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64-641: After the 1941 Ecuadorian–Peruvian War , both countries, with the mediation of the United States, Argentina, Chile and Brazil, signed in Rio de Janeiro the Rio Protocol , that settled the boundary line between Peru and Ecuador. During the process of placing the respective milestones, the countries disagreed due to a geographical error in the Cordillera del Cóndor. They decided to go to the arbitration of

128-595: A Peruvian Civil Guard patrol. These troops were then followed by some 200 Ecuadorian armed men, which attacked the police station at Aguas Verdes for 30 minutes, to which the Peruvians reacted by sending an infantry company to Aguas Verdes and driving the Ecuadorians back across the Zarumilla, holding back a potential advance and waiting for reinforcements. The fighting then spread to the entire border area along

192-727: A broader dispute between what was then Gran Colombia and Peru. It revolved around whether Ecuador's territory extended beyond the Andes mountain range to the Marañon ( Amazon ) river, including the Amazonian basin. The lack of resolution of the dispute, despite several attempts by both parties, led to several conflicting treaties being signed between different parties to the conflict, including Colombia and Brazil , and led to war on several occasions. The first of these armed conflicts took place in 1828, when Peru fought against Gran Colombia in

256-483: A monument dedicated to the fallen during the conflict, and a road system to connect the area with the rest of the country. This purpose, however, has been interrupted by the slow process of demining the area, which remains covered in mines and other boobytraps. The process is expected to finish in 2024. In 1999, the El Cóndor Biological Reserve  [ es ] was established. The park

320-590: A reconnaissance mission at the mouth of the Jambelí Strait to search for the presence of artillery. The following day, cruisers Coronel Bolognesi and Almirante Guise , during a patrol in front of the Jambelí Strait, bombed Punta Jambelí and Puerto Bolívar, in preparation for the Peruvian advance on El Oro. The La Tina–Macará Front, extending from the Quebrada de Pilares to La Tina and Chinchipe ,

384-407: A sergeant and two soldiers to receive an answer after a two-hour ultimatum. They were greeted with a burst of machine-gun fire which killed the sergeant and wounded the other two soldiers. According to Ecuador, the coat of arms fell off on its own and was moved by the consul himself. Following the event, news did reach Peru on the alleged events, but Ecuadorian authorities managed to communicate with

448-504: Is divided in two areas, one belonging to Ecuador and the other to Peru. As per the treaty, Ecuador would also be granted two 150 ha territories in the Peruvian towns of Pijuayal and Saramiriza for 50 years, where Trade and Navigation Centers ( Spanish : Centros de Comercio y Navegación , CECONA ) would be established in order to provide the country an outlet to the Amazon River . Protests from local tribes have slowed down

512-407: Is known as the 1936 status quo border line. However, by 1938 both nations were once again holding minor border skirmishes. That same year, the entire Ecuadorian Cabinet, which was composed of high-ranking army officers who served as advisors for General Alberto Enríquez Gallo (who had taken charge of government after a military coup d'état ), resigned from government in order to take command of

576-705: The Ecuadorian Army . Meanwhile, in Quito , there were public demonstrations of people chanting "Down With Peru! Long Live Ecuador!". Peru's response to the events taking place in Ecuador was provided by foreign minister Carlos Concha Cárdenas , who stated, "In Peru we have not yet lost our heads. Our country is in a process of prosperous development and the Government heads would have to be completely mad to think of war." The social situation of Peru at that time

640-593: The Gran Colombia–Peru War . After the dissolution of Gran Colombia, the conflict resumed with Ecuador , with skirmishes taking place often and the first Ecuadorian–Peruvian War taking place between Ecuador and Peru from 1857 to 1860. The dispute was again brought into the spotlight after the signing of the Salomón–Lozano Treaty in March 1922 by the governments of Colombia and Peru, which at that time

704-584: The Loreto region , that from there goes down to the Zarumilla River through Tiwinza to the north of Peru. Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian War Peruvian victory The Ecuadorian–Peruvian War , known locally as the War of the '41 (Spanish: Guerra del 41 ), was a South American border war fought between 5–31 July 1941. It was the first of three military conflicts between Ecuador and Peru during

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768-595: The Rio Protocol on 29 January 1942, and Peruvian forces subsequently withdrew. The enmity over the territorial dispute continued after 1942 and concluded following the Cenepa War of 1995 and the signing of the Brasilia Presidential Act agreement in October 1998. Brasilia Presidential Act The territorial dispute between Ecuador and Peru dated from before Ecuador's independence, as part of

832-557: The 20th century. During the war, Peru occupied the western Ecuadorian province of El Oro and parts of the Andean province of Loja . Although the war took place during World War II , it is unrelated to that conflict, as neither country was supported by either the Allies or the Axis . A ceasefire agreement between the two countries came into effect on 31 July 1941. Both countries signed

896-529: The Brazilian Braz Dias de Aguiar, with which the works continued. However, due to the limited knowledge of the region, ambiguous terms such as " divortium aquarum " or " nascent river X " were used, discrepancies reappeared and in 1948, when only 78 kilometers were missing by demarcation, Ecuador suspended the placement of the landmarks and declared the Protocol unenforceable and void in 1960. With

960-518: The Ecuadorian forces defending the province of El Oro during the war, a group of Peruvian civilians, including policemen, crossed the Zarumilla River onto Ecuadorian soil. The Peruvian policemen are then said to have fired first when a border patrol was spotted, killing one soldier. This was followed by the widespread exchange of fire between troops on the opposing banks of the Zarumilla, while two Ecuadorian officers sent to Aguas Verdes to speak with

1024-496: The Ecuadorian post of Quebrada Seca, where they had concentrated the bulk of their anti-aircraft artillery and placed machine guns. According to Peruvian accounts, instead of parachuting to safety, Quiñones chose to sacrifice himself by crashing his damaged aircraft onto the Ecuadorian position, rendering the battery out of action. This version of events has been subsequently called into question by Ecuadorian military authorities, who have stated that there were no anti-aircraft guns in

1088-585: The Ecuadorian troops which had been deployed to the dispute zone. On 11 January 1941, alleging that the Ecuadorians had been staging incursions and even occupations of the Peruvian territory of Zarumilla , the Peruvian president, Manuel Prado , ordered the formation of the Northern Army Detachment ( Spanish : Agrupamiento del Norte ), a military unit in charge of the Northern Operational Theatre. According to

1152-474: The Peruvian consul, who offered to explain the events to the Peruvian side. However, hours later the consul instead abandoned the city along with his family. The Ecuadorians also disputed the reasoning behind the provocations by the Ecuadorian side, as it was well known that Peruvian troops had organized themselves near the city, and news had reached the area of the events taking place in El Oro province. Prior to

1216-504: The Peruvian local commanding officer were told by Peruvian authorities to go back to their lines. According to Peru, Ecuadorian Army troops from the garrison of Huaquillas , a town on the bank of the Zarumilla river, which then served as the status quo line in the extreme left of the Ecuadorian-Peruvian border, crossed into the Peruvian border post at Aguas Verdes, a town directly in front of Huaquillas, and opened fire on

1280-594: The Royal Decree of July 15, 1802, passed to the Viceroyalty of Peru and, according to the Peruvian version, Ecuador had occupied, taking advantage of the fact that Peru was facing Chile in the War of the Pacific of 1879. The territory of Sucumbíos had been nominally transferred to Peru in 1922 by Colombia as a result of the Salomón–Lozano Treaty , but the act was not recognized by Ecuador. Faced with

1344-561: The Yaupi River on August 11, when they were attacked by Peruvian soldiers. After half an hour of combat, the Ecuadorians were defeated, consolidating the Peruvian domain in the Yaupi and Santiago rivers. The Peruvian Navy had an advantage over the ill-equipped Ecuadorian Navy . The results favored Peru, such as in the successful blockade of Guayaquil. On July 25, the Peruvian destroyer Almirante Villar set sail from Zorritos with

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1408-588: The Zarumilla River. By 6 July, the Peruvian aviation was conducting airstrikes against the Ecuadorian border posts along the river. After the 5th, hostilities along the border continued. As a result, on the night of July 6, the senior commander of the Ecuadorian Army ordered the formation of the 5th Infantry Brigade in El Oro, under the command of Colonel Luis Rodríguez. The Peruvian offensive against Ecuador began on July 23, being carried out by

1472-588: The advantage of the Peruvian Army. This effort was so intense that less than half a year later, the province had been transformed from its war-torn state. 5th Army Division (Peru) The 5th Army Division ( Spanish : V División de Ejército ) is a infantry division unit of the Peruvian Army (EP) that specialized in combat patrol in mountain forest terrain, combined arms, counterinsurgency, jungle warfare, and military logistics. The unit

1536-594: The agreed ceasefire, there were armed clashes in the Amazon area, with the Peruvian troops of the Jungle Division launching, between August 1 and 2, 1941, an offensive against the Ecuadorian garrisons located on the Yaupi and Santiago rivers. According to Second Lieutenant Hugo Ortiz Garcés  [ es ] , who would be killed the next day, the Ecuadorian Yaupi outpost and its Gazipum garrison

1600-400: The area as private property. Anyone born in the territory would be recognized as a Peruvian citizen, but the area would nevertheless remain under lease to Ecuador. As per the treaty, the area would exclusively serve a ceremonial purpose, so that both countries could commemorate the conflict. One part of this plan was to establish a Peace Park ( Spanish : Parque de la Paz ), which would include

1664-511: The area. The other planes that made up Squadron 41 continued with their mission and carried out a subsequent attack, returning to Tumbes. On July 24, a battle between Peruvian and Ecuadorian troops took place in Chacras, where the latter set up a resistance against the Peruvians. Due to constant Peruvian attacks, the defensive position eventually gave way and the post was overrun. On July 23, Peruvian aircraft carried out strategic bombing of

1728-409: The battle, the civilian population was evacuated, with some volunteers remaining to assist the Ecuadorian Army. Fire was exchanged beginning at 2 p.m. Peruvian Commander César Yánez, head of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, supported by a company from the 19th Infantry Battalion and a battery from the 8th Artillery Group, crossed the river on July 28 and took Macará, encountering little opposition. Later, with

1792-485: The case of armored vehicles, Ecuador practically lacked combat aircraft; at the beginning of hostilities, the Ecuadorian Air Force had only six Curtiss-Wright CW-19R Sparrow aircraft, and three IMAM Ro.37 reconnaissance and attack biplanes that were in poor condition. Peru carried out limited aerial bombing of the Ecuadorian towns of Huaquillas, Arenillas, Santa Rosa, and Machala. On July 31, prior to

1856-511: The cease fire that was to be effective on that date, the Peruvians were ordered to capture the city of Puerto Bolívar, which was accomplished using paratroopers from the newly formed Paratrooper Company of the Peruvian Air Force . The use of said paratroopers was decisive in the capture of the city and was a surprise, since only a handful of countries had paratrooper units, such as Germany with their Fallschirmjäger , making Peru

1920-547: The ceasefire, a civilian administration was established in the occupied province of El Oro by Peru. A month later, on October 2, the Talara Accord ( Spanish : Acuerdo de Talara ) was signed, through which a bilateral ceasefire was put into place. The treaty also established a demilitarized zone between both states, which would be under the Ecuadoran administration, and the observation of military representatives of

1984-590: The coast due to its shallow depth. After 21 minutes of fire, the incident ended. The Peruvian Air Force was more numerous and technologically more advanced than its Ecuadorian counterpart. The core of Peruvian aviation was made up of a squadron of five NA-50 fighters, known as Toritos , which were a version of the North American P-64 and had been delivered by the United States in May 1939. As in

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2048-429: The coup d'état against Leguía by troops under the command of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro , the treaty was made public and caused much anger among the Peruvian population, which perceived that the treaty awarded Colombia a section of Peruvian territory. This dispute over the Amazon region controlled by Leticia would eventually lead to a short war between Colombia and Peru from 1932 to 1933. The conflict over Leticia, which

2112-471: The delimitation of boundaries, other border integration projects were reviewed, such as the final demining of the old undelimited areas, and the Puyango-Tumbes binational irrigation project. In May 1999, the last milestone out of 30 was placed, which finally ended a conflict of more than a century and a half, which brought together the integration between the two countries through the 0°0' parallel in

2176-405: The dispute still unsolved, both countries went to war again in the 1981 Paquisha War , with the Cenepa War occurring in 1995. After the end of the conflict, negotiations began between representatives Fernando de Trazegnies for Peru and Édgar Terán  [ es ] for Ecuador. After a year and a half of intense talks, and after a pronouncement of international experts on the border line,

2240-495: The disputed territories, the Peruvian military intended to assault and capture the first port of Ecuador. Once Guayaquil was occupied, the Peruvian forces in the occupied part of the Ecuadorian highlands would leave from Loja, which is less than 600 km from the capital, and would occupy Quito, an operation that would take a maximum of 10 days, since the Ecuadorian armed forces had practically ceased to exist in September,. By

2304-447: The end of August 1941, Peru occupied the coast: the provinces and cantons of El Oro, Puerto Bolívar and began the blockade of Guayaquil, the main commercial port and naval base of Ecuador. In the mountains, the provinces and cantons of Loja and Zamora Chinchipe were occupied. In the jungle, the armed forces of Peru claimed Sucumbios, Napo and Pastaza in the regions that corresponded to the former Government of Quijos, which, according to

2368-526: The fire, with the Peruvian newspaper El Comercio blaming the retreating Ecuadorian troops with a report that claimed that locals had heard an Ecuadorian commander ordering that the area was burned to a crisp. The town was referred to as the " Lidice of America" by Italian writer Leonelly Castelly due to the scale of the destruction of the area being similar to that of the Czech town. The Peruvian administration immediately started efforts in order to exploit

2432-508: The first country in the Western Hemisphere to deploy paratroopers, followed by Argentina in 1944. The paratroopers were dropped from Italian Caproni Ca.111 bomber-transports. On August 31, 1941, and facing a delicate political and national security situation, President of Ecuador Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río decided to retain a considerable part of the Ecuadorian Army to protect the capital, Quito . This military order

2496-497: The group and local police and military units headed by José Villanueva Ruesta  [ es ] , that left 5 people dead and several vehicles and buildings burnt by protesters. The event is annually commemorated by members of the group, where it is known as the Day of Dignity ( Spanish : Día de la Dignidad ). The event is of a political nature, being characterized by anti-Fujimorism . In 2018, after several years of postponing

2560-478: The mediator countries that also signed the agreement: the United States , Brazil and Argentina . Other countries involved in the mediation included the Vatican , which had acted both directly between both countries and in conjunction with the other mediators, and to a lesser extent, Chile and Mexico . The topic of Pan-Americanism was brought up, with countries such as Ecuador proclaiming their allegiance to

2624-493: The mission of entering Ecuadorian waters and carrying out patrol and reconnaissance tasks in the area. The Ecuadorian gunboat Abdón Calderón was spotted in the vicinity of the Jambelí channel. The Ecuadorian ship, which was in transit to Guayaquil , turned 180° as soon as it recognized the Peruvian ship, fleeing towards Puerto Bolívar while firing. Admiral Villar did the same, maneuvering in circles avoiding getting too close to

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2688-694: The movement, and other countries, such as Vichy France criticizing it, arguing that it only served to increase American influence in the continent. By the time the ceasefire had been accepted, the cities bombarded by Peru included Santa Rosa , Machala and Puerto Bolívar . Peruvian aircraft had reached Guayaquil in at least two different occasions, but the squadron sent to the city limited itself to dropping propaganda leaflets, which were republished by Peruvian newspapers La Industria and El Tiempo . A fire began in Santa Rosa on 1 August 1941, which destroyed over 120 houses. Both sides blamed each other for

2752-418: The nearby Ecuadorian Huasimo outpost, Peruvian and Ecuadorian troops also fought; the Ecuadorians had to retreat, leaving behind weapons and equipment. On July 25, in the Chacras sector, strong Peruvian contingents preceded by a tank surrounded a group of 25 soldiers commanded by Ecuadorian Lieutenant César Edmundo Chiriboga González , who refused to surrender and fought to the death, along with his troops. In

2816-501: The newly acquired territories in southern Ecuador. A civil administration was established in order to provide a sense of normalcy to the Ecuadorian citizens that lived under occupation, which relieved the military from certain efforts. A large effort from the Northern Army Detachment during this period also went into repairing and maintaining infrastructure, such as highways and railroads, which would in turn be used to

2880-541: The newly formed Northern Army Detachment , headed by General Eloy G. Ureta with the purpose of pushing north into El Oro Province with the stated purpose of preventing more skirmishes along the disputed border. On that day, the 41st Peruvian Squadron took off from Tumbes to fulfill a mission, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Antonio Alberti and made up of Lieutenants Fernando Paraud, José A. Quiñones and Manuel Rivera, aboard their North American NA-50 or Toritos fighter planes. The mission consisted of bombing

2944-451: The place where he and his men died, the Peruvians put together a cross with a plaque that read, "Lieutenant César E. Chiriboga González and 25 soldiers, fallen on July 25, 1941, in the line of duty." The cross was found in the aftermath of the war, after Peruvian troops had retreated from southern Ecuador. Due to his actions, Chiriboga was posthumously promoted to captain and declared a national hero of Ecuador. Peruvian victory: Despite

3008-479: The port city. On the next day, aircraft returned to attack the Aviso Atahualpa patrol boat, located at the docks of the city. The fact that the patrol boat was the target as well as the subsequent defense of it carried out by Ecuadorian troops prevented valuable explosives located nearby from being attacked and ignited. On July 28, Peruvian submarines BAP Islay (R-1) and BAP Casma (R-2) carried out

3072-530: The process, however. One notable protest took place on October 24, 1998, two days before the signing of the treaty. The event started as a peaceful protest organized by the Committee of Peace and Development , and attended by the Loreto Patriotic Front ( Spanish : Frente Patriótico de Loreto ) in the 28 July Plaza  [ es ] , eventually spiraling into riots between members of

3136-638: The project, an Ecuadorian inter-institutional team traveled to Pijuayal to establish the boundaries of the land where the first CECONA would work, according to authorities from the Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Defense and Military Geographic Institute of Ecuador, prior to the Cabinet Binational and Presidential Meeting between Lenín Moreno and Martín Vizcarra held in Quito on October 25 and 26 of that year, where in addition to highlighting

3200-483: The support of the company commanded by Captain Fernando del Risco, the Ecuadorian Army remnants in nearby Vado Limón were also defeated. The town was subsequently occupied by Peruvian forces, looted, and vacated two days later, when the Peruvian troops returned to their emplacements. On July 29, the Ecuadorian border outposts of Cazaderos and Progreso were attacked by Peruvian troops, but the attacks were repelled. At

3264-513: The territory as an integral part of its republic. Further adding to Ecuador's problems, the Colombian government now also recognized Peru's territorial aspirations as legitimate, and had nominally granted to Peru an area in Sucumbíos which had been claimed by Ecuador. An agreement was signed in 1936 which recognized territories in de facto possession by each country. The resulting border

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3328-713: The testimony of Col. Luis Rodríguez, the Ecuadorian forces at the disposal of the Army Border Command in El Oro (Lieutenant Colonel Octavio A. Ochoa) after the incidents of 5 and 6 July were as follows: As a result of the rising tensions on the border during 1939 and 1940, the Peruvian President Manuel Prado authorised in December 1940 the creation of the Agrupamiento del Norte (Northern Army Detachment). By July 1941, this unit

3392-472: The threat to the Ecuadorian state, with Ecuadorian President Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río keeping a sizable part of the Army in Quito , Ecuador promptly requested a ceasefire, which went into effect on 31 July 1941. The Peruvian occupation of Ecuador was formally established after the ceasefire of July 31, 1941, having existed since the Peruvian occupation began with the Zarumilla offensive on July 23. After

3456-419: The two countries, with the approval of their respective Congresses, agree to submit their differences to the decision of the guarantors of the 1942 Rio Protocol. They ratified the validity of the mentioned document, the arbitration award of Dias de Aguiar and other complementary documents. The treaty was signed at Itamaraty Palace on October 26, 1998, with the signatories being as follows: The peace agreement

3520-551: Was attacked from July 31 to August 1, 1941, by no less than 100 soldiers from the Peruvian Army, armed with eight machine guns. On August 2, 1941, in Gapizum, on the banks of the Santiago River, the Ecuadorian post of ten soldiers, commanded by 20-year-old Second Lieutenant Hugo Ortiz Garcés  [ es ] , was again attacked and, unlike the previous day , overrun by Peruvian forces. Ortiz refused to surrender and

3584-606: Was first created on 27 June 1961, with the name 5th Military Region ( Spanish : V Región Militar ). On 31 December 2002 the region was disestablished and reestablished as the Oriental Military Region ( Spanish : Región Militar del Oriente ), changing to its current name in 2013. The unit saw combat during the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War as part of the Northern Army Detachment in its northeastern offensive. The unit's emblem features an outline of

3648-582: Was followed by the formal demarcation of the border on 13 May 1999 and the end of the multi-national Military Observer Mission for Ecuador and Peru (MOMEP) troop deployment on 17 June 1999. The mission was composed of military representatives of the mediator countries that also signed the treaty, and had been operating since April 13, 1995, with its headquarters in Patuca, Ecuador. The document recognized Peruvian sovereignty in Tiwinza, leasing Ecuador 1 km within

3712-503: Was given due to intelligence reports coming from the intelligence services of Brazil , Chile , and the United States, informing President Arroyo del Río and the Ecuadorian military high command that Peru was less than 48 hours from Guayaquil, leaving from Machala and Puerto Bolívar, the second port of Ecuador. The Peruvian troops were less than 170 km from the Guayaquil metropolitan area. If Ecuador did not accept Peru's rights over

3776-410: Was killed in action by the Peruvian soldiers, who buried him wrapped in the flag of the small Ecuadorian detachment in charge of guarding the Yaupi area. His remains were moved to Quito in 1943. The reinforcements requested by Ortiz Garcés arrived and began to approach the Yaupi River only a week later. The unit, commanded by Corporal Salvador León Veloz and made up of eight soldiers, began to approach

3840-493: Was populated by both Peruvian and Colombian colonists, was resolved after Sanchez Cerro was assassinated and the new Peruvian president Óscar R. Benavides accepted the 1934 Rio Protocol which upheld the Salomón–Lozano Treaty and finally put an end to the border disputes between Colombia and Peru. The Salomón–Lozano Treaty was unpopular in Ecuador as well, which found itself surrounded on the east by Peru, which claimed

3904-490: Was ready to begin active military operations. Order of Battle, Agrupamiento del Norte , July 1941 Figures for total strength of the Agrupamiento del Norte at the beginning of offensive operations have been put at 11,500 to 13,000 men. The first shots of the conflict were fired on July 5, 1941, with both parties disagreeing about who fired the first shot. According to Ecuadorian Colonel Luis A. Rodríguez, commander of

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3968-548: Was ruled by Augusto B. Leguía . The treaty, which was kept secret, set the boundary between Peru and Colombia as the Putumayo River , with the exception of a small strip of land controlled by the city of Leticia that would connect Colombia to the main flow of the Amazon River . With that, Colombia effectively recognized Peruvian control of the rest of the disputed region south of the Putumayo River. Following

4032-552: Was the responsibility of the Peruvian 8th Light Division, under the command of Colonel EP César A. Salazar Cartagena. Peruvian victory According to Peruvian accounts, Macará had a large number of Peruvians, who saw themselves targeted by the Ecuadorian population. On July 25, news reached Peru that the Peruvian Consulate had been stoned and the Peruvian coat of arms dragged away. The Peruvian military authorities of La Tina protested and asked for an explanation, sending

4096-564: Was undergoing major changes, with the social reforms begun by president Augusto B. Leguia (which, he claimed, were aimed at improving roads, sanitation, industrial development, and promoting the general welfare of Peru's indigenous population) being continued by president General Oscar Benavides . Economically, Peru claimed to be attempting to run on a balanced budget, but Peru still held a large debt in spite of its positive foreign trade. However, despite these claims, Peru also began to mobilize its troops to its border with Ecuador in order to match

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