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109-817: The Beni Sakher is made out of many clans, both through ancestry and alliances. These clans are primarily separated into three groups: the Al-Twaqa, headed by the princely Al-Fayez family ; the Al-Ka'abneh, headed by the Khreisha family; and Al-Khdeir. The Bani Sakher was a tribe title that was given to more than one tribe, but the greatest and most famous of this tribes are the sons of Sakher bin Tha'labah bin Amro bin Alghouth bin Tayy ,

218-471: A caravan of Egyptian pilgrims on the way to Mecca were beaten by his forces for playing bugles, he was impelled to issue a conciliatory statement to the Egyptian government. In fact, several such statements were issued to Muslim governments around the world as a result of beatings suffered by the pilgrims visiting the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. With the uprising and subsequent suppression thereafter of

327-663: A charming, and charismatic personality that earned him respect among his people and some foreign diplomats. His family and others described Ibn Saud as an affectionate and caring man. Ibn Saud had twenty-two consorts. Many of his marriages were contracted in order to cement alliances with other clans, during the period when the Saudi state was founded and stabilized. Aside from his legal wives, he also had concubines in his harem among them Baraka Al Yamaniyah , who by definition were slaves, slavery in Saudi Arabia being legal. He

436-651: A clear violation of Islamic principles. On the other hand he often expressed his dislike for the Jews by referring to the Quran and the Hadith . In 1937 he called them "a race accursed by God" who are "destined to final destruction and eternal damnation". For him they were "enemies of Islam and prophet Muhammad" and "enemies of the Muslims until the end of the world." In some instances he made use of antisemitic tropes , calling

545-588: A coat of mail that probably dated to the early centuries of the Arab conquests and appeared to be on good terms with the government. The tribe showed no sign of lawlessness, though local farmers had to harvest their crops early to avoid them being eaten by the grazing camels. The Beni Sakher showed no interest in the ongoing war in the Balkans and expressed a strong dislike of the Turks . In November 1877 Kitchener visited

654-463: A cost of $ 70 million, drawn from the King's oil royalties. It was completed in 1951 and was used commercially after the King's death. It enabled Riyadh to grow into a relatively modern city. But when a paved road was built in 1962, the railway lost its traffic. Ibn Saud was very tall for a Saudi man of his time, his height reported as between 1.67 (5 ft 6 in) and 1.69 (5 ft 7 in). He was known to have

763-481: A decrease in the number of Ibn Saud's raiders, and his father also asked him to cancel his plans to capture Riyadh. However, Ibn Saud did not cancel the raid and managed to reach Riyadh. On the night of 15 January 1902, he led 40 men over the city walls on tilted palm trees and took the city. The Rashidi governor of the city, Ajlan, was killed by Abdullah bin Jiluwi in front of his own fortress. The Saudi recapture of

872-522: A great deal of power and influence that he would use to advantage in the Hejaz. He forced many nomadic tribes to settle down and abandon "petty wars" and vendettas. He began widespread enforcement of the new kingdom's ideology, based on the teachings of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab . This included an end to traditionally sanctioned rites of pilgrimage, recognized by the orthodox schools of jurisprudence, but at odds with those sanctioned by al-Wahhab. In 1926, after

981-416: A group of his followers chose to move to Saudi Arabia where Prince Rashed lived for several years under Ibn Saud's hospitality. Ibn Saud's charity earned him respect among his people. The King would direct money to be handed to the impoverished whenever he saw them. This is why the poor would eagerly anticipate his appearance in villages, towns, and even the desert. "O Abdul-Aziz, may Allah give you in

1090-517: A legendary monarch. Ibn Saud had a kennel for salukis , a dog breed originated in the Middle East. He gave two of his salukis, a male and a mate, to British Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson who brought them to Washington D.C., USA. Of them, the male named Ch Abdul Farouk won a championship in the USA. Ibn Saud was said to be very close to his paternal aunt, Jawhara bint Faisal. From

1199-589: A number of half-siblings from his father's other marriages, including Muhammad , Abdullah , Ahmed, and Musaid , who all had roles in the Saudi government. Ibn Saud was taught Quran by Abdullah Al Kharji in Riyadh. In 1891, the House of Saud's long-term regional rivals led by Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid conquered Riyadh . Ibn Saud was 15 at the time. He and his family initially took refuge with

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1308-583: A push to cultivate the lands and live a more sedentary lifestyle, then under Mithqal Alfayez as a permanent political power in modern Jordan. The family was the largest owner of land in Jordan and owned portions of modern day Palestine, and Mithqal was the single largest owner of private land in the kingdom in 1922. The Al-Fayez family is active in Jordanian and Arabian politics and is currently headed by former Prime Minister Faisal Al-Fayez . The Al-Fayez are

1417-738: A raiding expedition into the Nejd, targeting mainly tribes associated with the Rashidis. On 12 December they reached Al Ahsa and then proceeded south towards the Empty Quarter with the support from various tribes. Upon this Abdulaziz Al Rashid sent messages to Qatari ruler Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani and to the Ottoman governor of Baghdad asking their help to stop Ibn Saud's raids on the tribes loyal to Al Rashid. These events led to

1526-552: A semi-nomadic life. In the decades since then, pressures on the Bani Sakher to give up part of their land have led to occasional tension between them and the Jordanian government. However, this tribe has always been counted as stalwart allies of the Hashemite ruling family since the days of King Abdullah I . In 1938, the tribe was estimated to consist of 1,140 tents, dispersed across the region from Amman to Madaba and from

1635-609: A successful reconciliation. During his visit, Talal was conferred the title of Pasha with a monthly salary and would later become Beylerbey. During his 18-year reign, Talal enjoyed friendly relations with the Ottomans during his last years with strains over the construction of the Hijaz Railway which not only crossed through many of the family's private lands but would also destroy their income as protectors of Hajj Caravans and providers of camels and supplies. Talal negotiated with

1744-580: A war between the ancient Kingdom of Moab and the ancient Kingdom of Israel. Today the stone can be found in the Louvre Museum, Paris. In 1879, Fendi, on the way back from Nablus as part of his camel trade has died in the from illness in the Adwan lands of Al-Ghor region. His burial and mausoleum are located at the final junction of the Valleys of Al-Kafrein and Al-Ramah, exactly four kilometers east of

1853-549: A young age, she ingrained in him a strong sense of family destiny and motivated him to regain the lost glory of the House of Saud. During the years when the Al Saud family were living almost as refugees in Kuwait, Jawhara bint Faisal frequently recounted the deeds of his ancestors to Ibn Saud and exhorted him not to be content with the existing situation. She was instrumental in making him decide to return to Nejd from Kuwait and regain

1962-764: Is re-elected as the President of the Jordanian Senate. The Al-Fayez are frequently described as being central to the stability of the Jordanian state and the core of the support for the Hashemite Dynasty . Mithqal was one of the first shaykhs in 1921 to meet Abdullah bin Al-Hussein in Ma'an . After their meeting, Mithqal invited him to Amman to establish the Transjordanian emirate there which

2071-469: Is why Amman is the capital of Jordan today rather than the much larger cities of As-Salt or Irbid at the time. Shortly afterwards, the nascent Emirate of Transjordan faced to military threats from the Wahhabi's in 1922 to the 1923 Adwan rebellion. Mithqal is credited to be the chief factor in protecting the new state from both of these conflicts by rebranding his own army made of many of his tribesmen into

2180-841: The Al Murrah , a Bedouin tribe in the southern desert of Arabia. Later, the Al Sauds moved to Qatar and stayed there for two months. Their next stop was Bahrain where they stayed briefly. The Ottoman State allowed them to settle in Kuwait where they settled and lived for nearly a decade. Ibn Saud developed a rapport with the Kuwaiti ruler Mubarak Al Sabah and frequently visited his majlis . His father, Abdul Rahman, did not endorse these visits, perceiving Mubarak's lifestyle as immoral and unorthodox. On 14 November 1901 Ibn Saud and some relatives, including his half-brother Muhammad and several cousins (amongst them Abdullah bin Jiluwi ), set out on

2289-510: The Balqa region to Wadi Sirhan . Al-Fayez Conferred by the House of Hashim : The House of Fayez ( Arabic : الفايز or, colloquially: Al-Fayez, Alfayez, Al Fayez, Al Faiz, Al Fayiz) is a noble sheikhly Jordanian family that heads the major Jordanian clan Bani Sakher . The family's influence and prominence in the region was at its ultimate under Fendi Al-Fayez , who led the family in

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2398-572: The Baptismal Site of Jesus . A dispute occurred shortly after over the succession of Fendi, between his second eldest Satm and his chosen successor Sattam. The feud lasted until 1881, and ended with Satm's death and Sattam being recognized by both the Arabs and the Ottomans. He received his beyship from the latter, and shortly followed the creation of the new administrative region of Al-Jizah with Sattam as its first governor . An incident between

2507-519: The Saudi-Yemeni War . This was the first modern war – the Saudis had British Rolls-Royce armoured cars and French Renault FT-17 tanks – between Arab states. In 1935 Prince Rashed supported Izz ad-Din al-Qassam 's defiance, which led him and his followers into rebellion against Abdullah I of Jordan. In 1937, when they were forced to leave Jordan, Prince Rashed Al Khuzai, his family, and

2616-585: The 1757 raid represented the peak of such attacks which was also likely prompted by the major drought of 1756. In the 1799, the Beni Sakher joined the Es-Sabhah and other tribes in a full-scale battle against a force from Napoleon 's army under the command of General Kleber . The fighting occurred south of Nazareth , with the French having such an advantage in terms of guns and artillery that Amir Rabah,

2725-474: The 1840s and gradually became the leader of the entire Bani Sakher. Fendi would rule large parts of Jordan and Palestine, including the ancient Kingdoms of Moab and Ammon , and parts of modern-day Saudi Arabia until the late 1860s when a series of battles with the Ottoman Empire decreased the family's resources and claimed a portion of its holdings. After Fendi, his young son Sattam led the tribe in

2834-649: The Adwan tribe who were Bani Sakher's adversaries, and the other half under Sheikh Satm allied with the Anazah tribe. In May of 1881 Sheikh Satm was killed in a skirmish with the Adwan, leading to the reunification of the tribe by Sattam bin Fendi in September 1881, to regain some of the influence that his father had on the area. However those two years would prove to be a big loss for the Fayez family as they never recovered to

2943-546: The Anazzah's defeat, forcing some of their sub-groups to migrate to the northern more, and this explains the hostility between the two tribes. In Frederick's book, he also documented the clash between Bani Sakher and the Al-Dhafeer tribes and that they defeated Al-Dhafeer . However, Al-Dhafeer regrouped again under the leadership of their knight Sultan Ibn Suwit, and followed Bani Sakher, whom where heading heading north of

3052-686: The Arabian Peninsula and in Egypt since at least the 6th century AD, however they gained international prominence in the 14th century AD with the capture and killing of Sultan Sha'ban II in 1377 in Aqaba . The origin of the name is from the progenitor of the house, Fayez bin Fadel Al-Tayy. Fayez is derived from the Arabic word Fa'iz, meaning "Victorious" in Arabic. The Bani Sakher Tribe

3161-540: The Arabian Peninsula. The two tribes met again in Wadi Azraq, now known as Azraq , on the Saudi-Jordanian border. Banu Sakher was able once again to defeat the tribes of Al-Dhafeer, killing Sheikh Sultan Ibn Suwit where he lies in his tomb in that region next to a water ravine that was named after him (Ghadeer Sultan). The Bani Sakher then headed towards Al-Balqa however their stay did not last long because

3270-418: The Bani Sakher and would share a portion of the leadership of the Beni Sakher with his brother Fawaz. After Fawaz's death in 1917, his son Mashour who was had a Damascene education would succeed his father. Mashour was recognized by the Ottomans as Sheikh of Shiekhs, and Mithqal who was older was compensated by the Ottomans by the title of Pasha to become the last real Pasha in Jordan with a title sanctioned by

3379-490: The Bani Sakher returned, they refused to get taxed, which led to a heated situation between them. This conflict lead to the first alliance between Bani Sakher and Al-Adwan where they joined forces with the intent to annihilate the Sardiyya tribe. In 1757, Bani Sakher attacked the hajj caravans that resulted in the death of many pilgrims, immediately and afterwards. Although Bedouin raids on Hajj caravans were fairly common,

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3488-619: The Bani Sakher were friends and allies of the Al Rashid dynasty. The relationship ended with Ibn Saud 's conquest of the Nejd . It had its roots in the early nineteenth century when Abdullah Ibn Rashid was fleeing the Ibn Ali family after a conflict over leadership of the Shammar tribe. Ibn Rashid and his brother with a single camel arrived at the tents belonging to Ali Al-Khraisha , leader of

3597-607: The Bani Sakher were united in their opposition to the Turks and were offering to provide the Husseini forces with at least eleven thousand men costing £30,000 (£1,715,944.76 adjusted to inflation as of April 2020) a month. In addition they would donate the harvest of Kerak and Madeba . In 1923 Ibn Saud's Ikhwan initiated their first attack on the Emirate of Transjordan by massacring two villages 12 miles south of Amman belonging to

3706-643: The Beni Sakher again. This time they were camped in Wadi Farrah having left the area around Zerin in the Jezreel Valley following the murder near Nazareth of a British man, Mr Gale, about which they had come under suspicion. Sheikh Fendy was absent at Bosra selling camel to pilgrims on the Haj . The Beni Sakher were close to having a monopoly in this trade and could make £1,500 in a season. Whilst in Bosra

3815-484: The Beni Sakher and father of Haditha Al-Khraisha . Sheikh Ali Al-Khraisha was not there but all the same they were given hospitality. During the night the camel died and the next day they continued their flight on foot. Some distance from the camp they met Sheikh Ali Al-Khraisha returning home. On hearing their story he insisted on them taking the camel he was riding, claiming that no guest who came into his camp riding should leave on foot. When Ibn Rashid came to power in

3924-428: The Beni Sakher for their services, this coupled with the drought of 1756 has led to the infamous raid in 1757 led by Qa'dan. The raid's casualties were in the tens of thousands, including Musa Pasha and the sister of the sultan. In 1820, Fendi Al-Fayez led in battle for the first recorded time, and by mid century he was the paramount sheikh and revered throughout Arabia. One of the most famous conflicts that they had

4033-671: The British. However, due to the outbreak of World War I , this agreement which made Ibn Saud the wali or governor of Najd was not materialized, and because of the Ottomans' attempt to develop a connection with Ibn Saud the British government soon established diplomatic relations with him. The British agent, Captain William Shakespear , was well received by the Bedouin. Similar diplomatic missions were established with any Arabian power who might have been able to unify and stabilize

4142-592: The Hejaz, by sending T. E. Lawrence to him in 1915. The Saudi Ikhwan began to conflict with Hussein in 1917, just as his sons Abdullah and Faisal entered Damascus. The Treaty of Darin remained in effect until superseded by the Jeddah conference of 1927 and the Dammam conference of 1952, during both of which Ibn Saud extended his boundaries past the Anglo-Ottoman Blue Line. After Darin, he stockpiled

4251-530: The Hereafter as He has given you in the world!" an elderly woman once said to Ibn Saud's procession. The King ordered that she be given ten bags of money from his car. Ibn Saud noticed the old woman having trouble bringing the money back to her home, so he had his aid service deliver the money and accompany her back to her home. Ibn Saud was on a picnic outside of Riyadh when he came across an elderly man dressed in rags. The old man proceeded to stand up in front of

4360-533: The House of Representatives of Jordan. In 2012, H.E Sami Al-Fayez holds one of the largest tribal conferences in Jordanian history to reaffirm and cement the tribe's support towards the Hashemite Monarchy during the Arab Spring . Later in 2012, H.E Faisal Al-Fayez becomes the undisputed Paramount Sheikh of the Beni Sakher after the passing of his uncle Sami. In 2016, H.E Faisal Al-Fayez became

4469-524: The Ikhwan and the Al Saud collapsed when Ibn Saud forbade further raiding. The few portions of central Arabia that had not been overrun by the Saudi-Ikhwan forces had treaties with London, and Ibn Saud was sober enough to see the folly of provoking the British by pushing into these areas. This did not sit well with the Ikhwan, who had been taught that all non-Wahhabis were infidels. In order to settle down

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4578-502: The Ikhwan in 1929, the 1930s marked a turning point. With his rivals eliminated, Ibn Saud's ideology was in full force, ending nearly 1,400 years of accepted religious practices surrounding the Hajj , the majority of which were sanctioned by a millennium of scholarship. Ibn Saud established a Shura Council of the Hejaz as early as 1927. This council was later expanded to 20 members and was chaired by Ibn Saud's son Prince Faisal . Ibn Saud

4687-402: The Jews a "dangerous and hostile race" with an "exaggerated love of money", accusing them of "making trouble wherever they exist" or igniting conflicts between Muslims and Christians. Ibn Saud experienced heart disease in his final years and also, was half blind and racked by arthritis . In October 1953, his illness became serious. Before Ibn Saud slept on the night of 8 November, he recited

4796-440: The King's horse and said, "O Abdul-Aziz, it is terribly cold, and I have no clothes to protect me". Ibn Saud, saddened by the man's condition, removed his cloak and gave it to him. He also offered the elderly man a stipend to help him with his everyday costs. Due to the abundance of the poor, Ibn Saud established a guest house known as the " Thulaim " or "The Host", where rice, meat, and several types of porridge were distributed to

4905-593: The Kingdom of Egypt and the United Kingdom in the early 1952 and developed a proposal for a settlement between two countries. While most of the royal family desired luxuries such as gardens, splendid cars, and palaces, Ibn Saud wanted a royal railway from the Persian Gulf to Riyadh and then an extension to Jeddah. His advisors regarded this as an old man's folly. Eventually, ARAMCO built the railway, at

5014-505: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. Ibn Saud's victory and his support for Islamic revivalists would greatly bolster pan-Islamism across the Islamic world . Concording with Wahhabi beliefs, he ordered the demolition of several shrines, the Al-Baqi Cemetery and the Jannat al-Mu'alla . As King, he presided over the discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia in 1938 and the beginning of large-scale oil production after World War II . He fathered many children , including 45 sons, and all of

5123-435: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with himself as its king. He transferred his court to Murabba Palace from the Masmak Fort in 1938 and the palace remained his residence and the seat of government until his death in 1953. Ibn Saud had to first eliminate the right of his own father in order to rule, and then distance and contain the ambitions of his five brothers, particularly his brother Muhammad, who had fought with him during

5232-401: The Majalis of Karak and Henry B. Tristram that same year was solved with Sattam reasserting the Al-Fayez influence and dominance over the Karak region. Sattam's focus during his rule was on safeguarding trading routes going through his regions from bandits and settling new populations from Palestine and Egypt into Jordan to increase the manpower for agriculture. The most notable example of this

5341-472: The Nejd this deed was remembered. In 1875, a member of the Palestine Exploration Fund 's survey team reported finding the Beni Sakher of the Ghor , who claim descent from the Beni Sakher of the Hauran, had several herds containing 100 to 300 head of cattle and many sheep and goats as well as camels and horses. He mentions that they had fewer camels than previously since their power had been broken 7 or 8 years earlier by Mohammed Said, Pasha of Nablus , but that

5450-402: The Ottoman presence in Nejd and Qassim by the end of October 1906. This victory also weakened the alliance between Mubarak Al Sabah, ruler of Kuwait, and Ibn Saud due to the former's concerns about the increase of Saudi power in the region. Ibn Saud completed his conquest of the Nejd and the eastern coast of Arabia in 1912. He then founded the Ikhwan , a military-religious brotherhood, which

5559-456: The Ottomans, where they agreed to keep paying for the Hajj Caravans, and also pay the tribe for the protection of the Hijaz Railway. By 1908, Talal stopped receiving payments from the Ottomans, and his trip to Damascus to complain coincided with the beginning of the Young Turk revolution. Talal would be succeeded by Fawaz bin Sattam in 1909. Fawaz who was recognized by the Ottomans as Sheikh of Shiekhs and would act as an official representative of

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5668-433: The President of the Jordanian Senate, to become the first person in Jordan's history to have been PM, President of the Senate and the Representatives, and Head of the Royal Court. In 2018, a tribal conflict between the Al-Fayez and a tribe from Madaba causes nationwide unrest but is soon resolved by tribal leaders. In 2020, H.E Amer Talal Al-Fayez became President and Chairman of Al Abdali . In 2021, H.E Faisal Al-Fayez

5777-400: The Prime Minister of Jordan, and later in 2005, also becomes the Head of the Royal Hashemite Court. In 2005, H.E Eid Al-Fayez becomes Minister of Interior after the 2005 Amman Bombings and would serve until 2009. In 2008, H.E Amer Talal Al-Fayez became the Head of Royal Protocol at the Royal Hashemite Court and would stay until 2018. In 2010, H.E Faisal Al-Fayez is elected the Speaker of

5886-417: The Saudi Arabia's oil fields occurred between 21 and 29 January 1947 which was organized by the Arabian American Oil Company. Ibn Saud participated in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , but Saudi Arabia's contribution was generally considered token. The Saudis deployed 800 to 1,200 troops against Israel, including volunteers, who were attached to the Egyptians. He actively attempted to resolve the dispute between

5995-451: The Sultan. In 1920, Mashour was recognized as the Governor of Jiza and would serve in the position till his death in a inter-tribal battle in 1921. Mithqal who welcomed then Abdullah bin Hussein in Jiza, was recognized as Sheikh of Sheikhs of the Beni Sakher in the new Emirate of Transjordan with no opposition. In 1923, during the Adwan rebellion, Mithqal Al-Fayez led the Beni Sakher against the Adwan and in full support of Emir Abdullah, with

6104-487: The Tafilah, and agreed to renounce vassalage and replace the tribute with an annual gift as homage instead. The Al-Majalli chief was discontent with this and was ready to force the Tafilah's to become their vassals again, but was stopped by the Bani Sakher headed by Fendi, where Fendi sent Shlash Al-Bakhit Al-Fayez to ensure the contract between them where both parties comprised to avoid bloodshed. However, in January 1864, Al-Majalli again decided to attack and announce himself

6213-402: The Western world mononymously as Ibn Saud ( Arabic : ابن سعود ; Ibn Suʿūd ), was an Arab political and religious leader who founded Saudi Arabia – the third Saudi state – and reigned as its first king from 23 September 1932 until his death in 1953. He had ruled parts of the kingdom since 1902, having previously been Emir , Sultan , and King of Nejd , and King of Hejaz . Ibn Saud was

6322-415: The area, particularly along the Persian Gulf coast and in Iraq. The former of these were vital to the British, as merchant traffic between British India and the United Kingdom depended upon coaling stations on the approach to the Suez Canal . In 1925, Ibn Saud's forces captured the holy city of Mecca from Sharif Hussein, ending 700 years of Hashemite rule. Following this he issued the first decree which

6431-402: The army led by Eqab bin Mohaya , the head of the Talhah tribe. This allowed Ibn Saud the leverage to negotiate a new and more favorable treaty with the British in 1922, signed at Uqair. He met Percy Cox , British High Commissioner in Iraq, to draw boundaries and the treaty saw Britain recognize many of Ibn Saud's territorial gains. In exchange, Ibn Saud agreed to recognize British territories in

6540-560: The battles and conquests that gave birth to the state. Petroleum was discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1938 by SoCal , after Ibn Saud granted a concession in 1933. Through his advisers St John Philby and Ameen Rihani , Ibn Saud granted substantial authority over Saudi oil fields to American oil companies in 1944. Beginning in 1915, he signed a "friendship and cooperation" pact with Britain to keep his militia in line and cease any further attacks against their protectorates for whom they were responsible. Ibn Saud's newly found oil wealth brought

6649-434: The city marked the beginning of the third Saudi State. Following Ibn Saud's victory the Kuwaiti ruler Mubarak Al Sabah sent him an additional seventy warriors commanded by Ibn Saud's younger brother Saad. Upon settling in Riyadh, Ibn Saud took up residence in the palace of his grandfather, Faisal bin Turki . Following the capture of Riyadh, many former supporters of the House of Saud rallied to Ibn Saud's call to arms. He

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6758-457: The combined Ottoman and Rashidi forces. His forces regrouped and began to wage guerrilla warfare against the Ottomans. Over the next two years, he was able to disrupt their supply routes, forcing them to retreat. However, in February 1905 Ibn Saud was named qaimmaqam of southern Nejd by the Ottomans which he held until 1913 when an Anglo-Ottoman agreement was signed. Ibn Saud's victory in Rawdat Muhanna , in which Abdulaziz Al Rashid died, ended

6867-399: The conflicts and wars following the birth of the state, the Al-Fayez played a major role in protecting the state and its sovereignty. The Al-Fayez have customarily chosen a head of the house (Sheikh), usually not conforming to the Bedouin custom of conferring the role to the eldest son (Albikir) of the current head, but rather to the most competent and capable person of a given generation in

6976-486: The crown prince. Instead, Ibn Saud appointed his second son, Prince Saud , heir to the Saudi throne in 1933. He had many quarrels with his brother Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman as to who should be appointed heir. Muhammad wanted his son Khalid to be designated the heir. When the King discussed succession before his death, he favoured Prince Faisal as a possible successor over Crown Prince Saud due to Faisal's extensive knowledge, as well as his years of experience. Since Faisal

7085-426: The current government was impotent. He counted 150 tents and estimated the tribe strength as 400 men. Two years later, 1877, the survey team led by Lieutenant Kitchener , found the Bani Sakher camped on the road to Jenin , and later between Beisan and Tiberias . Kitchener reported that their Sheikh, Fendi Al-Fayez , was the most powerful local leader and could muster 4,500 fighting men. The sheikh showed Kitchener

7194-475: The early nineteenth century. Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, also known as Ibn Saud, was born on 15 January 1875 in Riyadh. He was the fourth child and third son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, one of the last rulers of the Emirate of Nejd, the Second Saudi State, a tribal sheikhdom centered on Riyadh. Ibn Saud's mother was Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi of the Sudairi family. She died in 1910. His full-siblings were Faisal, Noura , Bazza, Haya and Saad . He also had

7303-405: The empire, but would face a rebellious Mithqal who challenged Ottoman authority over cultivated fertile lands. By then, the new Ottoman administration was enacting new conscription laws that even included tribesmen. Mithqal dropped his claim over the land after peaceful negotiations between the two parties and a settlement of 200 ewes to Mithqal. By 1913, Mithqal would act as the military commander of

7412-639: The family. For example, Sattam was Fendi's third son, and Mithqal was Sattam's sixth son, and Akef was Mithqal's fourth son. Note that the head of the Al-Fayez, would also be the head or co-head (with the head of the House of Khraisha) of the Bani Sakher clan as the Al-Fayez are the leading house in the clan. 17th Century: 18th Century: 19th Century: 20th Century: 20th Century - present: Ibn Saud Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Saud ( Arabic : عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن بن فيصل بن ترکي بن عبدالله بن محمد بن سعود ; 15 January 1875 – 9 November 1953), known in

7521-453: The future King Saud and the next in line Prince Faisal, who were already battling each other, were "You are brothers, unite!" A staunch opponent of Zionism , Ibn Saud had a highly ambivalent opinion of the Jews. On the one hand he thought of the Jews, at least those who were not Zionists, as "[g]ood friends of the Arabs", opposed declaring an anti-Jewish jihad and fiercely condemned the anti-Jewish 1929 Hebron massacre , which he considered

7630-442: The head of the Zionist political department in Palestine, Chaim Arlosoroff , at the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. A series of events in the 1920s and 1930s put further pressure on their nomadic lifestyle, eventually leading to famine. The Bani Sakher were saved from this by the British government ruling Jordan at the time. In exchange, the British required the Bani Sakher to give up their nomadic lifestyle and turned more towards

7739-413: The independence of the Hejaz and Nejd, with Ibn Saud as their ruler. For the next five years, Ibn Saud administered the two parts of his dual kingdom as separate units. He also succeeded his father, Abdul Rahman, as Imam. With international recognition and support, Ibn Saud continued to consolidate his power. By 1927, his forces had overrun most of the central Arabian Peninsula , but the alliance between

7848-566: The leader of the Beni Saqr, commenting on the effectiveness of his spear, said that he "could not swim in hell with a stick." In the 19th century, the Beni Sakher lived as nomads. Their income came from their monopoly in trading camels and from the protection they could gave to pilgrims and visitors. In 1867, the Ottoman Empire launched a raid which defeated the Beni Sakher and ended their practice of collecting khuwwa (protection money) from established settlements. For fifty years up to 1920

7957-578: The master of the Tafilah, and was met with an immediate declaration of war from Fendi himself. Shlash Al-Bakhit was successful in leading an attack against Qoblan Al-Mkheisen who was appointed by Al-Majalli to oversee the Tafilah. Fendi shortly after sent 200 who met a force of 2000 riflemen on dromedaries. However, during the long standstill, the people of Al-Kerak were virtually under siege and were quickly running out of food and becoming increasingly ill-content, sensing this, Al-Majalli secretly went to Fendi in

8066-574: The meeting heavily focused on the Palestine problem and was unproductive in terms of its outcomes, in contrast to that with Roosevelt. After naming his son Saud as crown prince , the King left most of his duties to him, and he spent most of his time in Taif . His first flight was between Afif and Taif in September 1945. Ibn Saud met with King Farouk during his ten-day state visit to Egypt from 10 to 22 January 1946. Ibn Saud's first official visit to

8175-420: The newly formed Arab Army . Faced with similar wahhabi threats, Nuri Al Sha'lan , whose son Nawwaf is married to Mithqal's sister Jawaher, sent a letter to Mithqal and Emir Abdullah for permission to enter the country from the east. Ultimately, Mithqal and the new army successfully defended the emirate, with King Faisal Al Saud noting that "if it wasn't for Beni Sakher, our borders would reach Palestine". In

8284-529: The night to personally declare his surrender to him and agreed to pay reparations to all those wronged in the conflict, including reinstating Al-Huara's son as the Chief of Al-Tafilah. In 1868, an Anglican missionary, F.A Klein , was accompanied by Sattam bin Fendi on Fendi's orders to show him the Mesha Stele , which was previously unknown to the western world. The stone has been dated to 840BC and described

8393-585: The paramount Sheikh of Shammar Aqil Al-Yawar Al-Jarba and the paramount Sheikh of the Anazzah Mahrouth bin Fahad bin Hathal, agreed to cease the ancient practice of extra-tribal warefare " Ghazw ". Mithqal was also a signatory and a broker of a similar agreement between Syrian tribes and Jordanian tribes in 1928 which ended the tradition in the whole of North Arabia. In 2004, H.E Faisal Al-Fayez becomes

8502-645: The peak that they experienced under Fendi. In 1742, Sheikh Qa'dan Al-Fayez, the progenitor of the Qa'dan branch of the Al-Fayez family and the grandson of Fayez Al-Tay, was invited to support the Ottoman state in Sieging Tiberias. Although the siege was a failure, the Beni Sakher were still thanked by an invite from As'ad Pasha al-Azm to escort the Hajj Caravans. In 1757, the Ottoman state failed to pay

8611-557: The poor. As the economy deteriorated, Ibn Saud began to increase his aid to the needy. He gave them "royal kits" of bread and "waayid", which were monetary gifts given to them on an annual basis. The King said, "I haven't obtained all this wealth by myself. It is a blessing from Allah, and all of you have a share in it. So, I want you to guide me to whatever takes me nearer to my Lord and qualifies me for His forgiveness." Ibn Saud positioned Saudi Arabia as neutral in World War II, but

8720-693: The problems with the Ikhwan leaders, including Faisal Al Duwaish , Sultan bin Bajad and Dhaydan bin Hithlain , Ibn Saud organized a meeting in Riyadh in 1928, but none of them attended the meeting. Tensions finally boiled over when the Ikhwan rebelled . After two years of fighting, they were suppressed by Ibn Saud in the Battle of Sabilla in March 1929. On 23 September 1932, Ibn Saud formally united his realm into

8829-621: The progenitor of the Banu Tayy, who is a descendent of Kahlan of the famous Qahtaniya tribe . The Tayys lived in what is now the Ha'il Region , where Sakher Al-Ta'yun and the now Bani Sakher mainly lived on top of the "Mountain of Lions". Then the Bani Sakher migrated to occupy the lands Tayma to Al-'Ula ; where they were adjacent to the Bani Harb which led to the mixing of the two tribes leading some genealogists to fall into error and consider

8938-580: The region. The British entered into the Treaty of Darin in December 1915, which made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate and attempted to define the boundaries of the developing Saudi state. In exchange, Ibn Saud pledged to again make war against Ibn Rashid, who was an ally of the Ottomans. The British Foreign Office had previously begun to support Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and Emir of

9047-569: The result being the defeat of the Adwan forces with some taken as prisoners and exiled. In may of 1926, Emir Abdullah brokered both peace and an agreement of non-aggression between the Bani Sakher and the Huwaytat , signed on by Mithqal Al-Fayez and Hamad bin Jazi. This was followed with the larger Al-Ramadi conference in Iraq in 1927, where Mithqal and heads of the major tribes of Jordan and Iraq such as

9156-426: The rights inherited from our fathers." He also remarked, "We know what to avoid, and we know what to accept for our own benefit." Amani Hamdan argues that the King's attitude towards women's education was encouraging since he expressed his support in a conversation with St John Philby in which he stated, "It is permissible for women to read." Ibn Saud kept slaves, and regulated slavery in his kingdom in 1936. It

9265-736: The ruling branch of the Twaqa, the descendants of the 14th century AD Twayq bin Ahmad Al-Djarah, who was a Bani Sakher Sheikh. The Bani Sakher are descendants of the 3rd century Sakher, a great grandson of Julhamah bin Udad, the 2nd AD progenitor of the Banu Tayy Tribe which itself originated from Kahlan , the son of King Sheba , who was the great-grandson of Qahtan in Ancient Yemen . The Bani Sakher were well established in

9374-520: The sheikh was arrested. His son was killed in a rescue attempt. The father was released and is reported as having said "My son and I were servants of the Sultan, now he has one less". This was taken to mean that the tribe would not engage in a blood feud. In 1891 missionaries reported fighting north of Kerak between the Beni Sakher and the Hameidah . And again in 1893 the route between Kerak and Madaba

9483-544: The son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd , and Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi . The family were exiled from their residence in the city of Riyadh in 1890. Ibn Saud reconquered Riyadh in 1902, starting three decades of conquests that made him the ruler of nearly all of central and north Arabia. He consolidated his control over the Nejd in 1922, then conquered the Hejaz in 1925. He extended his dominions into what later became

9592-589: The source of development loans instead of the US Export-Import Bank , Ibn Saud reported that Saudi Arabia would do business with and be indebted to the United States instead of other countries and international agencies. Shortly before his death, the King stated, "Verily, my children and my possessions are my enemies." and "In my youth and manhood, I made a nation. Now, in my declining years, I make men for it." His last words to his two sons,

9701-598: The subsequent kings of Saudi Arabia as of 2024. The Al Saud family had been a power in central Arabia for the previous 130 years. Under the influence and inspiration of Wahhabism, the Saudis had previously attempted to control much of the Arabian Peninsula in the form of the Emirate of Diriyah , the First Saudi State, until its destruction by an Ottoman army in the Ottoman–Wahhabi War in

9810-501: The territories of his family. She was well educated in Islam, in Arab custom and in tribal and clan relationships. She remained among the King's most trusted and influential advisors all her life. Ibn Saud asked her about the experiences of past rulers and the historical allegiance and the roles of tribes and individuals. Jawhara was also deeply respected by the King's children. The King visited her daily until she died around 1930. Ibn Saud

9919-592: The three attackers were arrested. Another assassination attempt occurred in 1951 when Captain Abdullah Al Mandili, a member of Royal Saudi Air Force , tried to bomb the King's camp from an airplane. The attempt was unsuccessful, and Al Mandili escaped to Iraq with the help of tribes. Ibn Saud's eldest son Turki , who was the crown prince of the Kingdoms of Nejd and Hejaz, died at age 18, predeceasing his father. Had Turki not died, he would have been

10028-527: The tribe of Bani Sakher a part of Bani Harb . The Bani Sakher were also adjacent to Bani Anazzah , whom inhabited the Khayber , and between the two tribes there were several conflicts, including the orientalist Frederick Gerard Peake in his book " A History of Jordan and its Tribes , x, 1958" that the tribe of Bani Sakher clashed with tribes of Anazzah on the way to migrate to the Levant . The battle ended with

10137-631: The tribe of Bani Sakher. In a two-day battle, the tribesmen of Bani Sakher assisted by the Hadid tribe managed to defeat the raiders. The raiders were intercepted by British armored cars and planes only after they had begun to withdraw. On 8 April 1933 Sheikh Mithqal Pasha al-Fayez , Chief of the Al-Fayez and the Beni Sakher, was a member of a delegation which met the President of the World Zionist Organization , Chaim Weizmann , and

10246-455: The tribes didn't welcome them, most notably the Al-Adwan (العدوان) whom where extending their influence over the region. The Bani Sakher went to Palestine and stayed for a period of time until they soon returned to Al-Balqa. At this time, the area was under the sovereignty of the Sardiyya tribe, which was imposing a tax on the tribes that inhabited the areas in and around Al-Balqa, however when

10355-511: The weapons and supplies which the British provided him, including a 'tribute' of £5,000 per month. After World War I Ibn Saud received further support from the British, including a glut of surplus munitions. He launched his campaign against the Al Rashidi in 1920; by 1922 they had been all but destroyed. The defeat of the Al Rashidi doubled the size of Saudi territory because, after the war of Ha'il, Ibn Saud sent his army to occupy Al Jouf and

10464-534: Was a charismatic leader and kept his men supplied with arms. Over the next two years, he and his forces recaptured almost half of the Nejd from the Rashidis. In 1904, Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid appealed to the Ottoman Empire for military protection and assistance. The Ottomans responded by sending troops into Arabia. On 15 June 1904, Ibn Saud's forces suffered a major defeat at the hands of

10573-521: Was a child, Ibn Saud recognised him as the most capable of his sons and often tasked him with responsibilities in war and diplomacy. In addition, Faisal was known to embrace a simple Bedouin lifestyle. "I only wish I had three Faisals", Ibn Saud once said when discussing who would succeed him. However, he made the decision to keep Prince Saud as crown prince for fear that doing otherwise would lead to decreased stability. Ibn Saud said, "Two things are essential to our state and our people ... religion and

10682-528: Was able to gain loyalty from tribes near Saudi Arabia, such as those in Jordan. For example, he built very strong ties with Rashed Al-Khuzai from the Al Fraihat tribe, one of the most influential and royally established families during the Ottoman Empire. Prince Rashed and his tribe had dominated eastern Jordan before the arrival of Sharif Hussein. Ibn Saud supported Rashed and his followers in rebellion against Hussein. In 1934 Saudi Arabia defeated Yemen in

10791-593: Was about the collection of zakat . On 8 January 1926, the leading figures in Mecca, Medina and Jeddah proclaimed Ibn Saud the King of Hejaz and the bayaa (oath of allegiance) ceremony was held in the Great Mosque of Mecca . Ibn Saud raised Nejd to a kingdom as well on 29 January 1927. On 20 May 1927, the British government signed the Treaty of Jeddah , which abolished the Darin protection agreement and recognized

10900-571: Was against the Majalli family in 1863 and was documented by the Italian explorer Carlo Claudio Camillo Guarmani in his book that Northern Nejd. The Al Tafilah villagers, who were subject to Mohammad Al-Majalli, paying yearly tributes to him, were discontented with the recent negligence of the Majalis in protecting the villagers. The Tafilah villagers were gathered by Abdullah Al-Huara, the chief of

11009-419: Was also very close to his sister Noura , who was one year older. On several occasions, he identified himself in public with the words: "I am the brother of Noura." Noura died a few years before her brother, and the King was deeply saddened by her death. On 15 March 1935, three armed men from Oman attacked and tried to assassinate Ibn Saud during his performance of Hajj . He survived the attack unhurt, and

11118-526: Was closed due to fighting between the Beni Sakher and the Anazi . In June 1917 Fawaz el Fayez, one of the leaders of the Bani Sakher, had a secret meeting with T.E. Lawrence . El Fayez was a member of an anti-Turkish committee in Damascus and Lawrence was seeking support for his military campaign. Immediately after the meeting Lawrence fled fearing betrayal. El Fayez was killed shortly afterwards. By June 1918

11227-612: Was generally considered to favor the Allies . However, in 1938, when an attack on a main British pipeline in the Kingdom of Iraq was found to be connected to the German Ambassador, Fritz Grobba , Ibn Saud provided Grobba with refuge. It was reported that he had been disfavoring the British as of 1937. In the last stage of the war, Ibn Saud met significant political figures. One of these meetings, which lasted for three days,

11336-462: Was only his son, King Faisal, who abolished slavery in Saudi Arabia in 1967. Ibn Saud repeated the following views about the British authorities many times: "The English are my friends, but I will walk with them only so far as my religion and honor will allow." He had much more positive views about the United States, including finance, and in 1947 when the World Bank was suggested to him as

11445-926: Was separated from Banu Tayy during that time as they migrated north to modern day Jordan, and then the Fayez were further distinguished after multiple successful leaders from the family and furthermore the lineage of Fayez Al-Tayy. Fayez's full name is Fayez bin Fadel bin Rahma bin Ghbayen bin Im'jayd bin Twayq bin Hamad Bin Al-Djarah Bin Al-Ahmadi Bin Al-Fahaad Al-Sukhari The family was briefly split in 1879 when Emir Fendi died of illness on his way back from Nablus. During that time, half of his eight remaining sons allied with

11554-588: Was the father of almost one hundred children, including 45 sons. Mohammed Leopold Weiss reported in 1929 that one of Ibn Saud's spouses had poisoned the King in 1924, causing him to have poor sight in one eye. He later forgave her, but divorced her. One of the significant publications about Ibn Saud in the Western media was a comprehensive article by Noel Busch published in Life magazine in May 1943 which introduced him as

11663-560: Was the settling of many Gazans such as the Abu Zaid family into the Sahab region After Sattam's death in 1891, another succession crisis unfolded with Sattam's son Fayez bin Sattam vying to succeed his father, in opposition to his uncle Talal bin Fendi . Talal was eventually recognized as Sheikh of Sheikhs of the Beni Sakher. The Ottomans invited both Fayez and Talal to Istanbul to arbitrate

11772-399: Was to assist in his later conquests, with the approval of local Salafi ulema . In the same year, he instituted an agrarian policy to settle the nomadic pastoralist bedouins into colonies and to replace their tribal organizations with allegiance to the Ikhwan. In May 1914, Ibn Saud made a secret agreement with the Ottomans as a result of his unproductive attempts to get protection from

11881-838: Was with U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt on 14 February 1945. The meeting took place on board USS  Quincy in the Great Bitter Lake segment of the Suez Canal. The meeting laid down the basis of the future relations between the two countries . The other meeting was with British prime minister Winston Churchill in the Grand Hotel du Lac on the shores of the Fayyoun Oasis, fifty miles south of Cairo , in February 1945. Saudis report that

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