148-535: Jean-Luc Godard ( UK : / ˈ ɡ ɒ d ɑː / GOD -ar , US : / ɡ oʊ ˈ d ɑːr / goh- DAR ; French: [ʒɑ̃ lyk ɡɔdaʁ] ; 3 December 1930 – 13 September 2022) was a French and Swiss film director, screenwriter, and film critic. He rose to prominence as a pioneer of the French New Wave film movement of the 1960s, alongside such filmmakers as François Truffaut , Agnès Varda , Éric Rohmer and Jacques Demy . He
296-576: A West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. The resident population at this time was generally speaking Common Brittonic —the insular variety of Continental Celtic , which was influenced by the Roman occupation. This group of languages ( Welsh , Cornish , Cumbric ) cohabited alongside English into
444-459: A caméra-stylo " . In 1960 Godard shot Le petit soldat ( The Little Soldier ). The cast included Godard's future wife Anna Karina . At this time Karina had virtually no experience as an actress. Godard used her awkwardness as an element of her performance. Godard and Karina were a couple by the end of the shoot. She appeared again, along with Belmondo, in Godard's first color film, A Woman Is
592-414: A humanist rather than Marxist perspective." Godard was married three times, to actresses Anna Karina and Anne Wiazemsky , both of whom starred in several of his films, and later to his longtime partner Anne-Marie Miéville . His collaborations with Karina—which included such critically acclaimed films as Vivre sa vie (1962), Bande à part (1964) and Pierrot le Fou (1965)—were called "arguably
740-519: A photojournalist who has links with a right-wing paramilitary group working for the French government, is ordered to murder a professor accused of aiding the Algerian resistance. He is in love with Veronica Dreyer, a young woman who has worked with the Algerian fighters. He is captured by Algerian militants and tortured. His organisation captures and tortures her. In making Le petit soldat , Godard took
888-557: A Woman (1961), their first project to be released. The film was intended as a homage to the American musical . Adjustments that Godard made to the original version of the story gave it autobiographical resonances, "specifically in regard to his relationship with Anna Karina." The film revealed "the confinement within the four walls of domestic life" and "the emotional and artistic fault lines that threatened their relationship". Godard's next film, Vivre sa vie ( My Life to Live , 1962),
1036-766: A boarding school in Thonon to prepare for the retest, which he passed, he returned to Paris in 1949. He registered for a certificate in anthropology at the University of Paris (Sorbonne), but did not attend class. In Paris, in the Latin Quarter just prior to 1950, ciné-clubs (film societies) were gaining prominence. Godard began attending these clubs—the Cinémathèque Française , Ciné-Club du Quartier Latin (CCQL), Work and Culture ciné club, and others—which became his regular haunts. The Cinémathèque
1184-559: A century as Received Pronunciation (RP). However, due to language evolution and changing social trends, some linguists argue that RP is losing prestige or has been replaced by another accent, one that the linguist Geoff Lindsey for instance calls Standard Southern British English. Others suggest that more regionally-oriented standard accents are emerging in England. Even in Scotland and Northern Ireland, RP exerts little influence in
1332-635: A companion piece to Tout va bien , the pair made Letter to Jane , a 50-minute "examination of a still" showing Jane Fonda visiting with the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War . The film is a deconstruction of Western imperialist ideology. This was the last film that Godard and Gorin made together. In 1978 Godard was commissioned by the Mozambican government to make a short film. During this time his experience with Kodak film led him to criticise
1480-486: A feature film. He travelled to the 1959 Cannes Film Festival and asked Truffaut to let him use the story on which they had collaborated in 1956, about car thief Michel Portail. He sought money from producer Georges de Beauregard , whom he had met previously while working briefly in the publicity department of Twentieth Century Fox 's Paris office, and who was also at the Festival. Beauregard could offer his expertise, but
1628-439: A film critic for the influential magazine Cahiers du Cinéma , Godard criticised mainstream French cinema's "Tradition of Quality", which de-emphasised innovation and experimentation. In response, he and like-minded critics began to make their own films, challenging the conventions of traditional Hollywood in addition to French cinema . Godard first received global acclaim for his 1960 feature Breathless , helping to establish
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#17327726119221776-495: A film without a clear political message, Belmondo played on the word 'scandal' and the 'freedom' that the Scandal girdle supposedly offered women, the context of a Marxist critique of commodification , of pop art derision at consumerism, and of a feminist denunciation of women's false 'liberation', was enough to foster a dialectical reading of the joke and the whole story." The way Godard treated politics in his cinematic period
1924-508: A greater movement, normally [əʊ], [əʉ] or [əɨ]. Dropping a morphological grammatical number , in collective nouns , is stronger in British English than North American English. This is to treat them as plural when once grammatically singular, a perceived natural number prevails, especially when applying to institutional nouns and groups of people. The noun 'police', for example, undergoes this treatment: Police are investigating
2072-504: A group of students and engaged with the ideas coming out of the student activist groups in contemporary France. Released just before the May 1968 events , the film is thought by some to have foreshadowed the student rebellions that took place. That same year, Godard made a more colourful and political film, Week End . It follows a Parisian couple as they leave on a weekend trip across the French countryside to collect an inheritance. What ensues
2220-671: A homage to Jean Cocteau . The film was shot in Godard's hotel room on the rue de Rennes and apparently reflected something of the 'romantic austerity' of Godard's own life at this time. His Swiss friend Roland Tolmatchoff noted: "In Paris he had a big Bogart poster on the wall and nothing else." In December 1958, Godard reported from the Festival of Short Films in Tours and praised the work of, and became friends with, Jacques Demy , Jacques Rozier , and Agnès Varda —he already knew Alain Resnais whose entry he praised—but Godard now wanted to make
2368-406: A lesser class or social status and often discounted or considered of a low intelligence. Another contribution to the standardisation of British English was the introduction of the printing press to England in the mid-15th century. In doing so, William Caxton enabled a common language and spelling to be dispersed among the entirety of England at a much faster rate. Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of
2516-529: A lightweight handheld camera and a minimum of added lighting; Coutard had experience as a documentary cameraman while working for the French army's information service in Indochina during the French-Indochina War . Tracking shots were filmed by Coutard from a wheelchair pushed by Godard. Though Godard had prepared a traditional screenplay, he dispensed with it and wrote the dialogue day by day as
2664-545: A movie poster showing Humphrey Bogart —from The Harder They Fall , his last film (whose expression the lead actor Jean-Paul Belmondo tries reverently to imitate)—visual quotations from films of Ingmar Bergman , Samuel Fuller , Fritz Lang , and others; and an onscreen dedication to Monogram Pictures , an American B-movie studio. Quotations from, and references to literature, include William Faulkner , Dylan Thomas , Louis Aragon , Rilke , Françoise Sagan , and Maurice Sachs . The film also contains citations in images or on
2812-598: A new work on the four stages of love. In Notre musique (2004), Godard turned his focus to war, specifically, the war in Sarajevo , but with attention to all war, including the American Civil War , the war between the U.S. and Native Americans , and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict . The film is structured into three Dantean kingdoms: Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise . Godard's fascination with paradox
2960-454: A petty criminal, Michel Portail, who had shot a motorcycle policeman and whose girlfriend had turned him in to the police, but Truffaut failed to interest any producers. Another project with Truffaut, a comedy about a country girl arriving in Paris, was also abandoned. He worked with Rohmer on a planned series of short films centering on the lives of two young women, Charlotte and Véronique; and in
3108-662: A postmodern production of the play by William Shakespeare . Also completed in 1987 was a segment in the film Aria which was based loosely from the plot of Armide ; it is set in a gym and uses several arias by Jean-Baptiste Lully from his famous Armide . His later films were marked by great formal beauty and frequently a sense of requiem: Nouvelle Vague ( New Wave , 1990), the autobiographical JLG/JLG, autoportrait de décembre ( JLG/JLG: Self-Portrait in December , 1995), and For Ever Mozart (1996). Allemagne année 90 neuf zéro ( Germany Year 90 Nine Zero , 1991) which
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#17327726119223256-659: A process called T-glottalisation . National media, being based in London, have seen the glottal stop spreading more widely than it once was in word endings, not being heard as "no [ʔ] " and bottle of water being heard as "bo [ʔ] le of wa [ʔ] er". It is still stigmatised when used at the beginning and central positions, such as later , while often has all but regained /t/ . Other consonants subject to this usage in Cockney English are p , as in pa [ʔ] er and k as in ba [ʔ] er. In most areas of England and Wales, outside
3404-520: A regional accent or dialect. However, about 2% of Britons speak with an accent called Received Pronunciation (also called "the King's English", "Oxford English" and " BBC English" ), that is essentially region-less. It derives from a mixture of the Midlands and Southern dialects spoken in London in the early modern period. It is frequently used as a model for teaching English to foreign learners. In
3552-461: A series of innovative video works for European broadcast television, titled Six fois deux/Sur et sous la communication (1976) and France/tour/détour/deux/enfants (1978). From the time that Godard returned to mainstream filmmaking in 1980, Anne-Marie Miéville remained an important collaborator. After the events of May 1968 , when the city of Paris saw a total upheaval in response to the "authoritarian de Gaulle ", and Godard's professional objective
3700-780: A stiff anti-war metonym . In addition to the international conflicts to which Godard sought an artistic response, he was also very concerned with the social problems in France. The earliest and best example of this is Karina's potent portrayal of a prostitute in Vivre sa vie . In 1960s Paris, the political milieu was not overwhelmed by one specific movement. There was, however, a distinct post-war climate shaped by various international conflicts such as colonialism in North Africa and Southeast Asia. Godard's Marxist disposition did not become abundantly explicit until La Chinoise and Week End , but
3848-586: A success— The New York Times ' s critic called her a "misplaced amateur"—but Truffaut and Godard disagreed. In the role of Michel Poiccard, Godard cast Belmondo, an actor he had already called, writing in Arts in 1958, "the Michel Simon and the Jules Berry of tomorrow." The cameraman was Raoul Coutard , choice of the producer Beauregard. Godard wanted Breathless to be shot like a documentary, with
3996-463: A total of five films with strong Maoist messages. The most prominent film from the collaboration was Tout Va Bien (1972). The film starred Jane Fonda , who was, at the time, the wife of French filmmaker Roger Vadim . Fonda was at the height of her acting career, having won an Academy Award for her performance in Klute (1971), and had gained notoriety as a left-wing anti-war activist. The male lead
4144-408: Is a confrontation with the tragic flaws of the over-consuming bourgeoisie . The film contains an eight-minute tracking shot of the couple stuck in an unremitting traffic jam as they leave the city, cited as a technique Godard used to deconstruct bourgeois trends. Startlingly, a few shots contain extra footage from, as it were, before the beginning of the take (while the actors are preparing) and after
4292-525: Is a first cousin of former Prime Minister and later President of Peru Pedro Pablo Kuczynski . Four years after Jean-Luc's birth, his father moved the family to Switzerland. At the outbreak of the Second World War , Godard was in France, and returned to Switzerland with difficulty. He spent most of the war in Switzerland, although his family made clandestine trips to his grandfather's estate on
4440-504: Is a quasi-sequel to Alphaville , but done with an elegiac tone and focus on the inevitable decay of age. In 1990 , Godard was presented with a special award from the National Society of Film Critics . Between 1988 and 1998, he produced the multi-part series Histoire(s) du cinéma , a monumental project which combined all the innovations of his video work with a passionate engagement in the issues of twentieth-century history and
4588-725: Is also due to London-centric influences. Examples of R-dropping are car and sugar , where the R is not pronounced. British dialects differ on the extent of diphthongisation of long vowels, with southern varieties extensively turning them into diphthongs, and with northern dialects normally preserving many of them. As a comparison, North American varieties could be said to be in-between. Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are usually preserved, and in several areas also /oː/ and /eː/, as in go and say (unlike other varieties of English, that change them to [oʊ] and [eɪ] respectively). Some areas go as far as not diphthongising medieval /iː/ and /uː/, that give rise to modern /aɪ/ and /aʊ/; that is, for example, in
Jean-Luc Godard - Misplaced Pages Continue
4736-556: Is based on British English, but has more influence from American English , often grouped together due to their close proximity. British English, for example, is the closest English to Indian English, but Indian English has extra vocabulary and some English words are assigned different meanings. Banque Paribas BNP Paribas (sometimes referred to as BNPP or BNP ) is a French multinational universal bank and financial services holding company headquartered in Paris . It
4884-484: Is believed to be suppressed by the computer. His next film was Pierrot le Fou (1965). Gilles Jacob , an author, critic, and president of the Cannes Film Festival , called it both a "retrospective" and recapitulation. He solicited the participation of Jean-Paul Belmondo , by then a famous actor, to guarantee the necessary amount of funding for the expensive film. Godard said the film was "connected with
5032-531: Is considered groundbreaking in its own right, the period stands in contrast to that which immediately followed it, during which Godard ideologically denounced much of cinema's history as bourgeois and therefore without merit. Godard's Breathless ( À bout de souffle , 1960), starring Jean-Paul Belmondo and Jean Seberg , distinctly expressed the French New Wave 's style, and incorporated quotations from several elements of popular culture—specifically American film noir . The film employed various techniques such as
5180-562: Is constant in the film. It opens with a long, ponderous montage of war images that occasionally lapses into the comic; Paradise is shown as a lush wooded beach patrolled by U.S. Marines . British English British English (abbreviations: BrE , en-GB , and BE ) is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . More narrowly, it can refer specifically to
5328-491: Is evident in several films—namely Pierrot and Une femme mariée . Godard was accused by some of harbouring anti-Semitic views: in 2010, in the lead-up to the presentation of Godard's honorary Oscar, a prominent article in The New York Times by Michael Cieply drew attention to the idea, which had been circulating through the press in previous weeks, that Godard might be an anti-Semite, and thus undeserving of
5476-482: Is free to raise or lower them as she wishes. The film was a popular success and led to Columbia Pictures giving him a deal where he would be provided with $ 100,000 to make a movie, with complete artistic control. Le petit soldat was not released until 1963, the first of three films he released that year. Le petit soldat dealt with the Algerian War of Independence . It was banned by the French government for
5624-795: Is included in style guides issued by various publishers including The Times newspaper, the Oxford University Press and the Cambridge University Press . The Oxford University Press guidelines were originally drafted as a single broadsheet page by Horace Henry Hart, and were at the time (1893) the first guide of their type in English; they were gradually expanded and eventually published, first as Hart's Rules , and in 2002 as part of The Oxford Manual of Style . Comparable in authority and stature to The Chicago Manual of Style for published American English ,
5772-713: Is instead directly sponsored by the Bank of the West subsidiary. In 2018, BNP Paribas created the production company BNP Paribas Pictures, and supports young cinema talents through an investment fund dedicated to the financing and co-production of the first films of new talents in Cinema, the Fonds Nouveaux Talents. In 2019, the group supports the Femis Residence and Mille visages, which aims to democratize
5920-407: Is sometimes thought to depict a wholly masculine point of view, Phillip John Usher has demonstrated how the film, by the way it connects images and disparate events, seems to blur gender lines. Godard followed with Made in U.S.A (1966), the source material for which was Richard Stark 's The Jugger . A classic New Wave crime thriller, it was inspired by American Noir films. Anna Karina stars as
6068-547: The Chambers Dictionary , and the Collins Dictionary record actual usage rather than attempting to prescribe it. In addition, vocabulary and usage change with time; words are freely borrowed from other languages and other varieties of English, and neologisms are frequent. For historical reasons dating back to the rise of London in the ninth century, the form of language spoken in London and
Jean-Luc Godard - Misplaced Pages Continue
6216-477: The Algerian War of Independence , was notable for its attempt to present the complexity of the dispute; the film was perceived as equivocating and as drawing a "moral equivalence" between the French forces and the National Liberation Front . Along these lines, Les Carabiniers presents a fictional war that is initially romanticized in the way its characters approach their service, but becomes
6364-658: The East Midlands became standard English within the Court, and ultimately became the basis for generally accepted use in the law, government, literature and education in Britain. The standardisation of British English is thought to be from both dialect levelling and a thought of social superiority. Speaking in the Standard dialect created class distinctions; those who did not speak the standard English would be considered of
6512-522: The English language in England , or, more broadly, to the collective dialects of English throughout the British Isles taken as a single umbrella variety, for instance additionally incorporating Scottish English , Welsh English , and Northern Irish English . Tom McArthur in the Oxford Guide to World English acknowledges that British English shares "all the ambiguities and tensions [with]
6660-662: The Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index . It is the second largest bank in Europe and eighth largest bank in the world by total assets. It became one of the five largest banks in the world following the 2007–2008 financial crisis . It is considered a systemically important bank by the Financial Stability Board . In the Forbes Global 2000 , BNP Paribas was ranked as the 33rd largest public company in
6808-836: The Holocaust in a context suggesting he considers Nazism and the Holocaust as the nadir of human history. Godard's views become more complex regarding the State of Israel . In 1970, Godard travelled to the Middle East to make a pro-Palestinian film he did not complete and whose footage eventually became part of the 1976 film Ici et ailleurs . In this film, Godard seems to view the Palestinians ' cause as one of many worldwide Leftist revolutionary movements. Elsewhere, Godard explicitly identified himself as an anti-Zionist but denied
6956-575: The May 68 upheaval, Godard, alongside François Truffaut , led protests that shut down the 1968 Cannes Film Festival in solidarity with the students and workers. Godard stated there was not a single film showing at the festival that represented their causes. "Not one, whether by Milos , myself, Roman or François. There are none. We're behind the times." Amid the upheavals of the late 1960s, Godard became passionate about "making political films politically." Though many of his films from 1968 to 1972 are feature-length films, they are low-budget and challenge
7104-493: The Royal Spanish Academy with Spanish. Standard British English differs notably in certain vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation features from standard American English and certain other standard English varieties around the world. British and American spelling also differ in minor ways. The accent, or pronunciation system, of standard British English, based in southeastern England, has been known for over
7252-490: The Scots language or Scottish Gaelic ). Each group includes a range of dialects, some markedly different from others. The various British dialects also differ in the words that they have borrowed from other languages. Around the middle of the 15th century, there were points where within the 5 major dialects there were almost 500 ways to spell the word though . Following its last major survey of English Dialects (1949–1950),
7400-596: The Société Générale de Belgique established in 1822. In 1999, BNP and Société Générale fought a complex battle on the stock market, with Société Générale bidding for Paribas and BNP bidding for Société Générale and counter-bidding for Paribas. BNP's bid for Société Générale failed, while its bid for Paribas succeeded leading to a merger of BNP and Paribas one year later on 23 May 2000. In 2006, BNP Paribas purchased Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) , Italy's sixth-largest bank. On 9 August 2007, BNP Paribas became
7548-464: The United States through its subsidiaries Bank of the West until 2023 and First Hawaiian Bank until 2019. With 190,000 employees, the bank is organized into three major business areas: Commercial, Personal Banking & Services (CPBS); Investment & Protection Services (IPS); and Corporate & Institutional Banking (CIB). BNP Paribas is listed on Euronext Paris and is a component of
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#17327726119227696-465: The University of Leeds has started work on a new project. In May 2007 the Arts and Humanities Research Council awarded a grant to Leeds to study British regional dialects. The team are sifting through a large collection of examples of regional slang words and phrases turned up by the "Voices project" run by the BBC , in which they invited the public to send in examples of English still spoken throughout
7844-610: The West Country and other near-by counties of the UK, the consonant R is not pronounced if not followed by a vowel, lengthening the preceding vowel instead. This phenomenon is known as non-rhoticity . In these same areas, a tendency exists to insert an R between a word ending in a vowel and a next word beginning with a vowel. This is called the intrusive R . It could be understood as a merger, in that words that once ended in an R and words that did not are no longer treated differently. This
7992-576: The 100% owner of BNP Paribas Luxembourg. The transfer was finalised on 1 October 2010 with the incorporation of BNP Paribas Luxembourg's business in the operational platforms of BGL BNP Paribas. In 2013 BNP Paribas was awarded the Bank of the Year award by The International Financing Review ("IFR"), Thomson Reuters ' leading financial industry publication. BNP Paribas reached an agreement in December 2013 to acquire Rabobank 's Polish unit BGZ Bank for around $ 1.4 billion. In September 2014, BNP completed
8140-629: The 21st century. RP, while long established as the standard English accent around the globe due to the spread of the British Empire , is distinct from the standard English pronunciation in some parts of the world; most prominently, RP notably contrasts with standard North American accents. In the 21st century, dictionaries like the Oxford English Dictionary , the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ,
8288-774: The Belgian government becoming the new group's major shareholder. The sales of the Fortis shares was suspended by a court order from the Court of Appeal on Friday, 12 December In the end of January, the Belgian government and BNP negotiated for a 75% partnership in Fortis Bank Belgium. Fortis Insurance Belgium would be reintegrated in Fortis Holding. On 11 February, Fortis' shareholders decided that Fortis Bank Belgium and Fortis Insurance Belgium should not become
8436-836: The English Language (1755) was a large step in the English-language spelling reform , where the purification of language focused on standardising both speech and spelling. By the early 20th century, British authors had produced numerous books intended as guides to English grammar and usage, a few of which achieved sufficient acclaim to have remained in print for long periods and to have been reissued in new editions after some decades. These include, most notably of all, Fowler's Modern English Usage and The Complete Plain Words by Sir Ernest Gowers . Detailed guidance on many aspects of writing British English for publication
8584-556: The French side of Lake Geneva . Godard attended school in Nyon , Switzerland. Not a frequent cinema-goer, he attributed his introduction to cinema to a reading of André Malraux 's essay Outline of a Psychology of Cinema , and his reading of La Revue du cinéma , which was relaunched in 1946. In 1946, he went to study at the Lycée Buffon in Paris and, through family connections, mixed with members of its cultural elite. He lodged with
8732-613: The Germanic schwein ) is the animal in the field bred by the occupied Anglo-Saxons and pork (like the French porc ) is the animal at the table eaten by the occupying Normans. Another example is the Anglo-Saxon cu meaning cow, and the French bœuf meaning beef. Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English;
8880-465: The Group's large asset base (over €2 trillion) and diverse business model, and was resilient through the 2007–2008 financial crisis . Revenues from BNP Paribas CIB nearly doubled in the second quarter of 2009 as robust investor demand boosted revenues from the bank's fixed income trading business unit. CIB's revenues totaled €3.351 billion (US$ 4.82 billion) for the quarter, up 81 percent from
9028-446: The New Wave movement. His work makes use of frequent homages and references to film history , and often expressed his political views; he was an avid reader of existentialism and Marxist philosophy , and in 1969 formed the Dziga Vertov Group with other radical filmmakers to promote political works. After the New Wave, his politics were less radical, and his later films came to be about human conflict and artistic representation "from
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#17327726119229176-621: The Oxford Manual is a fairly exhaustive standard for published British English that writers can turn to in the absence of specific guidance from their publishing house. British English is the basis of, and very similar to, Commonwealth English . Commonwealth English is English as spoken and written in the Commonwealth countries , though often with some local variation. This includes English spoken in Australia , Malta , New Zealand , Nigeria , and South Africa . It also includes South Asian English used in South Asia, in English varieties in Southeast Asia , and in parts of Africa. Canadian English
9324-599: The South East, there are significantly different accents; the Cockney accent spoken by some East Londoners is strikingly different from Received Pronunciation (RP). Cockney rhyming slang can be (and was initially intended to be) difficult for outsiders to understand, although the extent of its use is often somewhat exaggerated. Londoners speak with a mixture of accents, depending on ethnicity, neighbourhood, class, age, upbringing, and sundry other factors. Estuary English has been gaining prominence in recent decades: it has some features of RP and some of Cockney. Immigrants to
9472-414: The U.S., as well as France. He and Gorin toured with their work, attempting to create discussion, mainly on college campuses. This period came to a climax with the big-budget production Tout Va Bien , which starred Yves Montand and Jane Fonda . Owing to a motorcycle accident that severely incapacitated Godard, Gorin ended up directing this most celebrated of their work together almost single-handedly. As
9620-463: The UK in recent decades have brought many more languages to the country and particularly to London. Surveys started in 1979 by the Inner London Education Authority discovered over 125 languages being spoken domestically by the families of the inner city's schoolchildren. Notably Multicultural London English , a sociolect that emerged in the late 20th century spoken mainly by young, working-class people in multicultural parts of London . Since
9768-458: The United Kingdom , as well as within the countries themselves. The major divisions are normally classified as English English (or English as spoken in England (which is itself broadly grouped into Southern English , West Country , East and West Midlands English and Northern English ), Northern Irish English (in Northern Ireland), Welsh English (not to be confused with the Welsh language ), and Scottish English (not to be confused with
9916-402: The West Scottish accent. Phonological features characteristic of British English revolve around the pronunciation of the letter R, as well as the dental plosive T and some diphthongs specific to this dialect. Once regarded as a Cockney feature, in a number of forms of spoken British English, /t/ has become commonly realised as a glottal stop [ʔ] when it is in the intervocalic position, in
10064-421: The accolade. Cieply makes reference to Richard Brody 's book Everything is Cinema: The Working Life of Jean-Luc Godard , and alluded to a previous, longer article published by the Jewish Journal as lying near the origin of the debate. The article also draws upon Brody's book, for example in the following quotation, which Godard made on television in 1981: " Moses is my principal enemy...Moses, when he received
10212-448: The accusations of anti-Semitism. Godard produced several pieces that directly address the Vietnam War . Furthermore, there are two scenes in Pierrot le fou that tackle the issue. The first is a scene that takes place in the initial car ride between Ferdinand (Belmondo) and Marianne (Karina). Over the car radio, the two hear the message "garrison massacred by the Viet Cong who lost 115 men". Marianne responds with an extended musing on
10360-410: The adjective little is predominant elsewhere. Nevertheless, there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom, and this could be described by the term British English . The forms of spoken English, however, vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken and so a uniform concept of British English is more difficult to apply to
10508-537: The announcement. To comply with the transaction ban, BNP Paribas will use a third party to clear its US transactions. On 6 February 2024, the Federal Reserve announced that it had lifted a pair of 2014 enforcement actions it imposed on France's BNP Paribas, after the bank overhauled its compliance with U.S. sanctions laws. [1] In 2010 the French government's Autorité de la concurrence fined BNP and 10 other banks €384 million for colluding to charge unjustified fees on check processing , including extra fees during
10656-425: The anti-hero searching for her murdered lover and the film includes a cameo by Marianne Faithfull . A year later came Two or Three Things I Know About Her (1967), in which Marina Vlady portrays a woman leading a double life as housewife and prostitute, considered to be "among the greatest achievements in filmmaking." La Chinoise (1967) saw Godard at his most politically forthright so far. The film focused on
10804-507: The autumn of 1957, Pierre Braunberger produced the first film in the series, All the Boys Are Called Patrick , directed by Godard from Rohmer's script. A Story of Water (1958) was created largely out of unused footage shot by Truffaut. In 1958, Godard, with a cast that included Jean-Paul Belmondo and Anne Colette, made his last short before gaining international prominence as a filmmaker, Charlotte et son Jules ,
10952-488: The award of the grant in 2007, Leeds University stated: that they were "very pleased"—and indeed, "well chuffed"—at receiving their generous grant. He could, of course, have been "bostin" if he had come from the Black Country , or if he was a Scouser he would have been well "made up" over so many spondoolicks, because as a Geordie might say, £460,000 is a "canny load of chink". Most people in Britain speak with
11100-639: The bank has hedged their positions if the trades have not been booked. BNP Paribas has been a major sponsor of tennis. In 1973 it became the major sponsor of the French Open , one of the four prestigious Grand Slam tournaments in the sport. In 2001 the bank began to sponsor the Davis Cup before becoming the title sponsor in 2002. In 2002 it became the sponsor of the Paris Masters , an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournament. In 2008 it became
11248-507: The commandments, he saw images and translated them. Then he brought the texts, he didn't show what he had seen. That's why the Jewish people are accursed." Immediately after Cieply's article was published, Brody made a clear point of criticising the "extremely selective and narrow use" of passages in his book, and noted that Godard's work approached the Holocaust with "the greatest moral seriousness". Indeed, his documentaries feature images from
11396-622: The country. The BBC Voices project also collected hundreds of news articles about how the British speak English from swearing through to items on language schools. This information will also be collated and analysed by Johnson's team both for content and for where it was reported. "Perhaps the most remarkable finding in the Voices study is that the English language is as diverse as ever, despite our increased mobility and constant exposure to other accents and dialects through TV and radio". When discussing
11544-521: The dam bought the film and used it for publicity purposes. As he continued to work for Cahiers , he made Une femme coquette (1955), a 10-minute short, in Geneva ; and in January 1956 he returned to Paris. A plan for a feature film of Goethe's Elective Affinities proved too ambitious and came to nothing. Truffaut enlisted his help to work on an idea he had for a film based on the true-crime story of
11692-529: The dam, he moved to the post of telephone switchboard operator. While on duty, in April 1954, he put through a call to Laubscher which relayed the fact that Odile Monod, Godard's mother, had died in a scooter accident. Thanks to Swiss friends who lent him a 35 mm movie camera, he was able to shoot on 35mm film. He rewrote the commentary that Laubscher had written, and gave his film a rhyming title Opération béton ( Operation Concrete ). The company that administered
11840-430: The end of the take (while the actors are coming out of character). Week End 's enigmatic and audacious end title sequence, which reads "End of Cinema", appropriately marked an end to the narrative and cinematic period in Godard's filmmaking career. Godard was known for his "highly political voice", and regularly featured political content in his films. One of his earliest features, Le petit soldat , which dealt with
11988-412: The era of talkies. We dreamed about film. We were like Christians in the catacombs ." His foray into films began in the field of criticism . Along with Maurice Schérer (writing under the to-be-famous pseudonym Éric Rohmer ) and Jacques Rivette, he founded the short-lived film journal La Gazette du cinéma [ fr ] , which saw the publication of five issues in 1950. When Bazin co-founded
12136-663: The executive committee are composed as follows: As of 17 May 2021 As of 31 December 2023 BNP Paribas CIB (Corporate and Institutional Banking) is the global investment banking arm of BNP Paribas, the largest banking group in the world. In October 2010, BNP Paribas was ranked by Bloomberg and Forbes as the largest bank and largest company in the world by assets with over US$ 3.1 trillion. BNP Paribas CIB's main centres are in Paris and London , with large scale operations in New York , Hong Kong , and Singapore , and smaller operations in almost every financial centre in
12284-624: The fall of 1952, Godard returned to Switzerland and went to live with his mother in Lausanne. He became friendly with his mother's lover, Jean-Pierre Laubscher, who was a labourer on the Grande Dixence Dam . Through Laubscher he secured work himself as a construction worker at the Plaz Fleuri work site at the dam. He saw the possibility of making a documentary film about the dam; when his initial contract ended, to prolong his time at
12432-437: The film during the planning phase for Pierrot le Fou (1965). In 1965, Godard directed Alphaville , a futuristic blend of science fiction, film noir , and satire. Eddie Constantine starred as Lemmy Caution , a detective who is sent into a city controlled by a giant computer named Alpha 60. His mission is to make contact with Professor von Braun ( Howard Vernon ), a famous scientist who has fallen mysteriously silent, and
12580-653: The film stock as "inherently racist" since it did not reflect the variety, nuance or complexity in dark brown or dark skin . This was because Kodak Shirley cards were only made for Caucasian subjects, a problem that was not rectified until 1995. In 1972, Godard and his life partner, Swiss filmmaker, Anne-Marie Miéville started the alternative video production and distribution company Sonimage, based in Grenoble . Under Sonimage, Godard produced Comment ca va , Numéro Deux (1975) and Sauve qui peut (la vie) (1980). In 1976, Godard and Miéville, his future wife, collaborated on
12728-429: The film, describes it as a "sociological study of the alienation of the modern woman". The period which spans from May 1968 into the 1970s has been given various labels—from his "militant" period, to his "radical" period, along with terms as specific as " Maoist " and as vague as "political". In any case, the period saw Godard employ consistent revolutionary rhetoric in his films and in his public statements. Inspired by
12876-541: The first major financial group to acknowledge the impact of the sub-prime crisis by closing two funds exposed to it. This day is now generally seen as the start of the 2007–2008 financial crisis and the bank's quick reaction saved it from the fate of other large European banks such as UBS . On 6 October 2008, BNP took over 75% of troubled bank Fortis ' activities in Belgium , and 66% in Luxembourg , in exchange for
13024-515: The first of a series of more mainstream films marked by autobiographical currents: it was followed by Passion , Lettre à Freddy Buache (both 1982), Prénom Carmen (1983), and Grandeur et décadence d'un petit commerce de cinéma (1986). There was, though, another flurry of controversy with Je vous salue, Marie (1985), which was condemned by the Roman Catholic Church for alleged heresy , and also with King Lear (1987),
13172-444: The history of film itself. In 2001, Éloge de l'amour ( In Praise of Love ) was released. The film is notable for its use of both film and video—the first half captured in 35 mm black and white, the latter half shot in color on DV —and subsequently transferred to film for editing. The film is also noted for containing themes of ageing, love, separation, and rediscovery as it follows the young artist Edgar in his contemplation of
13320-522: The idea of two different morphemes, one that causes the double negation, and one that is used for the point or the verb. Standard English in the United Kingdom, as in other English-speaking nations, is widely enforced in schools and by social norms for formal contexts but not by any singular authority; for instance, there is no institution equivalent to the Académie française with French or
13468-621: The influential critical magazine Cahiers du Cinéma in 1951 (a seminal publication on cinema and its main observers and participants), Godard was the first of the younger critics from the CCQL/Cinémathèque group to be published. The January 1952 issue featured his review of an American melodrama directed by Rudolph Maté , No Sad Songs for Me . His "Defence and Illustration of Classical Découpage" published in September 1952, in which he attacks an earlier article by Bazin and defends
13616-548: The innovative use of jump cuts (which were traditionally considered amateurish), character asides , and breaking the eyeline match in continuity editing . Another unique aspect of Breathless was the spontaneous writing of the script on the day of shooting—a technique that the actors found unsettling—which contribute to the spontaneous, documentary-like ambiance of the film. From the beginning of his career, Godard included more film references in his movies than any of his New Wave colleagues. In Breathless , his citations include
13764-407: The king reveals the deception of war-administrating leaders. His final film of 1963 and the most commercially successful film of his career was Le Mépris ( Contempt ), starring Michel Piccoli and one of France's biggest female stars, Brigitte Bardot . The film follows Paul (Piccoli), a screenwriter who is commissioned by Prokosch ( Jack Palance ), an arrogant American movie producer, to rewrite
13912-471: The largest fine ever for violating U.S. sanctions, and substantially more than the previous record of $ 1.9 billion. BNP Paribas was also barred for one year under the plea agreement from certain US dollar-dominated transactions. The fine exceeded the bank's $ 6.4 billion 2013 annual income and the $ 1.1 billion it previously had allocated for the anticipated fine. The bank's failure to cooperate with
14060-523: The last southern Midlands accent to use the broad "a" in words like bath or grass (i.e. barth or grarss ). Conversely crass or plastic use a slender "a". A few miles northwest in Leicestershire the slender "a" becomes more widespread generally. In the town of Corby , five miles (8 km) north, one can find Corbyite which, unlike the Kettering accent, is largely influenced by
14208-518: The later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance branch of the European languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility and with a huge vocabulary . Dialects and accents vary amongst the four countries of
14356-509: The leadership of the Communications Director, Antoine Sire) is called the "courbe d'envol" (curve of taking flight). The stars allude to Europe and universality. The transformation of the stars into birds conveys openness, freedom, growth, and the ability to change and adapt. The shape and movement of the curve places the logo in the universe of life. The green square symbolises nature and optimism. The General Management and
14504-457: The mass internal migration to Northamptonshire in the 1940s and given its position between several major accent regions, it has become a source of various accent developments. In Northampton the older accent has been influenced by overspill Londoners. There is an accent known locally as the Kettering accent, which is a transitional accent between the East Midlands and East Anglian . It is
14652-463: The modern period, but due to their remoteness from the Germanic languages , influence on English was notably limited . However, the degree of influence remains debated, and it has recently been argued that its grammatical influence accounts for the substantial innovations noted between English and the other West Germanic languages. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting
14800-476: The most influential body of work in the history of cinema" by Filmmaker magazine. In a 2002 Sight & Sound poll, Godard ranked third in the critics' top ten directors of all time. He is said to have "generated one of the largest bodies of critical analysis of any filmmaker since the mid-twentieth century." His work has been central to narrative theory and has "challenged both commercial narrative cinema norms and film criticism's vocabulary." In 2010, Godard
14948-436: The multi-year investigation was given as a significant factor in the size of the fine. Additionally, BNP Paribas continued to process sanctioned transactions after the investigation began. After the fine was announced, BNP said it would be "just fine" and that it had "a comprehensive plan" to avoid similar violations in the future. The company's stock, which had fallen 12% since news of the investigation first leaked, rose 4% on
15096-483: The name Karl Marx is cited in conjunction with figures such as Jesus Christ . A constant refrain throughout Godard's cinematic period is that of the bourgeoisie's consumerism , the commodification of daily life and activity, and man's alienation —all central features of Marx's critique of capitalism . In an essay on Godard, philosopher and aesthetics scholar Jacques Rancière states, "When in Pierrot le fou , 1965,
15244-468: The next two years due to its political nature. The 'little soldier' Bruno Forestier was played by Michel Subor . Forestier was a character close to Godard himself, an image-maker and intellectual, 'more or less my spokesman, but not totally' Godard told an interviewer. The film begins on 13 May 1958, the date of the attempted putsch in Algeria , and ends later the same month. In the film, Bruno Forestier,
15392-465: The notion of what a film can be. In addition to abandoning mainstream filmmaking, Godard also tried to escape the cult of personality that had formed around him. He worked anonymously in collaboration with other filmmakers, most notably Jean-Pierre Gorin , with whom he formed the Dziga-Vertov cinema collective. During this period Godard made films in England, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Palestine, and
15540-484: The production went ahead. The film's importance was recognised immediately, and in January 1960 Godard won the Jean Vigo Prize , awarded "to encourage an auteur of the future". One reviewer mentioned Alexandre Astruc 's prophecy of the age of the caméra-stylo , the camera that a new generation would use with the efficacy with which a writer uses his pen—"here is in fact the first work authentically written with
15688-542: The property of BNP Paribas. However, the acquisition was completed, and BNP Paribas took 75% shareholding and renamed the new subsidiary BNP Paribas Fortis . After this only Fortis Insurance International was left in Fortis Holding and this was renamed as Ageas , a business that had Insurance all over Europe and Asia. In April 2024, it was announced BNP Paribas had acquired Fosun International's entire 9% stake in Ageas, worth €730 million. The remaining Fortis Bank Netherlands
15836-713: The purchase of BGZ Bank for a final fee stated in the media to be $ 1.3 billion. In December 2021, BNP Paribas announced to exit US retail banking business by selling its Bank of the West to the Bank of Montreal for $ 16.3bn. BNP Paribas has around $ 80 billion under management in Asia by 2024. The bank has hired 20 private bankers, including Tiffeny Situ from Morgan Stanley , Wendy Chan from Citigroup and Martin Loh from Credit Suisse Group , as part of its expansion program. In 2022, total revenues of €50.4 billion represent an increase of 9% compared to 2021, BNP Paribas remains at
15984-479: The script for an adaptation of Homer 's Odyssey , which the Austrian director Fritz Lang has been filming. Lang's ' high culture ' interpretation of the story is lost on Prokosch, whose character is a firm indictment of the commercial motion picture hierarchy. In 1964, Godard and Karina formed a production company, Anouchka Films. He directed Bande à part ( Band of Outsiders ), another collaboration between
16132-521: The second quarter of 2008, and following record revenues of €3.696 billion in the first quarter of 2009. In 2016 BNP reached a $ 40m settlement with a Jewish employee. The employee had been made to watch a training video. The film portrayed Adolf Hitler as the CEO of Deutsche Bank , one of BNP's competitors and the Nazi soldiers around him as Deutsche Bank executives. The video showed Hitler screaming at
16280-518: The soldiers. Also, his colleagues made a number of anti-semitic comments during his time at BNP Paribas. On 30 May 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the United States Department of Justice was negotiating a possible guilty plea with BNP Paribas as well as the size of the resulting fine for violating U.S. regulations and evading US sanctions. The Justice Department sought a fine of more than US $ 10 billion, which
16428-626: The soundtrack— Mozart , Picasso , J. S. Bach , Paul Klee , and Auguste Renoir . "This first-person cinema invoked not the director's experience but his presence". Godard wanted to hire the American actress Jean Seberg, who was living in Paris with her husband François Moreuil, a lawyer, to play the American woman. Seberg had become famous in 1956 when Otto Preminger had chosen her to play Joan of Arc in his Saint Joan , and had then cast her in his 1958 adaptation of Bonjour Tristesse . Her performance in this film had not been generally regarded as
16576-422: The spectacle of life is intermingled with its analysis". He was very conscious of the way he wished to portray the human being. His efforts are overtly characteristic of Marx, who in his Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 gives one of his most nuanced elaborations, analysing how the worker is alienated from his product, the object of his productive activity. Georges Sadoul , in his short rumination on
16724-461: The spoken language. Globally, countries that are former British colonies or members of the Commonwealth tend to follow British English, as is the case for English used by European Union institutions. In China, both British English and American English are taught. The UK government actively teaches and promotes English around the world and operates in over 200 countries . English is
16872-876: The sponsor of the BNP Paribas Primrose Bordeaux , an ATP Challenger Tour tournament. The company's sponsorship expanded to the United States in 2009 when it became the title sponsor of the Indian Wells Masters , an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 two-week tournament in California. It also sponsored the BNP Paribas Showdown and BNP Paribas Tennis Classic exhibition tournaments held in New York City and London respectively. The Stanford Classic , since 1992,
17020-603: The theft of work tools worth £500 from a van at the Sprucefield park and ride car park in Lisburn. A football team can be treated likewise: Arsenal have lost just one of 20 home Premier League matches against Manchester City. This tendency can be observed in texts produced already in the 19th century. For example, Jane Austen , a British author, writes in Chapter 4 of Pride and Prejudice , published in 1813: All
17168-419: The top of the French banks' ranking in terms of activity. During this year, BNP Paribas Group net income attributable to equity holders increased to 7.5% (to 10.2 billion euros). The geographic breakdown of Net Banking Income (NBI) at the end of 2020 is as follows: Europe (72.2%), North America (12.9%), Asia Pacific (8.6%) and others (6.3%). The BNP Paribas logo since 2000 (designed by Laurent Vincent under
17316-403: The traditional accent of Newcastle upon Tyne , 'out' will sound as 'oot', and in parts of Scotland and North-West England, 'my' will be pronounced as 'me'. Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are diphthongised to [ɪi] and [ʊu] respectively (or, more technically, [ʏʉ], with a raised tongue), so that ee and oo in feed and food are pronounced with a movement. The diphthong [oʊ] is also pronounced with
17464-472: The transition from paper check transfer to "Exchanges Check-Image" electronic transfer. The German Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung FOCUS , Bloomberg and the French Les Échos newspapers published an article regarding a €152 million mistrade ( erroneous trade ) in which BNP Paribas Arbitrage was allegedly involved. The bank has sold securities for €326,400 to the investor Armin S. but
17612-489: The two and described by him as " Alice in Wonderland meets Franz Kafka ." It follows two young men, looking to score on a heist, who both fall in love with Karina, and quotes from several gangster film conventions. While promoting the film, Godard wrote that according to D. W. Griffith , all one needs to make a film is "a girl and a gun." Une femme mariée ( A Married Woman , 1964) followed Band of Outsiders . It
17760-417: The unusual step of writing dialogue every day and calling the lines to the actors during filming – a technique made possible by filming without direct sound and dubbing dialogue in post-production. His following film was Les Carabiniers , based on a story by Roberto Rossellini , one of Godard's influences. The film follows two peasants who join the army of a king, only to find futility in the whole thing as
17908-587: The use of the shot–reverse shot technique, is one of his earliest important contributions to cinema criticism. Praising Otto Preminger and "the greatest American artist— Howard Hawks ", Godard raises their harsh melodramas above the more "formalistic and overtly artful films of Welles , De Sica , and Wyler which Bazin endorsed". At this point Godard's activities did not include making films. Rather, he watched films, and wrote about them, and helped others make films, notably Rohmer, with whom he worked on Présentation ou Charlotte et son steak . Having left Paris in
18056-688: The value of the securities is €163 million according to the bank. According to the article, the error remained unnoticed for several days. BNP has even reconfirmed the original price. The Financial Times published an article in March 2018 about the case with the title "BNP Paribas failed to book trades in Germany for a week". It cites internal documents that show it did not book all trades that happened in structured products in Germany from 2 to 9 December 2015. The Financial Times estimates that 8,500 trades might have been affected. It also questions if
18204-750: The varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon , eventually came to dominate. The original Old English was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first was by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic family, who settled in parts of Britain in the eighth and ninth centuries; the second was the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman . These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree (though it
18352-493: The viewer ( Verfremdungseffekt ) through a radical separation of the elements of the medium (theatre in Brecht's case, but in Godard's, film). Brecht's influence is keenly felt through much of Godard's work, particularly before 1980, when Godard used cinematic expression for specific political ends. For example, Breathless 's elliptical editing, which denies the viewer a fluid narrative typical of mainstream cinema, forces
18500-507: The viewers to take on more critical roles, connecting the pieces themselves and coming away with more investment in the work's content. In many of his most political pieces, specifically Week-end , Pierrot le Fou , and La Chinoise , characters address the audience with thoughts, feelings, and instructions. A Marxist reading is possible with most if not all of Godard's early work. Godard's direct interaction with Marxism does not become explicitly apparent, however, until Week End , where
18648-461: The violence and loneliness that lie so close to happiness today. It's very much a film about France." Masculin Féminin (1966), based on two Guy de Maupassant stories, La Femme de Paul and Le Signe , was a study of contemporary French youth and their involvement with cultural politics. An intertitle refers to the characters as "The children of Marx and Coca-Cola ." Although Godard's cinema
18796-885: The way the radio dehumanises the Northern Vietnamese combatants. The war is present throughout the film in mentions, allusions, and depictions in newsreel footage, and the film's style was affected by Godard's political anger at the war, upsetting his ability to draw from earlier cinematic styles. Notably, he also participated in Loin du Vietnam (1967). An anti-war project, it consists of seven sketches directed by Godard (who used stock footage from La Chinoise ), Claude Lelouch , Joris Ivens , William Klein , Chris Marker , Alain Resnais , and Agnès Varda . Godard's engagement with German poet and playwright Bertolt Brecht stems primarily from his attempt to transpose Brecht's theory of epic theatre and its prospect of alienating
18944-402: The word 'British' and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within a range of blurring and ambiguity". Variations exist in formal (both written and spoken) English in the United Kingdom. For example, the adjective wee is almost exclusively used in parts of Scotland, north-east England, Northern Ireland, Ireland, and occasionally Yorkshire , whereas
19092-568: The world are good and agreeable in your eyes. However, in Chapter 16, the grammatical number is used. The world is blinded by his fortune and consequence. Some dialects of British English use negative concords, also known as double negatives . Rather than changing a word or using a positive, words like nobody, not, nothing, and never would be used in the same sentence. While this does not occur in Standard English, it does occur in non-standard dialects. The double negation follows
19240-566: The world. It has been designated as a Significant Institution since the entry into force of European Banking Supervision in late 2014, and as a consequence is directly supervised by the European Central Bank . Although a French banking group, the Belgian government has been a significant shareholder since 2009 (with 5.3% equity ownership as of mid-2023) as a result of the group's acquisition of Fortis Bank Belgium , heir to
19388-577: The world. It employs 185,000 people across 56 countries and provides financing , advisory and capital markets services. BNP Paribas CIB is a globally recognised leader in two areas of expertise: trading derivatives on all asset classes , and structured financing . BNP Paribas CIB also has a large corporate advisory network in Europe and Asia . BNP Paribas CIB has 13,000 clients, consisting of companies, financial institutions, governments, investment funds and hedge funds. BNP Paribas CIB benefits from
19536-556: The writer Jean Schlumberger . Having failed his baccalauréat exam in 1948, he returned to Switzerland. He studied in Lausanne and lived with his parents, whose marriage was breaking up. He spent time in Geneva also with a group that included another film fanatic, Roland Tolmatchoff, and the extreme rightist philosopher Jean Parvulesco. His elder sister Rachel encouraged him to paint, which he did, in an abstract style. After time spent at
19684-436: Was a slow, deliberate, toned-down black-and-white picture without a real story. The film was shot in four weeks and was "an explicitly and stringently modernist film". It showed Godard's "engagement with the most advanced thinking of the day, as expressed in the work of Claude Lévi-Strauss and Roland Barthes " and its fragmentation and abstraction reflected also "his loss of faith in the familiar Hollywood styles." Godard made
19832-528: Was arguably the most influential French filmmaker of the post-war era . According to AllMovie , his work "revolutionized the motion picture form" through its experimentation with narrative, continuity , sound , and camerawork . His most acclaimed films include Breathless (1960), Vivre sa vie (1962), Contempt (1963), Band of Outsiders (1964), Alphaville (1965), Pierrot le Fou (1965), Masculin Féminin (1966), Weekend (1967) and Goodbye to Language (2014). During his early career as
19980-638: Was awarded an Academy Honorary Award . Jean-Luc Godard was born on 3 December 1930 in the 7th arrondissement of Paris , the son of Odile ( née Monod) and Paul Godard, a Swiss physician. His wealthy parents came from Protestant families of Franco–Swiss descent, and his mother was the daughter of Julien Monod, a founder of the Banque Paribas . She was the great-granddaughter of theologian Adolphe Monod . Other relatives on his mother's side include composer Jacques-Louis Monod , naturalist Théodore Monod , and pastor Frédéric Monod . On his father's side, he
20128-492: Was expected to be reduced to $ 8 or $ 9 billion in negotiations. BNP Paribas was said to have laundered up to US$ 100 billion from the sanctioned countries of Sudan, Iran, and Cuba. On 1 July 2014, BNP Paribas pled guilty in a New York state court to falsifying business records as well as conspiracy in connection to those falsifications. It was also expected to plead guilty in federal court to violating laws against money-laundering. It agreed to pay $ 8.9 billion,
20276-569: Was founded by Henri Langlois and Georges Franju in 1936; Work and Culture was a workers' education group for which André Bazin had organised wartime film screenings and discussions and which had become a model for the film clubs that had risen throughout France after the Liberation; CCQL, founded in about 1947 or 1948, was animated and intellectually led by Maurice Schérer . At these clubs he met fellow film enthusiasts including Jacques Rivette , Claude Chabrol , and François Truffaut . Godard
20424-615: Was founded in 2000 from the merger of two of France's foremost financial institutions, Banque Nationale de Paris (BNP) and Paribas . It also incorporates many other major institutions through successive acquisitions, including Fortis Bank in Belgium , Direkt Anlage Bank in Germany , Banca Nazionale del Lavoro in Italy, Banque Générale du Luxembourg in Luxembourg , and Türk Ekonomi Bankası in Turkey . The group has also been present in
20572-440: Was in debt from two productions based on Pierre Loti stories; hence, financing came instead from a film distributor, René Pignières. Godard's most celebrated period as a director spans roughly from his first feature, Breathless (1960), through to Week End (1967). His work during this period focused on relatively conventional films that often refer to different aspects of film history. Although Godard's work during this time
20720-491: Was in the context of a joke, a piece of art, or a relationship, presented to be used as tools of reference, romanticising the Marxist rhetoric, rather than being solely tools of education. Une femme mariée is also structured around Marx's concept of commodity fetishism . Godard once said that it is "a film in which individuals are considered as things, in which chases in a taxi alternate with ethological interviews, in which
20868-635: Was in the hands of the Dutch Government which merged it with other ABN AMRO holdings it already owned under the name ABN AMRO . In May 2009, BNP Paribas became the majority shareholder (65.96%) of BGL (formerly Fortis Bank Luxembourg), the State of Luxembourg retaining 34% making BNP the eurozone 's largest bank by deposits held. On 21 September, the bank's registered name was changed to BGL BNP Paribas and in February 2010, BGL BNP Paribas became
21016-423: Was known for a series of radical documentaries titled " Kino Pravda " (literally, "film truth") and the late silent-era feature film Man with a Movie Camera (1929). Vertov was also a contemporary of both Soviet montage theorists, notably Sergei Eisenstein , and Russian constructivist and avant-garde artists such as Alexander Rodchenko and Vladimir Tatlin . Part of Godard's political shift after May 1968
21164-422: Was never a truly mixed language in the strictest sense of the word; mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication). The more idiomatic, concrete and descriptive English is, the more it is from Anglo-Saxon origins. The more intellectual and abstract English is, the more it contains Latin and French influences, e.g. swine (like
21312-399: Was one of his most popular among critics. Karina starred as Nana, an errant mother and aspiring actress whose financially strained circumstances lead her to the life of a streetwalker . It is an episodic account of her rationalisations to prove she is free, even though she is tethered at the end of her pimp 's short leash. In one scene, within a café, she spreads her arms out and announces she
21460-477: Was part of a generation for whom cinema took on a special importance. He said: "In the 1950s cinema was as important as bread—but it isn't the case anymore. We thought cinema would assert itself as an instrument of knowledge, a microscope... a telescope.... At the Cinémathèque I discovered a world which nobody had spoken to me about. They'd told us about Goethe , but not Dreyer . ... We watched silent films in
21608-446: Was reconsidered, he began to collaborate with like-minded individuals in the filmmaking arena. His most notable collaborator was Jean-Pierre Gorin , a Maoist student of Louis Althusser , Michel Foucault , and Jacques Lacan , who later became a professor of Film Studies at the University of California at San Diego , with a passion for cinema that attracted Godard's attention. Between 1968 and 1973, Godard and Gorin collaborated to make
21756-514: Was the legendary French singer and actor Yves Montand , who had appeared in prestigious films by Georges Clouzot , Alain Résnais, Sacha Guitry , Vincente Minelli , George Cukor , and Costa-Gavras . The small group of Maoists that Godard had brought together, which included Gorin, adopted the name Dziga Vertov Group. Godard had a specific interest in Dziga Vertov , a Soviet filmmaker—who
21904-572: Was toward a proactive participation in the class struggle and he drew inspiration from filmmakers associated with the Russian Revolution . Towards the end of this period of his life, Godard began to feel disappointed with his Maoist ideals and was abandoned by his wife at the time, Anne Wiazemsky. In this context, according to biographer Antoine de Baecque, Godard attempted suicide on two occasions. Godard returned to somewhat more traditional fiction with Sauve qui peut (la vie) (1980),
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