Misplaced Pages

#847152

101-855: From 1765 to 1780, the Sloboda Ukraine Governorate existed. In 1780, the Kharkov Viceroyalty was established and lasted until 1796. In 1835, the Viceroyalty was again reorganized into the Sloboda-Ukrainian Governorate, and from 1835 onwards, the Kharkov Governorate was formed, which existed until 1925. With each reorganization, the boundaries and administrative structure change significantly. The main state tax implementation, processing, and publishing of statistical information for

202-482: A collective petition to the Empress. Each of the officers was afraid of losing the acquired wealth, positions and hoped to find a warm place in the new structures. The Russian government has made arrests in search of a wider conspiracy. Krasnokutsky was deprived of his ranks and estate and exiled to Kazan . Some of the ordinary officers were beaten with whips. Expressions of discontent and protest also took place during

303-458: A desire to enter the hussars and were intended to fill the positions of sergeant-majors, non-commissioned officers and corporals in squadrons. All the other Cossacks, as unsuitable for regular service, were released home and have since become simple, peaceful plowmen. » As it turned out, the newly made hussars were much more fortunate than those of the Cossacks, who became "mere peaceful plowmen" –

404-593: A divisional general was appointed at their head. In 1743, Elizabeth Petrovna abolished the previous changes and restored the previous Cossack self-government. She also issued a charter for all Sloboda regiments. After the partial abolition of the innovations of 1743, the contradictions in the Sloboda regiments became apparent and became especially acute in the late 1750s. However, the delegation never received an audience with Elizabeth and or later with Peter III . However, two projects by local officers attempted to reform

505-604: A lack of authority and independence. In 1864, the first law on Zemstvos was enacted by the Emperor which outlined the powers of the zemstvos. These powers were administrative and focused on local issues which were mostly not addressed by existing institutions. In 1865, zemstvos were opened in nineteen provinces, and between 1866 and 1876 another sixteen were established, 35 zemstvos in total in European Russia and Bessarabia , with some exceptions: there were no zemstvos in

606-414: A physician-patient ratio worse than 1 to 10,000. Practitioners suffered from a lack of trust on the zemstvos' part. Recommendations such as funding for hospital improvements would be weighed against ideas from the assembly. Practitioners made several attempts to form a national organization for the advancement of medicine, but this was delayed until 1885. One of the goals this national system would achieve

707-415: A representative council ( zemskoye sobranye ) and of an executive board ( zemskaya uprava ) nominated by the former. The board consisted of five classes of members: The nobles received more weight in voting for a zemstvo even though nobles were a tiny minority of the population. District zemstvos were required to have 40% of their assembly elected by the peasants, but provincial assemblies were elected from

808-469: A single tax "from the soul" living in Slobozhanshchina was introduced. 4 graduations and entered the treasury. The largest tax was on privileged state military citizens (so changed the Cossacks and their assistants), who had the right to drive and sell in the permitted settlements "wine" – 90-95 kopecks a year. Of the unprivileged military, who had no right to drive wine – 80-85 kopecks a year from

909-460: A weekly study of six hours in the Word of God, three hours of Slavonic Church, eight hours of Russian Language, two hours of writing, and five hours of arithmetic. From 1902-1905, there were widespread reports of a total loss of independence of the peasant members of the zemstvos. Authority was ceded to the land captains . During this time, period sections of the government more closely connected to

1010-750: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Abolition of the Cossack system in Sloboda Ukraine The abolition of the Cossack system in Sloboda Ukraine was an administrative and military reform of the government of the Russian Empire , carried out in 1763-1765 and aimed at eliminating the autonomy of the Sloboda Cossack regiments. As a result of the reform, Russian state institutions began to operate on

1111-427: Is uniform medical records to support analyzing cases from other provinces. Practitioners also demanded changing from the circuit system in which they spent most of the their time traveling to each remote village to see patients to a stationary system in which they held regular hours at a medical center. Zemstvos opposed the stationary system throughout the 1870s on the grounds that remote villagers which paid taxes towards

SECTION 10

#1732783488848

1212-533: The Bulavin Rebellion , without, where the majority was for the Russians. This fixation of landowners on a national basis is understandable, because it depended on the geographical proximity of Ostrogozhsk to the central provinces of Russia. The Manifesto of 1765 abolished the Cossack system and the Sloboda regiments and introduced Russian institutions. Prior to the reform, the regiments were kept "on

1313-575: The Marshal of the Nobility . These zemstvos typically created a small number of delegations for handling decisions the assembly came to. One such typical delegation was an executive board which worked year around. It was not uncommon for one individual to serve as the Marshal of the Nobility and chairman of the executive for a number of years. Enactments from the zemstvos generally needed approval from

1414-652: The Socialist Revolutionary Party and the nihilists , met them with hostility, believing that the reforms were too minor. Still, in his 1901 article " What is to be done ", Lenin advocated for a short-term alliance with the zemstvos against Tsarist oppression. In 1906, each zemstvo was able to elect one deputy to represent them in the State Council . Absenteeism increased dramatically during this period and many zemstvos were considered to be in good attendance if half their members showed up to

1515-497: The "highest class of the population" ("nobility" and "common lords" and "noble families") from the earliest waves of immigrants from the first colonial efforts of Colonel Ivan Dzyk (Dzykovsky). The vast expanse of sparsely populated steppes of the former Wild Steppe with land tenure, imperial resettlement permits and assistance in settling the southern borders of Russia led to the fact that over time "Sloboda colonels and elders forgot about their homeland," "became completely indifferent to

1616-432: The 1905-6 year 66 districts boycotted taxes in protest of the taxes being too high. Discontent was most severe where the zemstvo's tax on land allotted to the peasants was taxed much higher than privately owned land. Notable participants in the 1905 revolution affiliated with the zemstvos include Dmitry Shipov , Dmitry Shakhovskoy , Georgy Lvov , Pavel Dolgorukov , and Fedor Redichev . Several of these men overlap with

1717-628: The Akhtyr Cossacks in the majority were people, although with highly developed muscles, but undersized and squat, most of them turned out to be unsuitable for the hussar system. Only heroes were chosen, who, with physical strength, also differed in significant growth. There were only 378 such people, of which 341 were enrolled in the front, 7 were converted to trumpeters, 5, who turned out to be literate, into clerks, and 25 people into non-combatants. In addition to them, 22 more "ensign", i.e., foremen's children, were accepted, who voluntarily expressed

1818-691: The Kharkov governorate was the Kharkov Governorate Statistical Committee. After the abolition of the Cossack system in Sloboda Ukraine , Sloboda Ukraine Governorate was set up in 1765 on the former territory of the Sloboda Cossack regiments, with its capital in Kharkiv (historically known as Kharkov). The dissolved regiments were Kharkiv Regiment , Sumy Regiment , Okhtyrka Regiment , Izium Regiment , and Ostrogozhsk Regiment . In 1780, Sloboda Ukraine Governorate

1919-480: The Ministry of Education created a national pension fund which all teachers could participate in. Additional administrative action in 1913 caused the existing zemstvo schools to become more under the influence of the Ministry of Education than the zemstvos themselves. In 1914, zemstvos lost the power to direct school teachers and the ministry gained the power to fire any school teachers they deemed as unfit. Prior to

2020-738: The Orthodox Kharkov Diocese and the Kharkov Educational District , as well as the judicial authority for the governorates of Kharkov, Kursk, Voronezh, Oryol, Yekaterinoslav, and Tambov, and the Kharkov Military District administration from 1864 to 1888. The governorate's territory was excluded from the Pale of Settlement . Nevertheless, Jews were permitted to visit Kharkov during the fairs. The newspaper Kharkovskie Gubernskie Vedomosti

2121-631: The Russian Empire were abolished in 1797, and replaced again by governorates. As part of this reform, the Kharkov Viceroyalty was abolished in 1797, and the Sloboda Ukraine Governorate was re-established. It contained the former Kharkov Viceroyalty's territory, as well as several uyezds from Voronezh Governorate . It was divided into 10 uezds: Akhtyrsky Uyezd , Bogodukhovsky , Valkovsky , Volchansky Uyezd , Zmievsky , Izyumsky Uyezd , Kupyansky Uyezd , Lebedinsky Uyezd , Sumsky Uyezd , and Kharkovsky Uyezd . In 1835, Sloboda Ukraine Governorate

SECTION 20

#1732783488848

2222-607: The Russian nobility (depending on the rank was given hereditary or personal nobility). Those who wished to continue their service in the imperial regiments were given military ranks in accordance with the government they held in the Cossack regiments. Officers who refused to continue their service also received appropriate ranks, military or civilian, according to the Table of Ranks . Military citizens and burghers (except for proprietors and those who evaded service) by and large served in

2323-399: The Sloboda regiments in the 1750s. One of these projects was proposed by Colonel Mykhailo Myloradovych of Izium, and the other by Colonel Stepan Tevyashov of Ostroh. After the accession to the throne of Catherine II , her reforms for all Ukrainian Cossacks began with Sloboda. First, the imperial government planned to reorganize the Cossack regiments into regular military units. In 1763, at

2424-550: The Ukrainian SSR based on the principle of a three-stage system of government (without governorates): Okrug – Raion –Capital. Kharkiv Oblast , which contains most of the territory of the former governorate, was formed in 1932. 50°00′00″N 36°13′45″E  /  50.0000°N 36.2292°E  / 50.0000; 36.2292 This Russian history –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Ukrainian history –related article

2525-606: The Ukrainian SSR's governorates, including Kharkov, were abolished in June 1925, and the governorate's okrugs were transferred to the Ukrainian SSR's direct subordination (with its capital in Kharkiv). Based on a decision of the 9th All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets , the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee signed a decree on June 3, 1925, establishing a new territorial division throughout

2626-447: The autonomy of Slobidska Ukraine was abolished. Sloboda regiments were transformed into army regiments and subordinated to a special commission. All questions of the regiments' activities were decided by a commission, and colonels were invited only in some cases. "Serf offices" were also established to record land documents, and the right of Cossacks to occupy vacant lands was abolished. The colonels were transformed into prime ministers, and

2727-581: The beginning of the new reign, Catherine II instructed Major of the Life Guards of the Izmailov Regiment Evdokim Shcherbinin to head the "Commission on Sloboda Regiments" to study the causes of "trouble" in these lands to eliminate them. Long before the liquidation of the Sloboda regiments, the Cossack sergeant was integrated into the political body of Imperial Russia. The vast majority of them belonged (or belonged) to

2828-407: The central bureaucracy and the zemstvos was recognized by Tsar Nicholas II in his 1903 manifesto on provincial administration. This manifesto served as public support for the reforms led by Minister of Interior Vyacheslav von Plehve . The goal of Plehve's reforms was to bring tighter control of the zemstvos through gubernatorial oversight. These reforms faced significant opposition from the zemstvos,

2929-521: The central bureaucracy such as the governors' offices, the ministers of finance, the ministers of interior, and special police investigations became more and more involved in zemstvo affairs. This was unpopular with zemstvo officials many of which were contributing to a liberal constitutionalist political movement. Financial and practical burdens from the Russo-Japanese War contributed to increased tensions on all sides. Rising distrust between

3030-442: The colonels and centurions had power in their territories not only military, it was finally abolished in 1780 with the reorganization of the provinces and commissions in the county. The territories of the regimental hundreds were united in commissariats, while preserving the hundreds themselves. In the centers of the commissariat were organized: commissioner's office, commissioner's office, local court. The commissariats were united in

3131-617: The conduct of all citizens outside of townships in a wide variety of issues. In return, citizens gained the right to appeal the zemstvo's enactments to the Senate. In the 15 years that followed, the Senate heard 226 of these appeals, which primarily involved tax disputes. The reforms changed the legal status of men serving on the zemstvo from private citizen to government official. Zemstvo officials could enforce these regulation by bringing violators before criminal courts. Prior to 1890, zemstvo sessions were often cut short due to assemblies not meeting

Kharkov Governorate - Misplaced Pages Continue

3232-584: The crown or clergy. The number of Synod administrated schools fell from 24,000 in 1886 to 4,000 by 1880. The zemstvo school system was built from the existing peasant education system. Prior to 1870, peasant communities were required to provide the facilities, and the zemstvos did not reliably pay teachers. In the 1870s, zemstvos shifted to reliable salaries and began providing additional materials such as blackboards. The shift from these schools being funded by peasant communities to zemstvo budgets took several decades. The zemstvo did not even reach budget parity with

3333-453: The direct costs of medical care and aimed to compensate providers through tax funds. The medical experts supported by the zemstvos put significant focus on hygiene education and preventative medicine. The zemstvo officials and practitioners appreciated the difficulty of not only making illiterate, god fearing peasants trust a largely secular medical system based on rational analysis, but making them understand this distinction at all. Growth of

3434-503: The district without such a quota. This resulted in much lower peasant representation at the provincial level. Persons under 25 years of age, under criminal investigation, convicted criminals, and foreigners were not permitted to be in the zemstvos. Women who owned sufficient property to gain a seat on a zemstvo could appoint a male proxy to vote for them. By 1913, 20-40% of the eligible voters in Tula Oblast were women depending on

3535-522: The election. Women were de facto denied the right to serve as deputies with this confirmed de jure in 1903. Prior to each election, lists of eligible voters for a given zemstvo were published for public comment. Voters could be stricken by the zemstvo or added to the roster based on public comment. Voters had to be present to vote in person on candidates who were self nominated. The electoral bodies were not allowed to give instructions for how candidates should perform once elected. The governor could object to

3636-865: The elections to the Commission for the Drafting of the New Code of 1767: some orders (particularly in the Sumy region) called for the restoration of the Cossacks. But Russian government repression has eliminated this resistance movement. According to General Shcherbinin, the inhabitants of Slobozhanshchyna were hostile to the reform of the regiments. The Cossacks who converted to the Hussars were persecuted not only by local officials, but also by their own parents. In this regard, these Cossacks began to run away from service, they were caught, beaten with whips and returned to

3737-460: The governor or Minister of the Interior. These approvals could be withheld on the grounds that an enactment was either illegal or against state interests. In the case that enactments were not approved, governors were expected to notify the assembly and deliberate on adjustments to the enactment that would allow it to pass. If compromise could not be found, the Senate would hear the case. The governor

3838-478: The governorate was divided into 5 okrugs, as well as 227 volosts divided into 77 raions. Kharkov Governorate was divided into okrugs, according to the new administrative-territorial division system, Raion – Okrug – Governorate –Capital: Kharkov (24 raions), Bogodukhovsky (12 raions), Izyumsky (11 raions), Kupyansky (12 raions), and Sumy (16 raions). In 1924, it had a population of 2,728,400, of whom 20% lived in cities, and only 55% were Ukrainians . All of

3939-442: The ground" by the population. Those who served in the regiments until 1765 often used their money to buy horses and uniforms (except weapons). From 1765 the regiment was held by the government, not the local population. Also, instead of the constant extortion of sergeants from local residents – horses, ammunition, weapons, fodder, provisions, salaries for Cossacks and sergeants, seizure of local horses and oxen for transportation, etc. –

4040-421: The heart. From gypsies and foreigners – 70 kopecks. From "proprietary subjects of Cherkasy" – 60 kopecks. Nobles, clergy, and women did not pay taxes. Privileges (not all) given to Peter I by the people of Slobozian were preserved. The most important thing was that distilling was allowed in military settlements, settlements, towns, and cities (except for a few). Also, about two-thirds of the province's population

4141-614: The idea of the zemstvo, and the first zemstvo laws went into effect in 1864. After the October Revolution the zemstvo system was shut down by the Bolsheviks and replaced with a multilevel system of workers' and peasants' councils (" soviets "). The main body of the zemtsvo was the assembly to which members were elected. The assembly generally met once a year to address the docket. Assemblies could then appoint deputies to carry out orders and objectives in response to issues

Kharkov Governorate - Misplaced Pages Continue

4242-477: The issue of eliminating the district zemstvos and centralizing all functionality within the provincial zemstvo was seriously debated. This debate was especially significant in Moscow where Dmitry Shipov , chairman of the provincial zemstvo, resigned in protest to bring attention to the debate. The first formal curriculum for zemstvo schooling was created by the Ministry of Education in 1897. This program prescribed

4343-559: The land a noble member represented. By 1905, each peasant assembly member represented 6.47 times the land a noble member represented. Zemstvo expenditure grew from 89.1 million rubles in 1900 to 290.5 million rubles in 1913. Of the latter sum, 90.1 million rubles were spent on education, 71.4 million on medical assistance, 22.2 million on improvements in agriculture, and 8 million on veterinary measures. The chief sources of zemstvo revenue were rates on lands, forests, country dwellings, factories, mines and other real estate. From 1897 to 1899,

4444-486: The land, supply equipment, horses and weapons for the elected Cossacks. The Russian leadership began to appoint the right people to the positions of colonels, including foreigners. During the reign of Catherine I , the Sloboda regiments were transferred to the department of the Military Collegium, resulting in the creation of a regular company in each regiment. In 1732, during the reign of Anna Ioannovna ,

4545-434: The larger Great Reforms with the specific goal of creating the organs of local, self-government on an elected basis. The existing system of elected bodies of local self-government in the Russian Empire was represented at the lowest level by the mir and at the regional level by the volost . These institutions continued during the zemstvo period; however, they were seen as insufficient for addressing local politics due to

4646-462: The latter, in the vast majority, were soon simply enslaved. During the transformation of the Cossack regiments into Hussars, local officers were equated in rights with the Russian nobility. At that time, among the privileged class, it was the "Ukrainian nobles" in the territory of the former Sumy, Okhtyrka, Kharkiv and Izium Sloboda Cossack regiments that dominated (and owned most of the land), in contrast to Ostrogozhchyna (meaning Ostrogozhchyna within

4747-538: The local peasant communities until 1889. Afterwards, zemstvos budgets rapidly expanded, and education became the largest share of the budget. In 1893 the total zemstvo expenditure on education was 9 million rubles, by 1913 it was nearly 90 million rubles. Students of zemstvo schools could be subjected to year-end examinations at the zemstvos discretion. Pass rates for these exams were used to evaluate teacher performance and male students that passed were required to do less military service. Zemstvo teachers mostly came from

4848-520: The lyrics and memorize the tones of church songs was encouraging to all. In 1907, the Duma created a fund to establish a school for every village in Russia. These funds were dispensed through the zemstvos to existing school or were given to school curators which often resulted in the construction of new schools. Herein arose a new class of "state schools" which were not affiliated with the zemstvos. In 1910,

4949-482: The main objectives. About 20% of Russia's annual state revenue was assigned to the zemstvos in the early years. Zemstvos were able to draw taxes from a variety of other sources and for a variety of purposes. It is difficult to summarize what a typical zemstvo's taxation looks like. For example, land tax accounted for between 3 and 90 percent of a zemstvo's revenue depending on the zemstvo and year. In many districts, police were supposed to collect harvest taxes on behalf of

5050-427: The medical and educational staff, the agronomists and statisticians were common third element professions. These professionals profited from the employment, but they also donated their time as civic service. The third element was a source of significant distrust of the zemstvos by the central government. Unlike the zemstvo administrators (first element) and deputies (second element), the third element often came from

5151-521: The medical service would not receive equal access. In the 1880s the stationary system became more popular as the number of practitioners grew. As the circuit system faded away, the zemstvos engaged in heated debate over what to do with the feldshers . These positions represented the gap between the ideal medical care the zemstvo system sought and the practical limitations of what could be provided. Restrictions were placed on feldshers such that much of their day to day job became technically illegal, but there

SECTION 50

#1732783488848

5252-425: The medical system was slow and depended on growth of the third element. The first zemstvo bureaucracies for managing the various salaried positions connected with the zemstvo did not emerge until the 1870s. Growing numbers of salaried workers inevitably lead to growing budgets. At several points in the early zemstvo period budget concerned lead to push back and laying off practitioners. By 1910, nearly all districts had

5353-436: The meetings. As Prime Minister, Pyotr Stolypin gave zemstvos the budget and authority needed to carry out many of the projects in his agrarian reforms. His administration expanded the number of the zemstvos from 34 to 43. The new Duma electoral law resulted in 30% of the legislators of the third and fourth Duma coming from zemstvo backgrounds. In the period leading up the 1905 Revolution and throughout Stolypin's governance,

5454-551: The members of Beseda : a clandestine organization for liberals to discuss the issues of the zemstvo. In response to the Russian Peasants' uprising of 1905–1906 , the zemstvos turned sharply conservative. Georgy Lvov was voted off the zemstvo for being a 'dangerous liberal'. The zemstvo assemblies, still dominated by nobility, were frightened by the violence of 1905. Many members joined the United Nobility and

5555-428: The middle class. There was a mix of male and female teachers which leaned towards the females. Teachers were united by low pay, isolation in communities unfamiliar to them, and being unmarried. Only 17% of female teachers were married and 47% of male teachers were married in 1911. Choir was a popular way to boost scholastic engagement. Nearly every other form of education received criticism, but teaching students to read

5656-476: The military importance of Slobozhanshchina as a barrier to Tatar raids decreased. That is why civil administration was also introduced in the newly created province. The result was the manifesto of Catherine II of July 28, 1765 "On the establishment of a decent civil system in the Sloboda regiments and the stay of the provincial and provincial chancellery", according to which the Kharkov Governorate

5757-583: The ministers of finance, and several governors. In Saint Petersburg , Plehve was able to force the governor to resign over his opposition to the reforms. Plehve worked closely with the Police Department of Russia , which he formerly lead, to oust many zemstvo members. Several prominent zemstvo figures, including Shipov, were formally reprimanded by the Tsar. The participants of Russian Revolution of 1905 largely overlapped with zemstvo participants. In

5858-709: The newly established Donetsk Governorate in 1920. Zmiev uezd was split into Zmiev and Chuguevsky uezds in December 1919. The government of the Ukrainian SSR adopted a new system of administrative division of the republic's territory on March 7, 1923, by Decree of the Presidium of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee No. 315 of March 7, 1923. Okrugs and raions replaced uyezds and volosts. Instead of 10 uezds,

5959-551: The north. During occupation by the Volunteer Army in 1919–1920, it was transformed into the Kharkov Oblast and expanded including several governorates. According to Soviet historians, in 1920–1921, 57 anti-Bolshevik insurgent detachments operated on the territory of the governorate, the number of some of them reaching several hundreds. The Izyumsky and Starobelsky uezds of Kharkov Governorate were transferred to

6060-619: The past as part of marching squadrons. The reformation, on the example of the Okhtyrka Regiment, took place as follows: « At the time of receipt of the Highest Decree, the Akhtyrsky Cossack regiment consisted of: 9 regimental and 25 centenary foremen, 59 ensigns, 26 regimental servants and 1227 Cossacks. The instruction required that people of at least 2 arshins and 6 inches of height enter the hussars; and since

6161-484: The peasant class. For this, they were suspected of being liberal radicals (and some were) which resulted in persecution of the police. The term 'third element' was coined by Vice Governor Vladimir Kondoidi in 1900, to refer to radical zemstvo employees in Samara . He charged that the third element had largely taken control of the actual operations of the zemstvo. The zemstvo board has no choice but to rely exclusively on

SECTION 60

#1732783488848

6262-399: The people's interests." and cared only to "gain… their own benefits from their real position." All this took place against the background of the lack of clear legal regulation of small landholdings, even on the eve of the reforms of the regimental-hundreds system in 1765. Shcherbinin's commission was aimed at streamlining the fiscal system, investigating land cases, finding out the causes of

6363-475: The plight of the people. Most importantly, the guards of Second Major Yevdokim Shcherbinin were allowed at their discretion to accept complaints and investigate cases of abuse of officers in all Sloboda regiments "and as soon as Sloboda regiments commanders and sergeants those who, in seniority, follow from the real employees." Thus, the Shcherbinin Commission was given practical rights to manage

6464-459: The proceedings and suspend electoral decisions. Election reform in 1890 resulted in separate electoral bodies for the noble and ignoble voters. At this time, the clergy, Jews, and non-landowning peasants were deprived of the right to vote in zemstvo elections. Part of the motivation for the election reform was a decline in land ownership of the nobles which resulted in too few nobles to fill the deputy and assembly roles. These election reforms decreased

6565-466: The provinces, which territorially corresponded to the regiments. All provinces constituted the province. In 1766 the existing administrative division was abolished and the entire territory of the Sloboda Cossacks was transformed into a new Kharkov Governorate with its center in Kharkiv . Five settlements: Okhtyrka , Kharkiv, Izium , etc. received the status of cities. Particular attention

6666-416: The purpose of preventing fires. These powers were expanded in 1879 to allow regulation to prevent the spread of epidemics and zoological diseases. From 1864 to 1889, zemstvos elected the justices of the peace . Following this period the zemskii nachalnik position was created. The zemskii nachalnik was appointed by the local nobility but the zemstvo was required to pay his salary. This was unpopular with

6767-409: The quorum. This was in part because officials were not allowed to receive a salary or other compensation for their position. The 1890 reforms also expanded the nobility's representation in the zemstvos from 55% in 1886 to 72% by 1903. Some historians represent the equality in terms of the amount of land one member of the zemstvo represented. In 1877, each peasant assembly member represented 1.76 times

6868-584: The regiments. Cossack autonomy and the regimental system were finally abolished. Sloboda Ukraine became an ordinary province of the Russian Empire, Sloboda Ukraine Governorate , with its center in Kharkiv . Zemstvo A zemstvo ( Russian : земство , IPA: [ˈzʲɛmstvə] , pl.  земства, zemstva) was an institution of local government set up during the emancipation reform of 1861 carried out in Imperial Russia by Emperor Alexander II of Russia . Nikolay Milyutin elaborated

6969-676: The region, eliminate and appoint officers. The Commission arrived in Kharkiv on the highest orders from the capital. In particular, it investigated numerous complaints from the population about the abuse of the regimental officers of the Sloboda regiments (because the territory was "semi-free", colonels and centurions really allowed themselves a lot). The facts of seizure of public and regimental lands, significant embezzlement (public money), misappropriation of public money, sale of military and elected positions for money, misconduct, extortion, physical violence and other facts were revealed. According to

7070-483: The report of the commission, Catherine II was convinced that there was no civil authority in Slobozhanshchina, and decided to introduce civil administration by creating a governorate (while maintaining the existing structure of the territory). Also, as a result of successful Russo-Turkish wars, the border moved significantly south of Slobozhanshchina, a new defense against the Tatars - Slavo-Serbia with its regiments, and

7171-677: The right to elect their own colonels, ruling that they were elected until death. By the same order, Peter I significantly reduced the number of elected Cossacks to about 3,500, including 1,200 in the Sumy Regiment, 820 in the Okhtyrka Regiment, 850 in the Kharkiv Regiment, 250 in the Izium Regiment, and 350 in the Ostroh Regiment . All other Sloboda Cossacks were transferred to assistants, who were obliged to plow

7272-537: The same year. Kharkiv Governorate ( Ukrainian : Харківська губернія , romanized :  Kharkivska huberniia ) was a governorate of Ukraine from 1918 to 1925. The region was re-established in 1918 as the Kharkov Governorate plus southern regions of Kursk Governorate and Voronezh Governorate . The governorate had international borders with the Don Republic to the east and the Soviet Russia to

7373-478: The size of assemblies and number of deputies 20-30%. Zemstvo assemblies met at least once a year for not more than twenty days. Extraordinary meetings of a zemstvo required permission from the Minister of the Interior and could only consider the specific issues on which the Minister permitted them. Provincial meetings were opened and closed by the local governor while the district meetings were opened and closed by

7474-711: The style of debate among zemstvo gentry changed; what began as consensus building and doing favors for friends and family turned into partisan parliamentary politics more typical of 20th century governance. The All-Russian Zemstvo Union was set up in August 1914 to provide a common voice for all the zemstvos. It was a liberal organisation which after 1915 operated in conjunction with the Union of Cities . In 1917 rural societies in Stavropol refused to pay taxes and boycotted schools, medical centers, and all other services after

7575-467: The taxes and the sphere of activity of zemtsvo institutions which were only in their first year of existence, noticed the exceptional increase in local taxes. During the Russian Revolution , the zemstvos lost all authority and the only real authority remaining in Russia was the soviets . The zemstvo elections were boycotted because the people considered the soviets as the authority. Much of

7676-454: The territorial hussar regiments of the permanent staff. The regimental composition in peacetime was small – 1,000 men per regiment, but often it exceeded, sometimes significantly. Other conscripts who did not pass the lottery were periodically trained. At the beginning of the war, the regiments expanded to wartime staff, and in its continuation, if necessary, received reinforcements from the peaceful province from those who had undergone training in

7777-467: The territory of Sloboda Ukraine , and the Cossack regiments were reformed into Hussar regiments. The Kharkov Governorate with its center in Kharkiv was formed on the territory of the Sloboda regiments. From the time of Peter I , the Moscovite government began to interfere more and more in the internal life of the Sloboda regiments and limit their autonomy. In 1700, Peter I deprived the regiments of

7878-430: The third element, since there is no participation in the assembly at all. In this regard, the upcoming session terrifies me. The governor of Samara subsequently lead an investigation which discovered that over half of the current zemstvo employees had never been submitted to the governor for approval as required by law. Literacy rose from 10% to 68% during the existence of the zemstvo system. The zemstvo education system

7979-673: The three Baltic governorates , the nine western governorates annexed from Poland by Catherine II , in most of Caucasus , and in Finland . Created in 1875 after much consultation with Cossack officials, the zemstvos of the Don Host Oblast collapsed and were abolished after six years of operation. By 1913 there were zemstvos in 43 governorates. Zemstvos were originally restricted from making binding rules on every citizen within their jurisdiction. In 1873, zemstvos were permitted to make binding regulation on every citizen strictly for

8080-407: The voice of the zemstvo to reach the throne. The Emperor considered this a senseless dream. The Minister of Interior expressly forbade zemstvo officials from Tver from contacting other provinces on any issue of national politics. In 1866, the Senate ruled that zemstvos were not allowed to tax industrial output. As time went on, additional gubernatorial oversight was placed on zemstvos. In 1867,

8181-417: The zemstvo considered. Alexander II instituted these bodies in 1864. The original decree made 33 provincial zemstvos with administrative regions corresponding to existing governorships. Each provincial governorship was divided into several districts with each district administered by their district zemstvo. The law creating the zemstvo outlined 14 objectives for each zemstvo to accomplish. They consisted of

8282-419: The zemstvo medical system, Russian peasants mostly relied on faith healers specializing in magical chants and remedies for their medical care. The zemstvos viewed raising support for medical systems as their first most important task. Therefore, the zemstvo medical system became as much a popular movement for supporting an ideal as an actual service. To accomplish this, the zemstvos promoted policies that limited

8383-400: The zemstvo was first introduced there. Rising tensions resulted in three protesters being killed by the police and the zemstvo remaining in power. Their governor reported: The dissatisfaction of the rural population with the introduction of the zemstvo was evident almost everywhere in the province shortly after the distribution of the tax lists. The peasants, being insufficiently informed about

8484-510: The zemstvo's resources. Overtime, these were mostly converted into monetary taxes. This policy was also not popular as the zemstvos were often seen by contemporary peasants as worthless institutions that raised a lot of taxes. The zemstvo executive boards were highly involved in the administration of the staff working for the zemstvo. These staff were professional experts from the Intelligentsia known as 'the third element'. Aside from

8585-448: The zemstvo. However, there was significant difficultly in actually collecting because the zemstvo had no control over the police, and the assemblies were forbidden from awarding police including even thanking them. In the beginning of the zemstvo system, natural obligations such as road work and like kind taxes such as wheat, were of greater concern to the peasants than monetary taxation. These taxes were unpopular and formed large part of

8686-410: The zemstvo. The assembly tried to lower the salary which became the subject of several lawsuits in the Senate. From 1866 to 1905, zemstvo officials were largely prevented from contracting each other on the ground that these were local organizations. Occasional exemptions were made for fire reinsurance contracts or large agricultural machinery sales. In 1902, zemstvo leaders petitioned Nicholas II for

8787-522: The zemstvos became more focused on protecting the interests of the nobility than addressing the grievances of 1905. The rules governing elections to the zemstvos were taken as a model for the electoral law of 1906 and are sufficiently indicated by the account of this given below. The zemstvos were originally given large powers in relation to the incidence of taxation and such questions as education, medical relief, public welfare , food supply, and road maintenance in their localities, but radicals , such as

8888-478: The zemstvos were prevented from publishing minutes or debates unless given specific permission by the governor. In 1879, the governors were given the power to dismiss any zemstvo employee at their discretion. The largest single change in the zemstvos powers came from Alexander III (law of 25 June [ O.S. 12 June] 1890). The 1890 law instituted the Bureau of Zemstvo Affairs as additional oversight of

8989-520: The zemstvos. Bureau officials were appointed by the emperor and from local governments officials such as Marshall of the Nobility, district prosecutor, and district courts. Procedures were still led by the governor. The bureau overturned 116 zemstvo enactments during the 1891 to 1892 year with 51 of these enactments from the Vladimir Provincial Assembly alone. This reform also gave zemstvos the power to issue binding regulation on

9090-415: Was a contemporaneously known issue during the zemstvo period because nearly one in two peasant children did not reach adulthood. This is a notable area in which the zemstvos failed. At the peak of midwifery during the zemstvo system, only 2% of births were attended. The primary cause of this failure was peasant women did not want strangers involved in their labor. Defunct Zemstvos were created as part of

9191-949: Was allowed to extract the salt they used to go to Thor. The "unprivileged" were forced to buy government wine from the "privileged", as well as government salt, which had a state monopoly. Also privileged were allowed other trades (manufacture for sale of various things, sale of products, etc.) without paying taxes. Зберігалися пільги (не всі), даровані слобожанам Петром І . Найголовніше — у військових поселеннях, слободах, містечках, містах (крім кількох) дозволялося винокуріння . Також приблизно двом третинам населення губернії був дозволений видобуток солі, за якою їздили на Тор . «Непривілейовані» змушені були купляти казенне вино у «привілейованих», а також казенну сіль, на яку була державна монополія. Також привілейованим дозволялися інші промисли (виготовлення на продаж різних речей, продаж продуктів і пр.) без сплати податків. Regimental and hundreds of forms of civil government were formally abolished. But in fact

9292-403: Was an increasing professionalism through more formal training as physicians assistants. Sanitary councils began meeting in the 1870s, but were not effective until after 1879 when zemstvos gained the power to issue sanitary legislation binding on all citizens. Moscow was a particular leader in the development of sanitary councils and then full time bureau of sanitation professionals. Midwifery

9393-507: Was built on top of the existing peasant and clerical education systems. From 1907 to 1917, the Ministry of Education developed control over the education system. Beginning in 1886 and continuing throughout the existence of zemstvos, the central bureaucracy sought and found additional control over primary education. This started with special school inspections which could result in the closing of unsatisfactory schools. The Marshall of Nobility

9494-572: Was dissolved and reorganized into the Kharkov Viceroyalty in accordance with an April 25, 1780 decree signed by Catherine the Great . It was formed of the uezds of Akhtyrsky Uyezd , Belopolsky , Bogodukhovsky Uyezd , Valkovsky , Volchansky Uyezd , Zolochevsky , Izyumsky Uyezd , Krasnokutsky , Lebedinsky Uyezd , Miropolsky , Nedrigailovsky , Sumsky Uyezd , Kharkovsky Uyezd , Khotmyzhsky , and Chuguevsky . All viceroyalties of

9595-407: Was expected to act as a plaintiff and prove that the zemstvo's enactment was unjust. The governor could also revoke their approval and begin this process after a enactment had taken effect. After 1890 with expanded oversight powers, the Ministry of Interior began to consistently obstruct the work of provincial zemstvos. The 10th objective, distribution of state funds assigned to zemstvos was one of

9696-541: Was first published in 1838. The Zemstvo was founded as part of the Zemstvo reform. On February 21 [ O.S. February 9] 1879, the terrorist Grigory Goldenberg assassinated Governor D. N. Kropotkin . General M. T. Loris-Melikov was appointed temporary governor-general of the Kharkov Governorate on April 7, 1879, and commanding officer of the Kharkov Military District on April 17,

9797-615: Was founded with five provinces in place of regiments and administrative center in Kharkov. Evdokim Shcherbinin became the governor of the new province. According to the same manifesto, a decision was made to transform the Sloboda regiments into regular hussars . During 1763–1764, instead of the abolished Cossack regiments, imperial regular hussar regiments were formed: the Kharkiv, Sumy, Okhtyrka, Izyum, and Ostrogozhsky hussar regiments. Sloboda Cossacks and assistants were transformed into so-called military citizens (social status they were similar to state peasants), Cossack officers were compared to

9898-454: Was given special privileges such as school inspections, sole authority to open new schools, and chair positions on school boards in the 1874 primary school legislation, but these privileges did not have a large effect on schools because most zemstvos never ceded financial control over the schools to the school boards and many of the supposed inspections simply never occurred. Peasants mostly supported zemstvo schools over existing schools created by

9999-485: Was no one else to provide medical care. This was widely known and tolerated by all, but the increasing criminality of the feldsher work symbolized what the zemstvo medical system still needed to achieve. One reason for the zemstvos' opposition to feldshers was they blurred the lines between the traditional spiritual medicine and modern medicine. Rather than fading away, the feldsher practice was opened to women in 1871 to meet growing needs. Alongside growing numbers of feldshers

10100-540: Was paid to Kharkiv, which in 1780 became the capital of the newly created Kharkov Governorate. Upon learning of this, Colonel of the Izium Regiment Fedor Krasnokutsky in 1764 tried to raise the Sloboda sergeant to a mass protest against the intentions of the Russian authorities. The Izyum Regiment and some officers of the Kharkiv Regiment were clearly opposed to the reform. But another Cossack officer did not respond to his proposal – to submit

10201-596: Was renamed to Kharkov Governorate . It consisted of eleven uyezds . In the same year, the Kharkov Governorate was incorporated to the Little Russian Governor-General . The Governor-residence General was originally in Poltava but has been in Kharkov since 1837. By 1856, the governorate had grown to 13 counties, and the final administrative division had been established. Kharkov was the seat of

#847152