Misplaced Pages

#24975

121-692: The Brumado River is a river of Bahia state in eastern Brazil . This article related to a river in Bahia , Brazil is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bahia Bahia is bordered on the east by the Atlantic Ocean . The Bay of All Saints is the largest bay on the Brazilian coast. Under the Brazilian Empire , it was bounded on the north by the Rio Real and by

242-541: A group of municipalities. These regions were created by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics for statistical purposes and do not, therefore, constitute an administrative area. Municipalities are analogous to counties in states of the United States; a city is the urban area of the municipality, and always has the same name as the municipality. A municipality may include cities other than

363-739: A long stretch of coast that was most accessible to Europe without, however, penetrating the interior. The colonists of the Dutch West India Company (WIC) in Brazil were under constant siege despite the presence in Recife of John Maurice of Nassau as governor. To help fight the Portuguese, the WIC sought the support of native peoples. By 1635, the majority of Tupi, mostly from Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba , had given their support to

484-483: A major producer of cashew nuts , sugar cane , cocoa , cotton and tropical fruits in general (mainly coconut , papaya , melon , banana , mango , pineapple and guarana ). It also has relevant productions of soy , maize , bean , cassava and oranges . The region is subject to prolonged dry spells that are worse in El Niño years. This causes a periodic rural exodus . Government responses include dams and

605-469: A population of 57 million people, 28% of the total population of the country, and contributes 14.2% (2020) of Brazil's GDP. Nearly three quarters of the population live in urban areas clustered along the Atlantic coast and about 15 million people live in the hinterland. It is an impoverished region: 43.5% of the population lives in poverty, defined as less than $ 2/day. The capital of each state including

726-760: A process of industrialization around Salvador, Fortaleza, and Recife, as well as a burgeoning agriculture industry around the São Francisco river . The regions of Brazil do not have their own governmental or administrative bodies, but they are well defined. Their boundaries and constituent states are part of the recognized geopolitical structure of the country. The Northeast Region is composed of nine states, with 1793 municipalities and two special municipalities, Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago; there are no unincorporated areas. Brazilian states are divided into Mesoregions, and Mesoregions into Microregions, each region representing

847-406: A total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. Maranhão was the 7th largest producer in the country, with 681 thousand tons. Ceará was 9th, with 622 thousand tons. Bahia was 10th with 610 thousand tons. In total, the northeast produced 3,5 million tons. Regarding oranges , Bahia was the 4th largest producer in Brazil in 2018, with a total of 604 thousand tons. Sergipe was 6th, with 354 thousand tons. Alagoas

968-598: A total of 604 thousand tons, 3,6% of the national production. Northeastern Brazil The Northeast Region of Brazil ( Portuguese : Região Nordeste do Brasil [ʁeʒiˈɐ̃w nɔʁˈdɛstʃi du bɾaˈziw] ) is one of the five official and political regions of the country according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics . Of Brazil 's twenty-six states, it comprises nine: Maranhão , Piauí , Ceará , Rio Grande do Norte , Paraíba , Pernambuco , Alagoas , Sergipe and Bahia , along with

1089-764: A value of R$ 254 million. In vanadium , it produced 358 thousand tons, at a value of R$ 91 million. In the extraction of precious and semi-precious stones, Bahia has small or medium scale productions of amethyst, agate, diamond, emerald, garnet, opal, ruby, tourmaline and turquoise. There is also aquamarine production in Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Alagoas and Paraíba; grenades in Paraíba, Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte; opal in Piauí and Ceará; tourmaline in Ceará and Tourmaline Paraíba in Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte. In 2017,

1210-508: A very diversified fauna . The name of the area refers to the cultivation of the palm oil , or Elaeis guineensis , likely imported from West Africa. It is connected to Salvador and the southern part of the state by ferryboats and the BA-001 highway, the second ecological highway along the Bahian coast, which connects the southern coastline and the extreme southern part of the state. It includes

1331-411: A working-class neighborhood that was home to thousands of Afro-Brazilians. Since 1992, however, the overwhelming majority of these people have been forcibly removed and replaced by boutiques, NGO headquarters, government offices, folkloric representations, monuments, and amenities for tourists. In 2004, Bahia comprised 4.9% of the economic activity of Brazil and it has the biggest GDP of the states of

SECTION 10

#1732797724025

1452-525: Is also home to groups known as "blocos-afros", including Olodum , Timbalada , and Ilê Aiyê . Additionally, groups such as Novos Baianos , Chiclete com Banana , Camisa de Vênus , Banda Eva , BaianaSystem are based in Bahia. The first well-known rock'n roll singer in Brazil was also from Bahia. Born Raul Seixas , he was known as "Maluco Beleza" or "Peaceful Lunatic" (being "beleza (beauty)" in this manner means to be either "in peace" or "tranquil"). During

1573-473: Is carried out almost exclusively in the Northeast. The area occupied by cashew trees in Brazil in 2017 was estimated at 505,500 ha; of this total, 99.5% is located in the Northeast. The main producers in this region are Ceará (61.6% of the national area), Rio Grande do Norte and Piauí. However, Brazil, which in 2011 was the fifth largest world producer of cashew nuts, in 2016, fell to 14th position, with 1.5% of

1694-499: Is crossed from west to east by many rivers , but the most important is the São Francisco , which starts in Minas Gerais and runs through western Bahia before emptying into the Atlantic between Sergipe and Alagoas . Formerly plied by paddlewheel steamers , the river is only navigable to small modern craft but is still vital to the arid west since it continuously supplies water during seasons. The Sobradinho Dam created one of

1815-647: Is in 4th place among the 5 regions, behind the Midwest, South and Southeast. None of the states in the Northeast Region of Brazil has a percentage of GDP production above its percentage of inhabitants in the country, therefore, being in deficit – with this, the Federal Government of Brazil is obliged to redirect taxes extracted in the Southeast and South to the Northeast Region. The region is

1936-409: Is in second place in cocoa almond, atemoia, cupuaçu, lime and lemon, and third in banana, carambola, guava, papaya, watermelon, melon, cherry, pomegranate and table grapes. In all, 34 products from Bahia's fruit culture have an important participation in the national economy. Rio Grande do Norte is the largest producer of melon in the country. In 2017 it produced 354 thousand tons, distributed between

2057-578: Is located Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport . The largest bay on the Brazilian coast , the Bay of All Saints ( Bahia de Todos os Santos ) has a large number of islands with tropical beaches and vegetation. In its 1,052 square km, it contains 56 islands, receives fresh water from numerous rivers and creeks (especially the Paraguaçú and Subaé) and bathes the first capital of Brazil and

2178-555: Is out of reach of the Intertropical Convergence Zone . The easterly trade winds blow across the region and bring abundant rainfall to the coast but producing clear, dry conditions inland where the escarpment blocks moisture flow. This gives rise to four distinct regions, the zona da mata on the coast, the agreste on the escarpment, sertão beyond and the Mid north. Before the arrival of Europeans, Nordeste

2299-464: Is practically three times greater. Some factors that explain this are: the crops in Bahia are more extractivist, and those in Pará have a more modern and commercial style, in addition to paraenses using more productive and resistant seeds, and their region providing resistance to Witch's broom . In 2018, the Northeast was in third place among the regions that most produce sugar cane in the country. Brazil

2420-401: Is practically three times larger than that of Pará, but Pará's productivity is practically three times greater. Some factors that explain this are: the crops in Bahia are more extractivist, and those in Pará have a more modern and commercial style, in addition to paraenses using more productive and resistant seeds, and their region providing resistance to Witch's broom . In 2018, the Northeast

2541-419: Is the 2nd largest producer of cotton in Brazil, losing only to Mato Grosso. In 2019, it harvested 1.5 million tonnes of the product. In soy , Brazil produced close to 120 million tons in 2019, being the largest world producer. In 2019, the Northeast produced close to 10.7 million tons, or 9% of the Brazilian total. The largest producer in the Northeast was Bahia (5.3 million tons). In

SECTION 20

#1732797724025

2662-512: Is the world's largest producer, with 672.8 million tons harvested this year. The Northeast harvested 45.7 million tons, 6.8% of national production. Alagoas is the largest producer, with 33.3% of Northeastern production (15.2 million tons). Pernambuco is the 2nd largest producer in the Northeast, with 22.7% of the total in the region (10.3 million tons). Paraíba has 11.9% of northeastern production (5.5 million tons) and Bahia, 10.24% of production (4.7 million tons). Bahia

2783-509: The sertão region of Bahia's far interior. The state has the Diamantina Tableland ( Chapada Diamantina ), which divides it into two distinct geographical zones. The rain falls regularly in the eastern section. The western area is more arid and its predominate vegetation the cerrado . The natural aridity was greatly worsened over the 19th century by the cowboys' habit of starting wildfires each year to improve

2904-620: The Beagle . In 1835, Bahia was the site of an urban slave revolt , the Malê Revolt of 1835 by the predominantly Muslim West African slaves at the time. The term malê was commonly used to refer to Muslims at the time from the Yoruba word imale . The revolt is particularly notable as the greatest slave rebellion in the history of the Bahia. Under the Empire , Bahia returned 14 deputies to

3025-582: The Afro-Brazilian Museum in Salvador. In the interior of the state, there is the traditional culture of the vaqueiros among agricultural communities. From the 1550s onward, in Bahia, these farmers were integral to the process of expansion away from the coasts of Brazil. There is a World Heritage Site in Salvador . Pelourinho was once Salvador's principal red-light district as well as

3146-537: The Empire of Brazil , as members in the local elite remained loyal to the Portuguese crown after the rest of the country proclaimed independence under Pedro I on 7 September 1822. Control of the province was disputed in several battles, mostly in Pirajá, before the Portuguese were fully expelled on 2 July 1823. It became a Brazilian state in 1889. Charles Darwin visited Bahia in 1832 on his famous voyage on

3267-489: The Fernando de Noronha archipelago (formerly a separate territory, now part of Pernambuco). Chiefly known as Nordeste ("Northeast") in Brazil, this region was the first to be colonized by the Portuguese and other European peoples, playing a crucial role in the country's history . Nordeste' s dialects and rich culture, including its folklore, cuisines, music and literature, became the most easily distinguishable across

3388-532: The First Brazilian Republic ( República Velha ) the biggest name in the state's politics was José Joaquim Seabra, also known as J. J. Seabra; the Vargas era and the subsequent re-democratization period saw the rise of Juracy Magalhães and Otávio Mangabeira , respectively. During the military dictatorship , the governorship of Antônio Carlos Magalhães (also known by his initials, ACM) marked

3509-683: The Governor , the Legislative Assembly and the Court of Justice of the State of Bahia , respectively. Elected terms last four years, with state and federal elections being held simultaneously. The governor of the state is limited to two consecutive terms. The Legislative Assembly is composed of 63 state deputies. At the federal level, Bahia is represented by three senators and 39 federal deputies . Municipal elections are held two years after

3630-504: The Jequitinhonha on the south, but Bahia now comprises an irregular shape bound by other states of Brazil , some of which were formed from it. In the north, it is now bordered (from east to west) by Sergipe , Alagoas , Pernambuco and Piauí . In the northwest, it is bordered by Tocantins . In the southwest, it borders Goiás , and in the south it is bordered (from east to west) by Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais . The state

3751-704: The Poço Encantado . Many of the sites are protected by the National Park of the Diamantina Tableland and the Environmental Preservation Area Serra do Barbado and Marimbus, Iraquara. Bahia's climate is tropical. It has the longest coastline of the country: 1,103 km long (685 miles; north coast: 143; Bay of All Saints: 124; and southern: 418). With 68% of its territory located in the semi-arid zone,

Brumado River - Misplaced Pages Continue

3872-571: The automotive sector represents close to 22% of industrial GDP. Bahia had a Ford factory. It was created in Camaçari (2001). The Bahian automotive sector, led by Ford was in 2005 the third largest contributor (14.6%) to the Bahian GDP . Currently the state is trying to replace Ford, which stopped producing in Brazil. The state also has a petrochemical complex in Camaçari. In Pernambuco,

3993-654: The capoeira (martial art emerged in Quilombo dos Palmares , located in the state of Alagoas ), African-derived music such as samba (especially Brazilian samba precursor, the samba-de-roda), afoxé , and axé , and a cuisine with strong links to western Africa. Bahia is the birthplace of many noted Brazilian artists, writers and musicians. Among the noted musical figures born in the state are Dorival Caymmi , Joao Gilberto , Gilberto Gil , Raul Seixas , Pepeu Gomes , Margareth Menezes , Daniela Mercury , Carlinhos Brown , Ivete Sangalo , and Pitty . The city of Salvador

4114-501: The transfer of the São Francisco River . The worst recent droughts were in 1993, 1998 and 1999. The latter was the worst in fifty years. In 2017, the Northeast Region was the largest producer of coconut in the country, with 74.0% of national production. Bahia produced 351 million fruits, Sergipe, 234 million, and Ceará 187 million. However, the sector has been suffering strong competition and losing market to Indonesia,

4235-517: The 17th century and was one of the first Brazilian writers, and Fr. António Vieira , who during the colonial period was one of many authors who contributed to the expansion of the Portuguese language throughout the Brazilian territory. One of Brazil's most prominent writers of the 20th century, Jorge Amado , was born in the southeastern Bahian city of Itabuna , and resided for many years in Salvador. His major novels include Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon ; Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands ; and Tieta,

4356-416: The 18th centuries and contains a number of historic towns, such as Cachoeira , dating from this era. Integral to the sugar economy was the importation of a vast number of African slaves : more than a third of all slaves taken from Africa were sent to Brazil, mostly to be processed in Bahia before being sent to work in plantations elsewhere in the country. The state was the last area of the country to join

4477-429: The 19th century, one of Brazil's greatest poets, the Bahian abolitionist poet and playwright Castro Alves , a native of the recôncavo city of Cachoeira , penned his poem, Navio negreiro , about slavery; the poem is considered a masterpiece of Brazilian Romanticism and a central anti-slavery text. Other notable Bahian writers include playwright and screenwriter Dias Gomes , Gregório de Matos , who wrote during

4598-512: The Cacao Coast. Highway BA-001 links the municipalities, nearly always bordering the coastline. The most important locations at Cacao Coast are: Itacaré, Ilhéus, and Olivença. The Discovery Coast preserves, virtually intact, the landscape seen by the Portuguese fleet described in the first pages of the history of Brazil . There are approximately 150 km (93 mi) of beaches, inlets, bays, cliffs, numerous rivers and streams surrounded by

4719-583: The Dutch, as they viewed the Portuguese as more brutal and believed that they would be better off if the Dutch remained in Brazil. The military aid provided by the Tupi population proved to be useful in 1645, when Portuguese colonists who had remained in Dutch-controlled territory began to revolt. Tupi mediators such as Poty and Paraupaba were instrumental in maintaining strong Dutch-Tupi relations during

4840-535: The Expo 98 Round the World Rally, which consider the bay an important stop along the route. The islands of the bay are a separate attraction. Some are privately owned, others were declared a state heritage and transformed into Environmental Protection Areas or ecological stations. Other islands are the patrimony of 12 municipalities located around the bay. Only a few are uninhabited and many have small communities where

4961-500: The Goat Girl , all of which became internationally renowned films. Other notable authors from Bahia include the fiction writers João Ubaldo Ribeiro and historic writer Euclides da Cunha , who wrote " Os Sertões ". In the visual and plastic arts, one of the best known Bahian figures was the multigenre artist and Argentinian native Hector Julio Páride Bernabó, also known as Carybé (1911–1997). Fine examples of his work are visible in

Brumado River - Misplaced Pages Continue

5082-554: The North and Northeast. The industrial sector is the largest component of GDP at 48.5%, followed by the service sector at 40.8%. Agriculture represents 10.7% of GDP (2004). Bahia exports: chemicals 22.4%, fuel 17.5%, mineral metallics 13%, paper 9.4%, cacao 5.6%, vehicles 4.8%, soybean 4.5% (2002). In addition to important agricultural and industrial sectors, the state also has considerable mineral and petroleum deposits. In recent years, soy cultivation has increased substantially in

5203-612: The Northeast Region had close to 13% of the country's industrial GDP. Bahia has 4.4% of the national industrial GDP, Pernambuco 2.7%, Ceará 1.9%, Maranhão 1.1%, Rio Grande do Norte 0.9%, Paraíba 0.7%, Sergipe 0.6%, Alagoas 0.5% and Piauí 0.4%,. It is the least industrialized region of the country, in proportion per inhabitant. The states that have some relevant industrial level are Bahia, Pernambuco and Ceará. Bahian industry have automobile and tyre industries, footwear and textiles, furniture, food and beverages, cosmetics and perfumes, information technology and naval sectors. In Brazil,

5324-409: The Northeast produced close to 10.7 million tons, or 9% of the Brazilian total. The largest producers in the Northeast were Bahia (5.3 million tons), Maranhão (3 million tons) and Piauí (2.4 million tons). In the production of maize , in 2018 Brazil was the 3rd largest producer in the world, with 82 million tons. The Northeast produced about 8.4% of the country's total. Bahia was the largest producer in

5445-411: The Northeast were Ceará and Bahia. In cassava production, Brazil produced a total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. Maranhão was the 7th largest producer in the country, with 681 thousand tons. Ceará was 9th, with 622 thousand tons. Bahia was 10th with 610 thousand tons. In total, the northeast produced 3,5 million tons. Bahia was the fourth largest producer of oranges in Brazil in 2018, with

5566-537: The Northeast, with 2.2 million tons. Piauí was the 2nd largest producer in the Northeast, with 1.5 million tons, and Maranhão was the 3rd largest, with 1.3 million tons. In 2018, the South Region was the main producer of beans with 26.4% of the total, followed by the Midwest (25.4%), Southeast Region (25.1%), Northeast (20.6%) and North (2.5%). The largest producers in the Northeast were Ceará, Bahia, Piauí and Pernambuco. In cassava production, Brazil produced

5687-615: The Parque Nacional do Monte Pascoal, Caraíva, Trancoso, Arraial d'Ajuda, the environmental protection areas of Santo Antônio and Coroa Vermelha, to the mouth of the Rio João de Tiba as far as the Rio Jequitinhonha are among the various ecological trips available. The geographical center of Bahia is the Diamantina Tableland ( Chapada Diamantina ) region. It is a mountainous region with diversified topography. 90% of

5808-478: The Philippines and India, the world's largest producers, who even export coconut water to Brazil. In addition to climatic problems, the low productivity of coconut palms in the Northeast Region is the result of factors related to the variety of coconut harvested and the technological level used in coastal regions. In these areas, the semi-extractive cultivation system still prevails, with low fertility and without

5929-464: The Portuguese colonials for several decades, it was finally taken and destroyed and its leader Zumbi dos Palmares was captured and beheaded. His head was then displayed in a public plaza in Recife. Although the king of Portugal had abolished the enslavement of native peoples in 1570, it continued until the Marquis of Pombal declared them to be 'free men' in 1755. However, by that time the practice

6050-412: The State presents diversified climates and an average rainfall that varies from 363 to 2,000 mm (14.3 to 78.7 in) per year, depending on the region. The Portuguese Pedro Álvares Cabral sighted Monte Pascoal ("Easter Mountain") near Itamaraju and landed at what is now Porto Seguro on the southern coast of Bahia in 1500, claiming the territory for Portugal . In 1549, Portugal established

6171-615: The Treaty of Tordesillas, plundered Nordeste' s coast, sacked Bahia in 1604, and even temporarily captured Salvador , which had been Brazil's first capital and general seat of government since 1549. However, the Portuguese soon regained control of Salvador, and the Dutch were unable to recapture it, despite repeated attempts. In 1630, the Dutch captured Pernambuco and made Recife ( Dutch : Mauritsstad ) their capital. By 1640, they had set up more permanently in Nordeste and controlled

SECTION 50

#1732797724025

6292-410: The adoption of cultural management practices. The three states that have the largest production, Bahia, Sergipe and Ceará, present a yield three times lower than that of Pernambuco, which is in 5th place in the national production. This is because most of the coconut trees in these three states are located in coastal areas and cultivated in semi-extractivist systems. The production of cashew in Brazil

6413-483: The beach, follow trails in the rainforest and bathe on completely deserted beaches such as Garapuá. Along the southern coast of Bahia, the Cacao Coast preserves ecological sanctuaries with dozens of kilometers of beaches shaded by dense coconut groves, the Atlantic Forest , large areas of wetland vegetation and cacao plantations . Walking along paths in the forest or along the beaches, horseback riding along

6534-413: The cities of Mossoró, Tibau and Apodi. The Northeast region accounted for 95.8% of the country's production in 2007. In addition to Rio Grande do Norte, which in 2005 produced 45.4% of the country's total, the other 3 largest in the country were Ceará, Bahia and Pernambuco. In the production of papaya , in 2018 Bahia was the 2nd largest producer state in Brazil, almost equaling with Espírito Santo. Ceará

6655-406: The cities of the northeastern countryside. These fairs gave rise to cities like Campina Grande, Feira de Santana and Caruaru. The Northeast region housed 93.2% of the goat herd (8,944,461 heads) and 64.2% of the sheep herd (11,544,939 heads) in Brazil in 2017. Bahia concentrated 30.9% of the goat herd and 20.9% of the national sheep herd. Casa Nova (BA) took first place in the municipal ranking with

6776-504: The city of Salvador on a hill facing the Bay of All Saints . The city and surrounding captaincy served as an administrative capital of Portugal's colonies in the Americas until 1763. It remained the religious capital of Brazil's Roman Catholic hierarchy, with its archbishop serving as the national primate until 1907. Salvador holds the country's oldest cathedral and first medical college (1810), and an engineering school

6897-797: The coast, boat trips up the vast number of rivers are some of the options that the region offers. Here one can find Environmental Protection Areas at Itacaré/Serra Grande and the Lagoa Encantada in Ilhéus , the Biological Reserve of Una and the Ecological Reserve of Prainha at Itacaré. From the Morro de Pernambuco to Canavieiras, there are 110 km (68 mi) of beaches, with reefs , inlets , coconut grove and an infinite number of estuaries of rivers which extend throughout

7018-538: The country, namely the extraction and export of pau Brasil, or brazilwood . Indigenous peoples helped Europeans with the extraction of brazilwood in exchange for spices. They also engaged in an exchange of goods ( Portuguese : escambo ), trading things like animal skins for knives and other valuables. Brazilwood was highly valued in Europe where it was used to make violin bows (especially the Pau de Pernambuco variety) and for

7139-653: The country. To this day, Nordeste is known for its history and culture, as well as for its natural environment and its hot weather. Nordeste stretches from the Atlantic seaboard in the northeast and southeast, northwest and west to the Amazon Basin and south through the Espinhaço highlands in southern Bahia . It encloses the São Francisco River and drainage basin , which were instrumental in

7260-729: The decline of the indigenous population, which intensified as colonization, commercial interest, and disease escalated in the region. After resistance from indigenous peoples and opposition to their enslavement from the Jesuits , the Portuguese colonials began importing black African slaves in 1530, largely to Bahia. In 1552, the seat of the first Catholic bishop of Brazil was established in Nordeste. French colonists not only tried to settle in present-day Rio de Janeiro , from 1555 to 1567 (the so-called France Antarctique episode), but also in present-day São Luís , from 1612 to 1614 (the so-called France Equinoxiale ). The Dutch , also opposed to

7381-627: The eastern edge in the Planalto da Borborema , where it merges into a sub-humid region known as agreste , in the Serra da Ibiapaba in western Ceará and in the Serro do Periquito of central Pernambuco . In the north, the Sertão extends to the northern coastal plains of Rio Grande do Norte state, whilst in the south it fades out in the northern fringe of Minas Gerais . Because the Sertão lies close to

SECTION 60

#1732797724025

7502-501: The equator, temperatures remain nearly uniform throughout the year and are typically tropical, often extremely hot in the west. However, the sertão is distinctive in its low rainfall compared to other areas of Brazil. Because of the relatively cool temperatures in the South Atlantic Ocean , the Intertropical Convergence Zone remains north of the region for most of the year. Consequently, conditions are very dry for most of

7623-401: The escarpment does not generate any further rainfall on its slopes from the lifting of the trade winds , annual rainfall decreases steadily inland. After a relatively short distance, there is no longer enough rainfall to support tropical rainforest, especially since the rainfall is extremely erratic from year to year. This transitional zone is known as the agreste and because it is located on

7744-636: The exploration, settlement and economic development of the region. The region lies entirely within the earth's tropical zone and encompasses Caatinga , Atlantic Forest and part of the Cerrado ecoregions . The climate is hot and semi-arid , varying from xeric in Caatinga, to mesic in Cerrado and hydric in the Atlantic Forest. The Northeast Region represents 18% of Brazilian territory, has

7865-420: The fact that the soil in Bahia is more favorable, in addition to the absence of diseases in the region. The most famous users of the product, however, acquire 90% to 100% of their guarana from the Amazon region, such as AMBEV and Coca-Cola . Bahian guarana prices are well below those of other states, but Sudam's tax exemptions lead the beverage industry to prefer to purchase seeds in the North, which helps maintain

7986-421: The far north to Praia do Forte, crosses this region maintaining a critical distance from the areas of environmental preservation. For this reason, the route is sometimes more than 10 km (6.2 mi) from the beach. At Praia do Forte, the road meets the Coconut Road (Estrada do Côco) leading to Salvador, passing through spots, which are now integrated in the urban development of the state capital. In this region

8107-446: The general assembly and 7 senators; its own provincial assembly consisted of 36 members. In the 19th century, cotton , coffee , and tobacco plantations joined those for sugarcane and the discovery of diamonds in 1844 led to large influx of "washers" ( garimpeiros ) until the still-larger deposits in South Africa came to light. A smaller boom hit Caetité in 1872 upon the discovery of amethysts there. The cattle industry of

8228-489: The giant cashew trees, which are the majority in the Region, are exploited in an almost extractive manner, with low use of technology. In the production of cocoa , for a long time, Bahia led the Brazilian production. Today, it is disputing the leadership of national production with the state of Pará. In 2017 Pará obtained the leadership for the first time. In 2019, people from Pará harvested 135 thousand tons of cocoa, and Bahians harvested 130 thousand tons. Bahia's cocoa area

8349-482: The government of the state of Bahia oscillated between two parties, the Partido da Frente Liberal (PFL, now the Democrats ) and the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB). The Workers' Party (PT) was elected to the governorship in 2007 and has held it ever since, through five successive elections (2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, and 2022). As a federative unit of Brazil, Bahia has its own three branches of government (executive, legislative, judiciary), which are operated by

8470-401: The highest added value of Amazonian guarana. The pharmaceutical industries and importers, on the other hand, buy more guarana from Bahia, due to the price. In 2017, the Northeast had 12.9% of the Brazilian cattle herd. In the sertão, producers often suffer losses due to constant droughts. There are also goat breeds, which are more resistant, pigs, sheep and birds. Livestock fairs are common in

8591-467: The humid eastern coast, where the region's largest capital cities are also located. The forest area was much larger before suffering from centuries of deforestation and exploration. For many years, sugar cane cultivation in this region was the mainstay of Brazil's economy , being superseded only when coffee production developed in the late 19th century. Sugar cane is cultivated on large estates whose owners maintain tremendous political influence. Since

8712-488: The installed capacity for processing cashew nuts in the Northeast, however, the Region only managed to produce around a quarter of that quantity. Among the main world producers, Brazil has the lowest productivity. Several factors are pointed out as the cause of the low productivity and the fall in the Brazilian production of cashew nuts. One reason is that most orchards are in a phase of natural decline in production. In addition,

8833-561: The interior led to the development of Feira de Santana before collapsing in a series of droughts. Historically, Bahia's politics and that of the country have been closely intertwined, initially due to Salvador's status as the first capital of Brazil. During the imperial period , several prime ministers originated from Bahia; during the early years of the Republic, Bahia produced some noteworthy national figures, such as Ruy Barbosa , Cezar Zama, and Aristides Spínola, amongst others. During

8954-680: The islands, and boat races. Events and sport activities occur throughout the year, beginning on 1 January, with the Procession of Bom Jesus dos Navegantes greeting the New Year. All Saints' has also been traditionally the venue for rowing contests at the Enseada dos Tainheiros, in Salvador and now the bay is included in the routes of the great international regattas , such as the Ralley Les Iles du Soleil, regatta Hong Kong Challenge and

9075-540: The largest in the Northeast , Salvador, and more than ten municipalities. It is the largest navigable bay in Brazil and one of the most favorite spots for nautical sports, due to its regular breezes, medium annual temperature of 26 °C (79 °F) and sheltered waters. The bay offers various leisure options, with hundreds of vessels of all different types, especially saveiros, schooners, motor boats, jet ski that criss-cross its crystalline waters on maritime excursions to

9196-404: The largest numbers of both species. Regarding pork, Brazil had almost 42 million hogs in 2017. The Northeast had 13% of the total (5.4 million). In poultry farming, Brazil had a total of 1.4 billion chickens in 2017. The Northeast had 11.6% of the total (164 million). In milk production, Brazil produced 33.5 billion liters in 2017. The Northeast produced 11.6% of the total (3.9 billion liters). In

9317-649: The largest reservoirs in the world; other major hydroelectric projects along its length include the Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Complex and the Itaparica or Luiz Gonzaga Dam . Bahia's geographical regions comprise the Atlantic Forest ; the maritime region ( Recôncavo ) radiating from the Bay of All Saints, the site of sugar and tobacco cultivation; and the Planalto , which includes

9438-418: The last 36 years, with the 2012–2016 drought being the longest drought in the region's history. Because of this vulnerability to the climate, Sertão is also known as a “polygon of drought.” Due to global warming , more frequent, more severe and longer droughts are estimated to hit the region over the next 90 years. Despite the increasing severity of the droughts, Brazil has become increasingly able to mitigate

9559-449: The leader in the country. However, the sector has been suffering strong competition and losing market to Indonesia, the Philippines and India, the world's largest producers, who even export coconut water to Brazil. In addition to climatic problems, the low productivity of coconut palms in the Northeast Region is the result of factors related to the variety of coconut harvested and the technological level used in coastal regions. In these areas,

9680-574: The municipalities of Valença, Cairu and the International attractions of Morro de São Paulo, Camamu , Taperoá, Igrapiúna, Ituberá and Maraú. The mouth of the Rio Una , in the form of a delta , contains 26 islands, the largest of which is Ilha de Tinharé , where the Morro de São Paulo is located. At Boipeba and Cairú, which are part of the archipelago of Tinharé, the diversity of the ecosystems enables visitors to practice water sports , walk along

9801-425: The natives live on fishing and tourism. All have common characteristics, such a calm sea, dense vegetation, especially coconuts and bananas , as well as vestiges of the Atlantic Forest . Of the 56 islands, the most important are Itaparica , Madre de Deus, Maré, Frades, Medo, Bom Jesus dos Passos. The Dendê Coast, south of Salvador , is surrounded by verdant vegetation, clear waters, islands, bays, coral reefs and

9922-468: The negative social impacts associated with drought. While generally successful in helping those enduring drought, drought relief programs have historically resulted in a so-called indústria da seca (drought industry). The term, coined by Antônio Callado , describes the phenomenon wherein local politicians use droughts as a tool to increase their electoral chances, effectively "trading drought relief for votes." This misappropriation of funds often benefits

10043-592: The one which gives it its name. The largest state of the Northeast region in terms of area, population and economic output is Bahia; its capital Salvador is the largest city of Nordeste . In 2016, the Northeast was in 3rd place among the 5 regions of Brazil, in terms of total wealth. The Southeast comes in 1st with 53.1% of GDP, the South in 2nd with 17%, Northeast in 3rd with 14.4% and the Center-West in 4th with 10.2%. In GDP per capita (that is, GDP per inhabitant), it

10164-594: The plateaus fall steadily to the coast and into the basin of the Tocantins River in Maranhão, but on the eastern side it falls off quite sharply to the coast except in the valley of the São Francisco river. The steep slopes and long cliffs of the eastern coastline are known as " The Great Escarpment ". The escarpment serves an extremely important climatic function because for most of the year, Nordeste

10285-423: The politics of Bahia for three decades, with one brief defeat in 1980 by Waldir Pires . Despite this defeat ACM later occupied many other public offices; he died in 2007 while serving as senator. ACM's wide-reaching influence in the state's politics has been dubbed "Carlismo", and is considered an example of a larger phenomenon called coronelismo ("colonel-ism"). After the end of military rule in Brazil in 1985,

10406-512: The population in 1775 to 27.5% in 1855. Between 1877 and 1879, a large part of the sertão was hit by the most severe drought in Brazilian history, known as the Great Drought , with Ceará being the hardest hit region. As a result, thousands of Nordestinos migrated to other parts of Brazil, especially to the Amazon , and about 200,000 people died. Before the rise of Sudeste , Nordeste

10527-422: The production of cocoa , for a long time, Bahia led the Brazilian production. Today, it is disputing the leadership of national production with the state of Pará. In 2017 Pará obtained the leadership for the first time. In 2019, people from Pará harvested 135 thousand tons of cocoa, and Bahians harvested 130 thousand tons. Bahia's cocoa area is practically three times larger than that of Pará, but Pará's productivity

10648-454: The production of maize , in 2018 Brazil was the 3rd largest producer in the world, with 82 million tons. The Northeast produced about 8.4% of the country's total. Bahia was the largest producer in the Northeast, with 2.2 million tons. In 2018, the South Region was the main producer of beans with 26.4% of the total, followed by the Midwest (25.4%), Southeast Region (25.1%), Northeast (20.6%) and North (2.5%). The largest producers in

10769-423: The production of eggs, Brazil produced 4.2 billion dozens in 2017. The Northeast produced 16.1% (683 million dozens). The Northeast was the 2nd largest honey producer in the country in 2017, losing to the South region. The total produced in the country was 41.6 thousand tons. The Northeast produced 30.7% (12.7 thousand tons). In 2017, the Northeast was the largest shrimp producer in the country. National production

10890-475: The quality of the grass. The Chapada Diamantina National Park is home to picturesque chapadões . The Coconut Coast, in the north of Bahia, corresponds to a total of 193 km (120 mi) of coastline, where coconut groves, dunes, rivers, swamps and fresh water lagoons are abundant as well as the presence of the Atlantic Rain Forest . The Green Road, a road that connects Mangue Seco in

11011-757: The red dye it produced. Countries like France , which disagreed with the Treaty of Tordesillas (a papal bull decreed by the Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI in 1493 which sought to divide South America between the Spanish and the Portuguese), launched many attacks on the coast to steal the wood. Soon after their arrival, Portuguese settlers began to displace native peoples and enslave them as field laborers, leading to conflicts in which many natives died. These conflicts were one contributor to

11132-486: The rivers of the Paraguaçu, Jacuípe, and Rio das Contas basins have their source here. There are thousands of kilometers of clear waters that spring from these mountains and descend in cascades and waterfalls to plateaus and plains, forming natural pools. The vegetation mixes cactus species of the caatinga dry lands with rare examples of the mountain flora , especially bromeliads , orchids and "sempre vivas" (member of

11253-462: The semi-extractive cultivation system still prevails, with low fertility and without the adoption of cultural management practices. The three states that have the largest production, Bahia, Sergipe and Ceará, present a yield three times lower than that of Pernambuco, which is in 5th place in the national production. This is because most of the coconut trees in these three states are located in coastal areas and cultivated in semi-extractivist systems. In

11374-587: The state and federal elections. The state capital is the city of Salvador , but once a year the capital is moved to Cachoeira in recognition of the city's importance in the struggle for the independence of Brazil . There are 10,110,100 registered voters, according to data from 2012, making Bahia the state with the fourth highest number of voters in the country. Most voters reside in the capital (and most populous city), Salvador. All 29 parties registered in Brazil have chapters in Bahia. According to IBGE data of 2022, there were 14,141,626 people residing in

11495-449: The state more than doubled from 2004 to 2014, ranking first out of the 26 states of Brazil. In 2014, the state also had the highest number of murders in the country. Religion in Bahia (2010) As the chief locus of the early Brazilian slave trade, Bahia is considered to possess the greatest and most distinctive African imprint, in terms of culture and customs, in Brazil. These include the Yoruba -derived religious system of Candomblé ,

11616-508: The state. During the colonial and imperial periods , Bahia was a center of Brazilian sugarcane production and slave trading . In the 19th century, the Bay of All Saints was also a whaling spot, as some species of whales used the bay as a mating ground. By that time, the province was also growing cotton , coffee , and tobacco with great success. mandioc , rice , beans , and corn , saffron , oranges , mangoes , and other fruit were grown for local consumption. The arid interior

11737-488: The state. The population density was 24.93 inhabitants per square kilometre (64.6/sq mi). Urban population: 67.4% (2006); Population growth: 1.1% (1991–2000); Houses: 3,826,000 (2006). The last National Census in 2022 showed the following numbers: 8,103,964 Brown ( Multiracial ) people (57.3%), 2,772,837 White people (19.60%), 3,164,691 Black people (22.4%), 83,658 Amerindian people (0.6%). According to Instituto Socioambiental , there are 14 Indigenous groups in

11858-437: The state: Atikum, Kaimbé, Kantaruré, Kiriri, Pankaru, Pankararé, Pataxó , Pataxó Hã-ha- hãe, Payayá, Truká, Tumbalalá, Tupinambá , Tuxá and Xukuru-Kariri. Historically, the population was estimated at 1.45 million in the 1870s and was 1.92 million at the time of the 1890 Brazilian census. Bahia has one of the highest crime rates in the country, having four of the ten most violent cities in Brazil. Gun violence in

11979-417: The states of Salvador , Recife , Fortaleza and São Luís is its largest city; those four capitals are coastal cities with a population of more than one million. Nordeste has nine international airports, and the region has the second largest number of passengers (roughly 20%) in Brazil. The Zona da Mata comprises the rainforest zones of Nordeste (part of the Atlantic Forest or Mata Atlântica ) in

12100-473: The steep escarpment, was not generally used whilst flatter land was abundant. Today, with irrigation water available, however, the agreste , as its name suggest, is a major farming region. Despite containing no major city, it contains well developed medium large cities such as Caruaru , Campina Grande and Arapiraca . In Portuguese , the word sertão ( Portuguese pronunciation: [seʁˈtɐ̃w] , meaning " backcountry " or " outback ") first referred to

12221-522: The strawflower family). On the area one, can find the three highest mountains in the state: Pico do Barbado, 2,080 m (6,820 ft) high, Pico Itobira, 1,970 m (6,460 ft), and Pico das Almas, 1,958 m (6,424 ft). Another scenic attraction is the Cachoeira da Fumaça ("Waterfall"), which falls 420 m (1,380 ft); the Gruta dos Brejões, the largest cavern opening of Bahia; and

12342-444: The struggle against the Portuguese. At the end of 1653, the Portuguese succeeded in capturing Recife, effectively ending Dutch Brazil and culminating in their surrender in 1654. Slave resistance began during the colonial era, in the 17th century, and eventually led to the formation of quilombos , or settlements of runaway and free-born African slaves. The Quilombo dos Palmares , the largest and most well-known of these settlements,

12463-414: The total in the region (10.3 million tons). Paraíba has 11.9% of northeastern production (5.5 million tons) and Bahia, 10.24% of production (4.7 million tons). Bahia is the 2nd largest producer of cotton in Brazil, losing only to Mato Grosso. In 2019, it harvested 1.5 million tonnes of the product. In soy , Brazil produced close to 120 million tons in 2019, being the largest world producer. In 2019,

12584-399: The total volume of nuts produced in the world. Vietnam, Nigeria, India and Côte d'Ivoire were the world's largest cashew nut producers in 2016, with 70.6% of global production. In recent years, there has been increased competition with some African countries, where government programs have driven the expansion of culture and processing capacity. It is estimated that at 295 thousand tons per year

12705-610: The vast hinterlands of Asia and South America that Lusitanian explorers encountered. In Brazil, the geographical term referred to backlands away from the Atlantic coastal regions where the Portuguese first settled in South America in the early sixteenth century. Geographically, the Sertão consists mainly of low uplands that form part of the Brazilian Highlands . Most parts of the sertão are between 200 and 500 meters above sea level, with higher elevations found on

12826-427: The verdant coconut groves, wetlands and the Atlantic Forest . There are various types of water sports, walks, trips on horseback, surfing and deep sea diving trips available. Recife de Fora, Coroa Alta and Trancoso can be reached in one day schooner excursions. BA-001 and two ferryboat systems over the Rio João de Tiba and Rio Buranhém connect the municipalities with the coast. Trips from Barra do Cai, passing through

12947-695: The wealthy—especially private landowners—to the detriment of the rural poor. Meio-Norte is a transition area between the high rainfalls region of Amazon rainforest and the semi arid region of Sertão (hot and drought) covering the state of Maranhão and half of Piauí . The Northeast region comprises the drainage basins of the São Francisco , Canindé , and Parnaíba Rivers . Geographically, Nordeste consists chiefly of an eroded continental craton with many low hills and small ranges. The highest peaks are around 1,850 metres (6,070 ft) in Bahia, while further north there are no peaks above 1,123 metres (3,684 ft). On its northern and western side,

13068-480: The year. Although annual rainfall averages between 500 and 800 millimeters over most of the sertão and 1300 millimeters on the northern coast of Fortaleza , it is confined to a short rainy season. This season extends from January to April in the west, but in the eastern Sertão it generally occurs from March to June. However, rainfall is extremely erratic and in some years the rains are minimal, leading to catastrophic drought . The duration of droughts has increased over

13189-471: Was 41 thousand tons. Rio Grande do Norte (37.7%) and Ceará (28.9%) were the largest producers. Aracati-CE was the municipality with the highest participation . In Northeast Region, Bahia stands out, with 1.68% of the national mineral participation (4th place in the country). In 2017, at gold , it produced 6.2 tons, at a value of R$ 730 million. At copper , it produced 56 thousand tons, at a value of R$ 404 million. At chrome , it produced 520 thousand tons, at

13310-436: Was 7th with 166 thousand tons. Bahia is the second largest fruit producer in the country, with more than 3.3 million tons a year, behind São Paulo. The north of Bahia is one of the main fruit suppliers in the country. The State is one of the main national producers of ten types of fruit. In 2017, Bahia led the production of cajarana, coconut, count fruit or pinecone, soursop, umbu, jackfruit, licuri, mango and passion fruit, and

13431-590: Was already rare. Salvador remained the colonial capital until 1763 when it was succeeded by Rio de Janeiro , the new economic power center of that era. In 1850, the Eusébio de Queirós Law was passed, abolishing the international slave trade in Brazil. Following the ban, some slaves from Nordeste were sold to the Southeast region of Brazil ( Portuguese : Sudeste ), primarily to the state of Rio de Janeiro . The percentage of slaves in Salvador dropped from 41.6% of

13552-734: Was destroyed in the War of Canudos (1896–1897), and the Cangaceiros in the 1930s. During the administration of Juscelino Kubitschek (1956–61), the Superintendency for the Development of the Northeast , or Sudene , was created with the goal of promoting the development of the Northeast region. In the following decades, under the Populist Republic and the military dictatorship , the investments made by Sudene catalyzed

13673-472: Was established in 1899. Bahia's captaincy was the first to fail, with its lands reverting to the Portuguese crown in 1549. While Portugal was united with Spain , the Dutch West India companies tried to conquer Bahia but was unsuccessful in the area, with Dutch Brazil restricted to the area from Pernambuco Northward. Bahia was a center of sugarcane cultivation from the 16th to

13794-416: Was founded around 1600 in the Serra da Barriga hills, in the present state of Alagoas . Palmares, at the height of its power, was an independent, self-sustaining republic, hosting a population of over 30,000 free African men, women and children. There were over 200 buildings in the community, a church, four smithies, and a council house. Although Palmares managed to defend itself from the Dutch military and

13915-401: Was in 3rd place among the regions that most produce sugar cane in the country. Brazil is the world's largest producer, with 672.8 million tons harvested this year. The Northeast harvested 45.7 million tons, 6.8% of national production. Alagoas is the largest producer, with 33.3% of Northeastern production (15.2 million tons). Pernambuco is the 2nd largest producer in the Northeast, with 22.7% of

14036-493: Was in 3rd place and Rio Grande do Norte in 4th place. Bahia was the largest producer of mango in the country in 2019, with production of around 281 thousand tons per year. Juazeiro (130 thousand tons per year) and Casa Nova (54 thousand tons per year) are at the top of the list of Brazilian cities that lead the cultivation of fruit. In the production of banana , in 2018 Bahia was the 2nd largest national producer. Pernambuco came in 5th place. Regarding pineapple , in 2018 Paraíba

14157-476: Was inhabited by indigenous peoples, mostly speaking languages of the Tupi–Guarani family. In the Sertão region, Tapuia tribes could also be found. It was the first area of Brazil to be colonized when roughly 1,500 Portuguese arrived on April 22, 1500, under the command of Pedro Álvares Cabral at Porto Seguro , in what is now the state of Bahia . The coast of Nordeste saw the first economic activity of

14278-468: Was mostly used for cattle-farming , but this was ruined by a series of droughts caused in part by the custom of starting annual wildfires to improve the grass. Diamonds , gold , and amethysts were panned for in the rivers, while coal was mined on Itaparica . cacao was being farmed by the time of the First World War . It grew more than the national average, due to the fact that the state

14399-470: Was previously below the average level. In agriculture , the state stands out in the production of cotton , cocoa , soy and tropical fruits such as coconut , papaya , mango , banana and guarana , in addition to also producing sugar cane , orange , beans and cassava , among others. In 2017, the Northeast Region was the largest producer of coconut in the country, with 74.0% of national production. Bahia produced 351 million fruits, being

14520-528: Was the 2nd largest producer state in Brazil. Bahia is the largest Brazilian producer of guaraná . In 2017, Brazilian production was close to 3.3 million tons. Bahia harvested 2.3 million (mainly in the city of Taperoá), Amazonas 0.7 million (mainly in the city of Maués) and the rest of the country, 0.3 million. Despite the fact that the fruit originated in the Amazon, since 1989 Bahia has beaten Amazonas in terms of production volume and guarana productivity, due to

14641-535: Was the center of the African slave trade in Brazil, the center of the sugar industry in Brazil, and Brazil's main seaport. During the Old Republic, the interior of the Northeast was under the dominion of local oligarchs called coronéis , who enforced their power through violence and fear. Two notable examples of responses to this oppression were the messianic community of Canudos, in the interior of Bahia, which

#24975