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79-421: Daniel Howard Yergin (born February 6, 1947) is an American author and consultant within the energy and economic sectors. Yergin is vice chairman of S&P Global . He was formerly vice chairman of IHS Markit , which merged with S&P in 2022. He founded Cambridge Energy Research Associates , which IHS Markit acquired in 2004. He has authored or co-authored several books on energy and world economics, including

158-624: A Jewish household, Schlesinger converted to Lutheranism as an adult. Rachel Schlesinger was an accomplished violinist and board member of the Arlington Symphony. In the early 1990s, she was a leader in the fundraising effort to create a premier performing arts center on the Virginia side of the Potomac River. She died from cancer before seeing the center's completion. After her death, Dr. Schlesinger donated $ 1 million to have

237-520: A Lifetime Achievement Award, and in 2015 the University of Pennsylvania presented him with the first Carnot Prize for "distinguished contributions to energy policy." The U.S. Department of Energy awarded him the first James Schlesinger Medal for Energy Security in 2014. In 2023, Yergin received the Pioneer Award from Southern Methodist University . IHS Markit IHS Markit Ltd

316-733: A commission to investigate the 9/11 attacks . On June 11, 2002, he was appointed by U.S. President George W. Bush to the Homeland Security Advisory Council . He also served as a consultant to the United States Department of Defense , and was a member of the Defense Policy Board . In 2004, he served as chairman to the Independent Panel to Review DoD Detention Operations. On January 5, 2006, he participated in

395-543: A deal which would be the largest of the year globally, according to Dealogic data. On September 9, 2021, GlobalData announced its purchase of the Pricing and Reimbursement dataset from IHS Markit. In December 2021, the IHS Markit announced its intention to sell Base Chemicals to News Corp for a reported $ 295 million as part of an effort to alleviate concerns about competitive effects. The purchase by S&P Global

474-566: A destabilizing first-strike capability against the USSR. But he wanted "an offensive capability of such size and composition that all will perceive it as in overall balance with the strategic forces of any potential opponent." Schlesinger devoted much attention to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , citing the need to strengthen its conventional capabilities. He rejected the old assumption that NATO did not need

553-526: A direct counter to Warsaw Pact conventional forces because it could rely on tactical and strategic nuclear weapons, noting that the approximate nuclear parity between the United States and the Soviets in the 1970s made this stand inappropriate. He rejected the argument that NATO could not afford a conventional counterweight to Warsaw Pact forces. In his discussions with NATO leaders, Schlesinger promoted

632-491: A fast-response force that could act to deter additional enemy attacks; and establishing a range of capabilities sufficient to convince all nations that the United States was equal to its strongest competitors. To meet these needs, Schlesinger built on existing ideas in developing a flexible response nuclear strategy, which, with the President's approval, he made public by early 1974. The United States, Schlesinger said, needed

711-601: A major offensive against South Vietnam. However, when the North Vietnamese began their 1975 Spring Offensive , the United States could do little to help the South Vietnamese, who collapsed completely as the North Vietnamese captured Saigon in late April. Schlesinger announced early in the morning of 29 April 1975 the evacuation from Saigon by helicopter of the last U.S. diplomatic, military and civilian personnel. Only one other notable event remained in

790-622: A meeting at the White House of former Secretaries of Defense and State to discuss United States foreign policy with Bush administration officials. On January 31, 2006, he was appointed by the Secretary of State to be a member of the Arms Control and Nonproliferation Advisory Board. On May 2, 2006, he was named to be a co-chairman of a Defense Science Board study on DOD Energy Strategy. He was an honorary chairman of The OSS Society . He

869-587: A member of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and designated him as chairman. Serving in this position for about a year and a half, Schlesinger instituted extensive organizational and management changes in an effort to improve the AEC's regulatory performance. Schlesinger was CIA Director from February 2, 1973, to July 2, 1973. He was succeeded by William Colby . Schlesinger was extremely unpopular with CIA staff, as he reduced CIA staff by 7%, and

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948-464: A note to a memo about the catastrophic effects of climate change entitled "Release of Fossil CO2 and the Possibility of a Catastrophic Climate Change", his note read: My view is that the policy implications of this issue are still too uncertain to warrant Presidential involvement and policy initiatives. The note encouraged then President Carter to dismiss the issue, and therefore contributed to

1027-486: A nuclear attack, be left with the single option of ordering the mass destruction of enemy civilians, in the face of the certainty that it would be followed by the mass slaughter of Americans?" With this approach, Schlesinger moved to a partial counterforce policy, emphasizing Soviet military targets such as ICBM missile installations, avoiding initial attacks on population centers, and minimizing unintended collateral damage. He explicitly disavowed any intention to acquire

1106-632: A number of opinion pieces on global warming , expressing a strongly skeptical position. Schlesinger raised awareness of the peak oil issue and supports facing it. In the keynote speech at a 2007 conference hosted by the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas in Cork, Schlesinger said that oil industry executives now privately concede that the world faces an imminent oil production peak. In his 2010 ASPO-USA keynote speech, Schlesinger observed that

1185-624: A peak, Yergin predicted that future oil production would plateau as increasing prices moderate demand and stimulate production. He also addressed peak oil in a chapter in The Quest entitled "Is the World Running Out of Oil?" In 2019, Yergin and former U.S. Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz led a major 229-page study, Advancing the Landscape of Clean Energy Innovation , which was conducted by IHS Markit and Energy Futures Initiative for

1264-519: A succession of immediate crises that tested his administrative and political skills. In October 1973, three months after he took office, Arab countries launched a surprise attack on Israel and started the Yom Kippur War . A few days after the war started, with Israel not faring as well as expected militarily, the Soviets resupplying some Arab countries and the Israeli government having authorized

1343-800: A tight rein on the money for his programs. After leaving the Pentagon, Schlesinger wrote and spoke forcefully about national security issues, especially the Soviet threat and the need for the United States to maintain adequate defenses. When Jimmy Carter became president in January 1977 he appointed Schlesinger, a Republican, as his special adviser on energy and subsequently as the first Secretary of Energy in October 1977. According to one account, "Schlesinger impressed candidate Jimmy Carter with his brains, his high-level experience... and with secrets regarding

1422-864: A valued NATO ally, but Congress overrode both vetoes and in December 1974 prohibited such aid, which instituted an arms embargo that lasted five years. The last phase of the Vietnam War occurred during Schlesinger's tenure. Although all U.S. combat forces had left South Vietnam in the spring of 1973, the United States continued to maintain a military presence in other areas of Southeast Asia. Some senators criticized Schlesinger and questioned him sharply during his confirmation hearings in June 1973 after he stated that he would recommend resumption of U.S. bombing in North Vietnam and Laos if North Vietnam launched

1501-704: Is a trustee of the Brookings Institution , where he chairs the energy security roundtable. He is currently a director on the Council on Foreign Relations , United States Energy Association , and the U.S.-Russia Business Council . He serves on the National Petroleum Council , which advises the U.S. Secretary of Energy . He is on the advisory boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Initiative,

1580-585: Is arguably best known for his fourth book, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (1991). It became a number-one bestseller that won the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction in 1992 and the Eccles Prize for the best book on economics for a general audience, selling around 700,000 copies in 17 languages. The book was adapted into a PBS / BBC series seen by around 100 million viewers both domestically and internationally, with Yergin as

1659-647: The Financial Times , and Forbes . He has also been interviewed about energy policy and international politics on various television programs. In 2003 he became CNBC 's global energy expert, which he continued to do for a decade, and in September 2011 he appeared on The Colbert Report to discuss wind and solar power. In a 2011 essay published in The Wall Street Journal , Yergin criticized predictions of imminent peak oil . Instead of

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1738-660: The Financial Times . All of Yergin's books have been drafted in long-hand. Currently a director on entities such as the Council on Foreign Relations and the United States Energy Association , he is also a trustee of the Brookings Institution and a long-term advisor to several U.S. administrations, as well as chairman of the annual CERAWeek energy conference. Yergin was born to Jewish parents on February 6, 1947, in Los Angeles, California. His father Irving Yergin worked at Warner Brothers and

1817-525: The Columbia University Center on Global Energy Policy, and Singapore's International Energy Advisory Panel. Yergin has been a member of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board under presidents Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , Barack Obama , and Donald Trump . In December 2016 Yergin joined a business forum composed primarily of CEOs assembled to provide strategic and policy advice on economic issues to President Donald Trump . The forum

1896-475: The Federal Power Commission . In July 1979, Carter replaced him as part of a broader Cabinet shakeup. According to journalist Paul Glastris , "Carter fired Schlesinger in 1979 in part for the same reason Gerald Ford had—he was unbearably arrogant and impatient with lesser minds who disagreed with him, and hence inept at dealing with Congress." On July 7, 1977 Schlesinger read and attached

1975-519: The Peak Oil debate was over. He warned of political inaction as a major hindrance, like those in Pompeii before the eruption of Mount Vesuvius . On June 5, 2008, U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced that he had asked Schlesinger to lead a senior-level task force to recommend improvements in the stewardship and operation of nuclear weapons, delivery vehicles and sensitive components by

2054-603: The Pulitzer Prize –winning The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power , (1991) The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World (2011), and The New Map: Energy, Climate, and the Clash of Nations (2020). Yergin's articles and op-eds on energy, history, and the economy have been published in publications such as The Wall Street Journal , The New York Times , The Washington Post , and

2133-889: The United States Marine Band , "The President's Own", and the U.S. Marine Chamber Orchestra, the United States Army Band , "Pershing's Own", and the U.S. Army Strings, the United States Navy Band , the New Dominion Chorale, the American Balalaika Symphony, Festivals of Music, various ethnic groups and many others. Schlesinger worked consistently with distinction long after his government and academic experiences, serving on numerous governmental advisory boards until only weeks before his death at

2212-648: The University of Virginia and in 1960 published The Political Economy of National Security. In 1963, he moved to the RAND Corporation , where he worked until 1969, in the later years as director of strategic studies. In 1969, Schlesinger joined the Nixon administration as assistant director of the Bureau of the Budget , devoting most of his time to Defense matters. In 1971, President Nixon appointed Schlesinger

2291-632: The Arab states and that he had had a serious disagreement over this matter with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger . Eventually the combatants agreed to a cease-fire, but not before the Soviet Union threatened to intervene on the Arab side and the United States declared a higher level worldwide alert of its forces. Another crisis flared in July 1974 within the NATO alliance when Turkish forces, concerned about

2370-545: The Breakthrough Energy coalition, led by Bill Gates. The study identified ten areas for transformational energy breakthroughs. Axios quoted Yergin, "The purpose of the report is to provide a framework and a guide to people who want to invest in clean energy innovation." Yergin chaired IHS Markit's study on "Reinventing the Wheel," which focused on changing transportation methods, the role of electric vehicles, and

2449-456: The GPS constellation and its governmental augmentations. [1] On June 5, 2008, Defense Secretary Robert Gates appointed Schlesinger to head a task force to ensure the "highest levels" of control over nuclear weapons. The purpose of the review was to prevent a repeat of recent incidents where control was lost over components of nuclear weapons, and even over nuclear weapons themselves. Schlesinger

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2528-741: The Greek Cypriot side and, officially, because Turkish forces used some U.S.-supplied military equipment intended solely for NATO purposes. He felt the Turks had overstepped the bounds of legitimate NATO interests in Cyprus and suggested that the United States might have to reexamine its military aid program to Turkey . During this time, President Gerald R. Ford had succeeded Nixon after his resignation; eventually Ford and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger made it clear with two presidential vetoes that they favored continued military assistance to Turkey as

2607-583: The Indochina drama. In May 1975 Khmer Rouge forces boarded and captured the crew of the Mayaguez , an unarmed U.S.-registered freighter. The United States bombarded military and fuel installations on the Cambodian mainland while Marines landed by helicopter on an offshore island to rescue the crew. The 39 captives were retrieved, but the operation cost the lives of 41 U.S. military personnel. Nevertheless,

2686-727: The Korean War; military manpower was at the lowest point since before the Korean War ; and Defense spending amounted to about 17 percent of total national expenditures, the lowest since before the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941. Armed with these statistics, and alarmed by continuing Soviet weapon advances, Schlesinger became a vigorous advocate of larger DoD budgets. But he had little success. For FY 1975, Congress provided TOA of $ 86.1 billion, compared with $ 81.6 billion in FY 1974; for FY 1976,

2765-599: The US DoD following the 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident . Members of the task force came from the Defense Policy Board and the Defense Science Board. In 1954, Schlesinger married Rachel Line Mellinger (1930–1995); they had eight children: Cora (1955), Charles (1956), Ann (1958), William (1959), Emily (1961), Thomas (1964), Clara (1966) and James (1970). Though raised in

2844-473: The United States took up the burden. According to Henry Kissinger, with the president's authority, the directive was made to resupply Israel with the needed equipment and eliminate State Department delay. "It was alleged that the airlift was deliberately delayed as a maneuver to pressure Israel." Schlesinger rejected charges that the Defense Department delayed the resupply effort to avoid irritating

2923-518: The White House. The main reason behind Schlesinger's dismissal, though at the time unreported, was his insubordination toward President Ford. During the Mayaguez incident , Ford ordered several retaliatory strikes against Cambodia . Schlesinger told Ford the first strike was carried out, but Ford later learned that Schlesinger, who disagreed with the order, had none of them carried out. According to Bob Woodward 's 1999 book, Shadow , Ford let

3002-409: The ability, in the event of a nuclear attack, to respond so as to "limit the chances of uncontrolled escalation" and "hit meaningful targets" without causing widespread collateral damage. The nation's assured destruction force would be withheld in the hope that the enemy would not attack U.S. cities. In rejecting assured destruction, Schlesinger quoted President Nixon: "Should a President, in the event of

3081-628: The actions of Schlesinger as Secretary of Defense , from the actions of Mark Milley as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , with Grassley saying: "Pulling a Milley is a very different kettle of fish. A four-star general can't 'pull a Schlesinger'. Schlesinger was at the top of the chain of command, just below the President. He kept the President's constitutional command [sic] authority firmly in civilian hands. Milley allegedly placed military hands—his hands—on controls that belong exclusively to

3160-529: The age of 85. He was buried at Ferncliff Cemetery in Springfield, Ohio. Schlesinger is referred to in the book Peril by Bob Woodward and Robert Costa concerning actions taken by Mark Milley , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Presidents Trump and Biden. According to the news outlet Slate, in 1974 "Schlesinger told Brown," then Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, "to call him if he received any unusual orders from Nixon. Brown then told all

3239-525: The aircraft. Woodward says that an elected president, which Ford was not, would never have tolerated the insubordination. In spite of the controversy surrounding both his tenure and dismissal, Schlesinger was by most accounts an able secretary of defense. A serious and perceptive thinker on nuclear strategy, he was determined that the United States not fall seriously behind the Soviet Union in conventional and nuclear forces and devoted himself to modernization of defense policies and programs. He got along well with

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3318-458: The amount was $ 95.6 billion, an increase of 3.4 percent, but in real terms slightly less than it had been in FY 1955. Schlesinger's insistence on higher defense budgets, his disagreements within the administration and with Congress on this issue, and his differences with Secretary of State Kissinger all contributed to his dismissal by President Ford in November 1975. Schlesinger's legacy included

3397-512: The assured destruction strategy, which relied on massive nuclear attacks against an enemy's urban-industrial areas. Credible strategic nuclear deterrence, the secretary felt, depended on fulfilling several conditions: maintaining essential equivalence with the Soviet Union in force effectiveness; maintaining a highly survivable force that could be withheld or targeted against an enemy's economic base in order to deter coercive or desperation attacks against U.S. population or economic targets; establishing

3476-441: The basic objectives that would guide his administration: maintain a "strong defense establishment"; "assure the military balance so necessary to deterrence and a more enduring peace"; obtain for members of the military "the respect, dignity and support that are their due"; assume "an . . . obligation to use our citizens' resources wisely"; and "become increasingly competitive with potential adversaries.... [W]e must not be forced out of

3555-866: The book on four years of research, with Robert B. Stobaugh he co-authored and co-edited Energy Future: The Report of the Energy Project at the Harvard Business School in 1979. According to the Los Angeles Times , the book "caused a considerable stir with its optimistic view of the possibilities of energy conservation and such alternative sources as solar power." It proved to be a The New York Times bestseller , ultimately selling 300,000 copies in six languages. Within its first year of release, Yergin and Stobaugh were called to Washington, D.C. several times to testify before Congressional committees. He also advised James Schlesinger ,

3634-757: The center named in his wife's memory. The Rachel M. Schlesinger Concert Hall and Arts Center at Northern Virginia Community College , Alexandria Campus opened in September, 2001. It is an up-to-date building that features the Mary Baker Collier Theatre, the Margaret W. and Joseph L. Fisher Art Gallery, the Wachovia Forum and Seminar Room spaces. Clients of the Schlesinger Center include the Alexandria Symphony,

3713-427: The combined company and remaining chairman of CERA. Described as a sequel to his book The Prize, Yergin's The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World (2011) continued his history of the global oil industry but also addressed energy security, natural gas, electric power, climate change and the search for renewable sources of energy. Like his previous books, it was drafted in long-hand. In 2011 it

3792-447: The concept of burden-sharing, stressing the troubles that the United States faced in the mid-1970s because of an unfavorable balance of international payments. He urged qualitative improvements in NATO forces, including equipment standardization, and an increase in defense spending by NATO governments of up to five percent of their gross national product. Schlesinger had an abiding interest in strategic theory, but he also had to deal with

3871-409: The defense spending vacillations of his old boss, Ford, just in time for the presidential debates." As Energy Secretary, Schlesinger launched the Department's Carbon Dioxide Effects and Assessment Program shortly after the creation of that department in 1977. Secretary Schlesinger also oversaw the integration of the energy powers of more than 50 agencies, such as the Federal Energy Administration and

3950-414: The development of the close-air support aircraft the A-10 and the lightweight F-16 fighter. Kissinger strongly supported the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks process, while Schlesinger wanted assurances that arms control agreements would not put the United States in a strategic position inferior to the Soviet Union. The secretary's harsh criticism of some congressional leaders dismayed President Ford, who

4029-416: The facts about the DoD budget: In real terms it had been reduced by one-third since FY 1968; it was one-eighth below the pre- Vietnam War FY 1964 budget; purchases of equipment, consumables, and R&D were down 45 percent from the wartime peak and about $ 10 billion in constant dollars below the prewar level; Defense now absorbed about 6 percent of the gross national product, the lowest percentage since before

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4108-465: The first US energy secretary, around the time of the Iranian revolution . According to Reuters , "since then he has given advice to every administration." He founded Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA) with Jamey Rosenfield in 1982 with the purchase of a $ 2 file cabinet from The Salvation Army . With Yergin as president, the energy research and consulting firm was created as a "quasi think-tank and source of energy industry analysis." Yergin

4187-649: The four-star officers in charge of the various military commands (including Strategic Air Command, which then had control of nuclear weapons) that they were not to carry out any 'execute orders' from the president unless Brown and Schlesinger first verified the orders." Senator Chuck Grassley recently called these actions "extralegal". According to Grassley, " 'when President Nixon faced a crisis over impeachment and resignation, Secretary of Defense Schlesinger feared he might order an unprovoked nuclear strike,' he continued. 'So he reportedly took extralegal steps to prevent it. ' " Both author Fred Kaplan and Grassley distinguish

4266-584: The incident go, but when Schlesinger committed further insubordination on other matters, Ford fired him. Woodward observes, "The United States had just lost a war for the first time. That the president and the secretary of defense could not agree on who was in charge was appalling. [This] unpublicized breakdown in the military chain of command was perhaps the most significant scandal of the Ford presidency." Schlesinger had also disobeyed Ford when told to send as many military aircraft as possible to evacuate South Vietnam. Schlesinger disagreed with doing so and did not send

4345-419: The information services sector such as Cambridge Energy Research Associates , Global Insight , Jane's Information Group , Prime Publications Limited, and John S. Herold, Inc. In 2008, IHS acquired Fairplay , a firm that assigns IMO identification numbers for ships, companies and registered owners. In 2016, Englewood, Colorado -based IHS and London-based Markit merged. Jerre Stead was chief executive of

4424-487: The long-held dismissal of climate-related discourse and action within the US government. After leaving the Energy Department, Schlesinger resumed his writing and speaking career, including the 1994 lecture at the Waldo Family Lecture on International Relations at Old Dominion University . He was employed as a senior adviser to Lehman Brothers, Kuhn, Loeb Inc. , of New York City . He advised Congressman and presidential candidate Richard Gephardt in 1988 . In 1995, he

4503-425: The long-term lack of safety for the minority Turkish community, invaded Cyprus after the Cypriot National Guard, supported by the government of Greece , overthrew President Archbishop Makarios . When the fighting stopped, the Turks held the northern portion of country and about 40 percent of the island. Turkey's military action caused controversy in the United States, because of protests and lobbying by supporters of

4582-635: The majority of the American people seemed to approve of the administration's decisive action. Unsurprisingly, given his determination to build up U.S. strategic and conventional forces, Schlesinger devoted much time and effort to the Defense budget. Even before becoming secretary, in a speech in San Francisco in September 1972, he warned that it was time "to call a halt to the self-defeating game of cutting defense outlays, this process, that seems to have become addictive, of chopping away year after year." Shortly after he took office, he complained about "the post-war follies" of Defense budget-cutting. Later he outlined

4661-409: The market on land, at sea, or in the air. Eli Whitney belongs to us, not to our competitors." In particular, Schlesinger saw a need in the post-Vietnam era to restore the morale and prestige of the military services; modernize strategic doctrine and programs; step up research and development; and shore up a DoD budget that had been declining since 1968. Analyzing strategy, Schlesinger maintained that

4740-453: The military leadership because he proposed to give them more resources, consulted with them regularly, and shared many of their views. Because he was a forthright speaker who could be blunt in his opinions and did not enjoy the personal rapport with legislators that prior Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird had, his relations with Congress were often strained. A majority of its members may have approved Schlesinger's strategic plans, but they kept

4819-445: The pre-merger IHS Inc. from 2006 to 2013 and from 2015 until the merger with Markit. Markit was founded in 2003 as Mark-it Partners, a financial data provider for daily credit default swap pricing. The company grew via joint ventures and by acquiring other companies, merging with IHS in 2016. On 30 November 2020, S&P Global and IHS Markit released information about a definitive all-stock deal for around $ 44 billion,

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4898-433: The principal storyteller. His next book was Russia 2010 and What It Means for the World (1993), written with Thane Gustafson , which provided scenarios for the development of Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union. His 2002 book The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy , written with Joseph Stanislaw , described in narrative form the struggle over the "frontier" between governments and markets and

4977-448: The rise of globalization. In the "first major PBS series on business in more than a decade," he led the team that created an Emmy-winning six-hour PBS/BBC television series based on the book, serving as executive producer and co-writer and interviewing individuals such as Bill Clinton , Dick Cheney , Vicente Fox , and Mikhail Gorbachev . CERA was acquired by the information company IHS Inc. in 2004, with Yergin becoming an executive of

5056-459: The son of Jewish parents, Rhea Lillian (née Rogen) and Julius Schlesinger. His mother was a Lithuanian emigrant from what was then part of the Russian Empire and his father's family was from Austria. He converted to Lutheranism in his early twenties. Schlesinger was educated at the Horace Mann School and Harvard University , where he earned a B.A. (1950), M.A. (1952), and Ph.D. (1956) in economics. Between 1955 and 1963 he taught economics at

5135-456: The theory and practice of the 1950s and 1960s had been overtaken by events, particularly the rise of the Soviet Union to virtual nuclear parity with the United States and the effect this development had on the concept of deterrence. Schlesinger believed that "deterrence is not a substitute for defense; defense capabilities, representing the potential for effective counteraction, are the essential condition of deterrence." He had grave doubts about

5214-435: The timing of peak oil demand. Yergin is the current vice chairman of S&P Global, appointed during the company's merger with IHS Markit. He became the vice chairman of IHS in 2012 and remained vice chairman when IHS merged with Markit in 2016. He is also chairman of S&P's annual CERAWeek energy conference. He previously chaired the US Department of Energy 's Task Force on Strategic Energy Research and Development. He

5293-404: The use and assembly of nuclear weapons, the United States began an overt operation to airlift materiel to Israel. As Schlesinger explained, the initial U.S. policy to avoid direct involvement rested on the assumption that Israel would win quickly. But when it became clear that the Israelis faced more formidable military forces than anticipated, and could not meet their own resupply arrangements,

5372-432: Was a Marshall Scholar . While at Cambridge, he wrote for various British magazines as well as The Atlantic , where he was a contributing editor, and The New York Times Magazine . He has honorary doctorates from Dartmouth College , Colorado School of Mines , University of Houston , and the University of Missouri . Early in his career, Yergin worked as a contributing editor for New York magazine . Through 1980, he

5451-429: Was a lecturer at the Harvard Business School and, until 1985, a lecturer at Harvard Kennedy School . Yergin's first book, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (1977), was partly based upon his doctoral dissertation and focused on the origins of the Cold War . In the mid-1970s, while a post-doctoral fellow, he began to take a particular interest in energy in his writing. Basing

5530-432: Was also a Bilderberg Group attendee in 2008. In 2007, NASA Administrator Michael Griffin appointed Schlesinger to be the Chairman of the National Space-based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Advisory Board. The "PNT Board" is composed of recognized Global Positioning System (GPS) experts from outside the U.S. government that advise the Deputy Secretary level PNT Executive Committee in their oversight management of

5609-421: Was an information services provider that completed a merger with S&P Global in 2022. Headquartered in London , it was formed in 2016 with the merger of IHS Inc. and Markit Ltd. Information Handling Services (IHS) "was founded in 1959 as Information Handling Services to provide information for aerospace engineers through microfilm databases". It subsequently grew to incorporate other companies in

5688-455: Was chairman of the Board of Trustees of The MITRE Corporation , having served on it from 1985 until his death in 2014; on the advisory board of The National Interest ; a Director of BNFL, Inc. , Peabody Energy , Sandia Corporation , Seven Seas Petroleum Company, chairman of the executive committee of The Nixon Center . He was also on the advisory board of GeoSynFuels, LLC. Schlesinger penned

5767-659: Was considered a Nixon loyalist seeking to make the agency more obedient to Nixon. He had a CCTV camera installed near his official portrait at the CIA headquarters in Langley, Va., as it was believed that vandalism of the portrait by disgruntled staff was likely. Schlesinger left the CIA to become Secretary of Defense on July 2, aged 44. As a university professor, researcher at Rand, and government official in three agencies, he had acquired an impressive resume in national security affairs. Shortly after assuming office, Schlesinger outlined

5846-525: Was disbanded in August 2017. Yergin was awarded the 1997 United States Energy Award for "lifelong achievements in energy and the promotion of international understanding." The International Association for Energy Economics gave Dr. Yergin its 2012 award for "outstanding contributions to the profession of energy economics and to its literature." In 2014 the Prime Minister of India presented Yergin with

5925-544: Was editor of The Hollywood Reporter and a former journalist in Chicago. His mother Naomi Yergin was a sculptor and painter. He attended Beverly Hills High School . He received his B.A. from Yale University in 1968, where he wrote for the Yale Daily News and was founder of The New Journal in 1967. He received his M.A. in 1970 and his Ph.D. in international history from Cambridge University , where he

6004-573: Was finalized on 28 February 2022. James Schlesinger While Secretary of Defense, he opposed amnesty for draft resisters and pressed for development of more sophisticated nuclear weapon systems. Additionally, his support for the A-10 and the lightweight fighter program (later the F-16 ) helped ensure that they were carried to completion. James Rodney Schlesinger was born in New York City ,

6083-460: Was more willing than Schlesinger to compromise on the Defense budget. On 2 November 1975, the president dismissed Schlesinger and made other personnel changes. Kissinger lost his position as special assistant to the President for national security affairs but remained as Secretary of State. Schlesinger left office on 19 November 1975, explaining his departure in terms of his budgetary differences with

6162-528: Was shortlisted for the Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award . In September 2020, Yergin published The New Map: Energy, Climate, and the Clash of Nations. Yergin's articles and op-eds on energy, history, and the economy have been published in a variety of publications, including The Wall Street Journal , The New York Times , Foreign Affairs , The Washington Post ,

6241-754: Was the Chairman of the National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA). They wrote a report in conjunction with the National Research Council called "The Global Positioning System: Charting the Future" The report advocated for the opening GPS up to the private sector. On February 8, 2002, he appeared at a hearing before the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee in support of the creation of

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