Brestovik ( Serbian Cyrillic : Брестовик) is a suburban settlement of Belgrade , the capital of Serbia . It is located in the municipality of Grocka .
53-614: Brestovik is located in the eastern part of the municipality, on the border of the municipality of Grocka (and the City of Belgrade) and municipality of Smederevo (and the Podunavlje District ). It is 6 km east of the municipal seat of Grocka and almost 40 km east of Belgrade. It is located on the southern bank of the Danube . Brestovik is a small, depopulating village (population of 1,129 in 1991 and 1,076 in 2002), on
106-536: A $ 250 million oil refinery in the industrial zone of the city in 2012. However, the consortium lost its permit to build the refinery after it failed to meet payment deadlines for the land lease a year later. As of September 2017, Smederevo has one of 14 free economic zones established in Serbia. The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2022): The river traffic infrastructure of
159-665: A Turkish border-fortress, and played an important part in Ottoman–Hungarian Wars until 1526. Due to its strategic location, Smederevo was gradually rebuilt and enlarged. For a long period, the town was the capital of the Sanjak of Smederevo . In autumn 1476, a joint army of Hungarians and Serbs tried to capture the fortress from the Ottomans. They built three wooden counter-fortresses, but after months of siege, Sultan Mehmed II himself came to drive them away. After fierce fighting
212-605: A battleground between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottomans, and the angry Branković captured Hunyadi after his defeat at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448. Hunyadi was imprisoned in Smederevo fortress for a short time. In 1454 Sultan Mehmed II besieged Smederevo and devastated Serbia. The town was liberated by Hunyadi. In 1459 Smederevo was again captured by the Ottomans after the death of Branković. The town became
265-539: A challenge in Unicode modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe, Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and
318-648: A complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. The updated Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was officially adopted in the Principality of Serbia in 1868, and was in exclusive use in the country up to the interwar period . Both alphabets were official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Due to
371-512: A few other font houses include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic). If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode: whereas: Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters, font support must be present to display the correct variant. The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers
424-643: A principal town of Moesia Superior, situated near the confluence of the Margus and Brongus rivers. The modern founder of the city was the Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković in the 15th century, who built Smederevo Fortress in 1430 as the new Serbian capital. Smederevo was the residence of the Branković house and the capital of the Serbian Despotate from 1430 until 1439, when it was conquered by
477-801: A settlement by the name of Vinceia . The modern city traces its roots back to the Late Middle Ages when it was the capital (1430–39, and 1444–59) of the last independent Serbian state before Ottoman conquest. Smederevo is said to be the city of iron ( Serbian : г в ожђе / g v ožđe ) and grapes ( г р ожђе / g r ožđe ). In Serbian , the city is known as Smederevo (Смедерево), in Latin , Italian , Romanian and Greek as Semendria , in Hungarian as Szendrő or Vég-Szendrő , in Turkish as Semendire . The name of Smederevo
530-658: A year. By 2019, the Government of Serbia invested 9.5 million euros for new railway construction built for the needs of Port of Smederevo. It was also announced that starting in 2020, the Government of Serbia plans to invest 93 million euros for the construction of new Port Terminal. Among the main tourist attractions in the city are the Smederevo Fortress and the Villa Zlatni Breg . There
583-476: Is twinned with: Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). "Semendria" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 616. Serbian Cyrillic alphabet The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet ( Serbian : Српска ћирилица азбука , Srpska ćirilica azbuka , pronounced [sr̩̂pskaː tɕirǐlitsa] ) is a variation of the Cyrillic script used to write
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#1732783558741636-420: Is a result of intense industrialization of the region during the 1950s-1960s era. Previously, this entire geographical region had a heavy focus on agricultural production. The city is home to the only operating steel mill in the country - Železara Smederevo , previously known as Sartid, which is situated in the suburb of Radinac . This was privatized and sold to U.S. Steel in 2003 for $ 33 million. Following
689-723: Is also an official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro , along with Gaj's Latin alphabet . Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia , Montenegro , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets", the Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in Republika Srpska . The Serbian language in Croatia
742-399: Is an old white mulberry tree in the center of Smederevo. Called Karađorđev Dud (" Karađorđe's Mulberry "), it is estimated to be over 300 years old. Though there are no historical sources to specifically confirm that, it is believed that under this tree dizdar Muharem Guša, Ottoman commander of the fortress, handed over the keys to the city to Karađorđe on 8 November 1805, after the city
795-480: Is believed that they were part of some monumental construction from the Roman Antiquity period. Reliefs, or the "stone plastics", are still visible and they form a singular pattern on all three stones. That points to the conclusion that they are either segments of a sacral architecture, but more likely of a large public building, most certainly built before the 4th century, from the period of the golden age of
848-478: Is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism . Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to a 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic. The following table provides
901-495: Is the second largest industry company in the city. Smederevo is also an agricultural area, with significant production of fruit and vines. However, the large agricultural combine "Godomin" has been in financial difficulty since the 1990s and is almost defunct as of 2005 . The grape variety known as Smederevka is named after the city. The "Ishrana" factory is an important supplier of bakery products in northern and eastern Serbia. A U.S.-Dutch consortium, Comico Oil, planned to build
954-460: Is written", removing obsolete letters and letters representing iotated vowels , introducing ⟨J⟩ from the Latin alphabet instead, and adding several consonant letters for sounds specific to Serbian phonology . During the same period, linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted the Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets have
1007-545: The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , limiting it for use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on January 3, 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on October 25, 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , except "within the scope of Serbian Orthodox Church authorities". In 1941, the Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned
1060-661: The Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century. The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav , based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. The standard language was based on the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki . Part of the Serbian literary heritage of
1113-469: The Serbian language that originated in medieval Serbia . Reformed in 19th century by the Serbian philologist and linguist Vuk Karadžić . It is one of the two alphabets used to write modern standard Serbian , the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet . Reformed Serbian based its alphabet on the previous 18th century Slavonic-Serbian script, following the principle of "write as you speak and read as it
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#17327835587411166-593: The Danube. The municipality of Grocka is the richest in archaeological localities of all Belgrade municipalities, but they are also among the least explored. In Brestovik itself, there are three localities: "Podunavlje-Hladna Voda-Vrtlog-Mikulje" Localities Complex (under preliminary protection), "Beli Breg" and "Goli Breg" (artifacts from Goli Breg are being kept in the National Museum in Belgrade and Museum of
1219-620: The Hungarians agreed to withdraw. In 1494 Pál Kinizsi tried to capture Smederevo from the Ottomans. In 1512 John Zápolya unsuccessfully laid siege to the town. During the First Serbian Uprising in 1806, the city became the temporary capital of Serbia, as well as the seat of the Praviteljstvujušči sovjet , a government headed by Dositej Obradović . The first basic school was founded in 1806. During World War II,
1272-595: The Middle Ages are works such as Miroslav Gospel , Vukan Gospels , St. Sava's Nomocanon , Dušan's Code , Munich Serbian Psalter , and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494). It's notable extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect and use of the djerv (Ꙉꙉ) for the Serbian reflexes of Pre-Slavic *tj and *dj (* t͡ɕ , * d͡ʑ , * d͡ʒ , and * tɕ ), later
1325-714: The Ottoman Empire after a siege lasting two months. In 1444, in accordance with the terms of the Peace of Szeged between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire the Sultan returned Smederevo to Đurađ Branković , who was allied to John Hunyadi . On 22 August 1444 the Serb prince peacefully took possession of the evacuated town. When Hunyadi broke the peace treaty, Đurađ Branković remained neutral. Serbia became
1378-566: The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung ' model and Jan Hus ' Czech alphabet . Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic , instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to the dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić ,
1431-426: The Serbian alphabet. Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign ( ъ ) and soft sign ( ь ), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э , Ukrainian/Belarusian І , the semi-vowels Й or Ў , nor
1484-489: The administrative center of the Podunavlje District in eastern Serbia. It is situated on the right bank of the Danube , about 45 kilometres (28 miles) downstream of the Serbian capital, Belgrade . According to the 2022 census, the city has a population of 59,261, with 97,930 people living in its administrative area. Its history starts in the 1st century BC, after the conquest of the Roman Empire , when there existed
1537-467: The alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815 to 1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death. From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters: He added one Latin letter: And 5 new ones: He removed: Orders issued on the 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in
1590-616: The area during the 2nd millennium BC, with the Celtic Scordisci raiding the Balkans in the 3rd century BC. In the 1st century BC, the Roman Empire conquered Vinceia . Subsequently, it was incorporated into Moesia , later becoming part of Moesia Superior . During the administrative reforms of Diocletian (244–311), it was included in the Diocese of Moesia , and later in the Diocese of Dacia . Vinceia held significance as
1643-504: The bar with the year 1430 is placed over the shield. Emblem elements are six white discs arranged 3 + 2 + 1, which represents grapes, Smederevo Fortress , dark blue and white horizontal lines (representing the Danube ). During the 7th millennium BC, the Starčevo culture thrived for millennia, followed by the 6th millennium BC Vinča culture which also flourished in the region. The Paleo-Balkan tribes of Dacians and Thracians emerged in
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1696-651: The city of Belgrade. It is location of the Roman tomb in Brestovik , an ancient tomb, dating from c. 300, which was discovered in 1895. Though evidence points to the tomb of a wealthy local, popular belief is that the "martyrs of Singidunum ", Hermylus and Stratonicus, were buried inside. As one of the most important monuments from the Late Roman period in Belgrade and Serbia, the tomb is protected since 1948. For years, three monumental rectangular stones were standing at
1749-411: The city of Smederevo consists of Danube waterway, old port, marina, new port, terminal for liquid Naftna Industrija Srbije loads, as well as smaller piers (gravel pits) which are located along the bank in the industrial zone. The port is registered for international traffic and is located in the very center of the city of Smederevo. It has reloading capacities which can realize 1.5 million freight tons
1802-427: The city was occupied by German forces, who stored ammunition in the fortress. On 5 June 1941, a catastrophic explosion severely damaged the fortress, killing nearly 2,000 residents. After World War II, Smederevo became an industrial and cultural center of Podunavlje District . Under the overall industrial development of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , the city received a boost in infrastructure. Due to
1855-416: The global economic crisis, U.S. Steel sold the plant to the government of Serbia for a symbolic $ 1 to avoid closing the plant. The plant was renamed Železara Smederevo and at the time employed 5,400 workers. In 2016, the Serbian government managed to strike a deal with a Chinese conglomerate Hesteel Group , which purchased the effective assets for $ 46 million. The "Milan Blagojević" home appliance factory
1908-400: The ideal geographical position of Smederevo, socialist government supported building of roads, apartment buildings and tens of factories. Some of the most notable factories built and renewed in period between 1950s until the end of 1980s were Zelvoz (Heroj Srba during the period of SFRJ ), renewed in 1966. and a new steel plant built on outskirts of Smederevo at that time, Sartid (MKS during
1961-734: The iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya ), Є (Ukrainian ye ), Ї ( yi ), Ё (Russian yo ) or Ю ( yu ), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју . Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й . The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ , ШЋ or ШТ . Serbian italic and cursive forms of lowercase letters б , г , д , п , and т (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: б , г , д , п , and т (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations. That presents
2014-556: The letter evolved to dje (Ђђ) and tshe (Ћћ) letters . Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, to Vienna. There he met Jernej Kopitar , a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized the alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary . Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised
2067-645: The main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia today. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which was published in 1868. He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with
2120-401: The nearby Singidunum , modern Belgrade. 44°38′43″N 20°45′57″E / 44.64528°N 20.76583°E / 44.64528; 20.76583 This Belgrade District , Serbia location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Smederevo Smederevo ( Serbian Cyrillic : Смедерево , pronounced [smêdereʋo] ) is a city and
2173-467: The other being Gaj's Latin alphabet ( latinica ). Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script. Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script is the only one in official use. The ligatures : were developed specially for
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2226-411: The period of SFRJ ) which was completely operational in 1971. Aside the city of Smederevo, the administrative area includes the following 27 settlements (number of population according to 2022 census in brackets ): As of the 2022 census, the population of Smederevo is 59,261. The ethnic composition of the municipality: Smederevo has a recent history of heavy industry and manufacturing , which
2279-507: The road of Smederevski put which connects Belgrade and Smederevo. As the village and the vast weekend-settlement in the eastern part of Grocka developed, Brestovik now forms a single built-up area with Grocka, and generally, through the string of villages on the Smederevski put , one urban built-up area (almost 80,000 inhabitants) forms from Grocka to Smederevo (as Smederevo is twice as closer to Grocka than Belgrade ). One section of
2332-473: The road separates at Brestovik and connects it to the Belgrade- Niš highway to the south. The Geomagnetic observatory was built in the village in 1957, the first of that kind in former Yugoslavia . The name of the village is descriptive, meaning elm forest . In Ottoman period, group of settlers crossed the Danube and established a new village named Banatski Brestovac , further from the left bank of
2385-506: The shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the Socialist Republic of Serbia since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In Serbia , Cyrillic is seen as being more traditional, and has the official status (designated in the constitution as the " official script ", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by a lower-level act, for national minorities). It
2438-527: The short-lived 20th-century synonyms of the Latin titular bishopric of Belgrade, which was suppressed in 1948 in favor of the residential Latin Archdiocese of Belgrade (Beograd) and 'newly' established titular bishopric of Alba Marittima . Skok suggests that the name was derived from Saint Demetrius . Smederevo Coat of Arms uses two shades of blue, which deviates from the heraldic principles (only one shade of every color, contrasting those). Also,
2491-644: The stones was organized in August 2017. It turned out that a crane which lifts 2 t (2.0 long tons; 2.2 short tons) was needed to lift them. They were transported into the yard of the Rančić Family house in Grocka , itself a cultural monument since 1966, where they will be safer, properly protected and accessible for the further studies. Preliminary examination showed that the stones are indeed archaeological artifacts. Based on their size, details and robust frame, it
2544-562: The upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/).: Summary tables According to tradition, Glagolitic
2597-623: The use of Cyrillic, having regulated it on 25 April 1941, and in June 1941 began eliminating " Eastern " (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski . The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of the two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918,
2650-437: The village's bus stop. The local population believes that some of the inhabitants discovered them while working in the field and dragged them to the bus stop, but no one remembers who or when. People used them as benches, for sitting and resting feet while waiting for the bus. As one of the stones was moved, the local Cultural Center was notified as the stones were perceived as a potential archaeological finds. The transportation of
2703-869: Was first recorded in the Charter of the Byzantine Emperor Basil II from 1019, in the part related to the Eparchy of Braničevo (a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Ochrid ). Another written record is found in the Charter of Duke Lazar of Serbia from 1381, by which he bestowed the Monastery of Ravanica and villages and properties 'to the Great Bogosav with the commune and heritage'’. The Latin-Italian name also occurs in Belogradum et Semendria and Belgrado e Semendria , two of
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#17327835587412756-633: Was invented by the Byzantine Christian missionaries and brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 860s, amid the Christianization of the Slavs . Glagolitic alphabet appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. The Glagolitic alphabet was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around by Cyril's disciples, perhaps at
2809-528: Was liberated during the First Serbian Uprising . In May 2018 the tree was declared a natural monument of the III category, as the first "living" monument in Smederevo. The three is supported by metallic pipes, but there is an initiative that two sculptures, shaped like a male and female hand, should be installed instead. In the 2011 census, there was 108,209 residents in the city administrative area, of which 101,908 were Serbs and 2,369 were Romani . Smederevo
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