Misplaced Pages

#428571

84-574: Brixen is the third-largest city and oldest town in the province, with a population of nearly twenty-three thousand. It is located at the confluence of the Eisack and Rienz rivers, and today it is the capital of the Eisack district community. The Brenner Pass , on the Italian- Austrian border, is 45 km to the north of Brixen, and Bolzano lies 40 km to the south. To the east lies

168-794: A conciliatory offer from the Allies. In absence of the Italian delegation, the French and the British decided to annul the Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne for lack of Russian consent and not to honour any Italian claims in Asia Minor or Africa. Orlando and Sonnino held different positions regarding the eastern Adriatic shore claims. Orlando was prepared to give up on Dalmatia except Zadar and Šibenik while insisting on annexing Rijeka. Sonnino held

252-566: A conflict of territorial claims staked by Italy and Serbia. Namely, awarding Italy Dalmatia would largely block the Adriatic outlet offered to Serbia (in addition to Bosnia and Herzegovina) as compensation to Serbia's cession of much of Vardar Macedonia to Bulgaria requested by the Entente as enticement to Bulgaria. Sazonov wanted to strengthen his offer to Serbia and indirectly to Bulgaria by guaranteeing such an outlet to Serbia, but Grey blocked

336-458: A document taking into consideration the Russian objections and forwarded it to Imperiali, but Sonnino threatened to end the negotiations over the differences. The deadlock was broken by French Foreign Minister Théophile Delcassé who was ready to pay any price to obtain an alliance with Italy believing it would bring about alliances with Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania as well. Delcassé proposed

420-528: A draft agreement and forwarded it to Russia against protests by the Yugoslav Committee. Sazonov objected to the draft agreement and dismissed an Italian offer of Dubrovnik as a port for South Slavs as it lacked inland transport routes. Sazonov demanded Split in addition as a better port and objected to the requested demilitarisation of the coast belonging to the Kingdom of Montenegro . Grey drew up

504-607: A little of the hoped for northern gains (within today's largely Slovene Littoral (also called Austrian Littoral , coast or Julian March )) but gaining Istria and the city-enclave of Zadar and several islands. Giolitti had the Italian Navy drive D'Annunzio from Rijeka, and the city became the Free State of Fiume under provisions of the Treaty of Rapallo. It comprised settlement of the border awarding Italy territory on

588-399: A manifestation of Italian chauvinistic ambitions against Dalmatia causing a crisis. Evans expanded on his criticism in article "Italy and Dalmatia" published by The Times on 27 April. Evans was joined by historians Robert Seton-Watson and Wickham Steed by describing the Italian claims as absurd and Grey's policies as unjust. Grey responded by reiterating that in the event of victory in

672-639: A model for an alternative parliamentary order sought by the Fascists. The Impresa di Fiume brought about the fall of the Nitti government under pressure from the Italian Socialist Party , D'Annunzio, and Benito Mussolini . Nitti's successor Giolitti and "democratic renouncers" of Dalmatian heritage were next criticised by the nationalists. D'Annunzio formulated the charge in the slogan "Victory of ours, you shall not be mutilated", referencing

756-489: A modern conjecture suggests he died of malaria. On 15 June 1080, at the request of Henry III, the synod of Brixen condemned Pope Gregory VII over the Investiture Controversy , a conflict during the 11th and 12th centuries over the ability to appoint bishops. In 1115, a first line of walls encircling Brixen was completed. In 1174, and later again in 1234 and 1445, Brixen was devastated by fires. During

840-591: A necessary evil to attract Italy to join the Entente. In late October, there was an attempt to get Italy to intervene against an expected Turkish attack against the Suez Canal . Sazonov warned Grey not to offer Dalmatia in exchange and the latter replied that no such offer was made as the canal remaining open was in Italian interests too. The matter of an Italian alliance was taken up by Castello's successor Sidney Sonnino and Rodd in November. Sonnino proposed

924-612: A non-binding agreement which could be turned into a binding one at an opportune time. Even though similar proposals by his predecessor were turned down, Rodd was informed through his contacts in the Italian government that the Italian Armed Forces were prepared to intervene by February 1915 – prompting Rodd to urge Grey to consider the proposal. However, Grey declined the idea as a hypothetical bargain as he appeared indifferent to an Italian alliance at this point. Following this, Salandra and Sonnino conducted negotiations with

SECTION 10

#1732801347429

1008-762: A political union with Serbia. News of the treaty also compelled the Yugoslav Committee to adopt a less critical view of Serbian demands concerning the method of political unification of the South Slavs as it became clear that the unity of the Croats and the unity of the Slovenes would depend on success of Serbia. Full text of the treaty text was published by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution . In 1917, Pašić and Trumbić negotiated and agreed upon

1092-529: A problem from Austria-Hungary – that of having a large South Slavic population looking for greater independence. Nonetheless, Castello managed to obtain British endorsement for Italian occupation of Vlorë. The move was made as a preparation for Italian intervention and designed to lend some prestige to the Italian government. Expecting opposition from Sazonov, Castello asked Grey to get the Russians to let him have this without making any concessions in return as

1176-666: A reduction in the Italian claim in Dalmatia to favour Serbia in exchange for unrestricted possession of the Dodecanese Islands. The initiative succeeded because the Russian Imperial Army lost initiative in the Carpathians and its commander in chief, Grand Duke Nicholas , informed Sazonov that Italian and Romanian support would be needed urgently to regain the initiative. In response, Sazonov accepted

1260-462: A share in any war indemnity and a loan to Italy in the amount of 50 million pounds sterling respectively. Article 15 promised Entente support to Italian opposition to inclusion of the Holy See in any settlement of questions raised by the war, and Article 16 stipulated that the treaty was to be kept secret. Even though the treaty was meant to be secret, an outline of its provisions became known to

1344-674: A strip of land west of the Lake Ohrid to allow a border between Serbia and Greece. Italy was to represent Albania in foreign relations, but it was also required to acquiesce to its partition between Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece if the United Kingdom, France, and Russia decided so. Article 8 gave Italy full sovereignty over the Dodecanese Islands. Provisions detailing territorial gains beyond Europe were comparably vaguely written. Article 9 promised Italy territory in

1428-677: A symbol of perfidy of European diplomacy. He held the treaty invalid by application of the legal doctrine of clausula rebus sic stantibus on account of fundamental changes of circumstances following the breakup of Austria-Hungary. While the British and the French representatives remained passive on the issue, Wilson published a manifesto explaining his principles and appealing for sense of justice among Italians on 24 April 1919. Orlando and Sonnino left Paris in protest and were celebrated in Italy as champions of national honour. Even after their return on 7 May, they refused to take any initiative expecting

1512-540: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Italy is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Treaty of London (1915) The Treaty of London ( Italian : Trattato di Londra ) or the Pact of London ( Patto di Londra ) was a secret agreement concluded on 26 April 1915 by the United Kingdom , France , and Russia on the one part, and Italy on

1596-712: The Adige river south of Bolzano . At first the river flows through the Wipptal and after the village of Vahrn through the Eisacktal . Its source is sung of in the Bozner Bergsteigerlied as the northern frontier of the South Tyrolean homeland. The major towns and villages along the course of the river are Sterzing , Franzensfeste , Brixen , Klausen , Waidbruck and finally the capital city of

1680-735: The Brenner Pass . Brixen is twinned with: [REDACTED] Media related to Brixen at Wikimedia Commons Eisack The Eisack ( German : Eisack , pronounced [ˈaɪzak] ; Italian : Isarco [iˈzarko] ; Latin : Isarus or Isarcus ) is a river in Northern Italy , the second largest river in South Tyrol . Its source is near the Brenner Pass , at an altitude of about 1990 m above sea level . The river draws water from an area of about 4,200 km . After about 96 km, it joins

1764-624: The Brenner Railway , which connects the town to Verona and Innsbruck . It has an individual fare structure for public transport within the Tirol-Südtirol zone. Italy Germany/Austria/South Tyrol (D for Germany, A for Austria) On 11 December 2016, ÖBB took over Deutsche Bahn's night trains. The Munich-Milan service was withdrawn. By road, the town has two exits on the Brenner Autobahn that connects Brixen to

SECTION 20

#1732801347429

1848-699: The Central Powers in an apparent attempt to keep the Central Powers at bay until further negotiations were possible with the Entente. These talks collapsed on 15 February 1915. The following day, Sonnino sent Imperiali a specific list of conditions set out in sixteen points necessary for Italy to enter the war. While the Entente Powers were negotiating with Italy, they led a concurrent diplomatic effort aimed at obtaining Bulgarian alliance (or at least friendly neutrality). This situation led to

1932-597: The Corfu Declaration setting out a plan for post-war unification of South Slavs to counter the Italian territorial claims outlined in the Treaty of London. Grey's policy and the treaty were criticised in British press. An early example of such critique was "The National Union of South Slavs and the Adriatic Question " written by Arthur Evans and published in April 1915. Evans described the treaty as

2016-834: The German mediatisation in 1802, Brixen was awarded to the Austrian Empire , only to be ceded to the Bavarians in 1805 after the Austrians suffered a great loss to Napoleon and his Allies at the Battle of Austerlitz . The Bavarians set up the District Court of Brixen , a regional judicial and administrative court for South Tyrol. The court only lasted nine years before in 1814, the Congress of Vienna returned Brixen to

2100-707: The Plose mountain massif with three peaks, the closest of which being the Telegraph peak (Monte Telegrafo) (2,486 m), formally known as Fröllspitze. On the western side, there is the Königsangerspitze mountain (Monte Pascolo) (2,439 m) and the Pfeffersberg slope (Monteponente), both of which are located within the Sarntal Alps . Brixen is especially known for its skiing, with a major ski resort,

2184-631: The Upper Paleolithic ( 8th millennium BC ). Other settlements from the late Stone Age have been found and in 15 BC, the area was conquered by the Romans , who had their main settlement in the nearby Säben (Sabiona). They held it until around 590, when it was occupied by Bavarians . The first mention of Brixen dates to 901 in a document issued by the King of Germany, Louis III the Child , in which

2268-541: The radiant days . On 22 May 1915, the Italian government decided to launch the Alpine Front by declaring war against Austria-Hungary alone. This ignored the requirement set out in Article 2 to wage war against all the Central Powers. France accused Italy of violating the Treaty of London, and Russia speculated on the potential existence of a non-aggression agreement between Italy and Germany. Lack of preparation of

2352-651: The 1915 Treaty of London in the region of Antalya. To reinforce proportionality of Italian gains to those of their allies, the Italians added Konya and Adana vilayets to the claim. Most of the Italian demands were accepted in the Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne . The French required that the Russia confirm the agreement though – which proved impossible following the Russian Revolution . Provisions of

2436-803: The Adriatic Coast from Cape Planka to the point 10 kilometres southeast from Dubrovnik, Dalmatian islands not assigned to Italy, and Slavonia if it was captured by the Entente militarily. On Sonnino's request, Pašić was not offered Central Croatia . Pašić agreed, offering to cede to Bulgaria a part of Vardar Macedonia largely along the lines agreed in 1912 at the end of the First Balkan War but asked for further territorial gains – by addition of Central Croatia and Banat . The Slovene Lands not promised to Italy appeared to be meant to remain in Austria-Hungary. On 6 October, Bulgaria joined

2520-532: The Adriatic coast south of the city of Split and as long as the Italian troops did not participate in the capture of the Turkish Straits . The request concerning the Turkish Straits was found acceptable by Grey since the British never anticipated Italy would take part in the campaign against Constantinople. The bulk of the Italian claim, concerning acquisition of Trentino, Trieste, and Istria

2604-494: The Austrians attempted to reclaim South Tyrol but were unsuccessful. After the war, Austria deemed the post-war treaty to be unsatisfactory, raising The South Tyrolean Question ( Die Südtirolfrage ). The Austrians believed, along with the South Tyroleans, that the region should be autonomous to protect minorities. South Tyrol has 69.4% native German-speaking population, and a 4.5% native Ladin -speaking population, with

Brixen - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-805: The Austrians. Some time between 1851 and 1855, the Czech journalist and writer Karel Havlíček Borovský was exiled to Brixen by the Austrian government. In 1866, after the Austro-Prussian War , the Austrians were on the verge of collapse. In 1867 the Austro-Hungarian Compromise was arranged. This established a dual monarchy comprising Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary, which were respectively known unofficially as Cisleithania and Transleithania. South Tyrol, including Brixen,

2772-612: The British that Italy would not decide to abandon its neutrality before the Entente accepted their conditions, Grey insisted on Italy first committing to joining the Entente and the talks collapsed again. Particular opposition to the Italian claim against Dalmatia came from the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Arthur Nicolson who remarked that Sazonov was right to claim that Dalmatia wished to unite with Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . He added that if Dalmatia were annexed by Italy, it would inherit

2856-651: The Central Powers and attacked Serbia five days later. Partition of the Ottoman Empire was discussed by the Entente powers at two conferences in London in January and February 1917, and in Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne in April 1917. While it was apparent that the Italian interests were clashing with the British and the French, Italian representatives insisted on fulfilment of the promise given under

2940-469: The Central Powers in 1917, at the Battle of Caporetto . Following a major retreat, the Italian forces managed to recover and mount a comeback a year later in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto at the cost of 600,000 dead, social unrest in the country and a badly damaged economy. Under the provisions of the Armistice of Villa Giusti , Italy was allowed to occupy Austro-Hungarian territory promised to her under

3024-725: The Entente as it became more cautious regarding further developments after early British and French setbacks at Gallipoli. Following the German capture of Kaunas in Lithuania in late June during the Russian retreat , Bulgaria became convinced the Entente would lose the war. In August, the Entente powers sent a note to Pašić, promising territorial gains in exchange for territorial concessions in Vardar Macedonia to Bulgaria. The note promised Bosnia and Herzegovina, Syrmia , Bačka ,

3108-463: The Entente in return for Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , Vlorë , and a dominant position in the Adriatic. Believing that such a move by Italy would prompt Romania to join the Entente as well against Austria-Hungary, Russian foreign minister Sergey Sazonov pursued the matter. British Foreign Minister Edward Grey supported the idea; he said that Trieste should be added to the claim as potentially important to win over Italian public opinion on joining

3192-420: The Italian garrison deployed to Vlorë; the latter retained Sazan Island. On 22 July, Italy renounced the Venizelos–Tittoni agreement and guaranteed Albanian independence within its 1913 borders instead. Italy directly contacted the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes for a compromise on their borders on the eastern Adriatic shores. The border was settled by the Treaty of Rapallo , conceding

3276-462: The Italian war effort by destroying Austro-Hungarian fleet . Article 4 of the treaty determined that Italy shall receive Trentino, and the South Tyrol by defining a new Italian–Austrian frontier line between the Piz Umbrail and Toblach , and a new eastern Italian frontier running from Tarvisio in the north to the coast in the Kvarner Gulf leaving Rijeka just outside the Italian territory. Article 5 awarded Dalmatia to Italy – specifically

3360-536: The Plose . Brixen is made up of about 22 smaller villages and hamlets called frazioni . They include: Afers/Eores, Albeins/Albes, Elvas, Gereuth/Caredo, Karnol/Cornale, Klerant/Cleran, Kranebitt/Costa d'Elvas, Mahr/Elvas La Mara, Mairdorf/Villa, Mellaun/Meluno, Milland/Millan, Pairdorf/Perara, Pinzagen/Pinzago, Plabach/Rivapiana, Rutzenberg/Monte Ruzzo, Sarns/Sarnes, St. Andrä/Sant'Andrea, St. Leonhard/San Leonardo, Tils/Tiles, Tötschling/Tecelinga, Tschötsch/Scezze, and Untereben. The area of Brixen has been settled since

3444-399: The Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. Pašić telegraphed his proposal to Grey from the provisional wartime capital of Niš through British ambassador Charles Louis des Graz . However, Grey declined both requests. The Yugoslav Committee president Ante Trumbić met with Lord Crewe , a senior member of the British Cabinet, demanding support for unification of Croatia, Istria, and Dalmatia and then for

Brixen - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-440: The Serbs, the Croats , and the Slovenes , as means to attract support from South Slavs living in Austria-Hungary, Pašić was primarily concerned with achieving a Greater Serbia . Sazonov acquiesced, adding that he has nothing to say on behalf of the Croats and the Slovenes and would not approve Russian forces to fight "half a day" for liberty of the Slovenes. Nonetheless, negotiations extended for six weeks over disagreements as

3612-446: The Treaty of London borders around Tarvisio to give Italy a direct rail link with Austria. In Dalmatia, the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George only supported a free-city status for Zadar and Šibenik, while French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau only supported such a status for Zadar. In the secret Venizelos–Tittoni agreement , Italy renounced its claims over the Dodecanese Islands except for Rhodes in favour of Greece while

3696-469: The Treaty of London were a major point of dispute between Italy and the remaining Entente powers at the Paris Peace Conference . The chief Italian representatives, Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando and Sonnino demanded enforcement of the Treaty of London relying on application of the security principle, and annexation of Rijeka on the basis of self-determination. The British and the French would not publicly endorse any claims exceeding those afforded by

3780-409: The Treaty of London – parts of which were also claimed by the diplomatically unrecognised State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs . Italian troops began to move into those areas on 3 November 1918, entered Rijeka on 17 November and were stopped before Ljubljana by city-organised defence including a battalion of Serbian prisoners of war . The entry of Italy into the war did not entice Bulgaria to join

3864-444: The United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Russia. Article 1 of the treaty determined that a military agreement shall be concluded to guarantee the number of troops committed by Russia against Austria-Hungary to prevent it from concentrating all its forces against Italy. Article 2 required Italy to enter the war against all enemies of the United Kingdom, Russia, and France, and Article 3 obliged the French and British navies from supporting

3948-507: The Yugoslav Committee and its supporters in London in late April 1915. Serbia and the Yugoslav Committee protested it in strong terms in Entente capitals. Pašić condemned the disregard for the self-determination principle on which the Niš Declaration rested and the lack of consultations with Serbia. He demanded the Entente refrain from treaties with Hungary or Romania on borders of interest to Croatia without conferring with Serbia first, as well as requesting assurances of future political union of

4032-488: The area of Antalya in a potential Partition of the Ottoman Empire , while Article 10 gave it rights belonging to the Sultan in Libya under the Treaty of Ouchy . Article 13 promised Italy compensation if the French or British colonial empires made territorial gains against the German colonial empire in Africa. In Article 12, Italy upheld the Entente powers in support of future control of Mecca and Medina by an independent Muslim state. Articles 11 and 14 promised

4116-418: The army was cited as the decision for the non-compliance with the treaty. Failure to declare war on other Central Powers, especially Germany, led to isolation of Italy among the Entente powers. Following pressure from the Entente and internal political struggle, war was declared on the Ottoman Empire on 20 August. Italy did not declare war on Germany until 27 August 1916. Italy was nearly militarily defeated by

4200-431: The city over to the inter-Allied military command. That prompted D'Annunzio to lead a force consisting of veterans and rebelling soldiers (with the support of regular troops deployed in the border area) in what became known as the Impresa di Fiume to the successful capture of Rijeka. D'Annunzio declared the Italian Regency of Carnaro in the city; its system of government influenced the development of Fascism . It became

4284-441: The eastern Adriatic Sea shore. The Entente went back on its promises to provide Italy with expanded colonies and a part of Asia Minor . The results of the Paris Peace Conference transformed wartime national fervour in Italy into nationalistic resentment championed by Gabriele D'Annunzio by declaring that the outcome of Italy's war was a mutilated victory . He led a successful march of veterans and disgruntled soldiers to capture

SECTION 50

#1732801347429

4368-419: The existing battlefields. Italy had basically different interests from the Entente powers. It saw opportunities to fulfil Italian irredentist objectives in Austria-Hungary, to gain a dominant position in the Adriatic basin and to expand its colonial empire . Initially, the majority of the Italian public favoured neutrality, but groups favouring an expansionist war against Austria-Hungary formed in every part of

4452-409: The extent of Italian territorial gains in Dalmatia was still objected to by Sazonov. The Italian claim of Dalmatia to the Neretva River, including the Pelješac Peninsula and all Adriatic islands was not based on self-determination , but on security concerns in a future war – as the Italian negotiators alleged that Russia might occupy the Austrian-controlled coast while Italy had no defensible port on

4536-602: The farm of Prihsna was presented to Bishop Zacharias of Säben . As time passed, 'Prihsna' turned into the current name of Brixen. The bishops moved here from Säben in 992, after the cathedral had been finished. In 1048, the Bishop of Brixen , Poppo , was made pontiff as Pope Damasus II by emperor Henry III . His reign was especially short, lasting only 23 days before dying. Rumours circulated that Poppo had been poisoned by Gerhard Brazutus, an ally to both Pope Benedict IX , whom Poppo had just dethroned, and to be Pope Gregory VII . These claims have not proven to be substantial and

4620-419: The initiative – arguing that an Italian alliance was more important. In mid-February, following the start of the Gallipoli campaign , the British were convinced that Bulgaria would enter the war on the side of the Entente within weeks, certain of its victory. Even though it worked to bring Bulgaria on board, Russia was anxious that Bulgarian and Greek forces might occupy Constantinople to push Russia out of

4704-402: The latter lived the adventurer and minstrel Oswald von Wolkenstein . According to the 2011 census, the majority of the population speaks German as first language (72.82%). The remainder of the inhabitants speak Italian and Ladin as first languages, with percentages of 25.84% and 1.34%, respectively. The rock band, Frei.Wild , has its origin in Brixen. Brixen has a railway station on

4788-470: The opposite view. This led to adoption of a widely publicised slogan of "Pact of London plus Fiume" – and demanding the London Treaty promises and Rijeka becoming the matter of Italian national honour. Ultimately, Italian gains on the eastern Adriatic shore were limited to the Julian March , Istria, and several islands. Rijeka was assigned the status of an independent city – following negotiations between Orlando and Trumbić. Italian gains included corrections of

4872-549: The other, in order to entice the latter to enter World War I on the side of the Triple Entente . The agreement involved promises of Italian territorial expansion against Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and in Africa where it was promised enlargement of its colonies. The Entente countries hoped to force the Central Powers – particularly Germany and Austria-Hungary – to divert some of their forces away from existing battlefields. The Entente also hoped that Romania and Bulgaria would be encouraged to join them after Italy did

4956-503: The outbreak of World War I , the Triple Entente powers – the United Kingdom , France , and Russia – sought to attract more allies to their side. The first attempt to bring in Italy (a part of the Triple Alliance ) as an ally of the Entente was in August–September 1914. The matter became closely related to contemporary efforts to obtain an alliance with Bulgaria , or at least secure its neutrality, in return for territorial gains against Entente-allied Serbia . As compensation, Serbia

5040-431: The part north of a line running northeast from Cape Planka – including cities of Zadar and Šibenik , as well as the basin of the Krka River and its tributaries in the Italian territory. The article also awarded Italy all Austro-Hungarian Adriatic islands except Brač , Šolta , Čiovo , Drvenik Mali , Drvenik Veli , Krk , Rab , Prvić , Sveti Grgur , Goli Otok , Jakljan , and Koločep . The article specified that

5124-402: The political spectrum. The most ardent supporters of war became irredentist groups such as Trento e Trieste ( Trento and Trieste) led by Giovanni Giuriati or Alfredo Rocco who saw the war as an opportunity for ethnic struggle against neighbouring South Slavic populations. Salandra and his foreign minister Antonino Paternò Castello did not break off the negotiations completely. They used

SECTION 60

#1732801347429

5208-414: The port of Rijeka – claimed by Italy and denied by the Entente powers. The move became known as the Impresa di Fiume , and D'Annunzio proclaimed the short-lived Italian Regency of Carnaro in the city – before being forced out by the Italian military so that the Free State of Fiume could be established instead. The Regency of Carnaro was significant in the development of Italian fascism . Soon after

5292-406: The promise of Dalmatia given in the Treaty of London, failure to annex the "utterly Italian" city of Rijeka, and elusive Adriatic domination as rendering Italian participation in the war meaningless. His position thus gave rise to the myth of the mutilated victory . Following the Mutiny of the Bersaglieri  [ it ] , in what is termed the 1920 Vlora War , Albanian forces forced out

5376-452: The proposal put forward by Delcassé, insisting that Italy enter the war by the end of April and leaving all treaty-related demilitarisation matters to the British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith to decide. Asquith produced a draft agreement on 9 April and it was accepted by Sonnino with minor amendments five days later. The agreement was signed on 26 April by Grey and ambassadors Paul Cambon , Imperiali, and Alexander von Benckendorff , behalf of

5460-572: The province. In Brixen it merges with the Rienz . Several smaller creeks are tributaries, including the Ridnauner Bach , the Pflerscher Bach , the Pfitscher Bach , the Villnößer Bach , the Derjon , the Braibach (also known as Tierser Bach), the Eggentaler Bach and the Talfer flowing from Sarntal . The Eisack is used extensively for the production of electricity; it is dammed near Franzensfeste , Klausen and Waidbruck . [REDACTED] Media related to Eisack at Wikimedia Commons This Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol location article

5544-640: The region despite being promised control of the city by the Entente. Sonnino saw the combined Bulgarian and Greek entry into the war likely to assure Entente victory in the Balkans. On 4 March, Imperiali informed Grey that Italy would enter the war and presented him with the 16 conditions insisting on curtailing Slavic westward advance. Grey noted that the Italian claims were excessive, but also that they did not conflict with British interests. He also thought that recent Russian stubborn objections against Greek attack to capture Constantinople could be overcome by addition of Italian troops, and that Italian participation in

5628-434: The remaining coast between Rijeka and the Drin River is awarded to Croatia, Serbia, and Montenegro. Furthermore, Article 5 required demilitarisation of the coast between the Cape Planka and the Aoös River with exception of the strip between Pelješac and a point 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southeast of Dubrovnik and in Montenegrin territory where military bases were allowed through prewar arrangements. The demilitarisation

5712-414: The same. In May 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary but waited a year before declaring war on Germany – leading France and the UK to resent the delay. At the Paris Peace Conference after the war, the United States of America applied pressure to void the treaty as contrary to the principle of self-determination . A new agreement produced at the conference reduced the territorial gains promised by

5796-465: The subsequent months to wait for a chance to increase Italian demands to the maximum at an opportune time. There was an attempt to relaunch the negotiations in London on 16 September when Castello told Rodd that British and Italian shared interests in preventing westward spread of Slavic domains under Russian influence – specifically by preventing Slavic influence in the Adriatic, where irredentists claimed Dalmatia. While Castello instructed Imperiali to tell

5880-408: The treaty while privately holding Italy deserved little because of its reserved attitude towards Germany in early stages of the war. The French and the British let the President of the United States , Woodrow Wilson , hold Italian ambitions in check in the Adriatic by advocating self-determination of the area in accordance with point nine of his Fourteen Points . Wilson deemed the Treaty of London

5964-424: The treaty: Italy received Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and the Julian March in addition to the occupation of the city of Vlorë and the Dodecanese Islands . Italy was compelled to settle its eastern border with the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes through the bilateral Treaty of Rapallo . Italy thus received Istria and the city of Zadar as an enclave in Dalmatia , along with several islands along

6048-512: The two countries agreed to support each other's claims in partition of Albania. Orlando's and Sonnino's inability to secure all the territory promised by the Treaty of London or the city of Rijeka produced a sense that Italy was losing the peace. Patriotic fervour gave way to nationalistic grievance and the government was seen as incapable of defending national interests. Orlando's successor as Prime Minister, Francesco Saverio Nitti , decided to pull out occupying Italian troops from Rijeka and hand

6132-465: The two languages making up a majority in 111 out of the 116 municipalities in South Tyrol. In 1972, South Tyrol, as a part of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , was granted autonomy. The oldest coat of arms dates back to 1297 with the lamb, known then from 1304 as a symbol of the lamb. On 13 November 1928, a shield with the city walls and a gate on the lawn in the upper half and the lamb in the lower

6216-570: The war would expedite a decision from Bulgaria and Romania – still waiting to commit to the war. Sazonov objected to any Italian role regarding Constantinople – seeing it as a threat to Russian control of the city promised by the allies in return for Russian losses in the war. This led Grey to obtain formal recognition of the Russian claim to the city by the Committee of Imperial Defence and by France – leading Sazonov to acquiesce to an agreement with Italy, except he would not consent to Italy taking

6300-437: The war, Serbia would receive territories from Austria-Hungary allowing its enlargement. In the final weeks before entering the war, internal struggle took place in Italy. National fervour was whipped up by speeches of Gabriele D'Annunzio – calling for war as a measure of national worth and inciting violence against neutralists and the former Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti who favoured neutrality. This period became known as

6384-457: The war. The Italian ambassador to the United Kingdom, Guglielmo Imperiali , presented Grey with Italy's conditions, but Grey did not consider the talks could produce any practical results. He told Imperiali that Britain would not consider the matter any further until Italy committed itself to joining the Entente. On Grey's instructions, Rennell Rodd , British ambassador to Italy, asked Italian Prime Minister Antonio Salandra if Italy could enter

6468-475: The war. Salandra informed Rodd that this was impossible at the time and that any premature attempt to abandon neutrality would jeopardise any prospect of a future alliance. Sazonov was informed accordingly, and Russia abandoned the matter. The motives for the Entente's overture to Italy and Italian consideration of entering the war were entirely opportunistic. The Entente saw Germany as the principal enemy and wanted to force it to divert some of its forces away from

6552-515: The western shore of the Adriatic. The Committee of Imperial Defence was concerned about rising Russian naval power in the Mediterranean and it is possible, although there is no direct evidence, that this influenced the British support for the Italian claims in the Adriatic – as means to deny it to Russia. Hoping to achieve the diplomatic breakthrough in securing alliances with Bulgaria, Romania, and Greece, Grey turned Sonnino's 16 points into

6636-508: Was adopted. The emblem is a turned argent lamb with an or halo on a gules background; the right foreleg supports a flag with a gules cross. The emblem was granted in 1966. Outside the city is Rodeneck Castle , one of the most powerful of its time. It has precious frescoes from the early 13th century. Also important are Reifenstein Castle and Trostburg Castle in Waidbruck . In

6720-461: Was awarded to Italy by the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye . Under Mussolini, Brixen and the surrounding villages experienced an enormous growth, as part of the fascist effort to consolidate territorial subdivisions in the country. In 1928, this included the addition of Milland, Sarns, and Albeins, as well as Elvas and Kranebitt which were annexed from Natz , a neighbouring municipality. During WW2,

6804-584: Was likely to attract protests against handing predominantly Slav-populated territories to Italy from Frano Supilo – a dominant figure in the nascent Yugoslav Committee advocating interests of South Slavs living in Austria-Hungary. On the other hand, the Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić and Sazonov found it acceptable. Even though Serbian Niš Declaration of war objectives called for the struggle to liberate and unify "unliberated brothers", referring to "three tribes of one people" meaning

6888-573: Was meant to assure Italy of military dominance in the region. The coast between the point 10 kilometres southeast of Dubrovnik and the Drin River was to be divided between Serbia and Montenegro. Articles 4 and 5 thus added to Italy's population 200,000 speakers of German , and 600,000 South Slavs. Articles 6 and 7 gave Italy full sovereignty over Vlorë, the Sazan Island , and surrounding territory necessary for defence – requiring it to leave

6972-464: Was part of Cisleithania. In 1915, the Treaty of London was concluded. Its objective was, in part, to entice Italy to join the Triple Entente . One provision, Article 4, promised the Italians the largely German-speaking Austrian territory of South Tyrol , which would create a new Italian-Austrian frontier. In 1919, after the victories of the allies, Brixen, along with the rest of South Tyrol,

7056-523: Was promised territories which were parts of Austria-Hungary at the time – specifically Bosnia and Herzegovina and an outlet to the Adriatic Sea in Dalmatia . The August–September 1914 negotiations between the Entente and Italy were conducted on Russian initiative. On 4 August, only a day after Italy declared neutrality  [ it ] , its ambassador to Russia said that Italy might join

#428571