118-602: The Brevik Line ( Norwegian : Brevikbanen ) is a 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) railway which runs from Eidanger to Brevik in Porsgrunn , Norway . The single track and electrified branch line of the Vestfold Line is exclusively used for freight traffic to Norcem Brevik hauled by CargoNet . First proposed in 1875, the Norwegian State Railways (NSB) started construction in 1892, allowing
236-575: A commuter train to Skien . All passenger transport was terminated in 1968. The Brevik Line branches from the Vestfold Line at Eidanger Station and runs for 10.02 kilometers (6.23 mi) to Brevik Station , making it located entirely within Porsgrunn. The railway is single track, standard gauge and electrified at 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC , but lacks centralized traffic control , automatic train control , and GSM-R . Excluding spurs,
354-446: A mount vert " . This means the arms have a field (background) has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The charge is a green tree growing out of a green hill. The green color in the field and the tree design symbolize the local beech forest around the town. This design may have been chosen because for a couple of reasons. A beech tree had been used by
472-478: A tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The arms have a complex symbolism. The seven drops symbolize forest water that flows into streams and further into the main Numedalslågen and Farriselva rivers. The tree design symbolizes the importance of the local beech forests and forestry industry. The six water drops also symbolized
590-515: A census held at the beginning of the 19th century indicate that Larvik's population has quadrupled in approximately 200 years. Its population however is spread through the municipality, and about 50% of the people reside in the city of Larvik . The majority of the population is found along and around the Larviksfjorden , from Stavern in the west to Gon in the east. The population sometimes doubles during summer weeks due to tourism. Larvik
708-502: A delayed train. This was supplemented with a direct commuter service to Porsgrunn, initially bringing the number of daily trains to 20. The exact number varied throughout the years, but did not exceed 26 until the 1950s. The arrival of the railway led to growth in Brevik, as it created numerous jobs both in the railway and shipping industry. Although the passenger service first and foremost served commuters into Porsgrunn and Skien, it also saw
826-435: A distinct dialect at the level of farm clusters. Dialects are in some cases so dissimilar as to be unintelligible to unfamiliar listeners. Many linguists note a trend toward regionalization of dialects that diminishes the differences at such local levels; there is, however, a renewed interest in preserving dialects. Norwegian nouns are inflected for number (singular/plural) and for definiteness (indefinite/definite). In
944-548: A few dialects, definite nouns are also inflected for the dative case . Norwegian nouns belong to three noun classes (genders): masculine, feminine and neuter. All feminine nouns can optionally be inflected using masculine noun class morphology in Bokmål due to its Danish heritage. In comparison, the use of all three genders (including the feminine) is mandatory in Nynorsk. All Norwegian dialects have traditionally retained all
1062-477: A large reverse traffic of city-dwellers travel to the Eidangerfjord to recreate. In July and August NSB sold 9,600 tickets to the segment. This further resulted in the growth in summer cabins in the area built by the affluent. Plans for a railway ferry service to Continental Europe were launched in 1912, when representatives from market towns along the coast from Vestfold to Agder were called to discuss
1180-629: A listtle shorter than that of neighbouring Sandefjord Municipality . The municipality is located approximately 105 kilometres (65 mi) southwest of the Norwegian capital, Oslo . The municipality covers an area of 813 square kilometres (314 sq mi), making it the largest municipality in Vestfold county. By population, however, Larvik is the third-most populous municipality, only smaller than neighbouring Tønsberg and Sandefjord municipalities. Larvik has its own fjord which connects to
1298-441: A new Norwegian language at the age of 22. He traveled around the country collecting words and examples of grammar from the dialects and comparing the dialects among the different regions. He examined the development of Icelandic , which had largely escaped the influences under which Norwegian had come. He called his work, which was published in several books from 1848 to 1873, Landsmål , meaning 'national language'. The name Landsmål
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#17328011753091416-501: A noun, unlike English which has a separate article, the , to indicate the same. In general, almost all nouns in Bokmål follow these patterns (like the words in the examples above): In contrast, almost all nouns in Nynorsk follow these patterns (the noun gender system is more pronounced than in Bokmål): There is in general no way to infer what grammatical gender a specific noun has, but there are some patterns of nouns where
1534-411: A popular recreational area and generated a lot of the holiday and weekend traffic on the line. After passing a halt at Mule (3.70 kilometers or 2.30 miles) the line reaches Skjelsvik Station (4.61 kilometers or 2.86 miles). Southwards the line runs a relatively straight section, passing a halt at Valen (5.50 kilometers or 3.42 miles) before reaching Heistad Station (7.05 kilometers or 4.38 miles). There
1652-530: A self-governing municipality until 1 January 1838 when the formannskapsdistrikt law went into effect. Larvik is known as the hometown of Thor Heyerdahl . It is also home to Bøkeskogen , the northernmost beech tree forest in the world. Larvik is the home of Norway's only natural mineral water spring, Farriskilden. Farris Bad , located in Larvik, has been described as one of the best spas in Europe . It has
1770-450: A sharp decline in patronage as the bus service was rerouted, capturing more of the traffic. Thus NSB decided to terminate the commuter trains to Skien from 1 February 1964. The express trains followed suit and since 26 May 1968 there has only been freight trains on the line. A spur line to Isola Fabrikker opened on 1966 and a new spur line to the cement factory opened on 30 September 1974, replacing an aerial tramway . Norcem has since been
1888-577: A vote of the municipal council. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Vestfold District Court and the Agder Court of Appeal . The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Larvik is made up of representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party . The mayors ( Norwegian : ordfører ) of Larvik: Larvik's population
2006-410: Is vík ' cove , inlet '. Thus, the meaning of the name is 'cove at the mouth of a river'. Prior to 1889, the name was written Laurvik or Laurvig . Larvik has had three different coats of arms since 1889. The first coat of arms was granted in 1889 and it was in use until 20 January 1989 when a new coat of arms was granted. The official blazon was " Argent , a leaved tree issuant from
2124-413: Is Bokmål will study Nynorsk as a mandatory subject throughout both elementary and high school. A 2005 poll indicates that 86.3% use primarily Bokmål as their daily written language, 5.5% use both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and 7.5% use primarily Nynorsk. Thus, 13% are frequently writing Nynorsk, though the majority speak dialects that resemble Nynorsk more closely than Bokmål. Broadly speaking, Nynorsk writing
2242-644: Is Geiterøya Island in the Langesundsfjord , and the easternmost point is one of the Rauer islets. The highest point is the 622-metre (2,041 ft) tall mountain Vindfjell which lies on the western border with Siljan Municipality in Telemark county. Notable geographical features include the lake Farris and the river Numedalslågen , locally called Lågen , which terminates at the Larviksfjorden at
2360-440: Is a pitch-accent language with two distinct pitch patterns, like Swedish. They are used to differentiate two-syllable words with otherwise identical pronunciation. For example, in many East Norwegian dialects, the word bønder ('farmers') is pronounced using the simpler tone 1, while bønner ('beans' or 'prayers') uses the more complex tone 2. Though spelling differences occasionally differentiate written words, in most cases
2478-536: Is a 35-kilometre (22 mi) path through Brunlanes to the town Stavern . Additional hiking trails can be found by the lakes Goksjø and Farris . Farris Lake is the largest lake in Vestfold County. Due to the municipality's many rural areas, Larvik is known for its game hunting, and large forests are open for hunting. There are great stocks of moose ; Larvik has among Norway's highest number of moose. Between 700 and 800 moose are annually slaughtered in
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#17328011753092596-411: Is a language form based on Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to Danish. The now-abandoned official policy to merge Bokmål and Nynorsk into one common language called Samnorsk through a series of spelling reforms has created a wide spectrum of varieties of both Bokmål and Nynorsk. The unofficial form known as Riksmål is considered more conservative than Bokmål and is far closer to Danish while
2714-603: Is among the mildest in Norway, with one of the nation's highest number of annual sunshine days. It is home to nearly 5,000 holiday homes . The coastal town of Stavern and picturesque villages of Helgeroa and Nevlunghavn receive large numbers of tourists during summer months. Stavern is known as a summer community, and its population more than doubles during summers. Tourist attractions in Stavern include Hall of Remembrance , Fredriksvern , and Citadellet . Citadel Island
2832-736: Is comparable with that of French on English after the Norman conquest . In the late Middle Ages, dialects began to develop in Scandinavia because the population was rural and little travel occurred. When the Reformation came from Germany, Martin Luther 's High German translation of the Bible was quickly translated into Swedish, Danish, and Icelandic. Norway entered a union with Denmark in 1397 and Danish, over time, replaced Middle Norwegian as
2950-552: Is home of Staverns Fortress which dates to the 1680s. The island is a current refuge for artists. Kaupang has been described as the "chief attraction" for visitors in Larvik. Kapuang is also known as Norway's most important monument from the Viking Age . Another source describes Mølen Geopark as Larvik's most visited tourist attraction. Other attractions include the Maritime Museum, Fritzøehus , Herregården,
3068-477: Is home to 4,886 vacation homes as of 2023. Larvik is the most important agricultural municipality in Vestfold county. Besides grains, other crops grown include potatoes and vegetables. It has the county's largest production of cucumbers and tomatoes. Important industries are commerce, hotel management, and restaurant management. The fishing industry in Larvik is the second-largest in Vestfold, only smaller than
3186-471: Is home to two cities and seven larger urban villages: Himberg is an exclave which is part of Sandefjord Municipality , although it is completely surrounded by Larvik Municipality in all directions. Attempts at annexing Himberg into Larvik Municipality have largely been met with protests from Himberg residents. A 1995 attempt at annexing Himberg was cancelled due to protests from local residents. There are only four such enclaves in Norway, and Himberg
3304-417: Is located in the traditional district of Vestfold . The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Larvik . Other main population centres in the municipality include the town of Stavern and the villages of Gjone , Helgeroa , Hem , Kjose , Kvelde , Nevlunghavn , Skinmo , Svarstad , Ula , Verningen , and Tjøllingvollen . The 813-square-kilometre (314 sq mi) municipality
3422-423: Is now considered their classic forms after a reform in 1917. Riksmål was, in 1929, officially renamed Bokmål (literally 'book language'), and Landsmål to Nynorsk (literally 'new Norwegian'). A proposition to substitute Danish-Norwegian ( dansk-norsk ) for Bokmål lost in parliament by a single vote. The name Nynorsk , the linguistic term for modern Norwegian , was chosen to contrast with Danish and emphasise
3540-501: Is one of few baroque architectural monuments representing nobility in Norway. Furthermore, it is one of Norway's largest wooden buildings from 17th century. The Larvik Maritime Museum ( Larvik Sjøfartsmuseum ) is housed in Larvik's oldest brick building, dating from 1730. Larvik Maritime Museum is located in the old customs house , and is the residence of the local building inspector. This museum displays models of ships, paintings of sailing vessels, and other nautical artifacts to bring
3658-429: Is primarily centred along the coast. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Larvik , is one of two cities in the municipality; the other one being Stavern . The city's residential areas are first and foremost in the hills between the fjord and Bøkeskogen . The municipality had a total population of 48,396 as of 2023, with 4,159 of them being immigrants to Norway from other countries. Figures from
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3776-556: Is regulated by the Norwegian Academy , which determines acceptable spelling, grammar, and vocabulary. There is also an unofficial form of Nynorsk, called Høgnorsk , discarding the post-1917 reforms, and thus close to Ivar Aasen's original Landsmål. It is supported by Ivar Aasen-sambandet , but has found no widespread use. In 2010, 86.5% of the pupils in the primary and lower secondary schools in Norway receive education in Bokmål, while 13.0% receive education in Nynorsk. From
3894-697: Is rising in the first syllable and falling in the second syllable or somewhere around the syllable boundary. The pitch accents (as well as the peculiar phrase accent in the low-tone dialects) give the Norwegian language a "singing" quality that makes it easy to distinguish from other languages. Accent 1 generally occurs in words that were monosyllabic in Old Norse , and accent 2 in words that were polysyllabic. The Norwegian alphabet has 29 letters. The letters c , q , w , x and z are only used in loanwords . As loanwords are assimilated into Norwegian, their spelling might change to reflect Norwegian pronunciation and
4012-526: Is sometimes interpreted as 'rural language' or 'country language', but this was clearly not Aasen's intended meaning. The name of the Danish language in Norway was a topic of hot dispute throughout the 19th century. Its proponents claimed that it was a language common to Norway and Denmark, and no more Danish than Norwegian. The proponents of Landsmål thought that the Danish character of the language should not be concealed. In 1899, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson proposed
4130-413: Is the 140th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Larvik is the 21st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 48,246. The municipality's population density is 62.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (162/sq mi) and its population has increased by 5.9% over the previous 10-year period. The city of Larvik achieved market town status in 1671, but it did not become
4248-554: Is the largest and tallest waterfall in Vestfold County . Hiking trails can be found throughout the municipality, including in the city forest Bøkeskogen , Norway's largest beech tree forest. This forest is home to various trails, starting at 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) in length up to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in length. Hiking trails can also be found at Mølen , which is an UNESCO GeoPark and home of Norway's largest stone beach. The Coastal Path ( Kyststien )
4366-401: Is the most populous enclave in Norway, with a population of approximately 40 people. Himberg is 1.4 square kilometres (0.54 sq mi). Larvik is served by Sandefjord Airport Torp , its nearest international airport. The European route E18 highway traverses the municipality and is one of Norway's most important main highways. Larvik Station is the city's main railway station along
4484-459: Is to write in dialect for informal use. When writing an SMS, Facebook update, or fridge note, many people, especially young ones, write approximations of the way they talk rather than using Bokmål or Nynorsk. There is general agreement that a wide range of differences makes it difficult to estimate the number of different Norwegian dialects. Variations in grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and pronunciation cut across geographical boundaries and can create
4602-534: Is today to a large extent the same language as Bokmål though somewhat closer to the Danish language. It is regulated by the unofficial Norwegian Academy , which translates the name as 'Standard Norwegian'. The other is Høgnorsk ('High Norwegian'), a more purist form of Nynorsk, which maintains the language in an original form as given by Ivar Aasen and rejects most of the reforms from the 20th century; this form has limited use. Nynorsk and Bokmål provide standards for how to write Norwegian, but not for how to speak
4720-496: Is widespread in western Norway, though not in major urban areas, and also in the upper parts of mountain valleys in the southern and eastern parts of Norway. Examples are Setesdal , the western part of Telemark county ( fylke ) and several municipalities in Hallingdal , Valdres , and Gudbrandsdalen . It is little used elsewhere, but 30–40 years ago, it also had strongholds in many rural parts of Trøndelag (mid-Norway) and
4838-634: The British Isles , France ( Normandy ), North America, and Kievan Rus . In all of these places except Iceland and the Faroes, Old Norse speakers went extinct or were absorbed into the local population. Around 1030, Christianity came to Scandinavia , bringing with it an influx of Latin borrowings and the Roman alphabet . These new words were related to church practices and ceremonies, although many other loanwords related to general culture also entered
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4956-555: The Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Age . Today there are two official forms of written Norwegian, Bokmål (Riksmål) and Nynorsk (Landsmål), each with its own variants. Bokmål developed from the Dano-Norwegian language that replaced Middle Norwegian as the elite language after the union of Denmark–Norway in the 16th and 17th centuries and then evolved in Norway, while Nynorsk
5074-545: The Indo-European language family spoken mainly in Norway , where it is an official language. Along with Swedish and Danish , Norwegian forms a dialect continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional varieties; some Norwegian and Swedish dialects , in particular, are very close. These Scandinavian languages, together with Faroese and Icelandic as well as some extinct languages , constitute
5192-750: The Lågen River . Larvik borders Kongsberg Municipality in the north (in Buskerud county), Sandefjord Municipality in the east, and Porsgrunn Municipality and Siljan Municipality (both in Telemark county) in the west. The southernmost point in the municipality is Tvistein Lighthouse in the sea south of Hummerbakken in Brunlanes . On the mainland, its southernmost point is found in Oddane , between Mølen and Nevlunghavn . The westernmost point
5310-566: The Sandefjordsfjord and to the Langesundsfjord, with the Larviksfjorden in the middle. The coastline consists of various beaches, bays, islets, and skerries. The land is relatively flat along the coast and by the many bays, while the interior parts consist of large and hilly woodlands. Larger mountains are found along the border with Telemark County in the west. The municipality has a 110 kilometres (68 mi) coastline,
5428-472: The Vestfoldbanen railway line. Daily ferries to Hirtshals , Denmark depart from the city harbour and are operated by Color Line . The neighbouring city of Sandefjord has several ferry links with daily departures to Strömstad , Sweden and, further south, the town of Langesund links to Hirtshals , Denmark through a ferry which is operated by Fjord Line . Recreation areas in Larvik include
5546-438: The charge is a ship's mast with three sails . The charge has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The blue color in the field and the design were chosen to represent the maritime traditions of the municipality. The arms were designed by Kjell Ronald Hansen. The municipal flag had the same design as the coat of arms. The current coat of arms
5664-590: The town of Larvik . Other bodies of water include the lakes Farris , Goksjø , and Hallevatnet . Larvik is also noted for its natural springs of mineral water, Farriskildene , which have been commercially exploited under the brand name Farris . At Kaupang in Tjølling lies the remains of the medieval Skiringssal trading outpost. Larvik is also home to the world's northernmost natural occurrence of Fagus sylvatica forests ( European Beech tree), known as Bøkeskogen ("The Beech Tree Forest"). The municipality
5782-426: The 18th century governor of the area, Jens Kielman. Also this beech tree design was part of a seal of a local guild in the early 19th century. The second coat of arms was granted on 17 March 1989 and it was in use until 1 January 2018. The official blazon was " Azure , a mast with three sails argent " ( Norwegian : I blått en sølv mast med tre seil ). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and
5900-574: The 1959 standard. Therefore, a small minority of Nynorsk enthusiasts use a more conservative standard called Høgnorsk . The Samnorsk policy had little influence after 1960, and was officially abandoned in 2002. While the sound systems of Norwegian and Swedish are similar, considerable variation exists among the dialects. The retroflex consonants only appear in East Norwegian dialects as a result of sandhi , combining / ɾ / with / d / , / l / , / n / , / s / , and / t / . The realization of
6018-475: The 20th century, being used by large newspapers, encyclopedias, and a significant proportion of the population of the capital Oslo, surrounding areas, and other urban areas, as well as much of the literary tradition. Since the reforms of 1981 and 2003 (effective in 2005), the official Bokmål can be adapted to be almost identical with modern Riksmål. The differences between written Riksmål and Bokmål are comparable to American and British English differences . Riksmål
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#17328011753096136-482: The 21-meter (69 ft) Trosvik Tunnel before terminating at Brevik Station (10.02 kilometers or 6.23 miles). In Brevik there was a 630-meter (2,070 ft) spur which ran down to the port. The first public meeting for planning a railway in the Grenland region was conducted on 19 January 1874. At a second meeting on 28 January a planning committee was appointed, with representatives from the various municipalities in
6254-528: The Bratsberg Line through Grenland. Thus electric trains from Oslo could reach Brevik via that route. The Vestfold Line would not be electrified until the mid-1950s. With the electrification the line saw a major increase in traffic—by 1951 there were eighteen round trips and nineteen from 1957, operating at a fixed, hourly headway . Following the 1962 opening of the Brevik Bridge the railway saw
6372-501: The Dano-Norwegian koiné , known as "cultivated everyday speech." A small adjustment in this direction was implemented in the first official reform of the Danish language in Norway in 1862 and more extensively after his death in two official reforms in 1907 and 1917. Meanwhile, a nationalistic movement strove for the development of a new written Norwegian. Ivar Aasen , a botanist and self-taught linguist, began his work to create
6490-455: The Ministry of Culture, official spelling, grammar, and vocabulary for the Norwegian language. The board's work has been subject to considerable controversy throughout the years. Both Nynorsk and Bokmål have a great variety of optional forms. The Bokmål that uses the forms that are close to Riksmål is called moderate or conservative , depending on one's viewpoint, while the Bokmål that uses
6608-479: The North Germanic languages. Faroese and Icelandic are not mutually intelligible with Norwegian in their spoken form because continental Scandinavian has diverged from them. While the two Germanic languages with the greatest numbers of speakers, English and German, have close similarities with Norwegian, neither is mutually intelligible with it. Norwegian is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of
6726-560: The Norwegian State Railways, construction commenced in 1892 and was initially estimated to take one year. However, it took three years, largely because of inferior geological conditions, in part caused by clay in the ground. Construction did fall within the NOK ;750,000 budget. Of this, Brevik Municipality ended up paying NOK 90,000, which would stand as a major burden for them for years. Export of ice for cooling
6844-538: The area. It proposed three alternative routes for a railway: a continuation of the proposed Vestfold Line from Larvik , a railway down the valley of Lågendalen from Kongsberg , or a link from the Kongsberg–Drammen Line via Siljan to Skien. The Vestfold alternative was the cheapest and was thus preferred. The committee's proposals called for a branch from the Vestfold Line to Brevik, although it would run from Porsgrunn via Roligheten and Kleveland. The branch
6962-586: The beach Lydhusstranda at Naverfjorden . The river Numedalslågen is considered to be one of Norway's best salmon fishing rivers. Freshwater fishing is also common at the lake Goksjø , which lies on the Sandefjord -Larvik border. Fish species in this lake include Northern pike , European perch , Ide , Common dace , European eel , Salmon , and Brown trout . The lake is also used for ice-skating, canoeing, swimming, boating, and other recreational activities. The 12-metre (39 ft) tall Trollfoss
7080-413: The branch to Brevik was dismissed. Discussion of a branch to Brevik resumed in 1887, when parliamentarian Livius Smitt proposed for Parliament a line from Eidanger to Brevik on behalf of the municipal council. It was considered by the legislature in 1888, but only 39 parliamentarians supported it, compared to the 68 who voted the proposal down. Thus the following year detailed planning commenced to better
7198-431: The county from the local consortium "grevlingene", four local entrepreneurs who proved unable to manage the ownership financially (the consortium had bought the county from the Danish crown in 1817 originally, the crown taking over the county when the last of the counts had to sell it because of debt). Larvik, along with neighbouring cities of Sandefjord and Tønsberg , were the three dominant whaling cities of Norway in
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#17328011753097316-653: The county. Other important species of game are Roe deer , Red deer , Mountain hare , European beaver , and Common wood pigeon . List of publicly-owned beaches in Larvik: The Larvik Museum Society was founded in 1916. The museum is now associated with the Vestfold Museum ( Vestfoldmuseene ). Larvik Museum was established with the purpose of preserving, and restoring the city's collection of historic buildings. The Treschow-Fritzøe Museum ( Verkensgården ) houses exhibitions from
7434-644: The eighth grade onwards, pupils are required to learn both. Out of the 431 municipalities in Norway, 161 have declared that they wish to communicate with the central authorities in Bokmål, 116 (representing 12% of the population) in Nynorsk, while 156 are neutral. Of 4,549 state publications in 2000, 8% were in Nynorsk, and 92% in Bokmål. The large national newspapers ( Aftenposten , Dagbladet , and VG ) are published in Bokmål or Riksmål. Some major regional newspapers (including Bergens Tidende and Stavanger Aftenblad ), many political journals, and many local newspapers use both Bokmål and Nynorsk. A newer trend
7552-485: The first centuries AD in what is today Southern Sweden. It is the earliest stage of a characteristically North Germanic language, and the language attested in the Elder Futhark inscriptions, the oldest form of the runic alphabets . A number of inscriptions are memorials to the dead, while others are magical in content. The oldest are carved on loose objects, while later ones are chiseled in runestones . They are
7670-749: The fishing industry in Færder Municipality . Important fishing harbours include Stavern , Helgeroa , and Nevlunghavn . Furthermore, Larvik has the biggest logging industry in the county. Norway Spruce is the most important tree species. The mined mineral Larvikite is exported from Larvik to countries in Europe and to the United States. Larvik is first and foremost known as a summer vacation community. Due to its stable climate and one of Norway's highest median temperatures, Larvik experiences significant summer tourism. Larvik's climate
7788-410: The former Treschow-Fritzøe ironworks. Verkensgarorden displays tools, equipment, drawings, and models illustrating the iron-production era in Larvik, which dated from 1670 to 1870. The exhibition shows various aspects; from the geological process of creation to production, and use of the stone larvikite , the area's main export product. The Iron Works was closed during 1868. Manor House ( Herregården )
7906-501: The forms that are close to Nynorsk is called radical . Nynorsk has forms that are close to the original Landsmål and forms that are close to Bokmål. Opponents of the spelling reforms aimed at bringing Bokmål closer to Nynorsk have retained the name Riksmål and employ spelling and grammar that predate the Samnorsk movement. Riksmål and conservative versions of Bokmål have been the de facto standard written language of Norway for most of
8024-422: The gender can be inferred. For instance, all nouns ending in - nad will be masculine in both Bokmål and Nynorsk (for instance the noun jobbsøknad , which means 'job application'). Most nouns ending in - ing will be feminine, like the noun forventning ('expectation'). Larvik Larvik ( Urban East Norwegian: [ˈlɑ̂rviːk] ) is a municipality in Vestfold county, Norway . It
8142-417: The historical connection to Old Norwegian. Today, this meaning is often lost, and it is commonly mistaken as a "new" Norwegian in contrast to the "real" Norwegian Bokmål. Bokmål and Nynorsk were made closer by a reform in 1938. This was a result of a state policy to merge Nynorsk and Bokmål into a single language, to be called Samnorsk . A 1946 poll showed that this policy was supported by 79% of Norwegians at
8260-518: The home of Thor Heyerdahl , and Bøkeskogen . Larvik is also home to Farris Bad , the largest spa in the Nordic countries , which has been described as one of Europe's best spa facilities. Larvik occupies the southwestern corner of Vestfold county, between Sandefjord Municipality in the east and the Langesundsfjorden in the west. The coastline of Larvik stretches from the entrance to
8378-467: The language of the elite, the church, literature, and the law. When the union with Denmark ended in 1814, the Dano-Norwegian koiné had become the mother tongue of around 1% of the population. From the 1840s, some writers experimented with a Norwegianised Danish by incorporating words that were descriptive of Norwegian scenery and folk life, and adopting a more Norwegian syntax. Knud Knudsen proposed to change spelling and inflection in accordance with
8496-610: The language. The Scandinavian languages at this time are not considered to be separate languages, although there were minor differences among what are customarily called Old Icelandic, Old Norwegian , Old Gutnish , Old Danish, and Old Swedish . The economic and political dominance of the Hanseatic League between 1250 and 1450 in the main Scandinavian cities brought large Middle Low German –speaking populations to Norway. The influence of their language on Scandinavian
8614-555: The language. No standard of spoken Norwegian is officially sanctioned, and most Norwegians speak their own dialects in all circumstances. Thus, unlike in many other countries, the use of any Norwegian dialect, whether it coincides with the written norms or not, is accepted as correct spoken Norwegian. However, in areas where East Norwegian dialects are used, a tendency exists to accept a de facto spoken standard for this particular regional dialect, Urban East Norwegian or Standard East Norwegian (Norwegian: Standard østnorsk ), in which
8732-478: The languages in Europe, Norwegian derives from Proto-Indo-European . As early Indo-Europeans spread across Europe, they became isolated from each other and new languages developed. In northwest Europe, the Germanic languages evolved, further branching off into the North Germanic languages , of which Norwegian is one. Proto-Norse is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of Proto-Germanic during
8850-402: The largest spa department in Scandinavia. The town of Larvik was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). On 1 January 1875, a small area of Brunlanes Municipality (population: 4) and a different area of Hedrum Municipality (population: 46) were both transferred into the town of Larvik . In 1937, another area of Hedrum Municipality (population: 69)
8968-527: The late 1940s. In general the local trains to Skien were hauled using a NSB Class 32 steam locomotives, and the express train by NSB Class 30 . With the extension of the Sørlandet Line to Kragerø with the 1927 opening of the Kragerø Line , Brevik was no longer the outermost railway station along the southern coast. Long-haul and postal traffic was lost, and by 1934 the coastal ferry service
9086-422: The late 19th and early 20th centuries. Larvik Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services , senior citizen services, welfare and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by
9204-548: The limestone mine in Porsgrunn. The Brevik Line branches from the Vestfold Line at the now disused Eidanger Station, which is located 192.60 kilometers (119.68 mi) from Oslo. The Brevik Line is connected to Eidanger Station from the east side, so trains running to Porsgrunn and Skien can run through, while trains continuing on the Vestfold Line must switch direction. The line passes a halt at Prestealléen (2.23 km or 1.39 mi from Eidanger) before reaching Nystrand Station (2.75 kilometers or 1.71 miles). The station served
9322-520: The line has eighteen bridges and eleven level crossings . It reaches a maximum elevation of 50.55 meters (165.8 ft) above mean sea level and a minimum of 7.75 meters (25.4 ft). The line is owned and maintained by the Norwegian National Rail Administration . The only regular traffic on the line is the hauling of limestone for Norcem Brevik. Operated by CargoNet , the trains run 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) to
9440-423: The line was that it allowed correspondence with the coastal ferry route onwards to Kristiansand , which commenced in 1896 because Brevik at the time was the furthest along the coast the railway had reached. A daily night train with direct service to Oslo was offered, initially with a travel time of six hours and seven minutes. Tickets for the two could be purchased together and the ferry would wait up to an hour for
9558-477: The main customer for freight trains on the line, with 900,000 tonnes of limestone hauled in 1998. Proposals for reopening the line were launched in 1989, but never materialized. Grenland Harbour upgraded the port terminal at Tangen during the late 1980s and a branch to the Grenland Terminal was opened in 1993, with the port authority hoping that an international ferry service would be started. However,
9676-473: The matter. Council Carl Stousland was the main initiator, and visited various ports in Denmark searching for a suitable site. By 1915 he had settled on Frederikshavn and stated that it would provide the fastest service from Norway to Hamburg , Germany. Two ferries would be required, each using seven hours on a crossing and allowing for two return services per day. However, Stousland never succeeded at realizing
9794-502: The minimal pairs are written alike, since written Norwegian has no explicit accent marks. In most eastern low-tone dialects, accent 1 uses a low flat pitch in the first syllable, while accent 2 uses a high, sharply falling pitch in the first syllable and a low pitch in the beginning of the second syllable. In both accents, these pitch movements are followed by a rise of intonational nature (phrase accent)—the size (and presence) of which signals emphasis or focus, and corresponds in function to
9912-444: The municipalities of Brunlanes (population: 8,138), Hedrum (population: 10,449), and Tjølling (population: 7,878) with the towns of Larvik (population: 8,045) and Stavern (population: 2,538) to create a new, much larger Larvik Municipality with a population of 37,048 people. On 1 January 2018, Lardal Municipality was merged the neighboring Larvik Municipality as part of a nationwide municipal reform. After merging, Larvik
10030-482: The nearby remains of an ancient town, Kaupang . This is now known as the oldest known merchant town in Norway. There was international trade from this area, over 1,200 years ago. Skiringssal has remains from the oldest town yet discovered in the Nordic countries , and it was one of Scandinavia's earliest urban sites. Larvik (which historically used the Danish spelling: Laurvig ) was an old coastal village. In 1671,
10148-430: The neutral name Riksmål , meaning 'national language' like Landsmål , and this was officially adopted along with the 1907 spelling reform. The name Riksmål is sometimes interpreted as 'state language', but this meaning is secondary at best. (Compare to Danish rigsmål from where the name was borrowed.) After the personal union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905, both languages were developed further and reached what
10266-414: The normal accent in languages that lack lexical tone , such as English. That rise culminates in the final syllable of an accentual phrase, while the utterance-final fall common in most languages is either very small or absent. There are significant variations in pitch accent between dialects. Thus, in most of western and northern Norway (the so-called high-pitch dialects) accent 1 is falling, while accent 2
10384-628: The ocean in Mølen in Larvik. Ancient peoples have carried rocks from Raet and constructed vast numbers of burial mounds at Mølen. During the Roman Iron Age , ancient peoples erected a stone monument resembling a ship at Istrehågan , one of Norway's greatest remains ( oldtidsminne ) from prehistoric times. About 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) southeast of the town is Skiringssal , an archaeological site where archaeologists first discovered burial mounds and an ancient Viking hall, and later uncovered
10502-584: The oldest written record of any Germanic language. East Germanic languages West Germanic languages Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Danish Swedish Around 800 AD, the script was simplified to the Younger Futhark , and inscriptions became more abundant. At the same time, the beginning of the Viking Age led to the spread of Old Norse to Iceland , Greenland , and the Faroe Islands . Viking colonies also existed in parts of
10620-417: The plans never materialized. Two El 13 locomotives collided at Norcem on 18 September 1998, although neither motorman was seriously injured. CargoNet started a weekly container train service each from Brevik to Oslo and Bergen in 2014, allowing for transit from ship traffic. Norwegian language Norwegian ( endonym : norsk [ˈnɔʂːk] ) is a North Germanic language from
10738-471: The plans. Plans to drop the night service were articulated in 1903, but discarded. However, the poor timing for passengers from Drammen and Vestfold, in addition to surplus cost of keeping sleeping cars, forced the night service to a halt from 1918. Instead a late evening service was run, terminating at Brevik at 01:25. To secure compatibility with the Bratsberg Line , which had been opened in 1917,
10856-471: The political support for a line. Funding for the Brevik Line was dismissed by Parliament again in 1890, but the following year, on 4 July 1890, a majority voted in favor of the line. The condition was that 30,000 Norwegian krone (NOK) be funded locally. Most of the railway would be located in the former Eidanger Municipality. Eidanger Municipal Council was not particularly interested in the railway, and
10974-488: The port's maritime history alive. One section of the museum is devoted to the expeditions of Larvik-born Thor Heyerdahl . Fritzøehus is a private estate located in Larvik. The estate has traditionally been associated with various members of the Treschow family and is presently owned by Mille-Marie Treschow . It is Norway's largest privately owned estate. The Church of Norway has twelve parishes ( sokn ) within
11092-528: The ports spread along the coast as well as the six former municipalities that are now together as one large municipality. The arms were designed by Tormod Henriksen from Svarstad . The municipal flag had the same design as the coat of arms. Various remains from the Stone Age have been discovered throughout the municipality of Larvik, for instance by Torpevannet near the village of Helgeroa . Raet goes through all of Vestfold County before peaking out of
11210-442: The principles of Norwegian orthography, e.g. zebra in Norwegian is written sebra . Due to historical reasons, some otherwise Norwegian family names are also written using these letters. Some letters may be modified by diacritics : é , è , ê , ó , ò , and ô . In Nynorsk, ì and ù and ỳ are occasionally seen as well. The diacritics are not compulsory, but may in a few cases distinguish between different meanings of
11328-422: The railway to be officially opened on 15 October 1895. An early important service was correspondence with a train from Oslo to a coastal ferry, as it was the closest line to Agder until 1927. The Brevik Line was originally built as a narrow gauge railway , but was converted to standard gauge in 1921 and electrified in 1949. From the opening until 1964 the line saw between ten and nineteen daily round trips with
11446-527: The rhotic / ɾ / depends on the dialect. In Eastern, Central, and Northern Norwegian dialects, it is a flap [ ɾ ] , whereas in Western and Southern Norway, and for some speakers also in Eastern Norway, it is uvular [ ʁ ] or [ χ ] . And in the dialects of North-Western Norway, it is realized as [ r ] , much like the trilled ⟨rr⟩ of Spanish. Norwegian
11564-474: The section of track past Grenland to Eidanger and onwards to Brevik was converted to standard gauge in 1921. When it opened on 16 June it succeeded a period of four years where the segment from Eidanger to Skien had dual gauge . From the same year the Oslo service was re-routed via the Bratsberg Line and Kongsvinger to Oslo. A spur to the cement factory at Dalen was built in the early 1920s, but removed again during
11682-606: The southern part of northern Norway ( Nordland county). Today, Nynorsk is the official language of not only four of the nineteen Norwegian counties but also various municipalities in five other counties. NRK , the Norwegian broadcasting corporation, broadcasts in both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and all governmental agencies are required to support both written languages. Bokmål is used in 92% of all written publications, and Nynorsk in 8% (2000). Like some other European countries, Norway has an official "advisory board"— Språkrådet (Norwegian Language Council)— that determines, after approval from
11800-428: The spring of 1893, first with 100 men and by the summer increasing to 200. All wages were paid as piece work . Work was conducted for ten hours, six days a week and paid an average NOK 3.05 per hour. A labor union was established on 28 July 1893. Most of the workers were nomadic navvies which moved to the area for the period they worked on the line, and then moved onwards to a new project. A significant portion of
11918-401: The three grammatical genders from Old Norse to some extent. The only exceptions are the dialect of Bergen and a few upper class sociolects at the west end of Oslo that have completely lost the feminine gender. According to Marit Westergaard , approximately 80% of nouns in Norwegian are masculine. Norwegian and other Scandinavian languages use a suffix to indicate definiteness of
12036-442: The time. However, opponents of the official policy still managed to create a massive protest movement against Samnorsk in the 1950s, fighting in particular the use of "radical" forms in Bokmål text books in schools. In the reform in 1959, the 1938 reform was partially reversed in Bokmål, but Nynorsk was changed further towards Bokmål. Since then Bokmål has reverted even further toward traditional Riksmål, while Nynorsk still adheres to
12154-426: The unofficial Høgnorsk is more conservative than Nynorsk and is far closer to Faroese , Icelandic and Old Norse . Norwegians are educated in both Bokmål and Nynorsk. Each student gets assigned a native form based on which school they go to, whence the other form (known as Sidemål ) will be a mandatory school subject from elementary school through high school. For instance, a Norwegian whose main language form
12272-461: The village received kjøpstad (market town) status in 1671 when Ulrik Fredrik Gyldenløve bought the Fritsø estate. He later became the first Count of Laurvig. The count built a new residence in 1674, "Herregården", which can still be visited today. The whole Larvik area was owned by a Danish Count ( grevskap ) until 1817. Since the rest of Norway had come under Swedish rule in 1814, the county
12390-447: The vocabulary coincides with Bokmål. Outside Eastern Norway , this spoken variation is not used. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, Danish was the standard written language of Norway. As a result, the development of modern written Norwegian has been subject to strong controversy related to nationalism , rural versus urban discourse, and Norway's literary history. Historically, Bokmål is a Norwegianised variety of Danish, while Nynorsk
12508-568: The word, e.g.: for ('for/to'), fór ('went'), fòr ('furrow') and fôr ('fodder'). Loanwords may be spelled with other diacritics, most notably ï, ü , á and à . The two legally recognized forms of written Norwegian are Bokmål (literally 'book tongue') and Nynorsk ('new Norwegian'), which are regulated by the Language Council of Norway ( Språkrådet ). Two other written forms without official status also exist. One, called Riksmål ('national language'),
12626-515: The works were Swedish. Earthwork was dug using spades and picks. Horses were only used for hauling heavy stones. Most of the work was conducted in clay , limestone and Disambiguated: dolomite. The telegraph cables were laid in early 1895. To match Vestfold Line, the railway was built with 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) narrow gauge ( 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in )). The official opening took place on 15 October 1895, officiated by King Oscar II . An important function of
12744-526: Was a major industry in Eidanger from the 1850s to the 1970s. There were several small dammed-up ice lakes, and four of these had to be expropriated to give way for the railway. The construction work was initially led by S. H. Strøm, and from January 1894 by M. Olsen. Surveying started in May 1894 and allowed negotiations for expropriation to commence in the fall, which lasted a half year. Earthwork hauling started in
12862-485: Was a spur to Heistad Fabrikker . South of Heistad the line branches, with a spur running to the Grenland Terminal . This section includes a 350-meter (1,150 ft) tunnel. The main line continues past a halt at Ørvik (8.24 kilometers or 5.12 miles) before reaching Norcem Brevik. South of this point the railway has been demolished. There was a 200-meter (660 ft) spur to the factory. The line formerly continued past Dalen Station (9.00 kilometers or 5.59 miles) through
12980-518: Was adopted for use starting on 1 January 2018. The blazon is "Azure, a tree with seven droplet-shaped leaves, of which six are opposite two and two, issuant from a mount argent" ( Norwegian : I blått et oppvoksende tre med syv dråpeformede blader hvor av seks er motstående to og to, alt i sølv ). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is a tree design with six leaves shaped like water droplets that are arranged symmetrically, three on each side and one on top. The charge has
13098-450: Was built by Ulrik Fredrik Gyldenløve for his third wedding in 1677. It is a large wooden structure with well-preserved baroque interiors from the 1730s. Herregården manor house is a large Baroque wooden building with classic elements. The interior design is mainly Baroque and Regency style. The house is filled with 17th- and 18th-century antiques. Herregården from 1677 is considered one of Norway's finest secular Baroque structures. It
13216-706: Was developed based upon a collective of spoken Norwegian dialects. Norwegian is one of the two official languages in Norway, along with Sámi , a Finno-Ugric language spoken by less than one percent of the population. Norwegian is one of the working languages of the Nordic Council . Under the Nordic Language Convention , citizens of the Nordic countries who speak Norwegian have the opportunity to use it when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for any interpretation or translation costs. Like most of
13334-401: Was estimated to cost 226,000 Norwegian speciedaler . Two thirds would be financed by the state and the remaining 70,000 speciedaler would have to be financed through local purchase of shares in the railway company. Brevik Municipality bought half the shares, but it was not possible to fill up the quota with private sales. When Parliament voted over the construction of the Vestfold Line in 1875,
13452-516: Was not willing to pay for expropriation in their own municipality. Thus Brevik Municipality was forced to pay for all expropriation along the line and limited their support for the entire project to NOK 16,000. Brevik Municipal Council passed the plans and their financing on 31 March 1893. However, there was not community consensus as to the location of Brevik Station, with large camps each preferring Strømtangen and Setretangen. The municipal council voted in favor of Strømtangen on 25 June. Built by
13570-439: Was purchased by four local businessmen in 1817. Then in 1821, it became part of the newly created Jarslberg og Laurvigs amt (county). Larvik is also the site of the Treschow estate, "Fritzøehus", which is currently owned by the heirs of Mille-Marie Treschow , reportedly "Norway's richest woman". The Treschow estate was created in 1835 when Willum Frederik Treschow bought the county from the Danish crown, who in turn had bought
13688-639: Was terminated. In cooperation with commercial interests, NSB ran a summer service from Kongsberg marketed as the "bathing train" to attract inlanders to the coast. Ridership peaked in 1920, when 362,384 passengers traveled on the line. Initially the freight traffic was minimal, with between three and four thousand tonnes in the early 1920. This was soon boosted and hit 25,000 tonnes in the 1930s. A halt at Ørvik opened on 26 June 1923 and on 27 July 1933 halts were opened at Prestealléen, Mule, Valen and Dalen. A spur to Heistad Fabrikker opened in 1936. The Brevik Line opened with electric traction from 19 June 1949, along with
13806-492: Was the largest municipality in Vestfold by area and the second-most populous municipality in Vestfold. The municipality (originally the town of Larvik ) is named after the small cove at the end of the Larviksfjorden , which was historically called Lagarvík in Old Norse . The first element is the genitive case of lǫgr ' water , river ' (here referring to the Numedalslågen River). The last element
13924-464: Was transferred into Larvik. In 1948, an area of Hedrum Municipality (population: 296) was transferred into Larvik. On 1 January 1974, the unpopulated Tagtvedt area of Hedrum was transferred to Larvik. On 1 January 1986, part of the Åsveien 3 property in Hedrum was transferred to the neighboring town of Larvik . On 1 January 1988, the city of Larvik was part of a major municipal merger which consolidated
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