88-477: Elle (stylized in all caps ) is a worldwide magazine of French origin that offers a mix of fashion and beauty content, and society and lifestyle . The title Elle means She in French. Elle is considered "one of the world's largest fashion and lifestyle publications", with 45 international editions totalling 33 million readers and receiving 100 million unique monthly visitors on its 55 digital platforms. It
176-527: A digital marketing services business. The acquisition brought Hearst Newspapers to publishing 19 daily and 61 weekly papers. Other 2017 acquisitions include the New Haven Register and associated papers from Digital First Media , and the Alton, Illinois , Telegraph and Jacksonville, Illinois , Journal-Courier from Civitas Media . In October 2017, Hearst announced it would acquire
264-772: A 1937 liquidation, also had to merge some of his morning papers into his afternoon papers. In Chicago, he combined the morning Herald-Examiner and the afternoon American into the Herald-American in 1939. This followed the 1937 combination of the New York Evening Journal and the morning American into the New York Journal-American , the sale of the Omaha Daily Bee to the World-Herald . Afternoon papers were
352-457: A Croatian edition was launched. Elle launched in Belgium in 2003 in both French and Dutch. The Serbian edition of Elle was launched in 2005 along with a Bulgarian edition. Elle Slovenia was also launched the same year. In 2008 Elle Indonesia and Elle Finland launched. A Danish edition was also launched later in 2008. A Vietnamese edition ( Elle Phái đẹp ) was launched in 2010, under
440-646: A common board of thirteen trustees (its composition fixed at five family members and eight outsiders) administers the Hearst Foundation, the William Randolph Hearst Foundation, and the trust that owns (and selects the 26-member board of) the Hearst Corporation (parent of Hearst Communications which shares the same officers). The foundations shared ownership until tax law changed to prevent this. In 2009, it
528-689: A commonly preferred alternative to all caps text is the use of small caps to emphasise key names or acronyms (for example, Text in Small Caps ), or the use of italics or (more rarely) bold . In addition, if all caps must be used it is customary to slightly widen the spacing between the letters, by around 10 per cent of the point height. This practice is known as tracking or letterspacing. Some digital fonts contain alternative spacing metrics for this purpose. Messages completely in capital letters are often equated on social media to shouting and other impolite or argumentative behaviors. This became
616-483: A computer program shouting at its user. Information technology journalist Lee Hutchinson described Microsoft's using the practice as "LITERALLY TERRIBLE ... [it] doesn't so much violate OS X's design conventions as it does take them out behind the shed, pour gasoline on them, and set them on fire." In programming, writing in all caps (possibly with underscores replacing spaces ) is an identifier naming convention in many programming languages that symbolizes that
704-495: A delicate scanning of characters (from a damaged image that needs further contextual text correction). Depending on the typeface , these similarities accidentally create various duplicates (even quite briefly and without realizing it when reading). E.g. H/A, F/E or I/T by adding a bar; P/R, O/Q, even C/G from similar errors; V/U, D/O, even B/S while rounding the shape; and more deformations implying mixings. Adding digits in all caps styled texts may multiply these confusions, which
792-651: A licence with Ringier , however it ceased publication in 2020. The magazine was later relaunched. Elle Kazakhstan started publication in February 2015. In February 2017 a digital edition launched for the Ivory Coast. It later begun publishing print issues. Elle Lithuania launched in February 2024, the magazine is published by the team who previously published L'Officiel Lithuania from 2010 till its closure in 2023. Elle Egypt launched digitally in April 2024,
880-399: A mainstream interpretation with the advent of networked computers, from the 1980s onward. However, a similar interpretation was already evidenced by written sources that predated the computing era, in some cases by at least a century, and the textual display of shouting or emphasis was still not a settled matter by 1984. The following sources may be relevant to the history of all caps: Before
968-643: A majority stake in Litton Entertainment . Its CEO, Dave Morgan, was a former employee of Hearst. On January 23, 2017, Hearst announced that it had acquired the business operations of The Pioneer Group from fourth-generation family owners Jack and John Batdorff. The Pioneer Group was a Michigan-based communications network that circulates print and digital news to local communities across the state. In addition to daily newspapers, The Pioneer and Manistee News Advocate , Pioneer published three weekly papers and four local shopper publications, and operated
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#17327808846091056-406: A memo to the staff that "I want to spend the next seasons as available to my children as I can be, and so I take my leave of Elle now". A day later of the announcement, it was reported that Nina Garcia , creative director of Marie Claire was appointed as the new editor-in-chief effective 18 September. Patricia Wang was the first editor of Elle China . Véronique Philipponnat [ fr ]
1144-698: A newspaper owner most well known for use of yellow journalism . The Hearst family remains involved in its ownership and management. In 1880, George Hearst , mining entrepreneur and U.S. senator, bought the San Francisco Daily Examiner . In 1887, he turned the Examiner over to his son, William Randolph Hearst , who that year founded the Hearst Corporation. The younger Hearst eventually built readership for Hearst-owned newspapers and magazines from 15,000 to over 20 million. Hearst began to purchase and launched other newspapers, including
1232-525: A print edition will be launched in September of 2024. Elle also publishes region-specific editions within countries, such as Elle Hong Kong and Elle Québec . Published in addition to Elle China and Elle Canada respectively. In Belgium since 2003, Elle is published as Elle Belgique (in French and for Wallonia ) and Elle België (in Dutch for Flanders ). Elle Middle East was launched in 2006 across
1320-491: A profitable business in pre-television days, often outselling their morning counterparts featuring stock market information in early editions, while later editions were heavy on sporting news with results of baseball games and horse races. Afternoon papers also benefited from continuous reports from the battlefront during World War II . After the war, however, both television news and suburbs experienced explosive growth; thus, evening papers were more affected than those published in
1408-719: A puzzle games website. In April 2024, Hearst acquired the Texas magazines Austin Monthly and Austin Home from Open Sky Media. A new organization called was created Hearst Texas Austin Media to manage the titles along with the Austin Daily newsletter which was created early that year. A non-exhaustive list of its current properties and investments includes: (alphabetical by state, then title) Under William Randolph Hearst's will,
1496-532: A slowed speed is possible – but in principle too many factors of low legibility are involved." Other critics are of the opinion that all caps letters in text are often "too tightly packed against each other". Besides the aforementioned speed of reading, all caps is can be prone to character -based ambiguities. Namely, the upper-case letters are globally simpler than their lower-case counterpart. For example, they lack ascenders and descenders . Since they are built from fewer positional and building elements (e.g.
1584-416: A smaller grid pertaining to minimalist digital fonts), they are more fragile to small changes. These variations, generally involuntary but sometimes induced on purpose, are caused by a misinterpretation (the information is transferred) or by a deterioration (the data is lost, in the analysis wording). They can occur horizontally and/or vertically, while misreading (without this extra effort or time), or during
1672-663: A term is conspicuous, we look at more than formatting. A term that appears in capitals can still be inconspicuous if it is hidden on the back of a contract in small type. Terms that are in capitals but also appear in hard-to-read type may flunk the conspicuousness test. A sentence in capitals, buried deep within a long paragraph in capitals will probably not be deemed conspicuous...it is entirely possible for text to be conspicuous without being in capitals. Certain musicians—such as Marina , Finneas , who are both known mononymously, and MF DOOM —as well as some bands such as Haim and Kiss —have their names stylised in all caps. Additionally, it
1760-403: Is an "apparent consensus" that lower-case text is more legible, but that some editors continue to use all caps in text regardless. In his studies of all caps in headlines , he states that, "Editors who favor capitals claim that they give greater emphasis. Those who prefer lower case claim their preferences gives greater legibility." Wheildon, who informs us that "When a person reads a line of type,
1848-615: Is common for bands with vowelless names (a process colourfully known as " disemvoweling ") to use all caps, with prominent examples including STRFKR , MSTRKRFT , PWR BTTM , SBTRKT , JPNSGRLS (now known as Hotel Mira), BLK JKS , MNDR , and DWNTWN . Miles Tinker , renowned for his landmark work, Legibility of Print , performed scientific studies on the legibility and readability of all-capital print. His findings were as follows: All-capital print greatly retards speed of reading in comparison with lower-case type. Also, most readers judge all capitals to be less legible. Faster reading of
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#17327808846091936-435: Is less legible and readable than lower-case text. In addition, switching to all caps may make text appear hectoring and obnoxious for cultural reasons, since all-capitals is often used in transcribed speech to indicate that the speaker is shouting. All-caps text is common in comic books, as well as on older teleprinter and radio transmission systems, which often do not indicate letter case at all. In professional documents,
2024-777: Is one aim of Leet (intentional pseudo duplicates) and can provide simple means of concealing messages (often numbers). Hearst Communications Hearst Corporation , its wholly owned subsidiary Hearst Holdings Inc. , and HHI's wholly owned subsidiary Hearst Communications Inc. (usually referred to simply as Hearst ) constitute an American multinational mass media and business information conglomerate based in Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Hearst owns newspapers, magazines, television channels , and television stations, including
2112-498: Is the current director of Elle France . As of 2019, seventy-eight media licenses from the brand are available around the world: one Elle Girl , two Elle Men , five Elle à Table , twenty-five Elle Decoration , and forty-five Elle . According to François Coruzzi, CEO of Elle International , the magazine's centrals are located in Paris, London, and New York, and it has 29 offices worldwide as of 2019. Technologically speaking,
2200-724: Is worth at least $ 13 billion. On July 31, 1996, Hearst and the Cisneros Group of Companies of Venezuela announced its plans to launch Locomotion , a Latin American animation cable television channel. On March 27, 1997, Hearst Broadcasting announced that it would merge with Argyle Television Holdings II for $ 525 million, the merger was completed in August to form Hearst-Argyle Television (later renamed as Hearst Television in 2009). In 1999, Hearst sold its Avon and Morrow book publishing activities to HarperCollins . In 2000,
2288-590: The Journal Inquirer and later in October 2023 bought San Antonio Magazine. The company paid $ 150,000 in cash plus an amount equal to 90% of the magazine's accounts receivable In November 2023, Hearst acquired all print and digital operations owned by RJ Media Group, including the Record-Journal , seven weekly newspapers and a digital advertising agency. In December 2023, Hearst bought Puzzmo,
2376-706: The Los Angeles Examiner , and The Milwaukee Sentinel , supported the company's money-losing afternoon publications such as the Los Angeles Herald-Express , the New York Journal-American , and the Chicago American . The company sold the latter paper in 1956 to the Chicago Tribune ' s o wners, who changed it to the tabloid-size Chicago Today in 1969 and ceased publication in 1974. In 1960, Hearst also sold
2464-702: The New York Herald Tribune and Scripps-Howard 's World-Telegram and Sun to form the New York World Journal Tribune (recalling the names of the city's mid-market dailies), which collapsed after only a few months. The 1962 merger of the Herald-Express and Examiner in Los Angeles led to the termination of many journalists who began to stage a 10-year strike in 1967. The effects of the strike accelerated
2552-467: The New York Journal in 1895 and the Los Angeles Examiner in 1903. In 1903, Hearst created Motor magazine, the first title in his company's magazine division. He acquired Cosmopolitan in 1905, and Good Housekeeping in 1911. The company entered the book publishing business in 1913 with the formation of Hearst's International Library. Hearst began producing film features in
2640-715: The Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and the Detroit Times to The Detroit News . After a lengthy strike it sold the Milwaukee Sentinel to the afternoon Milwaukee Journal in 1962. The same year Hearst's Los Angeles papers – the morning Examiner and the afternoon Herald-Express – merged to become the evening Los Angeles Herald-Examiner . The 1962–63 New York City newspaper strike left
2728-617: The San Francisco Chronicle , the Houston Chronicle , Cosmopolitan and Esquire . It owns 50% of the A&;E Networks cable network group and 20% of the sports cable network group ESPN , both in partnership with The Walt Disney Company . The conglomerate also owns several business-information companies, including Fitch Group and First Databank . The company was founded by William Randolph Hearst ,
Elle (magazine) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2816-943: The Washington Times-Herald . That year he also bought the Milwaukee Sentinel from Paul Block (who bought it from the Pfisters in 1929), absorbing his afternoon Wisconsin News into the morning publication. Also in 1939, he sold the Atlanta Georgian to Cox Newspapers, which merged it with the Atlanta Journal . Following Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany, the Nazis received positive press coverage by Hearst presses and paid ten times
2904-482: The 17th of Paris. Other Elle Hotel projects have been announced for Mexico and around fifteen high-end hotels in the heart of cities that would open in the next ten years. All caps In typography , text or font in all caps (short for " all capitals ") contains capital letters without any lowercase letters. For example: THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG. All-caps text can be seen in legal documents, advertisements , newspaper headlines , and
2992-566: The ASCII table , so can display both alphabets, but all caps only. Mikrosha is switchable to KOI-7N1, in this mode, it can display both caps and lower-case, but in Cyrillic only. Other Soviet computers, such as BK0010 , MK 85 , Corvette and Agat-9 , use 8-bit encoding called KOI-8R, they can display both Cyrillic and Latin in caps and lower-case. Many, but not all NES games use all caps because of tile graphics, where charset and tiles share
3080-635: The Elle articles featuring rising fashion designers, the magazine would provide free patterns of some of their fashion pieces. This allowed the general public to experience haute couture as the glamour of the fashion world was becoming accessible to the common working class. Its 100th issue, published on 14 October 1947, featured the work of Christian Dior just eight months after his debut show. Likewise, Brigitte Bardot had her first Elle cover at age 17, on 7 January 1952, months before her screen debut in Manina,
3168-515: The Elle brand is a global network encompassing over 46 websites. Subscriptions account for 73 percent of readers in the USA. Websites and social networks compose Elle ' s 55 digital platforms. The first international edition of Elle was launched in 1970 as An An Elle Japon . In 1985 American Elle was launched with the first issue featuring supermodel Yasmin Le Bon on the cover. The magazine
3256-486: The Elle brand, there are around ten cafés , hair salons and spas . The brand also sells fashion, beauty and home decor products. Nissan and Elle collaborated and unveiled the Nissan Micra Elle in September 2012, a limited-edition car specially designed for women. The brand has also been launched in the hospitality industry . In 2023, the fashion magazine opened its first hotel , Maison Elle, on
3344-654: The Herald-Examiner ). In 1919, Hearst's book publishing division was renamed Cosmopolitan Book. In the 1920s and 1930s, Hearst owned the biggest media conglomerate in the world, which included a number of magazines and newspapers in major cities. Hearst also began acquiring radio stations to complement his papers. Hearst saw financial challenges in the early 1920s, when he was using company funds to build Hearst Castle in San Simeon and support movie production at Cosmopolitan Productions . This eventually led to
3432-625: The Lagardère Group for more than $ 700 million and became a challenger of Time Inc ahead of Condé Nast . In December 2012, Hearst Corporation partnered again with NBCUniversal to launch Esquire Network . On February 20, 2014, Hearst Magazines International appointed Gary Ellis to the new position, Chief Digital Officer. That December, DreamWorks Animation sold a 25% stake in AwesomenessTV for $ 81.25 million to Hearst. In January 2017, Hearst announced that it had acquired
3520-562: The San Antonio Light after it purchased the rival San Antonio Express-News from Murdoch. On November 8, 1990, Hearst Corporation acquired 20% stake of ESPN, Inc. from RJR Nabisco for a price estimated between $ 165 million and $ 175 million. The other 80% has been owned by The Walt Disney Company since 1996. Over the last 25 years, the ESPN investment is said to have accounted for at least 50% of total Hearst Corp profits and
3608-573: The 1990s, more than three-quarters of newspapers in the western world used lower-case letters in headline text. Discussion regarding the use of all caps for headlines centers on the greater emphasis offered by all caps versus the greater legibility offered by lower-case letters. Colin Wheildon conducted a scientific study with 224 readers who analyzed various headline styles and concluded that "Headlines set in capital letters are significantly less legible than those set in lower case." All caps typography
Elle (magazine) - Misplaced Pages Continue
3696-468: The 2000s, retained the rights to the French edition and would collect royalties from the international editions. By retaining ownership of the Elle brand in France and through licensing forms in 25 countries, Lagardère remained "the guarantor of brand consistency". The strategic decisions on Elle concerning the countries managed by Hearst would be "taken in close consultation" with Lagardère. Elle Brazil
3784-452: The 5 and 10-minute time limits, and 13.9 percent for the whole 20-minute period". Tinker concluded that, "Obviously, all-capital printing slows reading to a marked degree in comparison with Roman lower case." Tinker provides the following explanations for why all capital printing is more difficult to read: Text in all capitals covers about 35 percent more printing surface than the same material set in lower case. This would tend to increase
3872-577: The Chandlers' Los Angeles Times , also competitor to the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner , which folded in 1989. In 1990, both King Features Entertainment and King Phoenix Entertainment were rebranded under the collective Hearst Entertainment umbrella. King Features Entertainment was renamed to Hearst Entertainment Distribution, while King Phoenix Entertainment was renamed to Hearst Entertainment Productions. In 1993, Hearst closed
3960-754: The Girl in the Bikini . On 2 April 1956, Grace Kelly appeared on the cover of Elle France , a few days before her marriage to Rainier III, Prince of Monaco . On 16 July 1956, Elle France featured Marilyn Monroe on the cover. By the 1960s, Elle had a readership of 800,000 across France and was said to "not so much reflect fashion as decree it." This dominance was reflected in the famous slogan: " Si elle lit elle lit Elle (If she reads, she reads Elle)" ( lit. "If she reads she reads She "). Lagardère Group subsidiary, Hachette Filipacchi Médias began pushing Elle outside of France in 1985, launching Elle in
4048-903: The Hearst Corp. pulled another "switcheroo" by selling its flagship and "Monarch of the Dailies", the afternoon San Francisco Examiner , and acquiring the long-time competing, but now larger morning paper, San Francisco Chronicle from the Charles de Young family. The San Francisco Examiner is now published as a daily freesheet. In December 2003, Marvel Entertainment acquired Cover Concepts from Hearst, to extend Marvel's demographic reach among public school children. In 2009, A&E Networks acquired Lifetime Entertainment Services , with Hearst ownership increasing to 42%. In 2010, Hearst acquired digital marketing agency iCrossing. In 2011, Hearst absorbed more than 100 magazine titles from
4136-647: The Hearst Corporation began pursuing joint operating agreements (JOAs). It reached the first agreement with the DeYoung family, proprietors of the afternoon San Francisco Chronicle , which began to produce a joint Sunday edition with the Examiner . In turn, the Examiner became an evening publication, absorbing the News-Call-Bulletin . The following year, the Journal-American reached another JOA with another two landmark New York City papers:
4224-1474: The Middle East with Elle Oriental (published in Arabic and French for Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and the Maghreb). The two publications were later rebranded into Elle Arabia and the French edition was dropped. Elle is a brand owned by the Lagardère Group of France. It is published in France by Czech Media Invest, in the U.S. and the UK by Hearst Magazines , in Canada by KO Média , in Brazil by Grupo Editora Abril , in Mexico by Grupo Expansión , in Argentina by Grupo Clarín , in Indonesia by Mayapada , in Singapore by Atlas Press, in Serbia/Croatia by Adria Media, in Turkey by Doğan Burda Magazine, in Germany by Hubert Burda Media , and in Romania by Ringier . In China,
4312-642: The Portuguese edition was closed. The following year in 1989 editions were launched for Quebec , The Netherlands and Switzerland. Australian and Taiwanese versions were launched in 1990. However in July 2020 Bauer Media Australia licence holder of the Australian edition announced its closure, citing declining advertising revenue and travel restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic . In November 2020
4400-556: The South African edition was also launched in the same year. The Russian edition was closed in 2022 after the licence was terminated due to the Russian Invasion of Ukraine . Alongside the Russian and South African editions Elle India launched in 1996. Elle Romania and Elle Norge ( Elle Norway ) were launched in 1997. A Turkish edition was launched in 1999. Elle Canada , Elle Ukraine and Elle Hungary were all launched in 2001. In 2020 Elle Canada closed its office in Toronto but continued publication from Montreal . In 2002
4488-430: The UK and the United States. The Chinese version of the magazine was first published in 1988. It was the first four-colour fashion magazine offered in China. The magazine was an informational and educational tool for opening the Chinese textile market. In 1987, Elle Decoration was launched in France by the Lagardère Group. The brand's internationalisation began in the US with the launch of Elle Decor in 1989. By 1991,
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#17327808846094576-407: The city with no papers for over three months, with the Journal-American one of the earliest strike targets of the Typographical Union. The Boston Record and the Evening American merged in 1961 as the Record-American and in 1964, the Baltimore News-Post became the Baltimore News-American . In 1953, Hearst Magazines bought Sports Afield magazine, which it published until 1999 when it sold
4664-539: The cover of a major commercial British magazine. In April 2018, Lagardère Group sold Elle France to Daniel Křetínský via his holding company Czech Media Invest (CMI), parent of Czech News Center . Lagardère continues to own the Elle brand in France and internationally by granting a "license for the exploitation of magazines". At the end of 2021, Elle announced that all global editions would ban fur from their pages as of 1 January 2023, citing "a really great opportunity to increase awareness for animal welfare, bolster
4752-450: The demand for sustainable and innovative alternatives and foster a more humane fashion industry." Elle editors have included Jean-Dominique Bauby in France, who became known for writing a book after suffering almost total paralysis , and Robbie Myers for the USA edition. In September 2017, it was announced that Roberta Myers was stepping down from the role of editor-in-chief of Elle USA , position she held since 2000, stating through
4840-411: The development of lower-case letters in the 8th century, texts in the Latin alphabet were written in a single case, which is now considered to be capital letters. Text in all caps is not widely used in body copy . The main exception to this is the so-called fine print in legal documents. Capital letters have been widely used in printed headlines from the early days of newspapers until the 1950s. In
4928-534: The evidence that all-capital printing retards speed of reading to a striking degree in comparison with lower case and is not liked by readers, it would seem wise to eliminate such printing whenever rapid reading and consumer (reader) views are of importance. Examples of this would include any continuous reading material, posters, bus cards, billboards, magazine advertising copy, headings in books, business forms and records, titles of articles, books and book chapters, and newspaper headlines. Colin Wheildon stated that there
5016-488: The eye recognizes letters by the shapes of their upper halves", asserts that recognizing words in all caps "becomes a task instead of a natural process". His conclusions, based on scientific testing in 1982–1990, are: "Headlines set in capital letters are significantly less legible than those set in lower case." John Ryder , in the Case for Legibility , stated that "Printing with capital letters can be done sufficiently well to arouse interest and, with short lines, reading at
5104-435: The first black woman at the helm of an Elle magazine globally. In the 1980s, Elle signed an agreement with the Japanese Itokin, a group based in Osaka specialising in ready-to-wear. Elle has been selling its lingerie in Japan for over forty years through licensing agreements. Elle has over 150 partners in 80 countries, all paying royalties to the brand. Elle has more than 3,000 stores worldwide, mainly in Asia. Under
5192-510: The given identifier represents a constant . A practice exists (most commonly in Francophone countries) of distinguishing the surname from the rest of a personal name by stylizing the surname only in all caps. This practice is also common among Japanese, when names are spelled using Roman letters. In April 2013, the U.S. Navy moved away from an all caps-based messaging system, which was begun with 1850s-era teleprinters that had only uppercase letters. The switch to mixed-case communications
5280-411: The growing feminist movement. Elle would "celebrate a new type of woman: independent, modern, active, comfortable in her own skin and her time". The first issue of Elle France was published on 21 November 1945 featuring Yolande Bloin on the cover dressed by Elsa Schiaparelli . Bloin was an actress in Jacques Becker 's film Falbalas . The magazine had a circulation of 110,000 copies in 1945. In
5368-487: The immediate aftermath of World War II. It was first sold as a supplement to France-Soir , edited at the time by Hélène's husband, Pierre Lazareff . Hélène, Elle ' s pioneering founder, returned to Paris from New York City to create a unique publication that grappled with the many forces shaping women's lives in France in 1945. Women won the right to vote in 1944, and Elle dove immediately into long-form "newspaper-like" features on women's role in national politics and
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#17327808846095456-433: The journal to Robert E. Petersen . In 1958, Hearst's International News Service merged with E.W. Scripps' United Press , forming United Press International as a response to the growth of the Associated Press and Reuters . The following year Scripps-Howard's San Francisco News merged with Hearst's afternoon San Francisco Call-Bulletin . Also in 1959, Hearst acquired the paperback book publisher Avon Books . In 1965,
5544-491: The longest-serving editor-in-chief at Elle USA . Véronique Philipponnat is currently the director of Elle France . Nina Garcia currently holds the position of editor-in-chief at Elle USA , appointed after the departure of Roberta Myers. The Paris-based Lagardère Group owns the brand internationally. Elle France ' s official headquarters is located in Levallois-Perret , Greater Paris . Hélène Gordon-Lazareff , Russian-born and Paris-raised, started Elle in Paris in
5632-515: The lower-case print is due to the characteristic word forms furnished by this type. This permits reading by word units, while all capitals tend to be read letter by letter. Furthermore, since all-capital printing takes at least one-third more space than lower case, more fixation pauses are required for reading the same amount of material. The use of all capitals should be dispensed with in every printing situation. According to Tinker, "As early as 1914, Starch reported that material set in Roman lower case
5720-496: The magazine and book businesses of Rodale in Emmaus, Pennsylvania with some sources reporting the purchase price as about $ 225 million. The transaction was expected to close in January following government approvals. In 2018, Hearst acquired the global health and wellness magazine brands owned by Rodale, Inc. In April 2023, Hearst bought WBBH-TV , an NBC-affiliated television station in Fort Myers, Florida, from Waterman Broadcasting Corporation. In June 2023, Hearst acquired
5808-418: The magazine returned in a digital only form. In September 2023 it was confirmed that the magazine would return to print in March 2024, published by Are Media , the successor to Bauer Media Australia. Elle Korea was launched in November 1992. A year later in 1993 Elle Singapore was launched. In 1994 Mexican, Argentine, Thai, Polish, and Czech editions were launched. Elle Russia was launched in 1996 and
5896-407: The magazine's sales were in decline in the U.S. In 1995, the magazine circulated 5 million copies worldwide. Elle.com was launched in 2007. In 2011, Hearst Corporation reached a €651M deal with Lagardère to purchase the rights to publish Elle Magazine in fifteen countries including the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Russia and Ukraine. Lagardère, which struggled in the international market in
5984-453: The means to live it", said Roberta Myers, editor in chief. Elle España was then launched in October 1986. Elle Italia and Elle Hong Kong were launched in 1987. The Italian publication went from a monthly publication to weekly publication in 2018. Elle Brasil was launched in 1988 and 30 years later in 2018 the magazine was shuttered. In the same year Elle was also launched in China, Greece, Germany, Portugal and Sweden. However in 2021
6072-477: The merger of the magazine Hearst International with Cosmopolitan in 1925. Despite some financial troubles, Hearst began extending its reach in 1921, purchasing the Detroit Times , The Boston Record , and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Hearst then added the Los Angeles Herald and Washington Herald , as well as the Oakland Post-Enquirer , the Syracuse Telegram and the Rochester Journal-American in 1922. He continued his buying spree into
6160-435: The mid-1910s, creating one of the earliest animation studios : the International Film Service , turning characters from Hearst newspaper strips into film characters. Hearst bought the Atlanta Georgian in 1912, the San Francisco Call and the San Francisco Post in 1913, the Boston Advertiser and the Washington Times (unrelated to the present-day paper) in 1917, and the Chicago Herald in 1918 (resulting in
6248-437: The mid-1920s, purchasing the Baltimore News (1923), the San Antonio Light (1924), the Albany Times Union (1924), and The Milwaukee Sentinel (1924). In 1924, Hearst entered the tabloid market in New York City with New York Daily Mirror , meant to compete with the New York Daily News . In addition to print and radio, Hearst established Cosmopolitan Pictures in the early 1920s, distributing his films under
6336-615: The morning, whose circulation remained stable while their afternoon counterparts' sales plummeted. In 1947, Hearst produced an early television newscast for the DuMont Television Network : I.N.S. Telenews , and in 1948 he became the owner of one of the first television stations in the country, WBAL-TV in Baltimore . The earnings of Hearst's three morning papers, the San Francisco Examiner ,
6424-587: The newly created Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . In 1929, Hearst and MGM created the Hearst Metrotone newsreels. The Great Depression hurt Hearst and his publications. Cosmopolitan Book was sold to Farrar & Rinehart in 1931. After two years of leasing them to Eleanor "Cissy" Patterson (of the McCormick-Patterson family that owned the Chicago Tribune ), Hearst sold her The Washington Times and Herald in 1939; she merged them to form
6512-523: The opportunity to add marginal notes emphasising key points. Legal writing expert Bryan A. Garner has described the practice as "ghastly". A 2020 study found that all-caps in legal texts is ineffective and is, in fact, harmful to older readers. In 2002, a US court spoke out against the practice, ruling that simply making text all-capitals has no bearing on whether it is clear and easily readable: Lawyers who think their caps lock keys are instant "make conspicuous" buttons are deluded. In determining whether
6600-644: The pace of the company's demise, with the Herald Examiner ceasing publication November 2, 1989. Hearst moved into hardcover publishing by acquiring Arbor House in 1978 and William Morrow and Company in 1981. In 1982, the company sold the Boston Herald American — the result of the 1972 merger of Hearst's Record-American & Advertiser with the Herald-Traveler — to Rupert Murdoch 's News Corporation , which renamed
6688-482: The paper as The Boston Herald , competing to this day with The Boston Globe . In 1986, Hearst bought the Houston Chronicle and that same year closed the 213-year-old Baltimore News-American after a failed attempt to reach a JOA with A.S. Abell Company , the family who published The Baltimore Sun since its founding in 1837. Abell sold the paper several days later to the Times-Mirror syndicate of
6776-766: The publisher is Shanghai Translation Publishing House. In India , it is published by Ogaan Publications Pvt. Ltd . As an international magazine, Elle has its headquarters in Paris as well as licensed publishers in New York City , London , Toronto , Mexico City , South Africa , Istanbul , São Paulo , Rio de Janeiro , Brussels , Lisbon , Tokyo , Warsaw , Belgrade , Oslo , Helsinki , Bucharest , Athens , Delhi , Madrid , Milan , Munich , Jakarta , Kyiv , Kuala Lumpur , Sofia , Budapest , Bangkok and other cities. In December 2013, Elle US hired Randy Minor as design director. In November 2016, Elle Canada promoted Vanessa Craft to editor-in-chief, making her
6864-489: The reading time. When this is combined with the difficulty in reading words in all-capital letters as units, the hindrance to rapid reading becomes marked. In the eye-movement study by Tinker and Patterson, the principal difference in oculomotor patterns between lower case and all capitals was the very large increase in number of fixation pauses for reading the all-capital print. All caps text should be eliminated from most forms of composition, according to Tinker: Considering
6952-572: The same ROM. Game designers often choose to have less characters in favor of more tiles. With the advent of the bulletin board system , or BBS, and later the Internet, typing messages in all caps commonly became closely identified with "shouting" or attention-seeking behavior, and may be considered rude. Its equivalence to shouting traces back to at least 1984 and before the Internet, back to printed typography usage of all capitals to mean shouting. For this reason, etiquette generally discourages
7040-598: The standard subscription rate for the INS wire service belonging to Hearst. William Randolph Hearst personally instructed his reporters in Germany to only give positive coverage to Hitler and the Nazis, and fired journalists who refused to write stories favourable of German fascism. During this time, high ranking Nazis were given space to write articles in Hearst press newspapers, including Hermann Göring and Alfred Rosenberg . Hearst, with his chain now owned by his creditors after
7128-425: The titles on book covers. Short strings of words in capital letters appear bolder and "louder" than mixed case, and this is sometimes referred to as "screaming" or "shouting". All caps can also be used to indicate that a given word is an acronym . Studies have been conducted on the readability and legibility of all caps text. Scientific testing from the 20th century onward has generally indicated that all caps text
7216-581: The use of all caps when posting messages online. While all caps can be used as an alternative to rich-text "bolding" for a single word or phrase, to express emphasis, repeated use of all caps can be considered "shouting" or irritating. Some aspects of Microsoft's Metro design language involve the use of all caps headings and titles. This has received particular attention when menu and ribbon titles appeared in all caps in Visual Studio 2012 and Office 2013 , respectively. Critics have compared this to
7304-643: Was common on teletype machines, such as those used by police departments, news, and the United States' then-called Weather Bureau , as well as early computers, such as certain early Apple II models and the ZX81 , which had a limited support for lower-case text. This changed as full support of ASCII became standard, allowing lower-case characters. Some Soviet computers , such as Radio-86RK , Vector-06C , Agat-7 , use 7-bit encoding called KOI-7N2, where capital Cyrillic letters replace lower-case Latin letters in
7392-496: Was estimated to save the Navy $ 20 million a year and is compliant with current Internet protocol. An antiquated practice that still remains in use, especially by older American lawyers who grew up before the arrival of computers, is to use all caps text for text that is legally required to be emphasised and clearly readable. The practice dates to the period of typewriters, which generally did not offer bold text, small capitals, or
7480-499: Was founded in Paris in 1945 by Hélène Gordon-Lazareff . The magazine's readership has grown since its founding, increasing to 800,000 across France by the 1960s. Elle editions have since multiplied, creating a global network of publications and readers. Elle ' s international expansion began with Elle UK and Elle USA launches in 1985. Previous magazine editors include Jean-Dominique Bauby for Elle France and Roberta Myers ,
7568-542: Was jointly owned by Hachette and News Groups Publications (owned by Rupert Murdoch ). The U.K. edition was also launched in 1985 and also featured Yasmin Le Bon on the cover. In the US, the vast majority (82 per cent) of Elle ' s audience is women between 18 and 49. Its readers have a median age of 34.7 years. 40 percent of the readers are single, and the median household income is $ 69,973. "Our readers are young enough to think about life as an adventure and old enough to have
7656-427: Was read somewhat faster than similar material printed in all capitals." Another study in 1928 showed that "all-capital text was read 11.8 percent slower than lower case, or approximately 38 words per minute slower", and that "nine-tenths of adult readers consider lower case more legible than all capitals". A 1955 study by Miles Tinker showed that "all-capital text retarded speed of reading from 9.5 to 19.0 percent for
7744-460: Was the first commercial magazine in the world to have a transgender model on its cover, with Lea T. in December 2011. The Brazilian edition had also discovered transgender model Valentina Sampaio and had put her on the cover before French Vogue. Elle printed special collectors' covers for their September 2016 issue, and one featured Hari Nef , the first time an openly transgender woman had been on
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