Misplaced Pages

#64935

45-957: The Kars oblast was a province ( oblast ) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire between 1878 and 1917. Its capital was the city of Kars , presently in Turkey . The oblast bordered the Ottoman Empire to the west, the Batum Oblast (in 1883–1903 part of the Kutaisi Governorate ) to the north, the Tiflis Governorate to the northeast, and the Erivan Governorate to the east. The Kars oblast included parts of

90-614: A few exceptions, Soviet oblasts were named after their administrative centers. In 1922, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was divided into 33 administrative divisions also called oblasts . In 1929, oblasts were replaced with larger administrative units known as banovinas . During the Yugoslav Wars , several Serb Autonomous Oblasts were formed in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia . These oblasts were later merged into

135-456: A lesser extent in neighbouring governorates as well) may indicate presence of a large numbers of soldiers or exiled persons in the region. This assumption supported by the fact that 28,875 or 9.9% of the population were military or administrative personnel. Faiths in the Kars oblast in 1897 Nationalities in the Kars oblast in 1916 According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar ,

180-594: A series of anti-Armenian uprisings in July 1919 . The Kars oblast for the third time in six years saw invading Turkish troops, this time under the command of General Kâzım Karabekir in September 1920 during the Turkish-Armenian War . The disastrous war for Armenia resulted in the permanent expulsion of the region's ethnic Armenian population, many who inexorably remained befalling massacre, resulting in

225-606: The Arabic language term wilāya ( ولاية ). George Milne, 1st Baron Milne Field Marshal George Francis Milne, 1st Baron Milne , GCB , GCMG , DSO , KStJ (5 November 1866 – 23 March 1948) was a senior British Army officer who served as Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS) from 1926 to 1933. He served in the Second Boer War and during

270-791: The First World War he served briefly on the Western Front but spent most of the war commanding the British forces on the Macedonian front . As CIGS he generally promoted the mechanisation of British land forces although limited practical progress was made during his term in office. Born in Aberdeen in November 1866, the son of George Milne and Williamina Milne (née Panton), and educated at MacMillan's School in Aberdeen and

315-612: The Republic of Serbian Krajina and the Republika Srpska . Since 1999, Bulgaria has been divided into 28 oblasts, usually translated as "provinces". Before, the country was divided into just nine units, also called oblasts. Oblasts are further subdivided into raions ( districts ), ranging in number from 3 to 10 per entity. Viloyat and welaýat are derived from the Turkish language term vilayet , itself derived from

360-716: The Royal Military Academy, Woolwich , which he entered in March 1884, Milne was commissioned into the Royal Artillery on 16 September 1885. He was initially posted to a battery at Trimulgherry in India and then joined a battery at Aldershot in 1889 before being posted back to India to a battery at Meerut in 1891. Promoted to captain on 4 July 1895, he joined the garrison artillery in Malta . Next he

405-650: The mechanisation of British land forces although limited practical progress was made during his term in office. Having been advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the New Year Honours 1927, he was promoted to field marshal on 30 January 1928 before retiring in 1933. On 26 January 1933 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Milne , of Salonika and of Rubislaw in the County of Aberdeen. He

450-764: The 4th Division several months earlier. Milne, promoted to temporary lieutenant-general in December 1915, was appointed to command XVI Corps in Salonika in January 1916 with orders to oppose Bulgarian advances on the Macedonian front . When he succeeded Lieutenant-General Bryan Mahon as commander-in-chief (C-in-C) of the British Salonika Army , Milne became overall C-in-C of British Troops in Macedonia on 9 May 1916. As late as 3 June 1916 Milne

495-461: The Caucasus in early 1919 and thought "the country and the inhabitants are equally loathsome" and that British withdrawal "would probably lead to anarchy" but "the world would (not) lose much if the whole of the country cut each other’s throats. They are certainly not worth the life of a single British soldier". At the end of August 1919 the British withdrew from Baku (the small British naval presence

SECTION 10

#1732765105065

540-492: The Kars oblast and expelling its more than 100,000 Armenian inhabitants. The Ottoman Ninth Army under the command of Yakub Shevki Pasha , the occupying force of the district by the time of the Mudros Armistice , were permitted to winter in Kars until early 1919, after which on 7 January 1919 Major General G.T. Forestier-Walker ordered their complete withdrawal to the pre-1914 Ottoman-frontier. Intended to hinder

585-475: The Kars oblast had a population of 364,214 on 14 January [ O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 185,895 men and 178,319 women, 308,400 of whom were the permanent population, and 55,814 were temporary residents: Oblast The term oblast is borrowed from Russian область ( pronounced [ˈobɫəsʲtʲ] ), where it is inherited from Old East Slavic , in turn borrowed from Church Slavonic область oblastĭ 'power, empire', formed from

630-573: The Kars oblast largely came under the Armenian civil governorship of Stepan Korganian who wasted no time in facilitating the repatriation of the region's exiled refugees. Despite the apparent defeat of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish agitators were reported by Armenian intelligence to have been freely roaming the countryside of Kars encouraging sedition among the Muslim villages, culminating in

675-737: The Order of St Michael and St George on 1 January 1919, advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George on 3 June 1919 and given the Greek Military Cross in July 1919. He was also awarded the Grand Cross of the French Legion of Honour in August 1919 and made a Knight of Grace of the Venerable Order of Saint John on 9 April 1920. In March 1920 he occupied Constantinople and took over

720-789: The Persian Caspian coast) was taken prisoner by Bolshevik forces on 19 May 1920, Lloyd George finally insisted on a withdrawal from Batum early in June 1920. Financial retrenchment forced a British withdrawal from Persia in the spring of 1921. Milne was appointed Grand Cross (First Class) of the Order of the Redeemer by the King of the Hellenes in October 1918, appointed a Knight Commander of

765-657: The Soviet Union electrification program under the GOELRO plan , Ivan Alexandrov , as director of the Regionalisation Committee of Gosplan , divided the Soviet Union into thirteen European and eight Asiatic oblasts, using rational economic planning rather than "the vestiges of lost sovereign rights". The names of oblasts did not usually correspond to the names of the respective historical regions, as they were created as purely administrative units. With

810-664: The United Kingdom on the SS Orotava which arrived at Southampton in early September. He was appointed a Deputy-Assistant Quartermaster-General in the intelligence division at headquarters on 26 January 1903 and then, having been promoted to colonel on 1 November 1905, became a general staff officer at the headquarters (HQ) of the North Midland Division (a Territorial Force formation) in April 1908,

855-587: The administration of the city, which was collapsing. Promoted to full general on 26 April 1920, he was appointed Lieutenant of the Tower of London on 15 December 1920 and General Officer Commanding Eastern Command on 1 June 1923. Having been made aide-de-camp general to the King on 31 July 1923, he became CIGS on 19 February 1926. In that role he supported the publication of the study Mechanised and Armoured Formations (issued in 1929) and generally promoted

900-771: The aftermath of the October Revolution the Russian SFSR ceded the entire Kars oblast through the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Ottoman Empire, who had been unreconciled with its loss of the territory since 1878. Despite the ineffectual resistance of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic which had initially rejected the aforementioned treaty, the Ottoman Third Army was successful in occupying

945-749: The conference Milne was placed under Sarrail's command, with right of appeal to his own government – who overruled him when he protested against Sarrail's movement of a British brigade outside the British zone. This precedent was much discussed in the next few months when David Lloyd George , the Prime Minister , attempted to place the BEF on the Western Front under General Robert Nivelle . Milne undertook numerous offensives in support of his French and Serbian Allies with limited resources. His attack at Lake Doiran in spring 1917 cost 5,000 dead and seriously wounded, one quarter of all British casualties throughout

SECTION 20

#1732765105065

990-621: The contemporary provinces of Kars , Ardahan , and Erzurum Province of Turkey, and the Amasia Community of the Shirak Province of Armenia . The Kars oblast was a province established after the region's annexation into the Russian Empire through the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878, following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire and the dissolution of the latter's Kars , Childir and Erzurum eyalets . With

1035-590: The day on which the TF was officially created. He joined the general staff at the HQ of the 6th Division in Cork in 1909 and, having been appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the King's Birthday Honours 1912, was, at the relatively young age of 47, promoted to brigadier-general and became Brigadier General Royal Artillery (BGRA) for the 4th Division at Woolwich , then part of Kent , on 1 October 1913. At

1080-492: The empire took place in between: The 30,000 excess population of male over females was mainly attributed to the European language speakers. Among the 27,856 speakers of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian, 19,910 men and 7,946 women were recorded. The Polish, and Lithuanian speakers were almost exclusively (99%) male as well; Germans and Jews, 80–90% males. This preponderance of males in the European language speakers (reported to

1125-482: The entire Salonika campaign. Another British attack in the Struma Valley was more successful. His troops were constantly suffering from malaria. Milne was appointed a Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus by the King of Italy on 31 August 1917 and advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 1 January 1918. Although Milne, promoted to the temporary rank of general in June,

1170-554: The field, privately told Milne that he did not favour offensive operations. Milne broadly agreed with Robertson that any attempt to attack across the mountains to cut the Nis-Sofia-Constantinople railway was logistically impractical, although he did stress that his forces must either advance or retreat from the malaria -infested Struma Valley and that the Bulgarians might be beaten if pressed hard. On 23 July he

1215-489: The incorporation of the region into Russian Empire, between 1879–1882 more than 110,000 people from the Kars oblast and 30,000 from the Batum oblast migrated to the new borders of the Ottoman Empire, about 80% were Muslim. In their stead, Christian settlers, mostly consisting of Armenians , Greeks and Russians , migrated from the Ottoman Empire and settled throughout the province. The Armenians, who eventually came to form

1260-696: The largest ethnic group in the region, were largely composed of immigrants from the Six Vilayets escaping persecution in the Ottoman Empire. During the First World War , the Kars oblast became the site of intense battles between the Russian Caucasus Army supplemented by Armenian volunteer units and the Ottoman Third Army , the latter of whom was successful in briefly occupying Ardahan on 25 December 1914 before they were dislodged in early January 1915. On 3 March 1918, in

1305-840: The outbreak of the First World War in late July 1914, Milne was commanding the divisional artillery of the 4th Division which formed part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France. He commanded the 4th Division's artillery at Le Cateau on 27 August and later on the Marne from 6-9 September and at the First Battle of the Aisne , from 13-20 September, and lastly at the First Battle of Ypres , fought from 3 October until 25 November. He became brigadier general, general staff (BGGS) of III Corps in January 1915 and

1350-523: The periphery of the country (e.g. Kars Oblast or Transcaspian Oblast ) or covered the areas where Cossacks lived. In the Soviet Union , oblasts were one of the types of administrative divisions of the union republics . As any administrative units of this level, oblasts were composed of districts ( raions ) and cities/towns directly under oblasts' jurisdiction. Some oblasts also included autonomous entities called autonomous okrugs . Because of

1395-557: The prefix oб- (cognate with Classical Latin ob 'towards, against' and Ancient Greek ἐπί/ἔπι epi 'in power, in charge') and the stem власть vlastǐ 'power, rule'. In Old East Slavic, it was used alongside оболость obolostǐ —the equivalent of об- 'against' and волость 'territory, state, power' (cognate with English 'wield'; see volost ). In the Russian Empire , oblasts were considered to be administrative units and were included as parts of Governorates General or krais . The majority of then-existing oblasts were on

Kars oblast - Misplaced Pages Continue

1440-601: The region joining the Republic of Turkey through the Treaty of Alexandropol on 3 December 1920. Turkey's annexation of Kars and the adjacent Surmalu uezd was confirmed in the treaties of Kars and Moscow in 1921, by virtue of the new Soviet regime in Armenia . After Turkey's annexation of the region, Soviet diplomat Georgy Chicherin sent a letter to the Turkish ambassador to the RSFSR , Ali Fuat Cebesoy , complaining of

1485-706: The start of the Turkish War of Independence . Small British forces had twice occupied Baku on the Caspian, while an entire British division had occupied Batum on the Black Sea, supervising German and Turkish withdrawal. British (including Indian and some Arab) troops were in Persia (partly to protect the oilfields at Abadan ) and larger British forces were also deployed in Mesopotamia and Syria. Milne toured

1530-404: The violence and expulsion against Russians in Kars by Turkish authorities. For example, in the village of Novo-Mikhailovka (present-day Dikme  [ tr ] ), the Russian population was placed into "stables and barns" and replaced by 2,000 Turkish settlers from Anatolia . The districts ( okrugs ) of the Kars oblast in 1917 were as follows: In 1892, the population of Kars oblast

1575-406: The war. The 60th (2/2nd London) Division was sent from France as reinforcements to Salonika in December. Milne was promoted to permanent lieutenant general on 1 January 1917. On 3 January 1917 Milne arrived at the Rome Conference independently of the French General Maurice Sarrail . The official French record of the Rome Conference did not even mention Milne as a participant. As a result of

1620-565: The westward expansion of the fledgling Armenian and Georgian republics into the Kars oblast , Yukub Shevki backed the emergence of the short-lived South-West Caucasus Republic with moral support, also furnishing it with weapons, ammunition and instructors. The South-West Caucasus Republic administered the entire Kars oblast and neighboring formerly occupied districts for three months before provoking British intervention by order of General G.F. Milne , leading to its capitulation by Armenian and British forces on 10 April 1919. Consequently,

1665-426: Was also a Colonel Commandant of the Royal Artillery from 21 November 1918, Honorary Colonel of the Hampshire Heavy Brigade, RA , from 24 April 1926, Master Gunner, St James's Park from 1929, Constable of The Tower of London from 1933 and Colonel Commandant of the Pioneer Corps from 1940. During the Second World War , which began in September 1939, he was an Air Raid Warden in Westminster . He also wrote

1710-406: Was also withdrawn from the Caspian Sea), leaving only 3 battalions at Batum. Lord Curzon , Foreign Secretary, wanted a British presence in the region, although to Curzon's fury (he thought it "abuse of authority") the CIGS, General Sir Henry Wilson (who had succeeded "Wully" Robertson in early 1918) gave Milne permission to withdraw if he deemed it necessary. After a British garrison at Enzeli (on

1755-439: Was appointed battery captain at Hilsea and then attended the Staff College, Camberley in 1897. There he became a friend of his classmate William Robertson . He took part in the Nile Expedition in 1898, seeing action at Omdurman and scoring a direct hit on the Mahdi's tomb with his battery. He served in the Second Boer War in South Africa, where he was appointed Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General on 18 February 1900, and

1800-406: Was estimated as 200,868. The ethnic composition was reported as follows: According to the Russian Empire Census , the Kars oblast had a population of 290,654 on 28 January [ O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 160,571 men and 130,083 women. This number may imply that the 200,868 estimate for 1892 given by Brockhaus is too low, or that a large-scale migration from other provinces of

1845-461: Was ordered by General Robertson , now Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), not to participate in any attack on the Bulgars. He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle (1st Class, with Swords) by the King of Serbia on 1 July 1916. The British Government accepted the need to maintain a presence in Salonika to keep the French happy, but Robertson, who often communicated by secret letters and "R" telegrams to generals in

Kars oblast - Misplaced Pages Continue

1890-417: Was promoted to major on 1 November 1900. He was mentioned in despatches on 2 April 1901, and awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in the South Africa Honours list published on 26 June 1902. Following the end of the war in June 1902, Milne received the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel on 22 August 1902 (the honour was gazetted in the October 1902 South Africa honours list), and returned to

1935-422: Was promoted to the temporary rank of major general on 18 February 1915, He was later mentioned in despatches for his service during the Second Battle of Ypres in April that year. After serving briefly as major general, general staff (MGGS) of the Second Army , he was appointed general officer commanding (GOC) of the 27th Division in July, in succession to Major General Thomas Snow , who had also commanded

1980-426: Was repulsed again at Lake Doiran in September, French and Serbian units were successful in defeating the Bulgarian Army at the Battle of Dobro Pole which took place that same month. Bulgaria then signed an armistice . In September 1918, Milne became responsible for the military administration of a vast area around the Black Sea at a time of considerable internal disorder following the Russian Revolution and

2025-423: Was told to "engag(e) the maximum of Bulgar forces" whilst the Romanians mobilised and attacked, followed by secret messages from Robertson that he should "guard against being committed for any serious action" until it was certain that Romania was coming in. With Bulgaria seeming close to collapse in October and November 1916, Milne advised Robertson (5 November) that the Germans would do all they could to keep her in

#64935