million years ago, as the eruptive materials transitioned into trachytic pyroclastic and lava flows. During the cone-construction stage, major Plinian-type eruptions occurred 448, 67.6, 85.8 and 24.5 thousand years ago (ka) and deposited ash in the Japan sea . The cone's growth was halted by two widely-recognized major explosive eruptions: Tianwenfeng and Millennium. The Tianwenfeng eruption

672-521: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding

756-665: A special committee known as the Sillokcheong , or the Office of Annals Compilation. This committee included high-ranking officials and the most competent scholars. The compilation relied on various primary sources, including the sacho , historians' private memoranda, administrative records ( 시정기 ; 時政記 ), and the Journal of the Royal Secretariat . The compilation process consisted roughly of three phases. First,

840-469: Is a major national symbol for both North and South Korea, and is mentioned in both national anthems and depicted on the national emblem of North Korea . The Manchu people also consider the mountain their ancestral homeland, and the Chinese Qing dynasty saw it as a symbol of imperial power and the mountain had been subject to territorial disputes over the past few centuries. In the late 20th century,

924-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to

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1008-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean

1092-474: Is covered in snow about eight months of the year. The slope is relatively gentle until about 1,800 m (5,910 ft). The caldera is about 5 km (3.1 mi) wide and 850 meters (2,790 ft) deep, and is partially filled by the waters of Heaven Lake . Heaven Lake has a circumference of 12 to 14 kilometers (7.5 to 8.7 mi), with an average depth of 213 meters (699 ft) and maximum depth of 384 meters (1,260 ft). From mid-October to mid-June,

1176-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be

1260-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with

1344-456: Is recognized by the governments of Taiwan or South Korea. As of 2013, South Korea formally claimed the caldera lake and the inside part of the ridge. However, some South Korean groups argue that recent activities conducted on the Chinese side of the border, such as economic development, cultural festivals, infrastructure development, promotion of the tourism industry, attempts at registration as

1428-624: Is the first nation in East Asia to have printed its royal records using movable type. Beginning in 1445, they began creating three additional copies of the records, which they distributed at various locations around Korea for safekeeping: the Chunchugwan office in Seoul , Chungju County, Jeonju County, and Seongju County . Despite this precaution, during the 1592–1598 Japanese invasions of Korea , all repositories were destroyed, except for

1512-747: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on

1596-572: Is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until the 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from the basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only

1680-526: Is −4.9 °C (23.2 °F). During summer, temperatures of about 18 °C (64 °F) or higher can be reached, and during winter temperatures can drop to −48 °C (−54 °F). The lowest record temperature was −51 °C (−60 °F) on 2 January 1997. The average temperature is about −24 °C (−11 °F) in January, and 10 °C (50 °F) in July, remaining below freezing for eight months of

1764-844: The History of the Northern Dynasties , likely as a misspelling of Dutàishān . In the New Book of Tang , it was called Tàibáishān ( 太白山 ). The current Chinese name, C hángbáishān ( 长白山 ; 長白山 ; 'ever white mountain'), was first used in the Liao dynasty (916–1125) of the Khitans and then the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) of the Jurchens . The Liao Shi recorded that chiefs of 30 Jurchen tribes from Mount Changbai paid their tribute to

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1848-581: The Heaven Lake in its crater. The mountain has been considered sacred by Koreans throughout history. According to Korean mythology, it was the birthplace of Dangun , the founder of Gojoseon (2333–108 BC), whose parents were said to be Hwanung , the Son of Heaven, and Ungnyeo , a bear who had been transformed into a woman. Many subsequent kingdoms of Korea, such as Buyeo , Goguryeo , Balhae , Goryeo and Joseon. The Goryeo dynasty (935–1392) first called

1932-630: The Jin dynasty . According to Annals of the Joseon Dynasty , the Yalu and Tumen Rivers were set as the borders in the era of the founder of Joseon Dynasty, Taejo of Joseon (1335–1408). Because of the continuous entry of Korean people into Gando, a region in Manchuria that lay north of the Tumen, Manchu and Korean officials surveyed the area and negotiated a border agreement in 1712. To mark

2016-549: The Korean People's Revolutionary Army  [ ko ] allegedly led by Kim Il Sung during their struggle against Japanese colonial rule . Secret camps are also now open to the public. There are several waterfalls, including the Hyongje Falls which splits into two about a third of the way from the top. In 1992, on the occasion of the 80th birthday of Kim Il Sung , a large sign with the words "Holy mountain of

2100-649: The Korean War . Kim Il Sung organized his resistance against the Japanese forces there, and North Korea claims that Kim Jong Il was born there, although records outside of North Korea suggest that he was born in the Soviet Union . The peak has been featured on the state emblem of North Korea since 1993, as defined in Article 169 of the Constitution , which describes Mt. Paektu as "the sacred mountain of

2184-589: The Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from the Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that

2268-524: The Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations , was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to

2352-568: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,

2436-483: The tree line , and pine lower down, mixed with other species. There has been extensive deforestation on the lower slopes on the North Korean side of the mountain. The area is a known habitat for Siberian tigers , bears , wolves , and wild boars . The Ussuri dholes may have been extirpated from the area. Deer in the mountain forests, which cover the mountain up to about 2,000 meters (6,600 ft), are of

2520-684: The 10th year of Seongjong of Goryeo (991) in the Goryeosa , compiled at the beginning of the Joseon period. It means 'white-head mountain'. In other records such as the Samguk yusa and the Jewang ungi it is also called Taebaeksan ( 태백산 ; 太白山 ), which means 'great-white mountain'. It was also occasionally called Changbaeksan (長白山) and Baeksan (白山) in the Veritable Records of

2604-915: The 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By the 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea

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2688-661: The Baguamiao ignimbrite , the Wuhaojie fine pumice , and the Liuhaojie tuff ring. In 2011, experts in North and South Korea met to discuss the potential for a significant eruption in the near future, as the last eruption was in 1903 and the volcano is expected to erupt around every 100 years. The Government of North Korea invited several volcanologists, including James Hammond, Clive Oppenheimer , and Kayla Iacovino , to study

2772-622: The Heungboksa Temple's historical records, on 3 November, "white ash rain" fell in Nara , Japan, about 1,100 km (680 mi) southeast from the mountain Three months later, on 7 February 947, explosive noises were reported in the city of Kyoto (Japan), about 1,000 km (620 mi) southeast of Paektu. After these major eruptions, Mount Paektu had at least three smaller eruptions, which occurred in 1668, 1702, and 1903, likely forming

2856-481: The Joseon Dynasty . An alternative Chinese name, Báitóushān ( 白头山 ; 白頭山 ), is the transliteration of Baekdusan . The Mongolian name is Öndör Tsagaan Aula ( Өндөр Цагаан Уул ), which means 'lofty white mountain'. In English, various authors have used nonstandard transliterations. Mount Baekdu is 2,744 m (9,003 ft) tall, making it the highest mountain in North Korea and Northeast China and

2940-590: The Liao in AD 985. According to the Song dynasty travelogue Songmo Jiwen , it was named as such because the mountain was "the abode of the white-robed Guanyin " and its birds and beasts were all white. The modern Manchu name of the mountain, which is golmin šanggiyan alin ( ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᡳᠨ ), also means 'ever white mountain'. The Korean name Baekdusan / Paektusan ( 백두산 ; 白頭山 ) first appears in literature in

3024-564: The Paekdusan roe deer kind. Many wild birds such as black grouse , owls , and woodpecker are known to inhabit the area. The mountain has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports a population of scaly-sided mergansers . The mountain has been worshipped by the surrounding peoples throughout history. A considerable percentage of the Koreans and Manchus consider it sacred, especially

3108-595: The Tumen River belongs to Korea and parts of it were illegally given away by Japanese colonialists to China through the Gando Convention . Mount Baekdu is mentioned in the national anthems of both North and South Korea and in the Korean folk song " Arirang ". Dense forest around the mountain provided bases for Korean armed resistance against the Japanese occupation , and later communist guerrillas during

3192-489: The agreement, they built a monument describing the boundary at a watershed, near the south of the crater lake at the mountain peak. Volume 8 of the Annals of King Taejo, 2nd article of Gyemyo, 14 December, 4th year of King Taejo, 1395, 28th year of Ming Hongwu Since the 19th century, interpretations of the inscription have been relevant in some territorial disputes. The 1909 Gando Convention between China and Japan, when Korea

3276-708: The award ceremony which stated "Mount Paektu is our territory". Chinese sports officials delivered a letter of protest on the grounds that political activities violated the spirit of the Olympics and were banned in the charter of the International Olympic Committee and the Olympic Council of Asia . Officials from the South Korean athletic team apologized to China. Most Chinese, Russian, South Korean and international visitors climb

3360-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,

3444-602: The capital of Pyongyang . The mountain's name is used for various products, such as the Paektusan rocket , the Paektusan computer, and the Mt Paektu handgun. In the 2019 South Korean disaster film Ashfall , the mountain erupts and causes severe earthquakes in the Korean peninsula. In the popular strategy game Europa Universalis 4 the mountain appears as part of a Korean mission entitled "Access to Mt. Paektu" where

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3528-414: The compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which the language originates deeply influences the language, leading to a system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean

3612-413: The drafts and certain primary sources likely to contain historian commentary was a safety measure designed to insulate the historians from political influences and preserve the integrity of the records. An oft-cited story in the sillok about King Taejong falling off his horse has been used to illustrate the commitment of Joseon court historians to documenting even events displeasing or embarrassing to

3696-582: The eruption of the Tianwenfeng is significant and maybe of similar magnitude to the Millennium eruption, making the Tianwenfeng eruption also of VEI 6–7 . The mountain's caldera was created in 946 by the colossal ( VEI 6) "Millennium" or "Tianchi" eruption, one of the most powerful eruptions in the last 5,000 years, comparable to the 230 CE eruption of Lake Taupō and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora . The eruption, whose tephra has been found in

3780-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in

3864-456: The fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of the population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it

3948-455: The highest mountain of the Baekdu-daegan and Changbai mountain ranges. Mount Baekdu is a stratovolcano whose cone is truncated by a significant caldera . The central section of the mountain rises about 3 mm (0.12 in) per year due to rising levels of magma below the central part of the mountain. Sixteen peaks exceeding 2,500 m (8,200 ft) line the caldera rim surrounding Heaven Lake. The highest peak, called Janggun Peak,

4032-470: The historians' private memoranda were pulped in water and expunged ( 세초 ; 洗草 ; lit.   wash drafts ) to prevent leaks. Great care was taken to ensure the integrity of the records; historians were guaranteed legal protection and editorial independence, especially from the king. Only the historians were allowed to read the sacho ; if any historian disclosed or altered its contents, they were subject to severe punishment. Pulping and expunging

4116-613: The holdings of Keijō Imperial University in Seoul. The Odae-san copies were taken to Tokyo Imperial University in Japan. There, they were mostly destroyed during the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake . The remaining 46 volumes in Japan were not returned to Korea until 2006. The annals of the last two Joseon rulers, Veritable Records of Gojong  [ ko ] and Veritable Records of Sunjong  [ ko ] , are controversial and considered by modern South Korean historians to lack

4200-670: The impartiality of the other sources. This is because Japanese officials interfered in their creation and curation. They are thus considered relatively separate from the other records, and are not included in the National Treasures of South Korea or UNESCO's Memory of the World register. Around the liberation of Korea , the Jeoksangsan copies were partially looted during the instability; there are reportedly uncertain rumors that some of these copies were actually taken during

4284-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains

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4368-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it

4452-442: The king and the extent to which the king could not influence which stories were included in the sillok . The king himself rode a horse and shot arrows at a deer. However, the horse stumbled, causing him to fall off, but he was not injured. Looking around, he said, "Do not let the historians know about this." The historian present defied King Taejong's order and ensured that not only the king’s fall but also his wish to keep it off

4536-411: The king at all times, and Joseon kings did not conduct official business without a historian present. The daily historical records produced by the eight historians were called sacho ( 사초 ; 史草 ; lit.   raw historical material ), which served as the basis for the compilation. After the death of a king, the veritable records, or sillok , of the deceased monarch's reign were compiled by

4620-513: The lake is typically covered with ice. Water flows north out of the lake, and near the outlet there is a 70-meter (230 ft) waterfall. The mountain is the source of the Songhua, Tumen and Yalu rivers. The Tumen and the Yalu form the northern border between North Korea and Russia and China. The weather on the mountain can be very erratic, sometimes severe. The annual average temperature at the peak

4704-578: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or

4788-659: The language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by the Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has a few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form

4872-405: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to

4956-428: The mountain Baekdu , recording that the Jurchens across the Yalu River were made to live outside of Mount Baekdu. The Joseon dynasty (1392–1910) recorded volcanic eruptions in 1597, 1668, and 1702. In the 15th century, King Sejong strengthened the fortification along the Tumen and Yalu rivers, making the mountain a natural border with the northern peoples. Some Koreans claim that the entire region near Mount Paektu and

5040-464: The mountain for recent volcanic activity. This made Iacovino the first foreign female researcher to conduct research in North Korea. The researchers began publishing their research in 2016 and in February 2020 formed the Mt. Paektu Research Center. There are five known species of plants in the lake on the peak, and some 168 have been counted along its shores. The forest on the Chinese side is ancient and almost unaltered by humans. Birch predominates near

5124-399: The mountain from the Chinese side. The North Korean side of the mountain is also popular among visitors to North Korea. The Chinese tourism area is classified as a AAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration . There are a number of monuments on the North Korean side of the mountain. Paektu Spa is a natural spring and is used for bottled water. Pegae Hill is a camp site of

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5208-544: The mountain god was constructed on the northern side. The Manchu clan Aisin Gioro , which founded the Qing dynasty of China, claimed their progenitor Bukūri Yongšon was conceived near Paektu Mountain. In 1682, 1698, 1733, 1754 and 1805, Qing emperors visited Jilin and paid homage to the mountain. The rites at Mount Changbai were heavily influenced by the ancient Feng Shan ceremonies, in which Chinese emperors offered sacrifices to heaven and earth at Mount Tai . The Kangxi Emperor claimed that Mount Tai and Changbai belong to

5292-443: The new cars successfully running on the funicular from 30 October 2020. [REDACTED] Media related to Mount Changbai / Paektu at Wikimedia Commons Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ ) is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea,

5376-453: The one in Jeonju . The Jeonju records narrowly escaped being destroyed by fire and were only saved by the private initiative of several scholars. After the war, the government began maintaining five repositories at Chunchugwan, Mount Myohyang , Taebaeksan , Odaesan , and Manisan . The 1624 Yi Gwal's Rebellion resulted in the destruction of the Chunchugwan repository. It was not replaced; they ultimately returned to printing four copies of

5460-457: The player must obtain the province the mountain occurs in. Mount Changbai was regarded as the most sacred mountain in the shamanist religion of the Manchus , and their ancestors Sushen and Jurchens . The Jin dynasty bestowed the title "the King Who Makes the Nation Prosperous and Answers with Miracles" ( 興國靈應王 ) on the mountain in 1172 and it was entitled "the Emperor Who Cleared the Sky with Tremendous Sagehood" ( 開天宏聖帝 ) in 1193. A temple for

5544-410: The primary sources were gathered, and the historians produced the first draft ( 초초 ; 初草 ; lit.   initial draft ). This draft was then refined into a second draft ( 중초 ; 中草 ; lit.   middle draft ), which was reviewed and finalized by high-ranking officials into a final draft ( 정초 ; 正草 ; lit.   official draft ). Once finalized, the drafts, sacho , and

5628-575: The proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of

5712-406: The record were documented. The records are written in Classical Chinese . The records of the first three kings of the Joseon dynasty— Taejo ( r.  1392–1398 ), Jeongjong ( r.  1399–1400 ), and Taejong ( r.  1401–1418 )—were handwritten. The records of Sejong ( r.  1418–1450 ) and later kings were printed using movable type , some wooden and others metal. Korea

5796-465: The records and storing them at the other repositories. The Mount Myohyang copy was moved to Jeoksangsan in 1633. Part of the Manisan collection was lost during the 1636 Qing invasion of Joseon , and the surviving volumes moved to Jeongjok-san on Ganghwa Island in 1678. During the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial period , the records went under the control of the Japanese colonial government . The Jeongjoksan and Taebaeksan repositories were transferred to

5880-430: The revolution" written in metal letters was erected on the side of the mountain. North Koreans claim that there are 216 steps leading to the top of the mountain, symbolizing Kim Jong Il 's 16 February birth date, but this claim is disputed. On the North Korean side of the mountain, there is a funicular system with two cars. This was updated with new funicular cars built by the Kim Chong-t'ae Electric Locomotive Works , with

5964-439: The revolution". The mountain is often referred to in slogans such as: "Let us accomplish the Korean revolution in the revolutionary spirit of Paektu, the spirit of the blizzards of Paektu!" North Korean media celebrates natural phenomena witnessed at the mountain as portentous, and weather forecasts aired by state broadcaster Korean Central Television list Paektusan Secret Camp , claimed birthplace of Kim Jong Il , behind only

6048-531: The same mountain range, which runs from northeast to southwest but is partially submerged under the sea before reaching Shandong . The geography and feng shui of Mount Changbai thus provided legitimacy to the Aisin Gioro clan's rule over China. Baishan Heishui , "white mountain and black river", referring to Mount Changbai and the Heilongjiang , has been a traditional name for Northeast China since

6132-669: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting

6216-492: The southern part of Hokkaidō , Japan, and as far away as Greenland, destroyed much of the volcano's summit, leaving a caldera that today is filled by Heaven Lake . According to the Korean historical record Goryeosa , in 946 "thunders from heaven's drum" were heard in the city of Kaesong , then the capital of Goryeo, about 450 km (280 mi) south of the volcano. The event reportedly terrified King Jeongjong so much, that convicts were pardoned and set free. According to

6300-587: The states of China and North Korea diplomatically agreed to joint custody. The mountain was first recorded in the Chinese Classic of Mountains and Seas under the name Bùxiánshān ( 不鹹山 ). It is also called Shànshàndàlǐng ( 單單大嶺 ) in the Book of the Later Han . In the Book of Wei and the Book of Sui it is also referred to as Dutàishān (徒太山), which is also mentioned as Cóngtàishān (從太山) in

6384-707: The store?' Response 예/네. ye/ne AFF Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty In 2006, the annals were digitized and made available online by the National Institute of Korean History . Both a modern-Korean translation in hangul and the original in Classical Chinese are available. In January 2012, the National Institute of Korean History announced a plan to translate them to English by 2033. The work

6468-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at

6552-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ

6636-496: The year. The average wind speed is 42 km/h (26 mph), peaking at 63 km/h (39 mph). The relative humidity averages 74%. The geological origin of Mount Baekdu remains a mystery. Two leading theories are a hotspot , or an uncharted portion of the Pacific Plate sinking beneath Mount Baekdu. Beginning about 5 million years ago, Baekdu Mountain erupted, releasing a series of basaltic lava flows that formed

6720-452: Was among the largest and most powerful eruptions on Earth in the last 5,000 years. The volcano last erupted in 1903, and is expected to erupt around every hundred years. In the 2010s, concerns over an upcoming eruption prompted several countries to commission research into when the volcano might next erupt. The mountain is considered culturally important to multiple groups in the area, including Korean, Chinese, and Manchu people. The mountain

6804-585: Was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by the yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as

6888-584: Was scheduled to start in 2014 with an initial budget of ₩ 500 million, but it was estimated that a total of ₩ 40 billion would be needed to complete the project. The Bureau of State Records , overseen by the three High State Councillors , served as the state archive for administrative records. However, the eight historians of the seventh, eighth, and ninth ranks in the Office of Royal Decrees ( 예문관 ; 藝文館 ) were responsible for maintaining daily records of official court activities. These historians accompanied

6972-433: Was the formation of a widespread thick layer of grey, yellow pumice preceding the Millennium eruption. The exact age of the eruption is uncertain, since different dating techniques have assigned 4, 51, 61, and 74 ka to this deposit. This eruption formed large areas covered in yellow pumice and ignimbrite . Proximal deposits of pumice fall of the Tianwenfeng are thicker than those of the Millennium eruption. This suggests that

7056-458: Was under Japanese rule , recognized the north and east of the mountain as Chinese territory. In 1962 and 1964, China and North Korea negotiated two treaties in secret that outlined their modern borders. Both treaties especially focused on the sovereignty of Paektu and Heaven Lake. As a result of the treaties, North Korea received 280 km (110 sq mi) of land on and around Paektu, 9 out of 16 peaks, and 54.5% of Heaven Lake. Neither treaty

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