134-521: Bharuch ( listen ), formerly known as Bharutkutccha , is a city at the mouth of the river Narmada in Gujarat in western India. Bharuch is the administrative headquarters of Bharuch District . The city of Bharuch and surroundings have been settled since times of antiquity. It was a ship building centre and sea port in the pre-compass coastal trading routes for trading with the Occident and
268-512: A bird's eye view of the financial structure of the whole era of Gujarat's sultanate, it can be seen that the area was cheaper and prosperous also when Akbar had won over the Bharuch during the Mughal era it had 12 Paraganas. The annual growth of all 559 Cities of Bharuch, Hansot , Olpad, Mandvi, Galaa, Jambusar, Dahej, Koral, Ankleshvara and Tadakeshwar Parganas was Rs. 7.5 million. As given in
402-447: A cliff as Kapildhara waterfall and meanders in the hills, flowing through a tortuous course crossing the rocks and islands up to the ruined palace of Ramnagar. Between Ramnagar and Mandla , (25 km (15.5 mi)), further southeast, the course is comparatively straight with deep water devoid of rocky obstacles. The Banger joins from the left. The river then runs north–west in a narrow loop towards Jabalpur . Close to this city, after
536-818: A commentary on the Sūta Saṁhitā by Madhavācārya is also available. These texts discuss cosmogony, theology, philosophical questions on virtues and vice, questions such as what is evil, the origin of evil, how to deal with and cure evil. The manuscripts of several other texts which claim to be part of the Skanda Purāṇa are found partially or wholly. Some of the notable regional texts amongst these are: Himavat Khaṇḍa which contains Nepalamahatmya (30 chapters, Nepal Tirtha region), Kanakādri Khaṇḍa , Bhīma Khaṇḍa , Śivarahasya Khaṇḍa , Sahyādri Khaṇḍa , Ayodhyā Khaṇḍa , Mathurā Khaṇḍa and Pātāla Khaṇḍa . Kaverimahatmya presents stories and
670-588: A fall of some (9 m (29.5 ft)), called the Dhuandhara , the fall of mist , it flows for (3 km (1.9 mi)), in a deep narrow channel through the magnesium limestone and basalt rocks called the Marble Rocks ; from a width of about 90 m (295.3 ft), above, it is compressed in this channel of (18 m (59.1 ft)), only. Beyond this point up to its meeting the Arabian Sea,
804-878: A high-level Committee was appointed by the Government of India (GOI) in September 1964. In 1965, the Committee prepared a Master Plan for the basin, which involved construction of 12 major projects in Madhya Pradesh and the Navagam Dam in Gujarat. Gujarat endorsed the proposal, but Maharashtra did not. After intense parleys failed to resolve the problem, in 1968 GOI agreed to establish the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (NWDT) under
938-863: A large contiguous forest block that harbours a community of plant and animal species typical of the central highland region. Apart from the above national parks, there are also a number of natural preserves such as the Amarkantak , the Bagh Caves and the Bhedaghat . In compliance of the Environmental Action Plan for the Narmadasagar and Omkareswar HEPs, as per the recommendations of the Wildlife Institute of India three new protected areas may be created, which are, a)
1072-498: A large number of public trusts in the city. However the present day Bhargava Brahmanas have migrated to Mumbai , Surat , Vadodara , Ahmedabad and other countries such as France, Britain, Australia and New Zealand. Being close to one of the biggest industrial areas including Ankleshvara GIDC, it is at times referred to as the chemical capital of India. The city has chemical plants, textile mills, long staple cotton, dairy products and much more. Gujarat's biggest liquid cargo terminal
1206-561: A leading role in picketing the foreign cloth shops in Bharuch in 1930 CE. Manishankar Bhatt of Panjareli City had motivated the district youth to participate in the freedom struggle. Maganbhai Rugnathdas Patel of Bhadaam City played a leading role in the Dholera movement in 1930 CE. Manishankar Ranchhoddas Sukawala of Bharuch played an active role in the non-cooperation movement in 1920–1921 CE. Narmada The Narmada River , previously also known as Narbada or anglicised as Nerbudda ,
1340-556: A library in Bharuch. It was also during the time around from 1008 CE-1030 CE that Mahmud of Ghazni and his forces had made several attempted raids into Gujarat to raid the land and the Indian Subcontinental rulers of Gujarat and other lands with their forces defeated them all and all the forces of Mahmud of Ghazni were killed and defeated by them, and the surviving forces of Mahmud of Ghazni and Mahmud of Ghazni himself fled back to Central Asia each time they tried to sack
1474-777: A link port to the luxury goods trade from the Far East and the interior of the Indian sub-continent to the civilisations of South-west Asia, the Middle-East , the Mediterranean basin including Northern Africa and Europe. During the Prarga–Maurya period in Gujarat, King Pradyota Mahavira of the Pradyota dynasty of Ujjain ruled over Bharutkutchha in 550 BCE. He was a contemporary of Gautama Buddha . The Theragatha , part of
SECTION 10
#17327650715071608-401: A major pilgrimage region or site. The chapters are Mahatmyas , or travel guides for pilgrimage tourists. The Maheśvara Khaṇḍa consists of 3 sections: The Viṣṇu Khaṇḍa or Vaiṣṇava Khaṇḍa consists of nine sections: The Brahma Khaṇḍa has three sections (four in some manuscripts): The Kāśī Khaṇḍa (100 chapters, Varanasi and Vindhya Tirtha region )
1742-707: A major trading partner of the Roman and Greek worlds, in the 1st century Periplus of the Erythraean Sea . One of the Periploi describes numerous Greek buildings and fortifications in the area, although mistakenly attributing them to early Greeks who never reached this far south in the Indian Subcontinent as they ruled only lands to the west of the Indian Subcontinent before the Indo-Greeks ruled
1876-700: A major watershed feeding the Sardar Sarovar and Karjan reservoir (on the Karjan River, a tributary of Narmada in Gujarat). It is the habitat of mammals and a variety of birds, including eagles and hawks . The development of the Narmada river has led to the inundation of some archaeological and architectural sites. The Department of Archaeology, Museums and Archives, Government of Madhya Pradesh, undertook rescue excavations in response, and transplanted
2010-594: A number of temples. An attempt to comprehensively list and publish lost sites has been undertaken by Jürgen Neuss. Many Dinosaur fossils have been found in the Narmada valley. The first fossil was discovered in 1828 by William Sleeman . In 1982 fossil remains of Rajasaurus narmadensis , which lived in the Cretaceous Period , was discovered. The Narmada river has a huge water resources potential, as much as 33,210,000 acre-feet (40.96 km ) of average annual flow (more than 90% of this flow occurring during
2144-599: A pilgrim guide for the Kaveri river (Karnataka) and Coorg Tirtha region. Vivsamitrimahatmya presents mythology and a guide for the Vadodara Tirtha region. The oldest known 1st-millennium palm-leaf manuscripts of this text mention many major Hindu pilgrimage sites, but do not describe Kailash-Manasarovar . The later versions do, particularly in Manasakhanda . The Skanda Purana , like many Puranas, include
2278-528: A religious movement, as well as social movement, in which all members were accepted irrespective of their castes, and the traditional ritualistic religions was rejected. Bharuch is also a sacred tirtha for Jains . This tirtha is situated in the Bharuch city on the rail and road path, in the Shrimali Pole. Here we see the idol of Munisuvrata Svami ; black in complexion and in Padmasana posture. In
2412-856: A variety of birds. Hornbill and peafowl are the common birds. The flora of the national park consists of mainly sal , teak, tendu , aonla , mahua , bael , bamboo , and a variety of grasses and medicinal plants . Forest areas outside protected areas are also quite rich in floral and faunal diversity. Mandla Plant Fossils National Park , Dindori National fossils park Ghughuya is situated in Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh in India. This national park has plants in fossil form that existed in India anywhere between 40 million and 150 million years ago spread over seven villages of Mandla District (Ghuguwa, Umaria, Deorakhurd, Barbaspur, Chanti-hills, Chargaon and Deori Kohani). The Mandla Plant Fossils National Park
2546-695: Is also said to have been engaged with the Sonbhadra , another river flowing on the Chota Nagpur Plateau . According to the Puranas , the Narmada is also called the Reva, from its leaping motion (from the root 'rev') through its rocky bed. The Narmada River is also worshipped as mother goddess Muktidayani, or liberating mother. The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by
2680-550: Is also the second-oldest city of India, having displayed evidence of continuous habitation, the first being Kashi ( Varanasi ). Chandragupta Vikramaditya and other kings and queens of the Gupta dynasty ruled this city up to the 5th century CE; it was then ruled over by the kings of the Gurjara tribe until the 7th century CE. The time period of 8th century CE to 13th century CE was said to be an important and very well-known part under
2814-526: Is among of the oldest dated manuscripts discovered in Nepal. A palm-leaf manuscript of the text is preserved at the National Archives of Nepal (NAK 2–229), and its digital version has been archived by Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project (NGMCP B 11–4). It is likely that the manuscript was copied by the scribe on Monday, March 10 811 CE, though there is some uncertainty with this date because
SECTION 20
#17327650715072948-640: Is an area that spreads over 274,100 m (2,950,387.8 sq ft). Such fossils are found in three other villages of the district also, but they lie outside the national park. The Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve covers part of three civil districts viz., Narmadapuram, Betul and Chhindwara of Madhya Pradesh. The total area is 4,926.28 km (1,902.0 sq mi). It envelops three wildlife conservation units viz., Bori Sanctuary (518.00 km ), Satpura National Park (524.37 km (202.5 sq mi)), and Pachmarhi Sanctuary (461.37 km (178.1 sq mi)). Satpura National Park comprises
3082-569: Is an important place of worship in Madhya Pradesh. At first, the descent is rapid and the stream, quickening in pace, rushes over a barrier of rocks. The Sikta and the Kaveri join it below the Khandwa plain. At two points, at Mandhar, about 40 km (24.9 mi) below Nemawar , and Dadrai, 40 km (24.9 mi) further down near Punasa, the river falls over a height of about 12 m (39.4 ft). A few kilometres further down in Barwaha
3216-501: Is attributed to the sage Vyasa . Haraprasad Shastri and Cecil Bendall , in about 1898, discovered an old palm-leaf manuscript of Skanda Purana in a Kathmandu library in Nepal , written in Gupta script . They dated the manuscript to 8th century CE, on paleographic grounds. This suggests that the original text existed before this time. R. Adriaensen, H.Bakker, and H. Isaacson dated
3350-611: Is derived from Satpura hill ranges (Mahadeo hills) and covers an area of 524 km (202.3 sq mi) and along with the adjoining Bori and Panchmarhi Sanctuaries, provides 1,427 km (551.0 sq mi) of unique central Indian Highland ecosystem. Satpura National Park, being part of a unique ecosystem, is very rich in biodiversity. The fauna comprises tiger, leopard , sambar , chital , bhedki, nilgai , four-horned antelope , chinkara , gaur , wild boar , wild dog , sloth bear , black buck , fox, porcupine , flying squirrel , mouse deer , Indian giant squirrel . There are
3484-516: Is divided into two parts: The Āvantya Khaṇḍa consists of: The Nāgara Khaṇḍa (279 chapters) consists of Tirtha-māhātmya (Hāṭakeśvara-kṣetra or Vadnagar region). The Prabhāsa Khaṇḍa (491 chapters) consists of four sections: The second type of division of the Skanda Purana is found in some texts like Hālasyamāhātmya of the Agastya Saṁhitā or
3618-530: Is located on the banks of river Narmada also known as Rudra Deha. Chandramaulishvara Shiva is the Kuladevata of Bhargavas of Bharuch. Bhrigu never left the place and the Ashrama of Brighu Rishi is located on the banks of Narmada. Bharuch was considered to be sacred among sages , and they would come to Bharuch to pray. The priests of Bharuch were famous for their learning in the other regions too. As per
3752-587: Is navigable for vessels of the burthen of 95 tonnes (i.e., 380 Bombay candies) up to Bharuch and for vessels up to 35 tonnes (140 Bombay candies) up to Shamlapitha or Ghangdia. The small vessels (10 tonnes) voyage up to Tilakawada in Gujarat. There are sand bases and shoals at mouth and at Bharuch. The nearby island of Kabirvad, in the Narmada River, features a gigantic Banyan tree , which covers 10,000 square metres (2.5 acres). The Narmada basin , hemmed between Vindhya and Satpura ranges, extends over an area of 98,796 km (38,145.3 sq mi) and lies on
3886-523: Is one of the Seven Holy Rivers of Hindu Indian Subcontinent; the other six being the Ganga , Yamuna , Sarasvati , Sindhu , Godavari and Kaveri and many more other rivers. It is known and said that a dip in any of these seven rivers and other rivers washes away one's sins. According to a legend, the river Ganga is polluted by millions of people bathing in it. To cleanse herself, Ganga acquires
4020-734: Is situated 50 km to the west of Bharuch, in Dahej. It also houses many multinational companies, such as Videocon , BASF , ONGC Petro-Additions , Reliance Industries , Adani Ports & SEZ , Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers & Chemicals , MRF Tires, Yokohama Off-Highway Tires , Jubilant , Aditya Birla Hindalco Industries , Gujarat Fluorochemicals Limited , ISGEC Hitachi, UPL (company) , Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited , Deepak Nitrite , Torrent Pharmaceuticals , Petronet LNG , Godrej & Boyce , Piramal Group , Pidilite Industries , SRF Limited , Safari Equipments and Welspun Maxsteel Ltd . The industrial estate of Vilayata houses
4154-593: Is the 5th longest river in India and overall the longest west-flowing river in the country. It is also the largest flowing river in the state of Madhya Pradesh . This river flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat in India. It is also known as the "Lifeline of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat" due to its huge contribution to the two states in many ways. The Narmada River rises from the Amarkantak Plateau in Anuppur district in Madhya Pradesh. It forms
Bharuch - Misplaced Pages Continue
4288-518: Is the largest Mukhyapurana , a genre of eighteen Hindu religious texts. The text contains over 81,000 verses, and is of Shaivite literature, titled after Skanda , a son of Shiva and Parvati (who is also known as Murugan in Tamil literature). While the text is named after Skanda, he does not feature either more or less prominently in this text than in other Shiva-related Puranas. The text has been an important historical record and influence on
4422-437: Is to a place of mind, of truth, charity, patience, compassion, soft speech, soul. — Skanda Purana The whole corpus of texts which are considered as part of the Skanda Purana is grouped in two ways. According to one tradition, these are grouped in six saṁhitā s, each of which consists of several khaṇḍa s. According to another tradition, these are grouped in seven khaṇḍa s, each named after
4556-856: Is written in transitional Gupta script, Sanskrit. The 1910 edition included seven khaṇḍa s (parts): Maheśvara , Viṣṇu or Vaiṣṇava , Brahma, Kāśī , Āvantya , Nāgara and Prabhāsa . In 1999–2003, an English translation of this text was published by the Motilal Banarsidass , New Delhi in 23 volumes. This translation is also based on a text divided into seven khaṇḍa s. The Skandapurāṇa , vol. I, adhyāyas 1-25, edited by Rob Adriaensen, Hans T. Bakker , and Harunaga Isaacson, 1998; vol. IIa, adhyāyas 26-31.14, ed. by Hans T. Bakker and Harunaga Isaacson, 2005; vol. IIb, adhyāyas 31-52, ed. by Hans T. Bakker, Peter C. Bisschop, and Yuko Yokochi, 2014; vol. III, adhyāyas 34.1-61, 53-69, ed. by Yuko Yokochi, 2013. Supplement to
4690-538: The Śaṁkarī Saṁhitā , Sambhava Kāṇḍa of the Śaṁkarī Saṁhitā , Śivamāhātmya Khaṇḍa of the Sūta Saṁhitā and Kālikā Khaṇḍa of the Sanatkumāra Saṁhitā . According to these texts, the Skanda Purana consists of six saṁhitā s (sections): The manuscripts of the Sanatkumāra Saṁhitā , the Śaṁkarī Saṁhitā , the Sūta Saṁhitā and the Saura Saṁhitā are extant. A manuscript of
4824-694: The Pali Canon written down in Sri Lanka in the 1st century BCE, mentions Vaddha Thera and Malitavamba Thera of Bharukaccha, as contemporaries of the Buddha , while the Therigatha of the same canon mentions Vaddhamta Theri of Bharukaccha. The ancient Sri Lankan chronicle, the Dipavamsa , mentions that the legendary king Vijaya stopped at Bharutkutchha for three months in 500 BCE. Excavations near
4958-581: The Dandi March with some of his supporters, the route of Dandi Kuch in Bharuch district was from Devata City of Borsad taluka via Jambusar Amod on the other side of the river Mahi via Bharuch and Ankleshvara on the other side of the river Narmada and reaching Dandi via Surat. The Dandi Kuch arrived in Kareli City on 20 and 22 March 1930 CE and became a memorial day in Jambusar, proving the history of
5092-515: The Interstate River Water Disputes Act of 1956 to adjudicate on the dispute relating to sharing of water of the interstate Narmada and its valley. After ten years of deliberations and taking into considering the development of the water resources of the basin as a whole gave its award December 1978. Even though the tribunal award resolved the initial issue of water sharing, the height of dam, benefit sharing and
5226-666: The Roman Empire , the Chinese, and in other Western and Eastern centres of civilisation through the end of the European Middle Ages and other the middle ages of the world. Bharuch has been the home to the Gujarati Bhargava Brahmana community for ages. The community traces its lineage to Bhrigu and Parashurama , who is the sixth avatara of Vishnu . The Bharava community still administers
5360-843: The Sher River , Shakkar River , the Dudhi River , the Tawa (biggest tributary) and the Ganjal. The Hiran , the Barna , the Choral , the Karam and the Lohar are the important tributaries joining from the north. Below Handia and Nemawar to Hiran fall (the deer's leap), the river is approached by hills from both sides. In this stretch the character of the river is varied. Omkareshwar , sacred to Shiva
5494-687: The Sindh - Baluchistan and Kutch . At one time, a marine ravine penetrated the very centre of Peninsular India through a narrow inlet along the present valley of Narmada. During this time India was divided into two halves by narrow strips of marine transgressions and there was no land communication between the Peninsular and northern India. Along the Narmada Valley, several patches of sediments have been deposited which contains ancient remains of animals. These fossils are similar to those found along
Bharuch - Misplaced Pages Continue
5628-492: The Skanda Purana , when Bhrigu Rishi came here, Bharuch was the residence of the Goddess Lakshmi . Bharuch derives its name from the great sage Bhrigu . The original name of Bharuch is 'Bhrigukachchha'. Bhrigu was one of the many children of Brahma and Sarasvati . There is also a story which indicates that Bhrigu along with his kin asked for temporary access to Bharuch which then belonged to Lakshmi since Bharuch
5762-577: The Somnath Temple and Gujarat. Later Mahmud of Ghazni himself was killed by Bhoja and Ghazni's forces were killed by the Paramaras and their allies as known in historical sources. The destruction and killing of the Ghaznavid incursions by the Indian Subcontinent occurred in the Gujarat countryside including the area of Bharuch and outside it too. Chakradhara Svami of Bharuch was during
5896-412: The Tabaqat-i Akbari , there is a description of severe drought and the spread of a contentious epidemic in Gujarat, which was later fertilized and cured to the end. On understanding the importance of the Bharuch district as the trade centre, the British had taken permission from Jahangir to establish the office during this era. Jahangir also permitted trade to the British. A big office building built by
6030-474: The samvat of this manuscript is unclear. Michael Witzel dates this Nepalese manuscript to about 810 CE. This manuscript was discovered as one in a group of seven different texts bound together. The group included fourteen manuscripts mostly Buddhist, six of which are very old Saddharma Pundarika Sutra manuscripts, one of Upalisutra , one Chinese Buddhist text, and one Bhattikavya Buddhist yamaka text. The Skanda Purana found in this manuscripts collection
6164-411: The 18th century CE and it is their current residence, far away from their ancestral residence, which is Bharuch , Gujarat. After they immigrated to Jaora State in Madhya Pradesh, India, Bharuch was ruled by the many royal states of the Indian Subcontinent in Gujarat under many Indian subcontinent rulers and Europeans from many nations in Europe together for many centuries together. It is known that
6298-411: The 6th century BCE, the city was readily accessible to outside trade via land-sea routes reaching the Levant to the Arab and Ethiopian traders feeding goods westwards to the Egyptians , Greeks , Parthians , Western Romans , Carthaginians , and eventually, the Eastern Roman Empires , and the Republic of Venice . It is likely even the Phoenicians knew of it; it has acted since antiquity as
6432-474: The Bank conducting an Independent Review Mission (IRM) in 1991 of the Sardar Sarovar Project and identified several recommendations. However, the IRM's report was neither accepted by the Government of India or the World Bank . Finally the Government of India decided to terminate further drawing from the World Bank loan and would complete the project with national resources. The Supreme Court has also deliberated on this issue for several years but finally upheld
6566-428: The Bharuch port. During the decade of 70 CE–80 CE, coins of Greek writing were used in Bharuch. The activity region of Jain priest Arya Khapoota (1st century AD) was in the Aatapata region of Bharuch. He had released the Ashvabodha pilgrims in Bharuch out of the control of the Buddhists. Seven caves have been discovered from Kadiyadungar near Jajhapura, near Ankleshvara, of the Bharuch district. These caves are known as
6700-414: The British, the Dutch also left their trade centre in Bharuch. When the Mughal subahdar Nizam-ul-Mulk was given the independent control of Bharuch as his fief, the Nizam soon threw off the suzerainty of the Mughals and started acting independent of Mughal rule. He appointed a loyal commander named Abdullah as the administrator of Bharuch with the title 'Nek Alam Khan'. Nek Alam Khan became independent of
6834-422: The Buddhist Viharas. It is believed that they were sculpted in the 1st century CE and 2nd century CE. During this time kings and queens of Trekutaka dynasty ruled the north of the Konkan and south of the Lata. Trekutaka ruled over the Surat district but the border of their state could not be decided. In the lines of Daspur of the weavers of Lata (South Gujarat) it has been mentioned that the Surya and Sanjana Temple
SECTION 50
#17327650715076968-404: The Dutch in the 18th century can be seen in the Kansarvad in Bharuch. This building has a fort around it. Marathas had plundered Bharuch twice while it was under Mughal rule. Six droughts between 1681 CE and 1696 CE ended the ports' prosperity. By the end of the 17th century CE, their place was taken over due to the development of Mumbai port. In 1772 CE, after the control of Bharuch was taken by
7102-405: The East, perhaps as far back as the days of earliest trade connections. The route made use of the regular and predictable monsoon winds or galleys . Many goods from the Far East and Far West (the famed Spices and Silk trade) were shipped there during the annual monsoon winds, making it a terminus for several key land-sea trade routes . Bharuch was known to the Greeks, the Parthian Empire , in
7236-424: The Himalayan region of South Asia such as Nepal, and the northeastern states of India such as Assam . The critical editions of the text, for scholarly studies, rely on the Nepalese manuscripts. Additional texts style themselves as khandas (sections) of Skandapurana, but these came into existence after the 12th century. It is unclear if their root texts did belong to the Skandapurana, and in some cases replaced
7370-407: The Hindu deities's idols and the Hindu Temples and to build Mosques in place of them in the time of 760 CE, but the Maitraka forces killed Hussain Bin Amru and all his forces and won over them and the Hindu Temples with their Hindu deities' idols were present without any mosques. In the post Maitraka era, during 788 CE – 942 CE Rashtrakuta kings and queens of south Lata ruled over Bharuch. Their reign
7504-559: The Hindu traditions and rituals related to the war-god Skanda. The earliest text titled Skanda Purana likely existed by the 8th century CE, but the Skanda Purana that has survived into the modern era exists in many versions. It is considered as a living text, which has been widely edited, over many centuries, creating numerous variants. The common elements in the variant editions encyclopedically cover cosmogony , mythology , genealogy , dharma , festivals, gemology, temples, geography, discussion of virtues and evil, of theology and of
7638-462: The Indian Subcontinental rulers and their forces and Muhammad of Ghor was killed by Prithviraj Chauhan and Ghori's forces were killed by the Indian Subcontinent rulers and their forces too as said in historical sources. The middle era history of Bharuch district can be divided into three main parts, out of which, we can say that Delhi Sultanate era (1297 CE–1407 CE), Gujarat Sultanate era (1407 CE–1573 CE) and Mughal era (1573 CE–1736 CE). Bharuch
7772-472: The Khosla Committee recommended that further investigations be carried out on four of the seven proposed sites. The four sites included Tawa, Bargi, Punasa and the Broach Barrage and Canal Project. In 1951 CWNIC was renamed Central Waterways & Power Commission (CWPC) and in 1957 a senior member of the CWPC selected further investigations to be completed at Navagam, a site that fell under the Broach Project. Navagam eventually became CWPC's preferred site because
7906-447: The Marathas who ruled between 1783 CE and 1802 CE. From 1802 CE, Bharuch was returned to the East India Company under the terms of the Treaty of Salbai . Bharuch was ruled by Delhi Sultanate for 94 years, The independent Gujarat Sultanate for 181 years, Mughal Empire for 164 years, Independent Nawabs for 36 years and Maratha rule for 19 years. During these times, revenue was collected from Bharuch and hundreds of people, especially
8040-441: The Narmada Control Authority had approved a series of changes in the final height and the associated displacement caused by the increased reservoir, from the original 80 m (260 ft) to a final 163 m (535 ft) from foundation. Investigations for harnessing the Narmada waters began in 1945 to 1946 by A. N. Khosla who was the chairman of the Central Waterways, Irrigation and Navigation Commission (CWINC). In 1948
8174-451: The Narmada National Park (496.70 km ), b) the Surmanya Sanctuary (126.67 km ) and c) Omkareshwar Sanctuary (119.96 km ) comprising a total area of 788.57 km (304.47 sq mi). Shoolpaneshwar Sanctuary in Gujarat, near the Sardar Sarovar dam site, previously called the Dumkal Sloth Bear Sanctuary (old sanctuary has been expanded four times) now covers an area of about 607 km (234.4 sq mi), comprises
SECTION 60
#17327650715078308-405: The Narmada River. According to the Rewa Khand, the Narmada was created from Shiva's perspiration while he was performing penance on Mount Riksha. Due to this, the Narmada River is known as Shiva's daughter. In another legend, two teardrops fell from the eyes of Brahma , the creator of the universe, which yielded two rivers – the Narmada and the Son . Narmada is also considered sacred because of
8442-409: The Narmada did not have enough water supply to meet the requirements as planned by the two states. This began inter-State conflicts that went on for several years until 1963 when the Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat arrived at a set of compromises called the Bhopal Agreement. Gujarat State ratified the agreement but Madhya Pradesh did not, which led to another impasse. To break the logjam,
8576-412: The Narmada enters the Mandleshwar plain, the second basin about 180 km (111.8 mi) long and 65 km (40.4 mi) wide in the south. The northern strip of the basin is only 25 km (15.5 mi). The second valley section is broken only by Saheshwar Dhara fall. The early course of about 125 km (77.7 mi) up to Markari falls is met with a succession of cataracts and rapids from
8710-473: The Narmada enters three narrow valleys between the Vindhya scarps in the north and the Satpura range in the South. The southern extension of the valley is wider at most places. These three valley sections are separated by the closely approaching line of the scarps and the Satpura hills . Emerging from the Marble Rocks the river enters its first fertile basin, which extends about 320 km (198.8 mi), with an average width of 35 km (21.7 mi), in
8844-443: The Nizam's control in 1736 CE and assumed independent control of Bharuch. This is the start of a short-lived dynasty of the Nawabs of Bharuch. Nek Alam Khan died in 1738 CE and was succeeded by his son Mirza Beg who also assumed the title of Nek Alam Khan. During this period, independent Nawabs ruled over Bharuch. Mirza Baig, Ahmed Baig, Hakim Mirza, Mirza Mohabbat Khan Those who were given poison, due to which they died and their son who
8978-399: The Posters (Cartaz) system. After the attacks when Jorge de Menezes plundered Bharuch in 1547 CE, the city fell into insignificance. In the 17th century CE, the Dutch and British made it a centre of their cotton purchases in Gujarat, and commercial warehouses were established in 1616 CE and 1618 CE by the British and Dutch respectively and others later. After that, in 1675 CE and 1686 CE, it
9112-575: The Rashuddin Caliph Uthman had tried to attack Bharuch but the Maitraka forces killed all the Arab forces and won over them. In 648 AD, King Dhanasena –the fourth king of Vallabhi had put his winning camp in Bharuch with his forces after killing off all Arab forces and defeating them with fully ruling the Maitraka nation. A Muslim traveller Al–Biladuri had written in his notes about this in 713 CE – 714 CE. The Arab Muslim ruler of Sindhu , Husam bin Amru came to Gandhara port by boat with his forces, trying to attack Bharuch. He and his forces tried to destroy
9246-434: The Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP), ex-Maheshwar Project. The operation of Indira Sagar Project will be carried out in such a way as to facilitate the regulation of Sardar Sarovar. The dam and the powerhouse have been completed, but storage has been restricted up to EL 260 m under orders of the High Court, Jabalpur from R&R consideration. All the units of the powerhouse have been commissioned and generation of power from
9380-691: The Satpura range and the rest on the right bank are from the Vindhya range. Dhupgarh (1,350 m), near Pachmarhi is the highest point of the Narmada basin. The basin has five well defined physiographic regions. They are:(1) The upper hilly areas covering parts of Anuppur , Mandla , Dindori , Balaghat and Seoni , (2) The upper plains covering parts of Jabalpur , Narsinghpur , Chhindwara , Narmadapuram , Betul , Harda , Raisen and Sehore districts, (3) The middle plains covering parts of Khandwa , Khargone , Dewas , Indore and Dhar , (4) The lower hilly areas covering parts of Barwani , Alirajpur , Nandurbar , Chhota Udepur and Narmada , and (5)
9514-423: The Shakunika Vihara in the Bharuch during the rule of Samprati (229 BCE–220 BCE), and a Bharuch trader became responsible for the memories of the princess. This depicts trade relations between Lata (South Gujarat) and Sri Lanka. It was known to the Greeks and Romans as Barygaza , and had a settlement of Greek and Roman traders. As one southern terminus of the Kamboja-Dvaravati Route , it is mentioned extensively as
9648-704: The Skanda Purana. Stylistically, the Skanda Purana is related to the Mahabharata , and it appears that its composers borrowed from the Mahabharata . The two texts employ similar stock phrases and compounds that are not found in the Ramayana . Some of the mythology mentioned in the present version of the Skanda Purana is undoubtedly post- Gupta period, consistent with that of medieval South India . This indicates that several additions were made to
9782-465: The Tribunal Award and allowed the construction to proceed, subject to conditions. The Court introduced a mechanism to monitor the progress of resettlement pari passu with the raising of the height of the dam through Grievance Redressal Authorities (GRA) in each of the party states. The court's decision referred in this document, given in the year 2000, after 7 years of deliberations, has paved
9916-739: The Vindhyas, but not the Vindhyan tableland , the streams from which flow into the Ganges and Yamuna . Like the Ganges, the Narmada River is a goddess and a river in Hinduism. The Matsya Purana states that all of the banks along the Narmada are sacred. Ptolemy called the Narmada River 'Nammadus' and the author of the Periplus called it 'Nammadios.' There are many stories about the origin of
10050-663: The banks of the river Narmada in Bharuch have revealed many archaeological and architectural wonders, mostly temples. Later Bharuch was part of the Mauryan Empire (322 BCE–185 BCE), the Western Satraps , the Guptas and the Gurjara-Pratiharas . The Maurya period was between 322 BCE and 185 BCE. The post-Maurya period is mentioned between 185 BCE and 23 CE. The Princess of Sri Lanka, Sudarshana had built
10184-711: The blocks on either side due to ancient spreading of the Earth's crust. Two normal faults , known as the Narmada North fault and Narmada South fault, parallel to the river's course, and mark the boundary between the Narmada block and the Vindhya and Satpura blocks or Horsts which rose relative to the Narmada Graben. The Narmada's watershed includes the northern slopes of the Satpuras, and the steep southern slope of
10318-507: The companies of Aditya Birla Grasim , Kansai Nerolac Paints etc., Jhagadia houses DCM Sriram Chemicals, Saint-Gobain India Ltd., PepsiCo India Holdings Ltd. among others. Because of the distinctive colour of its soil (which is also ideal for cotton cultivation), Bharuch is sometimes referred to as 'Kanam Pradesham' (black-soil land). Bharuch is also nicknamed as 'Peanut City' for its salty peanuts, locally known as 'Khari Singh'. Bharuch
10452-516: The core zone and the remaining area of 4,501.91 km (1,738.2 sq mi)), surrounding the core zone serves as buffer zone. The area comprises 511 villages. The area exhibits variety of geological rock and soil formations. There is a wide spectrum of floral and faunal features that occupy the Satpura conservation area. It is one of the oldest forest reserves, which has an established tradition of scientific management of forests. It constitutes
10586-767: The corresponding chapters of the original. The version of the earliest known recension was later expanded in two later versions namely the Revakhanda and Ambikakhanda recensions. The only surviving manuscript of the Revakhanda recension is from 1682. The four surviving manuscripts of the Ambikakhhnda recension are of a later period and contains much more alterations. Judit Törzsök says a similar recension to these two recensions seems to have been known to Laskhmidhara, thus it existed before 12th century. Ballala Sena quotes content found only in these two recensions, thus
10720-513: The drier forests and scrublands of the Deccan to the south and Malwa and Gujarat to the west and northwest. The natural vegetation of the region is a three–tiered forest. Tectona grandis is the dominant canopy tree, in association with Diospyros melanoxylon , Dhaora ( Anogeissus latifolia ), Lagerstroemia parviflora , Terminalia tomentosa , Lannea coromandelica , Hardwickia binata and Boswellia serrata . Riparian areas along
10854-454: The ecoregion is covered in relatively intact vegetation. The ecoregion includes some large blocks of habitat in the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. About 5% of the ecoregion lies within protected areas , including Bandhavgarh , Panna , and Sanjay National Parks . Some of the important national parks and wild life sanctuaries in the valley are the following-: Kanha National Park located in
10988-649: The eight units of 125 MW capacity, each commenced from January 2004. The irrigation component of the project is under a fairly advance stage of implementation. A River Sutra. ―The Criterion: An International Journal in English 3.3 (Sep 2012). Web. Dialogism, and Meta-narratives in postcolonial Fiction.‖ Universal Journal of educational and general studies. 1.2. (February 2012) Skanda Purana Divisions Sama vedic Yajur vedic Atharva vedic Vaishnava puranas Shaiva puranas Shakta puranas The Skanda Purana ( IAST : Skanda Purāṇa)
11122-451: The elevated table land of Malwa to the low level of Gujarat plain. Towards the west of this basin, the hills draw very close but soon dwindle down. Below Makrai, the river flows between Vadodara district and Narmada district and then meanders through the rich plain of Bharuch district of Gujarat state. The banks are high between the layers of old alluvial deposits, hardened mud, gravels of nodular limestone and sand . The width of
11256-717: The era of the Chalukya Emperor Bhimadeva II. He established the Mahanubhava community which was spread in Maharashtra. In the 1100 CEs the region was subject to more attempted raids and their destruction by the Indian Subcontinental rulers and their forces by the Ghurids under Muhammad of Ghor and his forces and the Ghurid invasions of Muhammad of Ghor and his forces had all their forces killed by
11390-530: The fact that the pilgrims perform a holy pilgrimage of a parikrama or circumambulation of the river. The Narmada Parikrama, as it is called, is considered to be a meritorious act that a pilgrim can undertake. Many sadhus and pilgrims walk on foot from the Arabian Sea at Bharuch in Gujarat, along the river, to the source in Maikal Mountains (Amarkantak hills) in Madhya Pradesh and back along
11524-474: The falls are the Dugdhdhara, Dhardi falls, Bheraghat, Dhuandhara, Kapiladhara and Sahastradhara. The lower Narmada River Valley and the surrounding uplands, covering an area of 169,900 km (65,598.8 sq mi) consists of dry deciduous forests. The ecoregion lies between moister forests to the northeast, southeast, and southwest, which receive greater rainfall from the southeast monsoon , and
11658-559: The form of a black cow and comes to the Narmada to bath in its holy waters. Legends also mention that the Narmada River is older than the river Ganga. Bharuch is the Birthplace (Incarnation) of Sarvadnya Sri Chakradhara Svami who is, for some Hindus, the Mortal Incarnation of Vishnu. He established Mahanubhava Pantha (also known as Jai Sri Krishnyi Pantha) in Maharashtra in 1267. Bhagavan Sri Chakradhara Svami propagated
11792-587: The freedom struggle. Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi a Gujarati Bhargava Brahmana of Bharuch district had participated in the Home Rule movement. He was imprisoned and released by the government for participating in struggles of the Bardoli movement in 1938 CE, "Savinay Kanoon Bhang" in 1930 CE and a personal movement in 1940 CE and India with Pakistan and the Indian Subcontinent eradicated British rule in 1947 CE and became independent countries. Bharuch, Gujarat became
11926-471: The geography allowed the dam's height to be raised higher. In 1960, the federal Government of India's Ministry of Irrigation and Power consultant team recommended that the Navagam Dam height be raised in one phase and that the drought prone areas in then Bombay State (modern day Saurashtra and Kutch regions) receive irrigation. On 1 May 1960 Bombay state was separated into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. The Navagam Dam site and Broach Project fell under
12060-529: The history of the Jains, this ancient city is important from many points of view. Guru Gautama Svami eulogised Muni Suvrata Svami, who is installed in Bharuch, in his "Jagachintamani Stotra" composed on the eight tirthas, Bhagavan Muni Suvrata Svami gave sermons to a horse here. Further, many prominent Acharyas built temples and composed works in this tirtha. In Bharuch, we are shown the Ashvavabodha tirtha of
12194-423: The idol of Sri Prabhu was kept at a safe spot, and, as time passed, new temples were constructed and the old idols were installed. Today the idol is found in the new temple. There are here eleven other temples besides this. Bharuch is mentioned in various Buddhist Jatakas . It was an important Buddhist centre in the 7th century and is considered to be sacred among sages. Bharuch is the oldest city of Gujarat. It
12328-566: The latter at Vyas in Vadodara district of Gujarat, opposite each other and form a Triveni (confluence of three rivers) on the Narmada. The Amaravati and the Bhukhi are other tributaries of significance. Opposite the mouth of the Bhukhi is a large drift called Alia Bet or Kadaria Bet. The tidal rise is felt up to 32 km (19.9 mi) above Bharuch, where the neap tides rise to about a metre and spring tide 3.5 m (11.5 ft). The river
12462-514: The legends of the Daksha's sacrifice , Shiva's sorrow, churning of the ocean ( Samudra manthan ) and the emergence of Amrita , the story of the demon Tarakasura , the birth of Goddess Parvati, her pursuit of Shiva, and her marriage to Lord Shiva, among others. The central aim of the Skandapurana text, states Hans Bakker, is to sanctify the geography and landscape of South Asia, and legitimize
12596-482: The lower plains covering mainly the districts of Narmada, Bharuch , and parts of Vadodara district . The hill regions are well forested. The upper, middle and lower plains are broad and fertile areas, well suited for cultivation. The Narmada basin mainly consists of black soils. The coastal plains in Gujarat are composed of alluvial clays with a layer of black soils on the surface. The valley experiences extremes of hydrometeorological and climatic conditions with
12730-399: The mode of settlement of affected people caused serious difficulties in implementation, particularly of the Sardar Sarovar dam. The social movement Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) was formed to address environmental concerns and rehabilitation and resettlement of affected people. The movement created worldwide attention to the major development activity planned in the valley. This resulted in
12864-626: The monsoon months of June – September), which according to estimates is greater than the combined annual flows of the Ravi , Beas and the Sutlej rivers, which feed the Indus basin. The 75% dependable flow is 28,000,000 acre-feet (35 km ). As one of the 30 dams planned on river Narmada, the Sardar Sarovar Dam is the largest structure to be built. It is the second largest concrete dam in
12998-524: The movement for freedom struggle against foreign rulers in Bharuch started in 1905 CE. But before that in the battle of 1857 CE the Bharuch district had played an important role. Bharuch had contributed to the Swadeshi and Home Rule movements also. In which Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi of Bharuch also joined the national struggle. In 1930 CE, the movement of Satyagraha had spread in Gujarat which had affected Jambusar also. On 12 March 1930 CE when Gandhi started
13132-905: The mythological stories, Agnihotri and Samvedi – the learned priests of Bharuch – were famous up to Kashi in the northern Indian Subcontinent and the whole Indian Subcontinent. Sages like Shukra , Chyavana , Markendeya and Jamadagni were from the lineage of Bhrigu. Parshurama (sixth incarnation of Lord Vishnu) was born in the seventh generation of Bhrigu. According to the Skanda Purana , there are 55 tirthas located in Bharuch. Many great sages, such as Kashyapa , Kapila , Mandavya , Adi Sankaracharya , have performed penances in Bharuch. Bharuch finds its mention in major Hindu scriptures, such as Bhagavata Purana , Shiva Purana , Skanda Purana , Kurma Purana , Matsya Purana , Ramayana , Mahabharata , and Kathasaritsagara and many more other Hindu Scriptures. The Narmada
13266-458: The nature and qualities of Shiva as the Absolute and the source of true knowledge. The editions of Skandapurana text also provide an encyclopedic travel handbook with meticulous Tirtha Mahatmya (pilgrimage tourist guides), containing geographical locations of pilgrimage centers in India, Nepal and Tibet, with related legends, parables, hymns and stories. This Mahāpurāṇa , like others,
13400-663: The newly formed State of Gujarat and further development and planning was given to the Gujarat State government. The Gujarat State government began planning studies for harnessing Narmada's water past the Punasa site in Madhya Pradesh. At the same time, the Government of Madhya Pradesh was also finalising a separate report for the Punasa Project. The competing plans led to inter-State water conflicts to arise because
13534-589: The northern extremity of the Deccan Plateau . The basin covers large areas in the states of Madhya Pradesh (82%), Gujarat (12%) and a comparatively smaller area in Maharashtra (4%) and in Chhattisgarh (2%). 60% of the basin is made up of arable land, 35% is forest cover and 5% is made up of other types of land such as grassland or wasteland. In the entire course of the river of 1,312 km (815.2 mi), there are 41 tributaries, out of which 22 are from
13668-403: The oldest surviving palm-leaf manuscript of Skanda Purana to 810 CE, but Richard Mann adds that earlier versions of the text likely existed in the 8th century CE. Hans Bakker states that the text specifies holy places and details about the 4th and 5th-century Citraratha of Andhra Pradesh , and thus may have an earlier origin. The oldest versions of the Skandapurana texts have been discovered in
13802-569: The opposite bank of the river. It is a 2,600-kilometre (1,600 mi) walk. The spiritual journey is usually taken for 3 years, 3 months and 13 days and the pilgrims are stipulated not to cross the river at any point of time. Important towns of interest in the valley are Jabalpur , Barwaha , Narmadapuram , Harda, Narmada Nagar, Omkareshwar, Dewas (Nemavar, Kity, Pipri), Mandla and Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh, and Rajpipla and Bharuch in Gujarat. Some places of historical interest are Joga Ka Quilla, Chhatri of Baji Rao Peshwa and Bhimbetka , and among
13936-484: The original text over the centuries. The Kashi Khanda, for example, acquired its present form around the mid-13th century CE. The latest part of the text might have been composed in as late as the 15th century CE. Tirtha: Holy Pilgrimage Tirtha are of three kinds, Jangam Tirtha is to a place movable, of a sadhu , a rishi , a guru , Sthawar Tirtha is to a place immovable, like Benaras, Hardwar, Mount Kailash, holy rivers, Manas Tirtha
14070-477: The pebbles known as banalinga that are found on the river bed. The pebbles are made up of white quartz and are linga shaped. They are believed to be the personified form of Shiva and there is a popular saying, "Narmada Ke Kanker utte Sankar" which means that 'Shiva is in the pebbles of Narmada'. Adi Shankara met his guru Govinda Bhagavatpada in Omkareshwar, a town on the banks of the Narmada. Narmada
14204-539: The proposed villages (6,513) by 2010 in Gujarat. The Indira Sagar Project (ISP) at Punasa is one of the 30 major projects proposed in the Narmada basin with the largest storage capacity in the country. The project is located near Punasa village, in Khandwa District, Madhya Pradesh. This Multipurpose River Valley Project envisages construction of a concrete gravity dam, 653 metres (2,142 ft) long and 92 metres (302 ft) high with gross storage capacity of
14338-484: The regional Shaiva communities across the land, as it existed at the time the edition was produced. The text reflects the political uncertainties, the competition with Vaishnavism, and the cultural developments with the Pashupata Hindus during the periods it was composed. The Skanda Purana manuscripts have been found in Nepal, Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : கந்த புராணம்) and other parts of India. The Skanda Purana
14472-402: The regions' rivers and streams, which receive yearg– round water, are home to moist evergreen forests, whose dominant tree species are Terminalia arjuna , Syzygium cumini (Jambul), Syzygium Heyneanum , Salix tetrasperma , Homonoia riparia , and Vitex negundo . The ecoregion is home to 76 species of mammals and to 276 bird species, none of which are endemic . About 30% of
14606-548: The reservoir of 12.22 km (9,910,000 acre⋅ft) and live storage of 9.75 km (7,900,000 acre⋅ft) to provide an annual irrigation potential of 1,690 km (650 sq mi) and a generation of 1000 MW of hydropower . The project also ensures supply of 60,000 acre⋅ft (74,000,000 m ) of drinking water to rural areas in Khandwa district. In accordance with NWDT award, an annual regulated flow of 8,120,000 acre⋅ft (10.02 km ) shall be released to
14740-681: The rich people, were killed. Same way in the cities on the banks of river Kavi in Jambusar Taluka there were many big and rich Hindu and Muslim communities. They were mainly formed by foreign and native traders. As part of the Sultanate of Gujarat , it was subsequently annexed by the Mughals , and finally by the British. It is also situated near a small City called Halderva where two Islamic priests were found performing miracles. On taking
14874-531: The river spans from about 1.5 km (0.9 mi) at Makrai to 3 km (1.9 mi) near Bharuch and to an estuary of 21 km (13.0 mi) at the Gulf of Cambay . An old channel of the river, 1 km (0.6 mi) to 2 km (1.2 mi) south from the present one, is very clear below Bharuch. The Karanjan and the Orsing are the most important tributaries in the original course. The former joins at Rundh and
15008-847: The river the Namnadius (Ναμνάδιος), Ptolemy called it Namadus (Νάμαδος) and Namades (Ναμάδης) and the British Raj called it the Nerbudda or Narbada. Narmada is a Sanskrit word meaning "The Giver of Pleasure" . The source of the Narmada is a small reservoir, known as the Narmada Kund . It is located at Amarkantak on the Amarkantak Plateau in the Anuppur District on Shahdol zone of eastern Madhya Pradesh . The river descends from Sonmuda, then falls over
15142-533: The rivers in India that flows in a rift valley , bordered by the Satpura and Vindhya ranges. As a rift valley river, the Narmada does not form a delta; Rift valley rivers form estuaries. Other rivers which flow through the rift valley include the Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti. The Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys, but between different ranges. It flows through
15276-530: The rule of Chaulukya (Solanki) dynasty in Anahilvada Patan . Till this time the importance of Bharuch as the trade centre was continued. It was the capital of Lata region at the start of the 11th century CE. It was the centre for the ships coming from China and Sindhu and other regions of the world and the Indian Subcontinent in the 12th century and the Chalukya minister Vastupala had established
15410-478: The rule of Rajput Emperors and Empresses. Solanki dynasty's great emperor Siddharaja Jaisingha had built up Kota (fortification) and Darvaja (doors) around the whole of Bharuch. The fort has a number of gates, which were later named 'Malbari Darvaja', 'Katopor Darvaja' and 'Zadeshvari Darvaja'. In the first half of the 16th century, Bharuch was ruled over by Changez Khan. Then, the Mughal king Humayun conquered and took over Bharuch as Mughal territory in 1534 CE. By
15544-592: The south. In the north, the valley is limited to the Barna–Bareli plain terminating at Barkhara Hills opposite Narmadapuram . However, the hills again recede in the Kannod plains. The banks are about (12 m (39.4 ft)) high. It is in the first valley of the Narmada that many of its important tributaries from the south join it and bring the waters of the northern slopes of the Satpura Hills . Among them are:
15678-409: The states of Madhya Pradesh (1,077 km (669.2 mi)), and Maharashtra , (74 km (46.0 mi)), (39 km (24.2 mi)) (actually along the border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra (39 km (24.2 mi)) and then the border between Maharashtra and Gujarat (74 km (46.0 mi)) and in Gujarat (161 km (100.0 mi)). The Periplus Maris Erythraei (c. 80 AD) called
15812-519: The supercontinent Pangea broke into two large masses. The northern part was Laurasia and the southern continental mass was Gondwana . Between the two continents, a large sea, Tethys existed. Presently the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau have taken the position of the ancient Tethys Ocean . The Gondwana was intruded by few large marine transgressions . A deep gulf or sea existed along
15946-444: The territory of India. Chunilal Shivlal Modi, born in 1913 CE in Bharuch, participated in the "Savinaya Kaanoon Bhang" struggle in 1930 CE at 18 years old. Chandrashankar Manishankar Bhatt of Amod played a leading role in spreading the "Hind Chhodo" movement. Dinkar Rao Nabheram Desai of Bharuch participated in all the movements of freedom struggle and was imprisoned five times. Tribhuvandas Chhaganlal Paalejwala of Palej City had played
16080-513: The times of Muni Suvrata Svami, Shakunika Vihara of Princess Sudarshana of Sri Lanka and also the Vihara which was ceremoniously raised by Acharya Hemchandra in which Kumarapala has waved Arati; is now converted into a mosque. In the opinion of Hindutvadi archaeologists, the Jama Masjid of the present Bharuch is "probably" this ancient temple. Some "believe" that in times of such invasions,
16214-463: The tracts of Tapi river . Such similarity probably suggests that even about 3 million years ago, Narmada and Tapi were confluent and the separate fate of these two rivers was decided by recent earth movements. The Bhedaghat falls of Narmada, near Jabalpur , was probably created during one such movement. The Narmada Valley is a graben , a layered block of the Earth's crust that dropped down relative to
16348-465: The traditional boundary between North and South India and flows westwards for 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before draining through the Gulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea , 30 km (18.6 mi) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat . It is one of only two major rivers in peninsular India that runs from east to west (longest west flowing river), along with the Tapti River . It is one of
16482-430: The upper catchment having an annual precipitation in the range of 1,000 mm (3.3 ft) to 1,850 mm (6.1 ft) and with half or even less than half in its lower regions (650 mm (2.1 ft)–750 mm (2.5 ft)); the diversity of vegetation from lush green in the upper region to dry deciduous teak forest vegetation in the lower region is testimony to this feature. About 160 million years ago,
16616-577: The upper reaches of Narmada, about 18 km (11.2 mi) from Mandla, boasts of several wild animals including the Tiger . Two tributaries of Narmada, namely, Sulkum and Banjar, flow through this park. It is one of the best National Parks of Asia , which has been described vividly by Rudyard Kipling in his famous creation The Jungle Book . Satpura National Park , set up in 1981, is located in Narmadapuram district of Madhya Pradesh . Its name
16750-476: The version known at that time was similar to the ancient version of these two recensions. There are a number of texts and manuscripts that bear the title Skanda Purana . Some of these texts, except for the title, have little in common with the well-known Skandapurana traced to the 1st millennium CE. The original text has accrued several additions, resulting in several different versions. It is, therefore, very difficult to establish an exact date of composition for
16884-490: The way for completing the project to attain full envisaged benefits. The Narmada canal brings water from the Sardar Sarovar dam to the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan. The canal is 532 km long, with 485 km in Gujarat and 75 km in Rajasthan. The Narmada canal has helped both states supply water to arid regions of Kutch and Saurashtra for irrigation purposes. The Narmada canal had covered over 68 percent of
17018-555: The western and northern Indian Subcontinent along with the Indian Subcontinental countries, as well as the circulation of Indo-Greek coinage in the region: In the 1st century AD, kings of Shaka community established their rule in Gujarat. Nahapana , the king of Bharutakutchha was very prosperous. During the Kshatrapa era, Bharuch port was very prosperous. It was a gateway of trading through land and waters both routes. Like other ancient ports, trading of all commodities also took place at
17152-693: The world in terms of the volume of concrete used in its construction, after the Grand Coulee Dam across the Columbia River , US. It is a part of the Narmada Valley Project, a large hydraulic engineering project involving the construction of a series of large irrigation and hydroelectricity multi-purpose dams on the Narmada River. After a number of cases before the Supreme Court of India (1999, 2000, 2003), by 2014
17286-779: Was Mirza Moazziz Khan, he took the title of Nawab of Bharuch And then a treaty was signed with the East India Company and the pension was implemented, hence this pension will be given to the future generations of Nawab of Bharuch. He did not get along with the East India Company So he left Bharuch and then started living with his Royal Family in the Jaora State in the Indian State of Madhya Pradesh They all were originally from Bharuch but they shifted their residence to Jaora State in Madhya Pradesh in
17420-472: Was attempted to be stopped by Umayyad incursions and raids, but the Rashtrakutas repelled all the Umayyad incursions and raids and they fully ruled Bharuch and the Prathiharas conquered Sindhu, Baluchistan, Punjab, Kangra, and Gandhara, Kamboja all from the Indian Subcontinental nations and the Umayyad Caliphate, all happening with the collaboration of the Rashtrakutas and other Indian subcontinental nations and near Bharuch itself. In 942, Mularaja established
17554-596: Was built in 437 CE at Bharuch. According to historical accounts, the Pratihara Empire with the capital at Bhinmal (or Srimal) was established by the Prathiharas . The kingdom of Bharuch was created by this Empire. It is known that in 540 CE which dynasty ruled over the Bharuch state in 540 CE, a Mahasamanta named Sangramasingha ruled over Bharuch, But nothing is known about the king. Chinese traveller Xuanzang crossed Narmada river in 640 CE and recorded that Bharutakutchha (Po Lu Ka Che Po) had around 10 Buddhist monasteries with around 300 monks. After this period, in 648 CE,
17688-411: Was known as Bharutkatccha in ancient times. It was known as Barygaza ( Ancient Greek : Βαρύγαζα ) (meaning "deep-treasure"), Bargosa etc. for the Greek, and later the Romans adopted the Greek name of this port in Latin as Barigaza in the Latin name of this city. It was known as 'Bharuch' under Muslim times, 'Bharutkatchha' under Maratha times, and as 'Bharucha' under European times. According to
17822-404: Was sacked by the Marathas. During this period, Bharuch was handed over to Kutubuddin. Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb demolished the fortification and the fort in 1660 CE by attacking. Later on, he built it again in 1686 CE. In 1772 CE, the British again attacked Bharuch, defeating Nawab Mu'azzaz Khan, allegedly with the help of his treacherous minister, Diwan Lallubhai. The British handed over Bharuch to
17956-403: Was the centre of a prosperous merchant community and was one of the chief ports of Gujarat from ancient times to the first half of the 16th century. Until the beginning of the 16th century, the Portuguese Catholic Christians had little contact with the city, only in 1536 CE and 1547 CE, when there were attacks on operations from Daman and Diu against the governors of Gujarat for not paying for
#506493