The Khlysts or Khlysty (Russian: Хлысты , IPA: [xlɨˈstɨ] , lit. "whips") were an underground Spiritual Christian sect which emerged in Russia in the 17th century.
135-503: The sect is traditionally said to have been founded in 1645 by Danilo Filippovich, although there is no written evidence to support this claim. The beliefs and practices of its members included ecstatic rituals, worship of charismatic leaders, and a rejection of the priesthood and holy books. They believed in direct communication with the Holy Spirit and practiced the ritual of radenie [ ru ] ("rejoicing"), which
270-635: A believer at baptism , and are traditionally derived from Isaiah 11:1–2, although the New Testament does not refer to Isaiah 11:1–2 regarding these gifts. These 7 gifts are: wisdom , understanding , counsel , fortitude (strength), knowledge , piety and fear of the Lord . This is the view of the Catholic Church and many other mainstream Christian groups. Christian denominations have doctrinal variations in their beliefs regarding
405-457: A believer at baptism , and are traditionally derived from Isaiah 11:1–2, although the New Testament does not refer to Isaiah 11:1–2 regarding these gifts. These 7 gifts are: wisdom , understanding , counsel , fortitude (strength), knowledge , piety and fear of the Lord . This is the view of the Catholic Church and many other mainstream Christian groups. Christian denominations have doctrinal variations in their beliefs regarding
540-533: A characterization of the Holy Spirit in 1 Thessalonians 1:6 and 1 Thessalonians 4:8 which is found throughout his epistles. In 1 Thessalonians 1:6 Paul refers to the imitation of Christ (and himself) and states: "And ye became imitators of us, and of the Lord, having received the word in much affliction, with joy of the Holy Spirit", whose source is identified in 1 Thessalonians 4:8 as "God, who giveth his Holy Spirit unto you". These two themes of receiving
675-473: A characterization of the Holy Spirit in 1 Thessalonians 1:6 and 1 Thessalonians 4:8 which is found throughout his epistles. In 1 Thessalonians 1:6 Paul refers to the imitation of Christ (and himself) and states: "And ye became imitators of us, and of the Lord, having received the word in much affliction, with joy of the Holy Spirit", whose source is identified in 1 Thessalonians 4:8 as "God, who giveth his Holy Spirit unto you". These two themes of receiving
810-795: A corporeal way, as a dove, at the time of his baptism , and a voice from Heaven was heard: "This is my beloved Son with whom I am well pleased." He is the Sanctifier, the Helper, Comforter, the Giver of graces, he who leads persons to the Father and the Son. The Holy Spirit is credited with inspiring believers and allowing for them to interpret all the sacred scripture, and leads prophets both in Old Testament and New Testament . Christians receive
945-467: A corporeal way, as a dove, at the time of his baptism , and a voice from Heaven was heard: "This is my beloved Son with whom I am well pleased." He is the Sanctifier, the Helper, Comforter, the Giver of graces, he who leads persons to the Father and the Son. The Holy Spirit is credited with inspiring believers and allowing for them to interpret all the sacred scripture, and leads prophets both in Old Testament and New Testament . Christians receive
1080-525: A dove during his baptism , and in his Farewell Discourse after the Last Supper , Jesus promised to send the Holy Spirit to his disciples after his departure. The Holy Spirit is referred to as "the Lord, the Giver of Life" in the Nicene Creed , which summarises several key beliefs held by many Christian denominations. The participation of the Holy Spirit in the tripartite nature of conversion
1215-589: A new splinter sect broke away from the Postniki. Calling themselves Israelites, they shortly afterwards split again into Old Israel and New Israel . The beliefs of the latter group departed considerably from the traditional teachings of the Khlysts, and the sect still exists today in Uruguay . These schisms weakened the movement, and their numbers began to decline. By the start of the twentieth century, estimates of
1350-481: A peasant of Murom . Suslov, transformed by Filippov into a "new Christ", acquired a following of twelve apostles, along with a woman who was given the title of " Mother of God ". The tradition relates that Suslov was crucified twice by the Russian authorities, but rose from the dead each time. There is no written evidence to support this story, or to confirm the existence of Filippov. The first historical references to
1485-530: A person is confirmed . Joseph Smith , the founder of the church, taught, "You might as well baptize a bag of sand as a man," he said, "if not done in view of the remission of sins and getting of the Holy Ghost. Baptism by water is but half a baptism, and is good for nothing without the other half – that is, the baptism of the Holy Ghost". Holy Spirit in Christianity For
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#17327826353271620-578: A topic in at least two papal encyclicals: The topic of the Holy Spirit is discussed extensively in the Catechism of the Catholic Church as "I believe in the Holy Spirit" in paragraphs 683 through 747. Jehovah's Witnesses and Christadelphians view the Holy Spirit not as an actual person separate from God the Father, but as God's eternal "energy" or "active force", that he uses to accomplish his will in creation and redemption. Members of
1755-458: A topic in at least two papal encyclicals: The topic of the Holy Spirit is discussed extensively in the Catechism of the Catholic Church as "I believe in the Holy Spirit" in paragraphs 683 through 747. Jehovah's Witnesses and Christadelphians view the Holy Spirit not as an actual person separate from God the Father, but as God's eternal "energy" or "active force", that he uses to accomplish his will in creation and redemption. Members of
1890-435: A wife was indispensable for a peasant", it was a sin to engage in sexual intercourse, even with one's own wife. Connected with this mortification of the flesh was the practice of self-flagellation which often accompanied the radenie rite. Russian author Edvard Radzinsky has described a radenie ritual which he witnessed on the island of Chechen in 1964: In white flaxen shirts worn over naked bodies they went down into
2025-518: Is a derogatory term applied by critics of the sect. The origin of the term is disputed. It is probably a corruption of the group's aforementioned self-designation of Khristy , but may also allude to the sect's practice of ritual self-flagellation ; the Russian word khlyst means a "whip" or "thin rod". It is also possible that the word is related to the Greek word khiliaste (meaning "chiliast" or " millennialist "). According to its own oral tradition,
2160-508: Is apparent in Jesus' final post-resurrection instruction to his disciples at the end of the Gospel of Matthew , "Make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit." Since the first century, Christians have also called upon God with the trinitarian formula "Father, Son and Holy Spirit" in prayer, absolution and benediction. In
2295-501: Is believed to be fundamentally eternal, uncreated, and self-existent. The LDS Church teaches that the influence of the Holy Ghost can be received before baptism, but the gift, or constant companionship, of the Holy Ghost ;– which comes by the laying-on of hands by a properly ordained priesthood holder with a line of authority traced back to Christ through Peter – is obtained only after baptism when
2430-436: Is believed to be fundamentally eternal, uncreated, and self-existent. The LDS Church teaches that the influence of the Holy Ghost can be received before baptism, but the gift, or constant companionship, of the Holy Ghost – which comes by the laying-on of hands by a properly ordained priesthood holder with a line of authority traced back to Christ through Peter – is obtained only after baptism when
2565-589: Is called pneumatology. The Holy Spirit is referred to as the Lord and Giver of Life in the Nicene creed . He is the Creator Spirit, present before the creation of the universe and through his power everything was made in Jesus Christ , by God the Father . Christian hymns such as " Veni Creator Spiritus " ("Come, Creator Spirit") reflect this belief. In early Christianity , the concept of salvation
2700-414: Is called pneumatology. The Holy Spirit is referred to as the Lord and Giver of Life in the Nicene creed . He is the Creator Spirit, present before the creation of the universe and through his power everything was made in Jesus Christ , by God the Father . Christian hymns such as " Veni Creator Spiritus " ("Come, Creator Spirit") reflect this belief. In early Christianity , the concept of salvation
2835-405: Is no generally agreed upon exhaustive list of the gifts, and various Christian denominations use different lists, often drawing upon 1 Corinthians , Romans 12 and Ephesians 4. Pentecostal denominations and the charismatic movement teach that the absence of the supernatural gifts was due to the neglect of the Holy Spirit and his work by the major denominations. Believers in the relevance of
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#17327826353272970-405: Is no generally agreed upon exhaustive list of the gifts, and various Christian denominations use different lists, often drawing upon 1 Corinthians , Romans 12 and Ephesians 4. Pentecostal denominations and the charismatic movement teach that the absence of the supernatural gifts was due to the neglect of the Holy Spirit and his work by the major denominations. Believers in the relevance of
3105-410: Is not made. Nor is He liable to passions as far as belongs to that substance whereby He is God. ...So the Father is omnipotent, the Son omnipotent, and the Holy Spirit is omnipotent; yet not three omnipotents, but one omnipotent . ...Whatever, therefore, is spoken of God in respect to Himself, is both spoken singly of each Person , that is, of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit; and together of
3240-410: Is not made. Nor is He liable to passions as far as belongs to that substance whereby He is God. ...So the Father is omnipotent, the Son omnipotent, and the Holy Spirit is omnipotent; yet not three omnipotents, but one omnipotent . ...Whatever, therefore, is spoken of God in respect to Himself, is both spoken singly of each Person , that is, of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit; and together of
3375-464: Is that Rasputin was never a member of the sect. Footnotes Sources Holy Spirit in Christianity For the majority of Christian denominations , the Holy Spirit , or Holy Ghost , is believed to be the third divine person of the Trinity , a triune god manifested as God the Father , God the Son , and God the Holy Spirit , each being God . Nontrinitarian Christians, who reject
3510-660: Is the study of the Holy Spirit . Due to Christianity's historical relationship with Judaism , theologians often identify the Holy Spirit with the concept of the Ruach Hakodesh in Jewish scripture, on the theory that Jesus was expanding upon these Jewish concepts. Similar names, and ideas, include the Ruach Elohim (Spirit of God), Ruach YHWH (Spirit of Yahweh ), and the Ruach Hakodesh (Holy Spirit). In
3645-586: The Acts of the Apostles , 161 times in the Pauline epistles , and 50 times elsewhere. These usages vary: in 133 cases it refers to "spirit" and in 153 cases to "spiritual". Around 93 times, the reference is to the Holy Spirit, sometimes under the name pneuma and sometimes explicitly as the pneûma tò Hagion ( Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον ). (In a few cases it is also simply used generically to mean wind or life . ) It
3780-426: The Acts of the Apostles , 161 times in the Pauline epistles , and 50 times elsewhere. These usages vary: in 133 cases it refers to "spirit" and in 153 cases to "spiritual". Around 93 times, the reference is to the Holy Spirit, sometimes under the name pneuma and sometimes explicitly as the pneûma tò Hagion ( Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον ). (In a few cases it is also simply used generically to mean wind or life . ) It
3915-608: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) believe that the Holy Ghost is the third member of the Godhead , and is a personage of spirit, without a body of flesh and bones. Unlike in many other denominations, the term "Holy Ghost" remains much more common than "Holy Spirit" in LDS contexts. Nevertheless, the Holy Ghost is sometimes referred to as the Spirit, the Holy Spirit,
4050-400: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) believe that the Holy Ghost is the third member of the Godhead , and is a personage of spirit, without a body of flesh and bones. Unlike in many other denominations, the term "Holy Ghost" remains much more common than "Holy Spirit" in LDS contexts. Nevertheless, the Holy Ghost is sometimes referred to as the Spirit, the Holy Spirit,
4185-619: The Fruits of the Holy Spirit by means of his mercy and grace . The Christian doctrine of the Trinity includes the concept of God the Holy Spirit, along with God the Son and God the Father . Theologian Vladimir Lossky has argued that while, in the act of the Incarnation , God the Son became manifest as the Son of God , the same did not take place for God the Holy Spirit which remained unrevealed. Yet, as in 1 Corinthians 6:19, God
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4320-460: The Fruits of the Holy Spirit by means of his mercy and grace . The Christian doctrine of the Trinity includes the concept of God the Holy Spirit, along with God the Son and God the Father . Theologian Vladimir Lossky has argued that while, in the act of the Incarnation , God the Son became manifest as the Son of God , the same did not take place for God the Holy Spirit which remained unrevealed. Yet, as in 1 Corinthians 6:19, God
4455-596: The German Geist ) and it is older; the King James Bible typically uses "Holy Ghost". Beginning in the 20th century, translations overwhelmingly prefer "Holy Spirit", partly because the general English term "ghost" has increasingly come to refer only to the spirit of a dead person. Source: Depending on context: What the Hebrew Bible calls "Spirit of God" and "Spirit of Elohim" is called in
4590-409: The German Geist ) and it is older; the King James Bible typically uses "Holy Ghost". Beginning in the 20th century, translations overwhelmingly prefer "Holy Spirit", partly because the general English term "ghost" has increasingly come to refer only to the spirit of a dead person. Source: Depending on context: What the Hebrew Bible calls "Spirit of God" and "Spirit of Elohim" is called in
4725-544: The Molokans . Grigori Rasputin was twice investigated (in 1903 and 1907) by the Tobolsk Theological Consistory, under charges of spreading Khlyst doctrine. Both investigations were closed without any evidence being found against him, but popular rumour continued to link Rasputin to the sect. C. L. Sulzberger, in 1977, claimed that Rasputin "adopted the philosophy (if not proven membership)" of
4860-613: The New Testament the Holy Spirit is identified with the Spirit of Christ, the Spirit of Truth, and the Paraclete (helper). The New Testament details a close relationship between the Holy Spirit and Jesus during his earthly life and ministry . The Gospels of Matthew and Luke and the Nicene Creed state that Jesus was "conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary ". The Holy Spirit descended on Jesus like
4995-491: The Nicene Creed state that Jesus was "conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary ". The Holy Spirit descended on Jesus like a dove during his baptism , and in his Farewell Discourse after the Last Supper , Jesus promised to send the Holy Spirit to his disciples after his departure. The Holy Spirit is referred to as "the Lord, the Giver of Life" in the Nicene Creed , which summarises several key beliefs held by many Christian denominations. The participation of
5130-602: The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed . During the same time, the question of procession of the Holy Spirit was addressed by various Christian theologians, expressing diverse views and using different terminology, thus initiating the debate that became focused on the Filioqu e clause. In 589, the Third Council of Toledo in its third canon officially accepted the doctrine of the procession of
5265-401: The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed . During the same time, the question of procession of the Holy Spirit was addressed by various Christian theologians, expressing diverse views and using different terminology, thus initiating the debate that became focused on the Filioqu e clause. In 589, the Third Council of Toledo in its third canon officially accepted the doctrine of the procession of
5400-414: The Ruach Elohim (Spirit of God), Ruach YHWH (Spirit of Yahweh ), and the Ruach Hakodesh (Holy Spirit). In the New Testament the Holy Spirit is identified with the Spirit of Christ, the Spirit of Truth, and the Paraclete (helper). The New Testament details a close relationship between the Holy Spirit and Jesus during his earthly life and ministry . The Gospels of Matthew and Luke and
5535-474: The Skoptsy , Dukhobors and Molokans . Russian mystic Grigori Rasputin was associated with the Khlysts in popular rumor, but the consensus among historians is that he was not a member of the sect. The members of the sect referred to themselves by various names, including "God's People" ( liudi bozh'i ), "followers of Christ's faith" ( Khristovovery ), or simply "Christs" ( Khristy ). The appellation "Khlysty"
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5670-630: The Talmud and Midrash "Holy Spirit" ( ruacḥ ha-kodesh ). Although the expression "Holy Spirit" occurs in Ps. 51:11 and in Isa. 63:10–11, it had not yet acquired quite the same meaning which was attached to it in rabbinical literature: in the latter it is equivalent to the expression "Spirit of the Lord". In Gen.1:2 God's spirit hovered over the form of lifeless matter, thereby making the Creation possible. Although
5805-425: The Talmud and Midrash "Holy Spirit" ( ruacḥ ha-kodesh ). Although the expression "Holy Spirit" occurs in Ps. 51:11 and in Isa. 63:10–11, it had not yet acquired quite the same meaning which was attached to it in rabbinical literature: in the latter it is equivalent to the expression "Spirit of the Lord". In Gen.1:2 God's spirit hovered over the form of lifeless matter, thereby making the Creation possible. Although
5940-443: The ruach ha-kodesh may be named instead of God, it was conceived of as being something distinct; and, like everything earthly that comes from heaven, the ruach ha-kodesh is composed of light and fire . The most characteristic sign of the presence of the ruach ha-kodesh is the gift of prophecy. The use of the word "ruach" (Hebrew: "breath", or "wind") in the phrase ruach ha-kodesh seems to suggest that Judaic authorities believed
6075-443: The ruach ha-kodesh may be named instead of God, it was conceived of as being something distinct; and, like everything earthly that comes from heaven, the ruach ha-kodesh is composed of light and fire . The most characteristic sign of the presence of the ruach ha-kodesh is the gift of prophecy. The use of the word "ruach" (Hebrew: "breath", or "wind") in the phrase ruach ha-kodesh seems to suggest that Judaic authorities believed
6210-469: The "Book of the Holy Spirit" or the "Acts of the Holy Spirit". Of the seventy or so occurrences of the word Pneuma in Acts, fifty-five refer to the Holy Spirit. From the start, in Acts 1:2, the reader is reminded that the ministry of Jesus , while he was on earth, was carried out through the power of the Holy Spirit and that the "acts of the apostles" continue the acts of Jesus and are also facilitated by
6345-418: The "Book of the Holy Spirit" or the "Acts of the Holy Spirit". Of the seventy or so occurrences of the word Pneuma in Acts, fifty-five refer to the Holy Spirit. From the start, in Acts 1:2, the reader is reminded that the ministry of Jesus , while he was on earth, was carried out through the power of the Holy Spirit and that the "acts of the apostles" continue the acts of Jesus and are also facilitated by
6480-550: The "Comforter" has been the subject of debate among theologians, who have proposed multiple theories on the matter. The Holy Spirit plays a key role in the Pauline epistles ; and the Apostle Paul 's pneumatology is closely connected to his theology and Christology , to the point of being almost inseparable from them. The First Epistle to the Thessalonians , which was likely the first of Paul's letters, introduces
6615-427: The "Comforter" has been the subject of debate among theologians, who have proposed multiple theories on the matter. The Holy Spirit plays a key role in the Pauline epistles ; and the Apostle Paul 's pneumatology is closely connected to his theology and Christology , to the point of being almost inseparable from them. The First Epistle to the Thessalonians , which was likely the first of Paul's letters, introduces
6750-456: The "spirit of error" in 1 John 4:6. 1 John 4:1–6 provides the separation between spirits "that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God" and those who in error refuse it – an indication of their being evil spirits. In John 14:26, Jesus states: "But the Comforter, [even] the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things". The identity of
6885-399: The "spirit of error" in 1 John 4:6. 1 John 4:1–6 provides the separation between spirits "that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God" and those who in error refuse it – an indication of their being evil spirits. In John 14:26, Jesus states: "But the Comforter, [even] the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things". The identity of
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#17327826353277020-509: The "works of the flesh" and highlight the positive manifestations of the work of the Holy Spirit in believers. The " gifts of the Holy Spirit " are distinct from the Fruit of the Spirit, and consist of specific abilities granted to the individual Christian. They are frequently known by the Greek word for gift, charisma , in English charism , from which the term charismatic derives. There
7155-402: The "works of the flesh" and highlight the positive manifestations of the work of the Holy Spirit in believers. The " gifts of the Holy Spirit " are distinct from the Fruit of the Spirit, and consist of specific abilities granted to the individual Christian. They are frequently known by the Greek word for gift, charisma , in English charism , from which the term charismatic derives. There
7290-651: The Father and the Son ) as described in the Nicene Creed . The Triune God is thus manifested as three Persons ( Greek hypostases ), in One Divine Being ( Greek : Ousia ), called the Godhead ( from Old English: Godhood ), the Divine Essence of God. In the New Testament, by the power of the Holy Spirit Jesus was conceived in the womb of the Virgin Mary , while maintaining her virginity . The Holy Spirit descended over Jesus in
7425-452: The Father and the Son ) as described in the Nicene Creed . The Triune God is thus manifested as three Persons ( Greek hypostases ), in One Divine Being ( Greek : Ousia ), called the Godhead ( from Old English: Godhood ), the Divine Essence of God. In the New Testament, by the power of the Holy Spirit Jesus was conceived in the womb of the Virgin Mary , while maintaining her virginity . The Holy Spirit descended over Jesus in
7560-673: The Father" and then have a stop, as the creed was initially adopted in Greek (and followed thereafter by the Eastern Church), or should say "from the Father and the Son" as was later adopted in Latin and followed by the Western Church, filioque being "and from the Son" in Latin. Towards the end of the 20th century, discussions took place about the removal of Filioque in the Nicene Creed from Anglican prayer books along
7695-432: The Father" and then have a stop, as the creed was initially adopted in Greek (and followed thereafter by the Eastern Church), or should say "from the Father and the Son" as was later adopted in Latin and followed by the Western Church, filioque being "and from the Son" in Latin. Towards the end of the 20th century, discussions took place about the removal of Filioque in the Nicene Creed from Anglican prayer books along
7830-404: The Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son ( a Patre et Filio procedere ). During the next few centuries, two distinctive schools of thought were gradually shaped, Eastern and Western. Eastern theologians were teaching that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father only (notion referred as monoprocessionism ), while Western theologians were teaching that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and
7965-404: The Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son ( a Patre et Filio procedere ). During the next few centuries, two distinctive schools of thought were gradually shaped, Eastern and Western. Eastern theologians were teaching that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father only (notion referred as monoprocessionism ), while Western theologians were teaching that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and
8100-458: The Holy Spirit in the tripartite nature of conversion is apparent in Jesus' final post-resurrection instruction to his disciples at the end of the Gospel of Matthew , "Make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit." Since the first century, Christians have also called upon God with the trinitarian formula "Father, Son and Holy Spirit" in prayer, absolution and benediction. In
8235-417: The Holy Spirit is the unforgivable sin . The participation of the Holy Spirit in the Trinity is suggested in Jesus' final post-Resurrection instruction to his disciples at the end of the Gospel of Matthew (28:19): "Go ye therefore, and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit". The Holy Spirit is mentioned by all three authors of
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#17327826353278370-417: The Holy Spirit is the unforgivable sin . The participation of the Holy Spirit in the Trinity is suggested in Jesus' final post-Resurrection instruction to his disciples at the end of the Gospel of Matthew (28:19): "Go ye therefore, and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit". The Holy Spirit is mentioned by all three authors of
8505-404: The Holy Spirit was a kind of communication medium like the wind. The spirit talks sometimes with a masculine and sometimes with a feminine voice; the word ruacḥ is both masculine and feminine. The term Holy Spirit appears at least 90 times in the New Testament. The sacredness of the Holy Spirit to Christians is affirmed in all three Synoptic Gospels , which proclaim that blasphemy against
8640-404: The Holy Spirit was a kind of communication medium like the wind. The spirit talks sometimes with a masculine and sometimes with a feminine voice; the word ruacḥ is both masculine and feminine. The term Holy Spirit appears at least 90 times in the New Testament. The sacredness of the Holy Spirit to Christians is affirmed in all three Synoptic Gospels , which proclaim that blasphemy against
8775-609: The Holy Spirit" prior to his birth, and the Holy Spirit came upon the Virgin Mary in Luke 1:35. Later, in Luke 3:16, John the Baptist stated that Jesus baptized not with water but with the Holy Spirit; and the Holy Spirit descended on Jesus during his baptism in the Jordan River. In Luke 11:13, Jesus provided assurances that God the Father would "give the Holy Spirit to those who ask him". Mark 13:11 specifically refers to
8910-442: The Holy Spirit" prior to his birth, and the Holy Spirit came upon the Virgin Mary in Luke 1:35. Later, in Luke 3:16, John the Baptist stated that Jesus baptized not with water but with the Holy Spirit; and the Holy Spirit descended on Jesus during his baptism in the Jordan River. In Luke 11:13, Jesus provided assurances that God the Father would "give the Holy Spirit to those who ask him". Mark 13:11 specifically refers to
9045-411: The Holy Spirit. Acts presents the Holy Spirit as the "life principle" of the early Church and provides five separate and dramatic instances of its outpouring on believers in Acts 2:1–4, 4:28–31, 8:15–17, 10:44, and 19:6. References to the Holy Spirit appear throughout Acts, for example Acts 1:5 and 8 stating towards the beginning, "For John indeed baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized in
9180-411: The Holy Spirit. Acts presents the Holy Spirit as the "life principle" of the early Church and provides five separate and dramatic instances of its outpouring on believers in Acts 2:1–4, 4:28–31, 8:15–17, 10:44, and 19:6. References to the Holy Spirit appear throughout Acts, for example Acts 1:5 and 8 stating towards the beginning, "For John indeed baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized in
9315-571: The Holy Spirit. A well-known example is the Filioque controversy regarding the Holy Spirit – one of the key differences between the teachings of the main Western Churches and various Eastern Christian denominations ( Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Church of the East ). The Filioque debate centers around whether the Nicene Creed should state that the Spirit "proceeds from
9450-400: The Holy Spirit. A well-known example is the Filioque controversy regarding the Holy Spirit – one of the key differences between the teachings of the main Western Churches and various Eastern Christian denominations ( Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Church of the East ). The Filioque debate centers around whether the Nicene Creed should state that the Spirit "proceeds from
9585-560: The Holy Spirit. ...Ye shall receive power, when the Holy Spirit is come upon you", referring to the fulfillment of the prophecy of John the Baptist in Luke 3:16, "he shall baptize you in the Holy Spirit". Three separate terms, namely Holy Spirit , Spirit of Truth and Paraclete are used in the Johannine writings . The "Spirit of Truth" is used in John 14:17, 15:26, and 16:13. The First Epistle of John then contrasts this with
9720-453: The Holy Spirit. ...Ye shall receive power, when the Holy Spirit is come upon you", referring to the fulfillment of the prophecy of John the Baptist in Luke 3:16, "he shall baptize you in the Holy Spirit". Three separate terms, namely Holy Spirit , Spirit of Truth and Paraclete are used in the Johannine writings . The "Spirit of Truth" is used in John 14:17, 15:26, and 16:13. The First Epistle of John then contrasts this with
9855-564: The Khlysts. In The Man Behind the Myth , co-authored by Rasputin's daughter Maria , it is claimed that Rasputin attended several Khlyst gatherings in the years before his arrival in St. Petersberg, but ultimately became disillusioned with the sect. The factual accuracy of this book has been called into question, and according to Brian Moynahan , Maria's story is the only evidence that Rasputin had any Khlyst connections. The consensus of modern historians
9990-816: The Khlysty are found in the writings of the Old Believers , a Christian community which resisted the 17th-century reforms of the Russian State Church. The Old Believers condemned the Khlysty as heretics, and warnings about them can be found in letters dating from around the 1670s. The Orthodox Church also attacked the Khlysty; Dimitry of Rostov wrote against them in An Investigation of the Schismatic Faith (c. 1709). Suslov died around 1716, at which time Prokofii Lupkin became
10125-493: The Khlysty's "foremost idea was that salvation could be attained only by total repentance and that this became far more achievable for one who had truly transgressed. 'Sin in order that you may obtain forgiveness,' was the practical side of the Khlysty." Other scholars have dismissed these rumours. Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare , referencing a study by Karl Konrad Grass, writes: [The Khlysty] have been accused of ending their radenia or religious dances with wholesale debauchery,
10260-522: The Khlysty's numbers ranged at around one hundred thousand. Prior to the outbreak of World War I , there were reported to be around 20,000 New Israelites, 15,000 Old Israelites and 3,000 Postniki in Russia. By the 1970s, there were only "a few isolated groups" remaining. The Khlysty are said to have been "the root of all Russian sectarianism", having spawned sects such as the Skoptsy , the Dukhobors and
10395-612: The Son (notion referred as filioquism ). In Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit , Photios I of Constantinople sets out the Eastern position. Debates and controversies between the two sides became a significant point of difference within Christian pneumatology , including their historical role in setting the stage for the Great Schism of 1054 . The fruit of the Holy Spirit consists of "permanent dispositions" (in this similar to
10530-440: The Son (notion referred as filioquism ). In Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit , Photios I of Constantinople sets out the Eastern position. Debates and controversies between the two sides became a significant point of difference within Christian pneumatology , including their historical role in setting the stage for the Great Schism of 1054 . The fruit of the Holy Spirit consists of "permanent dispositions" (in this similar to
10665-616: The Spirit "like Christ" and God being the source of the Spirit persist in Pauline letters as the characterization of the relationship of Christians with God. For Paul the imitation of Christ involves readiness to be shaped by the Holy Spirit, as in Romans 8:4 and 8:11: "But if the Spirit of him that raised up Jesus from the dead dwelleth in you, he that raised up Christ Jesus from the dead shall give life also to your mortal bodies through his Spirit that dwelleth in you." The First Epistle to
10800-508: The Spirit "like Christ" and God being the source of the Spirit persist in Pauline letters as the characterization of the relationship of Christians with God. For Paul the imitation of Christ involves readiness to be shaped by the Holy Spirit, as in Romans 8:4 and 8:11: "But if the Spirit of him that raised up Jesus from the dead dwelleth in you, he that raised up Christ Jesus from the dead shall give life also to your mortal bodies through his Spirit that dwelleth in you." The First Epistle to
10935-731: The Spirit continues to dwell in the faithful. In a similar way, the Latin treatise De Trinitate ( On the Trinity ) of Augustine of Hippo affirms: "For as the Father is God, and the Son is God, and the Holy Spirit is God, which no one doubts to be said in respect to substance, yet we do not say that the very Supreme Trinity itself is three Gods, but one God. ...But position, and condition, and places, and times, are not said to be in God properly, but metaphorically and through similitudes . ...And as respects action (or making), perhaps it may be said most truly of God alone, for God alone makes and Himself
11070-627: The Spirit continues to dwell in the faithful. In a similar way, the Latin treatise De Trinitate ( On the Trinity ) of Augustine of Hippo affirms: "For as the Father is God, and the Son is God, and the Holy Spirit is God, which no one doubts to be said in respect to substance, yet we do not say that the very Supreme Trinity itself is three Gods, but one God. ...But position, and condition, and places, and times, are not said to be in God properly, but metaphorically and through similitudes . ...And as respects action (or making), perhaps it may be said most truly of God alone, for God alone makes and Himself
11205-429: The Spirit of God, the Spirit of the Lord, or the Comforter. Latter-day Saints believe in a kind of social trinitarianism and subordinationism , meaning that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost are understood as being unified in will and purpose, but not in substance. The Holy Ghost is believed to be subordinate to the Father and the Son and operates under their direction. The Holy Ghost, like all intelligent beings,
11340-429: The Spirit of God, the Spirit of the Lord, or the Comforter. Latter-day Saints believe in a kind of social trinitarianism and subordinationism , meaning that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost are understood as being unified in will and purpose, but not in substance. The Holy Ghost is believed to be subordinate to the Father and the Son and operates under their direction. The Holy Ghost, like all intelligent beings,
11475-438: The Spirit", relying on Acts 1:5 which refers to "now you will baptize with the Holy Spirit". The more recent Charismatic movements have a focus on the "gifts of the Spirit" (such as healing, prophecy, etc.) and rely on 1 Corinthians 12 as a scriptural basis, but often differ from Pentecostal movements. Non-trinitarian views about the Holy Spirit differ significantly from mainstream Christian doctrine. The Holy Spirit has been
11610-438: The Spirit", relying on Acts 1:5 which refers to "now you will baptize with the Holy Spirit". The more recent Charismatic movements have a focus on the "gifts of the Spirit" (such as healing, prophecy, etc.) and rely on 1 Corinthians 12 as a scriptural basis, but often differ from Pentecostal movements. Non-trinitarian views about the Holy Spirit differ significantly from mainstream Christian doctrine. The Holy Spirit has been
11745-624: The State Church and take communion. Many Khlysty, including Lupkin's wife and son, even took monastic vows. Lupkin also made large donations to the Church, which helped to protect the sect from persecution. The Khlysty renounced priesthood, holy books and veneration of the saints (excluding the Theotokos ). They believed in the possibility of direct communication with the Holy Spirit and of its embodiment in living people. Each of their leaders
11880-598: The Thessalonians also refers to the power of the Holy Spirit in 1 Thessalonians 1:5, a theme also found in other Pauline letters. The view of the Holy Spirit as responsible for Mary's pregnancy, found in the Synoptic Gospels, is different from that found in the apocryphal Gospel of the Hebrews , adopted as canonical by the 4th century Nazarenes , in which Jesus speaks of the Holy Spirit as his mother and thus as female. Some thought femininity incompatible with
12015-476: The Thessalonians also refers to the power of the Holy Spirit in 1 Thessalonians 1:5, a theme also found in other Pauline letters. The view of the Holy Spirit as responsible for Mary's pregnancy, found in the Synoptic Gospels, is different from that found in the apocryphal Gospel of the Hebrews , adopted as canonical by the 4th century Nazarenes , in which Jesus speaks of the Holy Spirit as his mother and thus as female. Some thought femininity incompatible with
12150-405: The Trinity itself, not plurally but in the singular." In Christian theology the Holy Spirit is believed to perform specific divine functions in the life of the Christian or the church. The action of the Holy Spirit is seen as an essential part of the bringing of the person to the Christian faith. The new believer is "born again of the Spirit". The Holy Spirit enables Christian life by dwelling in
12285-405: The Trinity itself, not plurally but in the singular." In Christian theology the Holy Spirit is believed to perform specific divine functions in the life of the Christian or the church. The action of the Holy Spirit is seen as an essential part of the bringing of the person to the Christian faith. The new believer is "born again of the Spirit". The Holy Spirit enables Christian life by dwelling in
12420-542: The book of the Acts of the Apostles the arrival of the Holy Spirit happens fifty days after the resurrection of the Christ, and is celebrated in Christendom with the feast of Pentecost . The Koine Greek word pneûma ( πνεῦμα , pneuma ) is found around 385 times in the New Testament, with some scholars differing by three to nine occurrences. Pneuma appears 105 times in the four canonical gospels , 69 times in
12555-429: The book of the Acts of the Apostles the arrival of the Holy Spirit happens fifty days after the resurrection of the Christ, and is celebrated in Christendom with the feast of Pentecost . The Koine Greek word pneûma ( πνεῦμα , pneuma ) is found around 385 times in the New Testament, with some scholars differing by three to nine occurrences. Pneuma appears 105 times in the four canonical gospels , 69 times in
12690-757: The cellar of a peasant lodge. There in the dry cellar they lit candles. They started to sing something sacred in the half-light – as was later explained, a verse from the Easter canon: "Seeing, we are gladdened, for Christ has risen." After that a little old man with joyful, light-coloured eyes – the local Christ – began to chant a Khlyst prayer in the flickering candlelight. And then with youthful energy he started to "rejoice", that is, to whirl wildly in place, crossing himself and continually whipping his body. The choir chanted prayers, their voices ever more savagely, ever more fervently and passionately praying, so that some of them were already screaming and sobbing. But at this point
12825-713: The climate or by fear of the Russian police, whose suspicions would be roused if they trooped home at a late hour. Historian Joseph T. Fuhrmann claims that "splinter groups practiced 'holy intercourse,' but most khlysty were devout pentecostalists who condemned such behaviour." Accusations of sexual immorality pursued the sect from its earliest days, and provoked numerous government investigations. In 1717, Lupkin and twenty other Khlysty were arrested in Uglich . They were held for five months, during which time they were interrogated and beaten. While some of his followers remained in custody, Lupkin managed to negotiate his own release, with
12960-410: The dance had continued for some time, the worshippers fell to the floor: "And that was the end of it. But apparently only because I was present." Radzinsky claims that in some arks, the Khlysts would at this point engage in "group sinning" – a frenzied sexual orgy, which they believed would purify them from the lusts of the flesh. Similarly, C. L. Sulzberger , in his book The Fall of Eagles , writes that
13095-407: The dancers collapsed with exhaustion. Finally, they would share a sacramental meal of nuts, bread, pastry and kvass . The Khlysty practiced an extreme asceticism , in order to prepare themselves for the reception of the Holy Spirit into their bodies. They abstained from alcohol, and often fasted for days or weeks at a time. Although marriage was permitted for practical purposes, "because the help of
13230-465: The doctrine of the Trinity, differ significantly from mainstream Christianity in their beliefs about the Holy Spirit . In Christian theology , pneumatology is the study of the Holy Spirit . Due to Christianity's historical relationship with Judaism , theologians often identify the Holy Spirit with the concept of the Ruach Hakodesh in Jewish scripture, on the theory that Jesus was expanding upon these Jewish concepts. Similar names, and ideas, include
13365-535: The evening at a prearranged location, such as a member's house. They would remove their outer clothing, and enter the sacred space dressed only in an undershirt. After a period of singing or chanting the Jesus Prayer ("Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me, a sinner"), some of the worshippers would feel the Holy Spirit come upon them, and would begin dancing wildly, prophesying in unintelligible language . This would continue for half an hour or more, until
13500-596: The first ecumenical council, ended its Creed with the words "and in the Holy Spirit". In 381, the First Council of Constantinople , being the second ecumenical council, expanded the Creed and stated that Holy Spirit "proceeds from the Father" (ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον). This phrase was based on John 15:26 (ὃ παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς ἐκπορεύεται). In 451, the Council of Chalcedon , being the fourth ecumenical council, affirmed
13635-428: The first ecumenical council, ended its Creed with the words "and in the Holy Spirit". In 381, the First Council of Constantinople , being the second ecumenical council, expanded the Creed and stated that Holy Spirit "proceeds from the Father" (ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον). This phrase was based on John 15:26 (ὃ παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς ἐκπορεύεται). In 451, the Council of Chalcedon , being the fourth ecumenical council, affirmed
13770-485: The help of a 300-ruble bribe. Despite officially repenting, he continued to lead the movement until his death in 1732. From 1733 to 1739, a specially-formed government commission arrested hundreds of suspected Khlyst members, charging them with participation in sexual orgies and ritual infanticide . These accusations were repeatedly denied, but the commission nevertheless convicted over three hundred people. They handed out sentences of hard labour, beatings, and mutilation of
13905-554: The idea that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit; according to the apocryphal Gospel of Philip , for example, The New Testament details a close relationship between the Holy Spirit and Jesus during his earthly life and ministry . The Apostles' Creed echoes the statements in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew, stating that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary. Specific New Testament references to
14040-439: The idea that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit; according to the apocryphal Gospel of Philip , for example, The New Testament details a close relationship between the Holy Spirit and Jesus during his earthly life and ministry . The Apostles' Creed echoes the statements in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew, stating that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary. Specific New Testament references to
14175-400: The individual believers and enables them to live a righteous and faithful life. The Holy Spirit also acts as comforter or Paraclete , one who intercedes, or supports or acts as an advocate, particularly in times of trial. And he acts to convince the unredeemed person both of the sinfulness of their actions and of their moral standing as sinners before God. Another faculty of the Holy Spirit is
14310-400: The individual believers and enables them to live a righteous and faithful life. The Holy Spirit also acts as comforter or Paraclete , one who intercedes, or supports or acts as an advocate, particularly in times of trial. And he acts to convince the unredeemed person both of the sinfulness of their actions and of their moral standing as sinners before God. Another faculty of the Holy Spirit is
14445-472: The inspiration and interpretation of scripture. The Holy Spirit both inspires the writing of the scriptures and interprets them to the Christian and the church. In John 15:26, Jesus says of the Holy Spirit: "But when the Helper comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, the Spirit of truth, who proceeds from the Father, he will bear witness about me." In 325, the First Council of Nicaea , being
14580-412: The inspiration and interpretation of scripture. The Holy Spirit both inspires the writing of the scriptures and interprets them to the Christian and the church. In John 15:26, Jesus says of the Holy Spirit: "But when the Helper comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, the Spirit of truth, who proceeds from the Father, he will bear witness about me." In 325, the First Council of Nicaea , being
14715-433: The interaction of Jesus and the Holy Spirit during his earthly life, and the enabling power of the Holy Spirit during his ministry include: In his Farewell Discourse to his disciples, Jesus promised that he would "send the Holy Spirit" to them after his departure, in John 15:26 stating: "whom I will send unto you from the Father, [even] the Spirit of truth ... shall bear witness of me". The theology of spirits
14850-433: The interaction of Jesus and the Holy Spirit during his earthly life, and the enabling power of the Holy Spirit during his ministry include: In his Farewell Discourse to his disciples, Jesus promised that he would "send the Holy Spirit" to them after his departure, in John 15:26 stating: "whom I will send unto you from the Father, [even] the Spirit of truth ... shall bear witness of me". The theology of spirits
14985-415: The lights being first put out. Grass examines the evidence very carefully and impartially, and rejects the story as calumny. The only thing that gives it colour is that often, when the ecstasies are over, the exhausted votaries drop down on the floor and sleep till dawn, the men on one side of the apartment, the women on the other. Their doing so, instead of going home at once, is a necessity dictated either by
15120-551: The lines of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox approach, but these still have not reached a state of final implementation. The majority of mainstream Protestantism hold similar views on the theology of the Holy Spirit as the Roman Catholic Church, but there are significant differences in belief between Pentecostalism and the rest of Protestantism. Pentecostalism has a focus on "Baptism with
15255-411: The lines of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox approach, but these still have not reached a state of final implementation. The majority of mainstream Protestantism hold similar views on the theology of the Holy Spirit as the Roman Catholic Church, but there are significant differences in belief between Pentecostalism and the rest of Protestantism. Pentecostalism has a focus on "Baptism with
15390-451: The majority of Christian denominations , the Holy Spirit , or Holy Ghost , is believed to be the third divine person of the Trinity , a triune god manifested as God the Father , God the Son , and God the Holy Spirit , each being God . Nontrinitarian Christians, who reject the doctrine of the Trinity, differ significantly from mainstream Christianity in their beliefs about the Holy Spirit . In Christian theology , pneumatology
15525-524: The majority of Christian denominations, the Holy Spirit is the third Person of the Holy Trinity – Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, and is Almighty God . As such he is personal and also fully God, co-equal and co-eternal with God the Father and the Son of God . He is different from the Father and the Son in that he proceeds from the Father (and, according to Roman Catholics , Old Catholics , Lutherans , Anglicans , and other Protestants , from
15660-464: The majority of Christian denominations, the Holy Spirit is the third Person of the Holy Trinity – Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, and is Almighty God . As such he is personal and also fully God, co-equal and co-eternal with God the Father and the Son of God . He is different from the Father and the Son in that he proceeds from the Father (and, according to Roman Catholics , Old Catholics , Lutherans , Anglicans , and other Protestants , from
15795-485: The movement. Around 1750, some doctrinal changes took place within the sect, and they became known as the Postniki ("Fasters"). The leaders of the sect were now seen as "personifications of Christ", rather than only playing host to his spirit. It was no longer considered possible for ordinary members to receive the Holy Spirit during radenie , although the ritual still held a central position in their worship. In 1840,
15930-515: The new "Christ". The oral tradition claims that Lupkin was the son of Filippov, but this is unlikely to be true. Lupkin was a trader, and made use of his frequent journeys to places such as Uglich and Venev to organise secret assemblies for his followers. He encouraged his followers to worship in the manner of the Old Believers, such as by making the sign of the cross with two fingers instead of three, but he also instructed them to attend
16065-587: The nostrils and the tongue, and sent many of the prisoners into exile in Siberia or Orenburg . However, the Khlysty were undeterred, and continued practising. Some of those who had been sent into exile began to spread the movement through Siberia. In 1745, therefore, a new commission was formed, this time using "far crueler methods of interrogation". This commission, although eliciting false confessions of sexual deviation and cannibalistic communion, and sending another 200 people into exile, likewise failed to stamp out
16200-487: The old man stopped in his whirling and cried out wildly, "Brothers! Brothers! I feel it, the Holy Spirit! God is within me!" And he began to prophesy, shouting out incoherent sounds mixed into which were the words, "Oh, Spirit!" "Oh, God!" "Oh, Spirit Lord!" After that began the main communal rite of "rejoicing", or general whirling and dancing. Radzinsky says that they referred to the whirling dance as "spiritual beer", on account of its intoxicating effect. He reports that after
16335-532: The permanent character of the sacraments ), virtuous characteristics engendered in the Christian by the action of the Holy Spirit. Galatians 5:22–23 names nine aspects and states: But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, meekness, self-control; against such there is no law. In the Epistle to the Galatians these nine characteristics are in contrast to
16470-420: The permanent character of the sacraments ), virtuous characteristics engendered in the Christian by the action of the Holy Spirit. Galatians 5:22–23 names nine aspects and states: But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, meekness, self-control; against such there is no law. In the Epistle to the Galatians these nine characteristics are in contrast to
16605-428: The power of the Holy Spirit to act and speak through the disciples of Jesus in time of need: "Be not anxious beforehand what ye shall speak: but whatsoever shall be given you in that hour, that speak ye; for it is not ye that speak, but the Holy Spirit." Matthew 10:20 refers to the same act of speaking through the disciples, but uses the term "Spirit of your Father". The Acts of the Apostles has sometimes been called
16740-428: The power of the Holy Spirit to act and speak through the disciples of Jesus in time of need: "Be not anxious beforehand what ye shall speak: but whatsoever shall be given you in that hour, that speak ye; for it is not ye that speak, but the Holy Spirit." Matthew 10:20 refers to the same act of speaking through the disciples, but uses the term "Spirit of your Father". The Acts of the Apostles has sometimes been called
16875-467: The sect was founded in 1645 by Danilo Filippov (or Daniil Filippovich), a peasant of Kostroma and a runaway soldier. He was said to have become a "living god" after the Lord of Hosts descended upon him on Gorodino Hill, Vladimir Oblast . He delivered twelve commandments to his disciples, which forbade (among other things) sexual intercourse, drinking and swearing. He later named as his successor Ivan Suslov,
17010-481: The supernatural gifts sometimes speak of a Baptism with the Holy Spirit or Filling with the Holy Spirit which the Christian needs to experience in order to receive those gifts. However, many Christian denominations hold that the Baptism with the Holy Spirit is identical with conversion, and that all Christians are by definition baptized in the Holy Spirit. The " seven gifts of the Holy Spirit " are poured out on
17145-426: The supernatural gifts sometimes speak of a Baptism with the Holy Spirit or Filling with the Holy Spirit which the Christian needs to experience in order to receive those gifts. However, many Christian denominations hold that the Baptism with the Holy Spirit is identical with conversion, and that all Christians are by definition baptized in the Holy Spirit. The " seven gifts of the Holy Spirit " are poured out on
17280-510: The synoptic Gospels. Most of the references are by the author of the Gospel of Luke ; this emphasis is continued by the same author in the Book of Acts . The Holy Spirit does not simply appear for the first time at Pentecost after the resurrection of Jesus , but is present in Luke (in chapters 1 and 2 ) prior to the birth of Jesus . In Luke 1:15, John the Baptist was said to be "filled with
17415-408: The synoptic Gospels. Most of the references are by the author of the Gospel of Luke ; this emphasis is continued by the same author in the Book of Acts . The Holy Spirit does not simply appear for the first time at Pentecost after the resurrection of Jesus , but is present in Luke (in chapters 1 and 2 ) prior to the birth of Jesus . In Luke 1:15, John the Baptist was said to be "filled with
17550-442: Was a "living god", and each congregation (or "ark") had its own "Christ" and "Mother of God", appointed by the overall leader of the sect. Furthermore, they believed that the Holy Spirit could descend upon any one of them during the state of ecstasy which they attained during the ritual of radenie ("rejoicing"). This ritual, which formed the focus of their worship, took place on holy feast days. The congregation would gather during
17685-431: Was characterized by dancing, speaking in tongues , and prophesying . Throughout their history, the Khlysts were pursued by accusations of sexual immorality and faced persecution from other religious groups and from the government. In the 18th century, doctrinal changes led to schisms, and by the 1970s, only a few isolated groups remained. The Khlysts had a significant influence on other Russian sectarian movements, such as
17820-482: Was closely related to the invocation of the "Father, Son and Holy Spirit", and since the first century, Christians have called upon God with the name "Father, Son and Holy Spirit" in prayer, baptism, communion, exorcism, hymn-singing, preaching, confession, absolution and benediction. This is reflected in the saying: "Before there was a 'doctrine' of the Trinity, Christian prayer invoked the Holy Trinity". For
17955-421: Was closely related to the invocation of the "Father, Son and Holy Spirit", and since the first century, Christians have called upon God with the name "Father, Son and Holy Spirit" in prayer, baptism, communion, exorcism, hymn-singing, preaching, confession, absolution and benediction. This is reflected in the saying: "Before there was a 'doctrine' of the Trinity, Christian prayer invoked the Holy Trinity". For
18090-599: Was generally translated into the Vulgate as Spiritus and Spiritus Sanctus . The English terms "Holy Ghost" and "Holy Spirit" are complete synonyms: one derives from the Old English gast and the other from the Latin loanword spiritus . Like pneuma , they both refer to the breath , to its animating power , and to the soul . The Old English term is shared by all other Germanic languages (compare, e.g.,
18225-435: Was generally translated into the Vulgate as Spiritus and Spiritus Sanctus . The English terms "Holy Ghost" and "Holy Spirit" are complete synonyms: one derives from the Old English gast and the other from the Latin loanword spiritus . Like pneuma , they both refer to the breath , to its animating power , and to the soul . The Old English term is shared by all other Germanic languages (compare, e.g.,
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