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150-520: The area was originally home to the Nacotchtank and Mattawoman tribes until the 17th-century when tracts of land were granted by Charles II of England . Land was deeded and tracts split until the present-day neighborhood was a tract named Widow's Mite. The tract was renamed to Kalorama, which means "nice view" in Greek , in 1807. The tract included not only Kalorama Triangle, but the area now known as

300-564: A " Popish Plot " to assassinate the king, even accusing the queen of complicity. Charles did not believe the allegations, but ordered his chief minister Lord Danby to investigate. While Danby seems to have been rightly sceptical about Oates's claims, the Cavalier Parliament took them seriously. The people were seized with an anti-Catholic hysteria; judges and juries across the land condemned the supposed conspirators; numerous innocent individuals were executed. Later in 1678, Danby

450-658: A 1997 excavation near the Whitehurst Freeway, a major freeway which runs parallel to the Potomac River in Georgetown, gathered findings of a "hair comb, hammer stone, and pendants." This land, upon which modern-day Georgetown is established, was the site for the Tohoga village, which Fleet had observed in his time as captive . Tohoga was a trading village, with it being located along the river bank of

600-631: A Catholic, being next in line to the throne. The prospect of a Catholic monarch was vehemently opposed by the 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (a former member of the Cabal, which had fallen apart in 1673). Lord Shaftesbury's power base was strengthened when the House of Commons of 1679 introduced the Exclusion Bill , which sought to exclude the Duke of York from the line of succession . Some even sought to confer

750-630: A day). He was baptised on 27 June in the Chapel Royal by William Laud , a future archbishop of Canterbury , and during his infancy was supervised by the Protestant Countess of Dorset . His godparents included his maternal uncle Louis XIII and maternal grandmother, Marie de' Medici , the Dowager Queen of France, both of whom were Catholics. At birth, Charles automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay , and

900-564: A few new buildings constructed in the neighborhood during the late 20th-century, including rowhouses that were demolished and replaced with modern buildings. To stop further demolition in the neighborhood, historic preservationists worked with local officials to create the Kalorama Triangle Historic District, which was listed on the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites (DCIHS) on April 27, 1987, and

1050-651: A foolish thing, And never did a wise one To which Charles is reputed to have replied "that the matter was easily accounted for: For that his discourse was his own, his actions were the ministry's". In 1665, the Great Plague of London began, peaking in September with up to 7,000 deaths per week. Charles, his family, and the court fled London in July to Salisbury ; Parliament met in Oxford . Plague cases ebbed over

1200-461: A formal society in 1660 to give a more academic and learned approach to science and to conduct experiments in physics and mathematics. Sir Robert Moray , a member of Charles's court, played an important part in achieving this outcome, and he was to be the first president of this new Royal Society . Over the years, Moray was an important go-between for Charles and the Society, and his standing with

1350-536: A large hospital for the Veteran Reserve Corps and captive Confederate Army soldiers in 1862. One civilian who would make frequent visits to the hospital was Walt Whitman , sitting with and talking to wounded soldiers. When Little died in 1876, his reported $ 1 million estate was left to his five daughters, including valuable land they later sold. In the last few decades of the 19th-century, Representative John B. Alley and Senator Lyman R. Casey owned

1500-661: A life of leisure at Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris, living on a grant from Louis XIV of 600 livres a month. Charles could not obtain sufficient finance or support to mount a serious challenge to Cromwell's government. Despite the Stuart family connections through Henrietta Maria and the Princess of Orange, France and the Dutch Republic allied themselves with Cromwell's government from 1654, forcing Charles to leave France and turn to Spain for aid, which at that time ruled

1650-593: A loose confederacy of tribes in Southern Maryland from the village of Moyaone to the south. As the neighboring Maryland colony sought land for tobacco plantations, the Nacotchtank were encroached upon and forcibly removed. They were last recorded in the late 1600s to have taken refuge on nearby Theodore Roosevelt Island located in the Potomac River . Over time, the small population that

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1800-532: A message that reached Charles at Breda on 8 May 1660. In Ireland, a convention had been called earlier in the year and had already declared for Charles. On 14 May, he was proclaimed king in Dublin. Charles set out for England from Scheveningen , arrived in Dover on 25 May 1660 and reached London on 29 May, his 30th birthday. Although Charles and Parliament granted amnesty to nearly all of Cromwell's supporters in

1950-566: A mild, temperate climate in the mid-Atlantic, allowed for the Nacotchtank to become a flourishing, self-sustainable community with an abundance in myriad natural resources. By being situated along the confluence of two major rivers, the Nacotchtank had a reliable supply of fish and the area soon became a well-known fishing ground. Additionally, the rivers were surrounded by a vast area of woodlands, which housed wild game such as bison, turkey, deer, and geese. The Nacotchtank were also accomplished in agricultural practices, as they would move inland from

2100-415: A much larger group of 7,000 members in comparison to the roughly 300 members of the Nacotchtank tribe. The Piscataway affiliation was intended for protection against the rival Powhatan Chiefdom of eastern Virginia. The Piscataway Chief, or tayac, held a loose confederacy over the Nacotchtank in addition to the other surrounding tribes. The rank of the tayac was supreme to that of the individual chiefs of

2250-541: A public Anglican service. The same year, in an unpopular move, Charles sold Dunkirk to King Louis XIV of France for about £375,000. The channel port, although a valuable strategic outpost, was a drain on Charles's limited finances, as it cost the Treasury £321,000 per year. Before Charles's restoration, the Navigation Acts of 1650 had hurt Dutch trade by giving English vessels a monopoly, and had started

2400-552: A raid against the Nacotchtank. As a result of the raid, a mixed colonial and Patawomeke force killed 18 Nacotchtank people and drove the rest from their cabins before plundering and burning the village. Captain Fleet remained a captive of the Nacotchtank, but would escape in 1626. In 1626, when Captain Fleet escaped, he left with a great sum of knowledge of the Nacotchtank way of life and would use that information in partnering in trade with other tribes. Fleet began sailing up and down

2550-429: A recognisable genre. Theatre licences granted by Charles required that female parts be played by "their natural performers", rather than by boys as was often the practice before; and Restoration literature celebrated or reacted to the restored court, which included libertines such as Lord Rochester . Of Charles II, Rochester supposedly said: We have a pretty, witty king, Whose word no man relies on, He never said

2700-404: A result, the Nacotchtank suffered a large population loss. In 1668, the Nacotchtank tribe, depopulated from Eurasian diseases, collectively relocated to Anacostine Island , which has since been renamed to Theodore Roosevelt Island. Theodore Roosevelt Island is located directly across from Georgetown in the Potomac River, between what is now Washington, D.C., and Northern Virginia. By 1697,

2850-467: A river which made the area appear to be very pleasant. These initial encounters were peaceful and did not affect the Nacotchtank existence. In the year 1621, Captain Henry Fleet, age 20, took a party of approximately 26 settlers from Jamestown in an attempt to barter for corn from the Nacotchtank. The Nacotchtank were suspicious of the colonists, and a confrontation erupted into fighting. All of

3000-782: A victory at the Battle of Lowestoft , but in 1667 the Dutch launched a surprise attack on England (the Raid on the Medway ) when they sailed up the River Thames to where a major part of the English fleet was docked. Almost all of the ships were sunk except for the flagship, Royal Charles , which was taken back to the Netherlands as a prize . The Second Dutch War ended with the signing of

3150-636: Is a dialect of the Nanticoke language, which belongs to the Algonquian subfamily of languages. The Algonquian subfamily belongs to an even larger grouping of languages, the Macro-Algonquian phylum. All languages that fall under the Macro-Algonquian phylum are polysynthetic , meaning that an individual word is made up of many different morphemes , which are the smallest linguistic units of meaning. The principal village, Nachatank, housed

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3300-407: Is an important facet in the Nacotchtank culture. The Carolina Dog served as a symbol for respect and honor. The dogs likely played an integral role for the Nacotchtank people, as Carolina Dog skeletons have been found lying on top of human skeletons in ossuary burials collected from gravesites on Nacotchtank territory. Charles II of England Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685)

3450-402: Is derived from the word anaquashatanik , meaning "a town of traders"; this reflected how the Nacotchtank were a trading people established on fertile land on the nearby rivers. The process by which Nacotchtank was slowly changed to Anacostine was done by European colonists. During their colonization, English settlers frequently got rid of unfamiliar and unaccustomed sounds in the words from

3600-517: Is one of 25 apartment buildings constructed in Kalorama Triangle between 1901-1927, mostly along Connecticut Avenue and Columbia Road due to access to streetcar lines. Some of the apartment buildings were luxurious and designed by the city's noted architects. Large apartment buildings including The Altamont, 2029 Connecticut Avenue, 2101 Connecticut Avenue , 2301 Connecticut Avenue, and The Woodward at 2311 Connecticut Avenue, were built along

3750-409: Is sometimes referred to as part of Adams Morgan or the larger Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District , located on the west side of Connecticut Avenue. Due to the geographic and street alignment, Kalorama Triangle developed into a neighborhood of its own. The neighborhood is somewhat insulated by the surrounding commercial areas and features quiet, suburban-like streets in its interior. The western edge of

3900-471: The Act of Indemnity and Oblivion , 50 people were specifically excluded. In the end nine of the regicides were executed: they were hanged, drawn and quartered , whereas others were given life imprisonment or excluded from office for life. The bodies of Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton and John Bradshaw were subjected to posthumous decapitations . The English Parliament granted Charles an annual income to run

4050-633: The Act of Uniformity 1662 made the use of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer compulsory; the Conventicle Act 1664 prohibited religious assemblies of more than five people, except under the auspices of the Church of England; and the Five Mile Act 1665 prohibited expelled non-conforming clergymen from coming within five miles (8 km) of a parish from which they had been banished. The Conventicle and Five Mile Acts remained in effect for

4200-592: The Clarendon Code , to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England . Charles acquiesced to these new laws even though he favoured a policy of religious tolerance . The major foreign policy issue of his early reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War . In 1670, he entered into the Treaty of Dover , an alliance with his cousin, King Louis XIV of France . Louis agreed to aid him in

4350-553: The Dean of Christ Church, Oxford , was his tutor. Neither man thought that the study of science subjects was appropriate for a future king, and Newcastle even advised against studying any subject too seriously. However, as Charles grew older, the renowned surgeon William Harvey was appointed his tutor. He was famous for his work on blood circulation in the human body and already held the position of physician to Charles I; his studies were to influence Charles's own attitude to science. As

4500-510: The Declaration of Breda , in which Charles promised lenience and tolerance. There would be liberty of conscience, and Anglican church policy would not be harsh. He would not exile past enemies nor confiscate their wealth. There would be pardons for nearly all his opponents except the regicides . Above all, Charles promised to rule in cooperation with Parliament. The English Parliament resolved to proclaim Charles king and invite him to return,

4650-508: The Earl of Essex , Algernon Sydney , Lord Russell and the Duke of Monmouth were implicated in the plot. Essex slit his own throat while imprisoned in the Tower of London; Sydney and Russell were executed for high treason on very flimsy evidence; and the Duke of Monmouth went into exile at the court of William of Orange. Lord Danby and the surviving Catholic lords held in the Tower were released and

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4800-586: The East Indies , religious and commercial freedom in Portugal and two million Portuguese crowns (equivalent to £300,000 then ); while Portugal obtained military and naval support against Spain and liberty of worship for Catherine. Catherine journeyed from Portugal to Portsmouth on 13–14 May 1662, but was not visited by Charles there until 20 May. The next day the couple were married at Portsmouth in two ceremonies—a Catholic one conducted in secret, followed by

4950-594: The Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charles's brother and heir presumptive , James, Duke of York , had become a Catholic. The crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties. Charles sided with the Tories and, after the discovery of the Rye House Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, some Whig leaders were executed or forced into exile. Charles dissolved

5100-730: The First Dutch War (1652–1654). To lay foundations for a new beginning, envoys of the States General appeared in November 1660 with the Dutch Gift . The Second Dutch War (1665–1667) was started by English attempts to muscle in on Dutch possessions in Africa and North America. The conflict began well for the English, with the capture of New Amsterdam (renamed New York in honour of Charles's brother James, Duke of York) and

5250-739: The Fuller House on Ashmead Place. The Taft Bridge, allowing Connecticut Avenue to cross Rock Creek Park, was the world's largest concrete bridge when completed. It led to further development in Kalorama Triangle and neighborhoods north of the bridge. By the first few years in the 1900s, all remaining lots had been subdivided. With the widening and northward placement of Connecticut Avenue, the two Kalorama neighborhoods became distinct, with affluent residents building homes in Sheridan-Kalorama, and mostly middle-class residents living in Kalorama Triangle. The predominant architectural style for

5400-1243: The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on May 4, 1987. Additional buildings and sites added to the DCIHS and NRHP include the Fuller House, the Lothrop Mansion, the Kalorama Park and Archeological District, and the statue of George B. McClellan . The Woodward at 2311 Connecticut Avenue was listed on the DCIHS in 1964. Additional buildings in the historic district that are some of the 352 contributing properties include The Mendota (1901), The Woodley (1903), The Baltimore (1905), The Cliffbourne (1905), The Sterling (1905), The Knickerbocker (1909), The Airy View (1910), The Beacon (1910), The Biltmore (1913), The Altamont (1915), 2029 Connecticut Avenue (1915), The Carthage (1919), Park Crest (1922), The Melwood (1926), The Valley Vista (1927), 2101 Connecticut Avenue (1927), and The Mintwood (1929) Buildings that are not designated contributing properties include 36 buildings and 1 site. Examples include

5550-581: The Palace of Whitehall , at 11:45 am, aged 54. The suddenness of his illness and death led to suspicion of poison in the minds of many, including one of the royal doctors, but a more modern medical analysis has held that the symptoms of his final illness are similar to those of uraemia , a clinical syndrome due to kidney dysfunction. Charles had a laboratory among his many interests where, prior to his illness, he had been experimenting with mercury . Mercuric poisoning can produce irreversible kidney damage, but

5700-629: The Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District . The two neighborhoods were eventually divided by Connecticut Avenue , which runs north from Dupont Circle to Woodley Park via the Taft Bridge . The two neighborhoods are still sometimes referred to together as " Kalorama Heights ". For many years Kalorama Triangle was only inhabited by a few families living in large suburban-like houses. When streetcars were installed on Connecticut Avenue and Columbia Road, development of

5850-542: The Southern Netherlands . Charles made the Treaty of Brussels with Spain in 1656. This gathered Spanish support for a restoration in return for Charles's contribution to the war against France. Charles raised a ragtag army from his exiled subjects; this small, underpaid, poorly-equipped and ill-disciplined force formed the nucleus of the post-Restoration army. The Commonwealth made the Treaty of Paris with France in 1657 to join them in war against Spain in

6000-535: The Spanish Netherlands . A political crisis after Cromwell's death in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim. After 1660, all legal documents stating a regnal year did so as if he had succeeded his father as king in 1649. Charles's English Parliament enacted

6150-550: The Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension, and Charles secretly promised to convert to Catholicism at an unspecified future date. Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence , but the English Parliament forced him to withdraw it. In 1679, Titus Oates 's fabrication of a supposed Popish Plot sparked

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6300-578: The Third Anglo-Dutch War . The Cavalier Parliament opposed the Declaration of Indulgence on constitutional grounds by claiming that the king had no right to arbitrarily suspend laws passed by Parliament. Charles withdrew the Declaration, and also agreed to the Test Act , which not only required public officials to receive the sacrament under the forms prescribed by the Church of England, but also later forced them to denounce transubstantiation and

6450-665: The Treaty of Breda . As a result of the Second Dutch War, Charles dismissed Lord Clarendon, whom he used as a scapegoat for the war. Clarendon fled to France when impeached for high treason (which carried the penalty of death). Power passed to five politicians known collectively by a whimsical acronym as the Cabal —the Baron Clifford , Earl of Arlington , Duke of Buckingham , Baron Ashley (afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury) and Duke of Lauderdale . In fact,

6600-802: The Washington and Georgetown Railroad in 1895 to form the Capital Traction Company . Despite the new bridge and widening of Columbia Road, real estate development was somewhat slow in Kalorama Triangle until the 1890s. This was due in part to the Panic of 1893 and Highway Act of 1893, which required L'Enfant Plan street layouts to be followed in the former Washington County. After an exemption for existing neighborhoods began in 1898, development occurred quickly in Kalorama Triangle. Installation of streetcar lines built along Connecticut Avenue and Columbia Road also spurred development. Around

6750-574: The state religion in all three of his kingdoms. When negotiations with the Scots stalled, Charles authorised Lord Montrose to land in the Orkney Islands with a small army to threaten the Scots with invasion, in the hope of forcing an agreement more to his liking. Montrose feared that Charles would accept a compromise, and so chose to invade mainland Scotland anyway. He was captured and executed. Charles reluctantly promised that he would abide by

6900-576: The "villainy" and "hypocrisy" of the Covenanters. Charles was provided with a Scottish court, and the record of his food and household expenses at Falkland Palace and Perth survives. Charles's alliance with the Scots led to the Anglo-Scottish War of 1650 to 1652. On 3 September 1650, the Covenanters were defeated at Dunbar by a much smaller force commanded by Oliver Cromwell . The Scots were divided between moderate Engagers and

7050-458: The 1650s, the Province of Maryland experienced an economic boom with the great popularity and demand of one of its cash crops — tobacco . This large expansion necessitated vast areas of land that could be turned into tobacco plantations as the demand was exceedingly high. In 1663, Cecil Calvert , the second Lord of Baltimore, granted Thomas Dent an 850-acre tract of land named Gisborough on

7200-572: The 1682 municipal elections, and in 1683 the London charter was forfeited. In retrospect, the use of the judicial system by Charles (and later his brother and heir James) as a tool against opposition, helped establish the idea of separation of powers between the judiciary and the Crown in Whig thought. Charles suffered a sudden apoplectic fit on the morning of 2 February 1685, and died four days later at

7350-589: The 1930s, which were the last undeveloped lots in the Kalorama Triangle. Because of the somewhat rapid development of the neighborhood, the size and architectural styles used created a cohesive appearance. Many of the developers and architects that designed houses and apartment buildings in the neighborhood were prominent in their professions, including Arthur B. Heaton , Harry Wardman , B. Stanley Simmons , Hornblower & Marshall , James G. Hill , Appleton P. Clark Jr. , and Thomas Franklin Schneider . There were

7500-514: The Cabal rarely acted in concert, and the court was often divided between two factions led by Arlington and Buckingham, with Arlington the more successful. In 1668, England allied itself with Sweden, and with its former enemy the Netherlands, to oppose Louis XIV in the War of Devolution . Louis made peace with the Triple Alliance , but he continued to maintain his aggressive intentions towards

7650-437: The Catholic Mass as "superstitious and idolatrous". Clifford, who had converted to Catholicism, resigned rather than take the oath, and died shortly after, possibly from suicide. By 1674, England had gained nothing from the Anglo-Dutch War, and the Cavalier Parliament refused to provide further funds, forcing Charles to make peace. The power of the Cabal waned, and that of Clifford's replacement Lord Danby grew. Queen Catherine

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7800-400: The Cliffbourne estate. The last owner, inventor Marion C. Stone, died in 1899, the same year the Cliffbourne house was demolished. When the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 came into law, it extended the boundaries of the City of Washington to the present District of Columbia. Florida Avenue , originally known as Boundary Street, was just a few blocks south of Kalorama Triangle. Once

7950-405: The Commons thought too mild—the impeachment became stalled between the two Houses. As he had been required to do so many times during his reign, Charles bowed to the wishes of his opponents, committing Danby to the Tower of London , in which he was held for another five years. In Charles's early childhood, William Cavendish, Earl of Newcastle , was governor of the royal household and Brian Duppa,

8100-426: The Crown on the Protestant Duke of Monmouth , the eldest of Charles's illegitimate children. The Abhorrers —those who thought the Exclusion Bill was abhorrent—were named Tories (after a term for dispossessed Irish Catholic bandits), while the Petitioners —those who supported a petitioning campaign in favour of the Exclusion Bill—were called Whigs (after a term for rebellious Scottish Presbyterians). Fearing that

8250-405: The District of Columbia. The tribe was situated along the intersection of two major rivers—the Potomac and the Anacostia —and thus, the majority of Nacotchtank settlements were along the water. The Nacotchtank's principal village, Nachatank, was situated along the eastern bank of the Potomac River on the land of what is now the Bolling Air Force Base . It was here that the Nacotchtank chief

8400-411: The East Coast, trading with various indigenous tribes and eventually taking over the monopoly on the fur trade that the Nacotchtank had for long enjoyed. When the Jesuits arrived in Maryland in 1634, who wanted to adapt church teachings for the natives, Fleet helped by translating the Algonquian language used by the Nacotchtank to English, under the guidance of Governor Leonard Calvert . Beginning in

8550-447: The English Parliament in 1681 and ruled alone until his death in 1685. Following his restoration, Charles became known for his affability and friendliness, and for allowing his subjects easy access to his person. However, he also showed an almost impenetrable reserve, especially concerning his political agendas. His court gained a reputation for moral laxity. Charles's marriage to Catherine of Braganza produced no surviving children, but

8700-474: The English court, was astonished by the extent of the king's knowledge. The king freely indulged in his many interests, including astronomy, which had been stimulated by a visit to Gresham College , in October 1660, to see the telescopes made by the astronomer Sir Paul Neile . Charles was so impressed by what he saw that he ordered his own 36' telescope which he had installed in the Privy Garden at Whitehall . He would invite his friends and acquaintances to view

8850-429: The Exclusion Bill angered some Protestants. Protestant conspirators formulated the Rye House Plot , a plan to murder him and the Duke of York as they returned to London after horse races in Newmarket . A great fire, however, destroyed Charles's lodgings at Newmarket, which forced him to leave the races early, thus inadvertently avoiding the planned attack. News of the failed plot was leaked. Protestant politicians such as

9000-416: The Exclusion Bill would be passed, and bolstered by some acquittals in the continuing Plot trials, which seemed to him to indicate a more favourable public mood towards Catholicism, Charles dissolved the English Parliament, for a second time that year, in mid-1679. Charles's hopes for a more moderate Parliament were not fulfilled; within a few months he had dissolved Parliament yet again, after it sought to pass

9150-478: The Exclusion Bill. When a new Parliament assembled at Oxford in March 1681, Charles dissolved it for a fourth time after just a few days. During the 1680s, however, popular support for the Exclusion Bill ebbed, and Charles experienced a nationwide surge of loyalty. Lord Shaftesbury was prosecuted (albeit unsuccessfully) for treason in 1681 and later fled to Holland, where he died. For the remainder of his reign, Charles ruled without Parliament. Charles's opposition to

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9300-412: The Governor of Scotland, was concerned that the nation would descend into anarchy. Monck and his army marched into the City of London , and forced the Rump Parliament to re-admit members of the Long Parliament who had been excluded in December 1648, during Pride's Purge . Parliament dissolved itself, and there was a general election for the first time in almost 20 years. The outgoing Parliament defined

9450-508: The House of Commons failed to view him as a reluctant participant in the scandal, instead believing that he was the author of the policy. To save Danby from the impeachment trial, Charles dissolved the Cavalier Parliament in January 1679. The new English Parliament, which met in March of the same year, was quite hostile to Charles. Many members feared that he had intended to use the standing army to suppress dissent or impose Catholicism. However, with insufficient funds voted by Parliament, Charles

9600-454: The Indies. Earlier in 1668 he leased the islands of Bombay to the company for a nominal sum of £10 paid in gold. The Portuguese territories that Catherine brought with her as a dowry proved too expensive to maintain; Tangier was abandoned in 1684. In 1670, Charles granted control of the entire Hudson Bay drainage basin to the Hudson's Bay Company by royal charter, and named the territory Rupert's Land , after his cousin Prince Rupert of

9750-426: The Mathematical School at Christ's Hospital in 1673 and, two years later, following concerns over French advances in astronomy, he founded the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. He maintained an interest in chemistry and regularly visited his private laboratory. There, dissections were occasionally carried out, and observed by the king. Pepys noted in his diary that on the morning of Friday, 15 January 1669, while he

9900-481: The Nacotchtank along the Potomac River, within what are now Stafford and King George counties of Northern Virginia. Such proximity to one another resulted in long-standing hostility, with the Chief of the Patawomeke referring to the Nacotchtank as their "mortal enemies." As such, the Patawomeck chief not only allied with the colonists, but also helped them in avenging the death of Fleet's party and in attaining corn by providing roughly 40-50 warriors to take part in

10050-437: The Nacotchtank bears the legacy of the latinized version, Anacostine , as seen in the naming of the river which borders eastern D.C., the Anacostia River , or the neighborhood in southeast D.C., Anacostia . The Nacotchtank fell under the larger influence of the Piscataway Chiefdom. The Nacotchtank were not necessarily under complete control of the Piscataway, but rather, the Nacotchtank closely allied with them as they were

10200-399: The Nacotchtank population living on Theodore Roosevelt Island sought refuge in the larger Piscataway tribe of Southern Maryland, whom the Nacotchtank had previously been allied with. With the increased sense of tolerance of indigenous peoples in Pennsylvania, the Piscataway, which the Nacotchtank coalesced with, migrated north and settled on land bordering the lower Susquehanna River around

10350-408: The Nacotchtank resided within the present-day borders of Washington, D.C. , along the intersection of the Potomac and Anacostia rivers. The Nacotchtank spoke Piscataway , a variant of the Algonquian subfamily spoken by many tribes along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean . This was due to close association and tribute with the nearby Piscataway chiefdom, whose tayac (grand chief) ruled over

10500-406: The Nacotchtank traded principally furs, which was readily available given their extensive supply of wild game. The Nacotchtank eventually monopolized the fur trade . The Nacotchtank were first recorded by Captain John Smith , who visited their palisaded village during his First Voyage in 1608, in which he explored the land surrounding the Jamestown settlement of the Colony of Virginia. Between

10650-435: The Nacotchtank would chip away large chunks of the rock, which would then be taken back to the individual villages, where they would complete formation of whatever artifact they were intending to create. Quartzite, which was relatively-easily chipped and available in a quarry in the Piney Branch area of what is now Northwest Washington, D.C., was used in forming sharp-edged tools, particularly spears and arrow points. Soapstone

10800-440: The Netherlands. In 1670, Charles, seeking to solve his financial troubles, agreed to the Treaty of Dover , under which Louis would pay him £160,000 each year. In exchange, Charles agreed to supply Louis with troops and to announce his conversion to Catholicism "as soon as the welfare of his kingdom will permit". Louis was to provide him with 6,000 troops to suppress those who opposed the conversion. Charles endeavoured to ensure that

10950-588: The Netherlands. Royalist supporters in the Spanish force were led by Charles's younger brother James, Duke of York . At the Battle of the Dunes in 1658, as part of the larger Spanish force, Charles's army of around 2,000 clashed with Commonwealth troops fighting with the French. By the end of the battle Charles's force was about 1,000 and with Dunkirk given to the English the prospect of a Royalist expedition to England

11100-653: The Parliamentarian fleet defected, it did not reach Scotland in time to join up with the Royalist Engager army led by the Duke of Hamilton before it was defeated at Preston by the New Model Army . At The Hague, Charles had a brief affair with Lucy Walter , who later falsely claimed that they had secretly married. Her son, James Crofts (afterwards Duke of Monmouth and Duke of Buccleuch ),

11250-521: The Potomac River, which bordered the principal Nacotchtank village. The colony, in such close proximity to the Nacotchtank, now had the leverage to begin encroaching on Nacotchtank territory. Additionally, with the two groups now close to one another and in constant contact, the Europeans from Maryland introduced to the area a number of Eurasian infectious diseases to which the Nacotchtank had no immunity , such as measles, cholera, and smallpox. As

11400-603: The Potomac and thus permitting easy access for traders. Although the proximity of rivers was integral for the Nacotchtank, there is evidence of the Nacotchtank existence further inland, which comes from the findings of archaeologist Samuel Proudfit, who worked for the United States Department of the Interior . Proudfit studied the excavation that was performed when the swimming pool was being constructed in

11550-535: The Rhine , the company's first governor. Although previously favourable to the Crown, the Cavalier Parliament was alienated by the king's wars and religious policies during the 1670s. In 1672, Charles issued the Royal Declaration of Indulgence , in which he purported to suspend all penal laws against Catholics and other religious dissenters. In the same year, he openly supported Catholic France and started

11700-579: The Treaty—especially the conversion clause—remained secret. It remains unclear if Charles ever seriously intended to convert. Meanwhile, by a series of five charters, Charles granted the East India Company the rights to autonomous government of its territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to command fortresses and troops, to form alliances, to make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over its possessions in

11850-531: The White House, which is relatively inland from any of the Nacotchtank river settlements. Analysis of the terrain that was dug up proved indigenous existence on the site, with findings such as quartzite points, a broken biface, and fragments of broken pottery. According to Proudfit, blades of quartzite that taper off into points on each end are indicative of the Nacotchtank, as they are found commonly in areas of Nacotchtank settlement and rarely in settlements of

12000-550: The case for that being a cause of his death is unproven. In the days between his collapse and his death, Charles endured a variety of torturous treatments, including bloodletting , purging and cupping , in the hope of effecting a recovery, which may have exacerbated his uraemia through dehydration, rather than helping to alleviate it. On his deathbed, Charles asked his brother, James, to look after his mistresses: "be well to Portsmouth , and let not poor Nelly starve". He told his courtiers, "I am sorry, gentlemen, for being such

12150-546: The cleric John Earle , well known for his satirical book Microcosmographie , with whom he studied Latin and Greek, and Thomas Hobbes , the philosopher and author of Leviathan , with whom he studied mathematics. In France, Charles assisted his childhood friend, the Earl of Buckingham , with his experiments in chemistry and alchemy , with the Earl convinced he was close to producing the philosopher's stone . Although some of Charles's studies, while abroad, may have helped to pass

12300-499: The colonists were killed except for Captain Fleet, who was captured. Held captive for 5 years, Fleet acquired the language and culture of the Nacotchtank. During his time, Fleet observed the trading village Tohoga in present-day Georgetown and noted it as being the center for the monopolized fur trade with the Iroquois . In November 1622, the Nacotchtank faced their first death at the hand of colonial forces. This took place at

12450-468: The dates of June 16 and July 18 of 1608, Smith recorded in his journal, which has since been published as The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles , his impressions of the indigenous peoples of the Potomac River. Specifically speaking of the Nacotchtank, Smith writes that they were a welcoming people who "did their best to content [him]." Smith also noted the presence of

12600-426: The easy access to restaurants and Washington Metro stations are the major factors for people living in the neighborhood. Kalorama Triangle is a mostly residential neighborhood in Washington, D.C. 's northwest quadrant . The area of the neighborhood is approximately 51 acres (21 ha). The surrounding neighborhoods are Adams Morgan to the north and east, Dupont Circle to the south, and Sheridan-Kalorama to

12750-451: The efforts of the Society members "to weigh air". He seemed unable to grasp the significance of the basic laws of physics being established at that time, including Boyle's Law and Hooke's Law and the concept of atmospheric pressure and the barometer and the importance of air for the support of life. Although Charles lost interest in the activities of the society, he continued to support scientific and commercial endeavours. He founded

12900-474: The electoral qualifications intending to bring about the return of a Presbyterian majority. The restrictions against royalist candidates and voters were widely ignored, and the elections resulted in a House of Commons that was fairly evenly divided on political grounds between Royalists and Parliamentarians and on religious grounds between Anglicans and Presbyterians. The so-called Convention Parliament assembled on 25 April 1660, and soon afterwards welcomed

13050-549: The firefighting effort. The public blamed Catholic conspirators for the fire. Since 1640, Portugal had been fighting a war against Spain to restore its independence after a dynastic union of sixty years between the crowns of Spain and Portugal. Portugal had been helped by France, but in the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 Portugal was abandoned by its French ally. Negotiations with Portugal for Charles's marriage to Catherine of Braganza began during his father's reign and upon

13200-400: The government of £1.2 million, generated largely from customs and excise duties. The grant, however, proved to be insufficient for most of Charles's reign. For the most part, the actual revenue was much lower, which led to attempts to economise at court by reducing the size and expenses of the royal household and raising money through unpopular innovations such as the hearth tax . In

13350-603: The heavens through his new telescope and, in May 1661, Evelyn describes his visit to the Garden, with several other scientists, to view Saturn's rings . Charles also had a laboratory installed, in Whitehall, within easy access to his bedroom. From the beginning of his reign, Charles appointed experts to assist him in his scientific pursuits. These included: Timothy Clarke , a celebrated anatomist, who performed some dissections for

13500-526: The historic district, which was added to the DCIHS and NRHP in 1987. Before then, there were already three landmarks on the NRHP, including the Lothrop Mansion , the Fuller House , and the equestrian statue of George B. McClellan . The neighborhood is now considered a suburban-like oasis in a busy area of the city. The cohesiveness of the buildings, the quiet streets, the diversity of the population, and

13650-451: The homes built in the late 19th-century was Romanesque Revival , but in the early 20th-century, Georgian Revival was the more popular style. American Craftsman was also a common style during this period. Most of the homes built in the early 20th century were rowhouses, including over 100 built between 1902-1905. A house and statue completed in the 1900s formed the southern boundary of the neighborhood. The Beaux-Arts style Lothrop Mansion

13800-423: The king acknowledged at least 12 illegitimate children by various mistresses. He was succeeded by his brother James. Charles was born at St James's Palace on 29 May 1630, eldest surviving son of Charles I , king of England , Scotland and Ireland , and his wife Henrietta Maria , sister of Louis XIII of France . Charles was their second child (the first being a son born about a year before, who had died within

13950-614: The king was so high that he was given access to the royal laboratory to perform his own experiments there. Charles never attended a Society meeting, but he remained aware of the activities there from his discussions with Society members, especially Moray. In addition, Robert Boyle gave him a private viewing of the Boyle/Hooke air-pump , which was used at many of the Wednesday meetings. However, Charles preferred experiments that had an immediate practical outcome and he laughed at

14100-581: The king's Catholic brother, James, acquired greater influence at court. Titus Oates was convicted and imprisoned for defamation. Thus through the last years of Charles's reign, his approach towards his opponents changed, and he was compared by Whigs to the contemporary Louis XIV of France, with his form of government in those years termed "slavery". Many of them were prosecuted and their estates seized, with Charles replacing judges and sheriffs at will and packing juries to achieve conviction. To destroy opposition in London, Charles first disenfranchised many Whigs in

14250-607: The king's chief physician, Harvey accompanied Charles I to the Battle of Edgehill and, although some details are uncertain, he had charge of Prince Charles and the Duke of York in the morning, but the two boys were back with the king for the start of battle. Later in the afternoon, with their father concerned for their safety, the two princes left the battlefield accompanied by Sir W. Howard and his pensioners. During his exile, in France, Charles continued his education, including physics, chemistry and mathematics. His tutors included

14400-469: The king's household. Evelyn visited his laboratory with the king. In addition to his many other interests, the king was fascinated by clock mechanisms and had clocks distributed all around Whitehall, including seven of them in his bedroom. Robert Bruce (later Earl of Ailesbury), a Gentleman of the Bedchamber, complained that the continual noise of the clocks chiming disturbed his sleep, whenever it

14550-464: The king; Robert Morison as his chief botanist (Charles had his own botanical garden); Edmund Dickinson , a chemist and alchemist, who was tasked with carrying out experiments in the king's laboratory; Sir Thomas Williams , who was skillful in compounding and inventing medicines, some of which were prepared in the royal presence; and Nicasius le Febure (or Nicolas LeFevre), who was invited to England as royal professor of chemistry and apothecary to

14700-595: The land's mortgage payments. The next owner was John Little, whose large house once stood where Kalorama Park is now located. Due to the growing size of his family, and the success of his businesses, Little kept expanding his estate. By the early 1860s, Little had the large house, a carriage house, a smaller house, and multiple industrial buildings on his estate. There were 17 slaves owned by Little and his relatives, all of whom were freed in 1862, due to legislative actions by Senator Henry Wilson and President Abraham Lincoln . One of his slaves, Hortense Prout, attempted to flee

14850-478: The large apartment and co-op buildings have terraces overlooking the city has been a major selling point. The houses in the area are priced over $ 1 million, while the condominiums and co-ops can be even higher, depending on the building. There is a Kalorama Citizens Association which helps maintain the neighborhood's parks, including Kalorama Park, where a community garden is located. The Association planted new trees and installed park benches to attract visitors to

15000-520: The latter half of 1660, Charles's joy at the Restoration was tempered by the deaths of his siblings Henry and Mary of smallpox . At around the same time, Anne Hyde , the daughter of Lord Chancellor Edward Hyde , revealed that she was pregnant by Charles's brother James, whom she had secretly married. Edward Hyde, who had not known of either the marriage or the pregnancy, was created Earl of Clarendon and his position as Charles's favourite minister

15150-415: The local languages and replaced them with sounds that were easier to pronounce and to which they were more familiar. As a result, the English settlers that were interacting with the Nacotchtank would not pronounce the "-tchtank" and would replace it with the ending "-stine," which was easier to enunciate. Through transmission of the mispronounced Nacotchtank name amongst English settlers, the Nacotchtank name

15300-693: The more radical Kirk Party , who even fought each other. Disillusioned by these divisions, Charles rode north to join an Engager force in October, an event which became known as "the Start", but within two days members of the Kirk Party had recovered him. Nevertheless, the Scots remained Charles's best hope of restoration, and he was crowned King of Scotland at Scone Abbey on 1 January 1651. With Cromwell's forces threatening Charles's position in Scotland, it

15450-653: The nearby tribes. Additionally, Proudfit posits that fragmented pottery is "one of the unfailing evidences of permanent aboriginal occupation." This theory of pottery as a marker for permanent occupation was used in Proudfit's mapping of another Nacotchtank village north of Garfield Park on what is now Capitol Hill . The Nacotchtank utilized this land, which now houses the Supreme Court and Library of Congress , for agriculture, growing corn , beans , and squash. The Nacotchtank settled on this specific area as it

15600-487: The neighborhood grew rapidly. Although there were still stand-along house being constructed, most of the new housing consisted of rowhouses. There were also large, ornate apartment buildings constructed in the neighborhood, especially along Connecticut Avenue and Columbia Road. Within a few years, all of the lots had been developed and construction slowed down in the 1920s, when there was little land left to develop. Historic preservationists worked with local officials to create

15750-466: The neighborhood is lined with grand apartment buildings until it reaches the Taft Bridge , which gives access to Woodley Park and other neighborhoods north of Rock Creek Park . The neighborhood features a few parks, including Kalorama Park, and three traffic island parks: Ann Hughes Hargrove Park; Biltmore Triangle Garden; and Major General George B. McClellan Park. Kalorama Park is 3 acres (1.2 ha) and located between 19th Street, Columbia Road, and

15900-557: The neighborhoods major routes and catered to the upper middle class. During the 1930s, the Calvert Street Bridge, later renamed the Duke Ellington Bridge , replaced an older one that carried Calvert Street west over Rock Creek Park, giving access to Woodley Park and other neighborhoods further north and west. There were mostly small commercial properties built along Columbia Road and Calvert Street during

16050-587: The next two years based in the Royalist capital of Oxford . In January 1645, Charles was given his own Council and made titular head of Royalist forces in the West Country . By spring 1646, most of the region had been occupied by Parliamentarian forces and Charles went into exile to avoid capture. From Falmouth , he went first to the Isles of Scilly , then to Jersey , and finally to France, where his mother

16200-550: The park. Another article in The Washington Post described the neighborhood as a "nook of serenity tucked into a bustling city." Short distances to nearby Washington Metro stations is also mentioned as a perk of living in the neighborhood. Nacotchtank The Nacotchtank , also Anacostine , were an Algonquian Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands . During the 17th century,

16350-608: The parking lot behind 2005 Wyoming Avenue, 2012 Wyoming Avenue (1980s), 2027 Kalorama Road (1970s), 1925 Belmont Road (1960s), 2411 20th Street (1970s), 1809-1855 Biltmore Street (1970s), and 1945-1957 Calvert Street (1970s). An article in The Washington Post described Kalorama Triangle as a village within the city with an "old world vibe". The mixture of historic buildings, quiet streets, easy access to area restaurants and grocery stores, and diversity of its population has drawn in residents for decades. The fact several of

16500-547: The period known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth , with a republican government eventually led by Oliver Cromwell . Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe . Cromwell became Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and

16650-484: The possessor of several other associated titles. At or around his eighth birthday, he was designated Prince of Wales , though he was never formally invested. In August 1642, the long-running dispute between Charles I and Parliament culminated in the outbreak of the First English Civil War . In October, Prince Charles and his younger brother James were present at the Battle of Edgehill and spent

16800-646: The previous year, but was caught and put in jail. Because of her brave attempt and due to the site where she lived, the Kalorama Park and Archeological District is a historic landmark and included in the National Underground Railroad Network . During the Civil War , a large influx of soldiers arrived to the city and its outlying areas. The Cliffbourne estate was commandeered and used as calvary barracks. The barracks became

16950-625: The principal village followed a particular pattern of settlement called dispersed settlement . In this pattern, there would be rather-isolated dwellings with large open fields in between them. The resultant community would have groupings of between 2 and 100 dwellings clustered together, with a shared, designated spot that would have fallen trees that were to be used for fire-burning. In between these clusters were plots of land, ranging from between 20 and 100 acres, which would be used in cultivating various plants and crops. The Nacotchtank lived in wigwams —which were dome-shaped huts—and longhouses , as

17100-429: The rear properties on Mintwood Place. The land comprising modern-day Kalorama Triangle was originally inhabited by Native American tribes, including the Nacotchtank and Mattawoman . In the 1600s, Charles II of England gave one of his former servants an estate in modern day Washington, D.C. A portion of the 600 acres (240 ha) tract was later called Widow's Mite. Before the U.S. won its independence, Widow's Mite

17250-475: The remainder of Charles's reign. The Acts became known as the Clarendon Code , after Lord Clarendon, even though he was not directly responsible for them and even spoke against the Five Mile Act. The Restoration was accompanied by social change. Puritanism lost its momentum. Theatres reopened after having been closed during the protectorship of Oliver Cromwell, and bawdy " Restoration comedy " became

17400-699: The restoration, Queen Luísa of Portugal , acting as regent, reopened negotiations with England that resulted in an alliance. On 23 June 1661, a marriage treaty was signed; England acquired Catherine's dowry of the port of Tangier in North Africa, the Seven Islands of Bombay in India (which had a major influence on the development of the British Empire ), valuable trading privileges in Brazil and

17550-535: The rivers to occupy fertile and flat land and grow a variety of crop species, most of which belonged to the Three Sisters family—corn, beans, and squash. Since the Nacotchtank had abundant natural resources and were situated where two rivers met, they held an epicenter for a bustling trade network with neighboring tribes. One known intertribal network was with the Haudenosaunee of New York, in which

17700-501: The roads were improved, sewer lines installed, and lots plotted in the 1870s and 1880s, there was an increase in the neighborhood's development. Construction of a new Woodley Lane Bridge over Rock Creek along with extending Connecticut Avenue northward spurred further interest in Kalorama Triangle. Another development was creation of the Rock Creek Railway , which built a bridge crossing Rock Creek Park , and later merged with

17850-542: The smaller tribes that belonged to the Piscataway Chiefdom. These lower-ranked chiefs were known as werences (also known as werowances/weroances) . The Nacotchtank werence would collect and pay tribute to the Piscataway tayac who resided in a village named Mayone in present-day Prince Georges County of Maryland, 15 miles south of the Nacotchtank land base. The tribe's physical location, which had

18000-673: The terms of a treaty agreed between him and the Scots Parliament at Breda , and support the Solemn League and Covenant , which authorised Presbyterian church governance across Britain. Upon his arrival in Scotland on 23 June 1650, he formally agreed to the Covenant; his abandonment of Episcopal church governance, although winning him support in Scotland, left him unpopular in England. Charles himself soon came to despise

18150-726: The time of the Second Anglo-Powhatan War , a battle between English colonists and the Powhatan Confederacy. One tribe that the colonists closely allied with during this time was the Patawomeke (or Patawomeck ). Though the Patawomeke were initially part of the Powhatan Confederacy, they were large enough so that they could lose such affiliation and side with the colonists. The Patawomeke, an Algonquian-speaking people, were established across from

18300-506: The time, on his return to England he was already knowledgeable in the mathematics of navigation and was a competent chemist. Such was his knowledge of naval architecture that he was able to participate in technical discussions on the subject with Samuel Pepys , William Petty and John Evelyn . The new concepts and discoveries being found at this time fascinated Charles, not only in science and medicine, but in topics such as botany and gardening. A French traveller, Sorbier, while visiting

18450-500: The turn of the century, Kalorama Triangle featured numerous large free-standing houses, including Managannsett, which stood at the intersection of Columbia Road and Wyoming Avenue. The residential character of the neighborhood soon changed, with rowhouses becoming predominant. Some of the earliest homes of this type were built on 19th Street, Biltmore Street, Calvert Street, Columbia Road, Kalorama Road, and Mintwood Place. There were still free-standing houses built during this time, including

18600-415: The werence (subordinate Chief to the tayac), close kin, priests, and councilors. Here, the werence would store tribute, oftentimes corn and hides, from surrounding villagers. The abode of the werence and all religious buildings within the main village were protected by a palisade , and there were approximately 80 warriors contained within the village. The structure of the Nacotchtank occupation outside of

18750-494: The west. Rock Creek Park is also one of the northern boundaries. The street boundaries are roughly Connecticut Avenue to the west, Columbia Road to the east, and Calvert Street on the north. The area has been called Kalorama Triangle since the mid 20th-century. The name derives from the Kalorama estate that was once located in the area during the 19th-century. The word, Kalorama, means "nice view" in Greek . The neighborhood

18900-582: The winter, and Charles returned to London in February 1666. After a long spell of hot and dry weather through mid-1666, the Great Fire of London started on 2 September 1666 in Pudding Lane . Fanned by strong winds and fed by wood and fuel stockpiled for winter, the fire destroyed about 13,200 houses and 87 churches, including St Paul's Cathedral . Charles and his brother James joined and directed

19050-418: The year 1700. Though the Nacotchtank were absorbed by the Piscataway and relocated north, some aspects of Washington, D.C., are named after them. The river surrounding the eastern border of the city and the neighborhood in southeast, D.C., are named "Anacostia" after the latinized version of Nacotchtank. The entirety of the Nacotchtank tribe, prior to colonization, was situated within the modern borders of

19200-617: Was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651 and King of England , Scotland, and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685. Charles II was the eldest surviving child of Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and Henrietta Maria of France . After Charles I's execution at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War , the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king on 5 February 1649. However, England entered

19350-544: Was a reward of £1,000 on his head, anyone caught helping him was at risk of being put to death, and he was difficult to disguise, being over 6 ft (1.8 m), which was unusually tall for the time. Under the Instrument of Government passed by Parliament, Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1653, effectively placing the British Isles under military rule. Charles lived

19500-465: Was accessed mainly through the Rose Hill quarry of what is now Northwest Washington, D.C., and was utilized in producing various vessels such as bowls and pipes. There is also evidence of the Nacotchtank producing pottery, which has been found in fragments in an excavation of the terrain under the White House. The Carolina Dog was the only domesticated animal that lived among the Nacotchtank and

19650-555: Was already living under the protection of his first cousin, the eight-year-old Louis XIV . Charles I surrendered into captivity in May 1646. During the Second English Civil War in 1648, Charles moved to The Hague , where his sister Mary and his brother-in-law William II, Prince of Orange , seemed more likely to provide substantial aid to the Royalist cause than his mother's French relations. Although part of

19800-470: Was changed by owner Joel Barlow to Kalorama in 1807 and remained so until the 1880s when the estate was sold and subdivided into different lots. The first house built in modern-day Kalorama Triangle was Cliffbourne, where Cliffbourne Street is now located, between Biltmore and Calvert Streets. There was a winding road off Columbia Road, then called Taylor Lane, to reach the Cliffbourne estate. The site

19950-404: Was constructed in 1908 and replaced an earlier house. The other southern boundary marker of the neighborhood is the equestrian statue of George B. McClellan , which was erected in 1907. Some of the earlier houses built in the neighborhood were replaced with large, decorative apartment buildings in the 1900s-1920s. The Mendota, on 20th Street, was the first to be constructed in the neighborhood. It

20100-488: Was dashed. After the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, Charles's initial chances of regaining the Crown seemed slim; Cromwell was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son Richard . However, the new Lord Protector had little experience of either military or civil administration. In 1659, the Rump Parliament was recalled and Richard Cromwell resigned. During the civil and military unrest that followed, George Monck ,

20250-556: Was decided to mount an attack on England, but many of their most experienced soldiers had been excluded on religious grounds by the Kirk Party, whose leaders also refused to participate, among them Lord Argyll . Opposition to what was primarily a Scottish army meant few English Royalists joined as it moved south, and the invasion ended in defeat at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. Charles managed to escape and landed in Normandy six weeks later on 16 October, even though there

20400-466: Was flat and much more suitable for agriculture than the uneven land bordering the rivers on which they were initially established. The smooth terrain allowed the Nacotchtank to grow the large stores of corn that were appealing to European colonists. With the Nacotchtank's under the loose confederacy of the Piscataway Chiefdom, the Nacotchtank spoke the Piscataway language. The Piscataway language

20550-478: Was forced to gradually disband his troops. Having lost the support of Parliament, Danby resigned his post of Lord High Treasurer , but received a pardon from the king. In defiance of the royal will, the House of Commons declared that the dissolution of Parliament did not interrupt impeachment proceedings, and that the pardon was therefore invalid. When the House of Lords attempted to impose the punishment of exile—which

20700-413: Was impeached by the House of Commons on the charge of high treason . Although much of the nation had sought war with Catholic France, Charles had secretly negotiated with Louis XIV, trying to reach an agreement under which England would remain neutral in return for money. Danby had publicly professed that he was hostile to France, but had reservedly agreed to abide by Charles's wishes. Unfortunately for him,

20850-531: Was included in Prince George's County, Maryland , beginning in 1696. When the surrounding area was planned as the nation's capital in 1790, the land was included in Washington County, D.C. There was a manor house called Belair that was built in 1795 on the former Widow's Mite estate. This estate included the modern-day Kalorama Triangle and Sheridan-Kalorama neighborhoods. The name of the estate

21000-498: Was left behind after battle and disease was absorbed into the Piscataway. In his 1608 expedition, English explorer John Smith noted the prosperity of the Nacotchtank and their great supply of various resources. Various pieces of art and other cultural artifacts, including hair combs, pendants, pottery, and dog bones, have been found in excavations throughout Washington, D.C., on Nacotchtank territory. The name Nacotchtank (and variants Anaquashtank , Nacothtant , or Nachatanke )

21150-470: Was necessary for him to stay close by to the king. Also, Charles had a sundial installed in the Privy Garden, by which he could set his personal pocket watch . (For a while, the king personally recorded the performance of the latest spring-balance watch, presented to him by Robert Hooke . ) In 1662, Charles was pleased to grant a royal charter to a group of scientists and others who had established

21300-601: Was noted as residing, along with 80 others, in Smith's journal. Smith summarized his findings in his "Map of Virginia," which plotted the principal village of the Nacotchtank in 1608. In addition to the principal village, there were multiple smaller villages, as observed by Fleet in his time held captive. Fleet mentioned four of these villages: Tohoga , Mosticum , Shaunetowa , and Usserahak . Various excavations have been performed throughout Washington D.C., which point to more specific areas of Nacotchtank villages. For example,

21450-726: Was one of Charles's many illegitimate children who became prominent in British society. Despite his son's diplomatic efforts to save him, the execution of Charles I took place in January 1649, and England became a republic . On 5 February, the Covenanter Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II as "King of Great Britain, France and Ireland" at the Mercat Cross, Edinburgh , but refused to allow him to enter Scotland unless he agreed to establish Presbyterianism as

21600-465: Was owned or leased by several individuals in the 19th-century, including Colonel George Bomford and U.S. Representative Selah R. Hobbie . William Thornton wanted land in Kalorama Triangle and around 34 acres (14 ha) was deeded to him in 1817. He never lived on the property, and after his death, his widow sold the lot to brothers Christian and Matthew Hines. They built a modest-sized home, but after making poor financial investments, they defaulted on

21750-424: Was particularly interested in alchemy, which he had first encountered many years earlier, during his exile with the Duke of Buckingham. Charles resumed his experiments with mercury and would spend whole mornings attempting to distill it. Heating mercury in an open crucible releases mercury vapour, which is toxic and may have contributed to his later ill health. Charles faced a political storm over his brother James,

21900-462: Was slowly faded out and replaced with Nacostine. Later on, the Jesuits from the Province of Maryland further latinized the term by attaching a prefix "A" to "Nacostine," creating the name Anacostine. Etymologically, keeping the "A" is indeed a closer derivation of the term "anaquashtank," but the Nacotchtank preferred to omit prefixes and suffixes from words. Any present cultural honoring of

22050-643: Was strengthened. The Convention Parliament was dissolved in December 1660, and, shortly after Charles's English coronation , the second English Parliament of the reign assembled. Dubbed the Cavalier Parliament , it was overwhelmingly Royalist and Anglican. It sought to discourage non-conformity to the Church of England and passed several acts to secure Anglican dominance. The Corporation Act 1661 required municipal officeholders to swear allegiance;

22200-497: Was typical of other tribes along the East Coast . The villages also had menstrual huts, which women would visit when menstruating, and communal sweat houses, where those who were sick could visit and be healed. Two types of rock were readily available in Nacotchtank territory for their use— quartzite and soapstone . These two types of rock were available in various quarries throughout Nacotchtank territory. At these quarries,

22350-579: Was unable to produce an heir; her four pregnancies had ended in miscarriages and stillbirths in 1662, February 1666, May 1668, and June 1669. Charles's heir presumptive was therefore his unpopular Catholic brother, James, Duke of York. Partly to assuage public fears that the royal family was too Catholic, Charles agreed that James's daughter, Mary , should marry the Protestant William of Orange . In 1678, Titus Oates , who had been alternately an Anglican and Jesuit priest, falsely warned of

22500-422: Was walking to Whitehall, he met the king who invited him to view his chemistry laboratory. Pepys confessed to finding what he saw there beyond him. Charles developed painful gout in later life which limited the daily walks that he took regularly when younger. His keenness was now channelled to his laboratory where he would devote himself to his experiments, for hours at a time, sometimes helped by Moray. Charles

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