113-704: Hobart / ˈ h oʊ b ɑːr t / HOH -bart ; ( palawa kani : nipaluna ) is the capital and most populous city of the island state of Tasmania , Australia. Located in Tasmania's south-east on the estuary of the River Derwent , it is the southernmost capital city in Australia. Despite containing nearly half of Tasmania's population, Hobart is the least-populated Australian state capital city, and second-smallest by population and area after Darwin if territories are taken into account. Its skyline
226-453: A bulk ore carrier collided with and destroyed the concrete span bridge that connected the city to its eastern suburbs. In the 21st century, Hobart benefited as Tasmania's economy recovered from the 1990s recession, and the city's long-stagnant population growth began to reverse. A period of significant growth has followed, including the redevelopment of the former Macquarie Point railyards, Parliament Square, and new hotel developments throughout
339-643: A classical tower designed by James Blackburn (who also designed the Holy Trinity Church ) was added in 1847. St Joseph's was built in 1840 and the Davey Street Congregational Church in 1857. St David's Cathedral , Hobart's first, was consecrated in 1874. The grand Queen Anne style Mount Saint Canice (1893) sits above Sandy Bay. The Edwardian Baroque GPO was built in 1905, and the Hobart City Hall
452-446: A diverse array of natural areas, parks and gardens. It is most notably defined by its large areas of native bushland owing to its location. The most prominent of these is Wellington Park which encompasses the plateau of kunanyi / Mt Wellington itself as well as much of the surrounding alpine woodland and dense forests. This is taken advantage of with a large number of trails for walking, hiking and mountain biking activities all across
565-407: A language for the indigenous community. Due to the scarcity of records, palawa kani was constructed as a composite of several of the estimated dozen original Tasmanian languages. The two primary sources of lexical and linguistic material are Brian Plomley's 1976 word lists and Crowley and Dixon's 1981 chapter on Tasmanian. These are supplemented by archival research. The source languages are those of
678-501: A local colonist named William Watson, who they believed shot dead Maytepueminer's husband Lacklay. Two sailors were mistakenly shot dead by this group and as a result, the five Aboriginal Tasmanians became outlaws . They were later captured and at a trial in Melbourne, the three women including Truganini were exonerated, but Maulboyheenner and Tunnerminnerwait were found guilty of murder and were publicly hanged on 20 January 1842 in what
791-487: A major industry in the area, and for a time Hobart served as the Southern Ocean 's main whaling port. Penal transportation ended in the 1850s, after which the city experienced periods of growth and decline. The early 20th century saw an economic boom on the back of mining, agriculture and other primary industries, and the loss of men who served in the world wars was counteracted by an influx of immigration. Despite
904-621: A meeting with the Lieutenant-Governor in early 1831. For his "friendly mission" work, Robinson was rewarded with land grants and hundreds of pounds worth of pay increases. Woureddy was promised a boat, but this was never given to him. Woureddy, though, did get to see his two sons who had been living at Robinson's house in Hobart. Myunge had been renamed as Davey Bruny, and Droyerloine had been renamed Peter Bruny. However, when Woureddy left Hobart with Robinson, his two sons were sent to
1017-576: A new Second Empire style Customs House, is situated on Constitution Dock and incorporates the Bond (1824) and Commisariat Store buildings (1810), the latter of which contributed to Hobart's early street layout when the Hobart Rivulet passed beside it. Away from the mouth of the rivulet was Hunter Island and after 1820 was also used for extensive warehousing. Hobart is home to many historic churches. The Scots Church (formerly known as St Andrew's)
1130-470: A prime source of information about pre-colonial Aboriginal Tasmanian customs. He was also the husband of Truganini for period of around ten years. His image, and the busts of him and Truganini have over time been utilised and incorporated in conversations about the past in Tasmania. The image by Thomas Bock is utilised in Cassandra Pybus 's biography of Truganini. Woureddy was born around
1243-615: A renowned strongman. When his brother was killed in inter-tribal conflict, Woureddy took vengeance by raping and killing his brother's former wife who was implicated in his brother's death. Woureddy was also considered a cleverman and custodian of his people's culture and beliefs. He excelled in the construction of catamarans , which the Nuenonne and associated clans used to conduct dangerous voyages to offshore islands such as De Witt Island to hunt seals. These vessels were made large enough to fit eight men. He married and had three sons,
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#17327868578831356-519: A reputation as a "cool" and creative cultural capital with increasing numbers of tourists drawn to its unconventional or quirky events and art projects, many spurred by the Museum of Old and New Art (MONA). The term "MONA effect" refers to the museum's significant impact on the local economy and Tasmanian tourism. The city's nightlife is primarily concentrated in Salamanca Place , North Hobart,
1469-495: A scheme to use Woureddy, Woureddy's two sons, as well as Truganini and a few other captured Aboriginal people such as Kikatapula and Pagerly, to guide him to the clans residing in the uncolonised western parts of Van Diemen's Land. Once contacted, Robinson would "conciliate" these clans to accept the British invasion and avoid conflict. Lieutenant-Governor Arthur approved Robinson's plan and employed him to conduct this venture which
1582-565: A short song". They were able to find "virtually no data on the grammar and no running texts " and stated "it is impossible to say very much of linguistic interest about the Tasmanian languages", and they did not proceed with the project. In the late twentieth century, as part of community efforts to retrieve as much of the original Tasmanian culture as possible, the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre attempted to reconstruct
1695-616: A short-cut to Battery Point , a largely residential suburb known for its weatherboard cottages and multi-storey terraces. Government architect John Lee Archer designed the Regency -style Customs House (1840), facing Sullivans Cove and now used as Parliament House. He also designed the Gothic revival Engineers Building (1847) later used as the Tasmanian Main Line Company headquarters. Nearby are more buildings in
1808-521: A single group taking refuge in the Central Highlands . Woureddy and the other Indigenous guides frustrated Robinson by seeming to alert this group of their approach and it wasn't until December that they were seized. This group which included the once-feared warriors Tongerlongeter and Montpelliatta , were paraded in Hobart before being transported into exile. In the years 1832, 1833 and 1834, Robinson conducted several expeditions to capture
1921-556: A sound recording. Woureddy Woureddy (c.1790 – 7 July 1842), also known as Wurati , Woorady and Mutteelee , was a leading warrior and cleverman from the Nuenonne clan of Aboriginal Tasmanians in Australia. He acted as a guide for George Augustus Robinson in his expeditions to round up the remaining Indigenous people of Tasmania during the early 1830s. Woureddy was a highly significant figure in communicating Indigenous culture to Robinson and his disclosures remain
2034-655: A source of discomfiture about the city's convict past, but is now a draw card for tourists. The city centre contains many of the city's oldest buildings, including the Hope and Anchor Tavern (1807) and Ingle Hall (1811–14). The Cascade Brewery (1824), Australia's longest operating brewery, was built using convict labour, as was the Cascades Female Factory (1828), now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Other notable early buildings include: Hadley's Orient Hotel (1834), Australia's oldest continuously operating hotel;
2147-466: A tourist attraction—in 1956 the Lanherne Airport (now Hobart Airport ) was opened. Australia's first legal casino, Wrest Point Hotel Casino , opened in 1973. Despite these successes, Hobart faced significant challenges during the 20th century, including the 1967 Tasmanian fires , which claimed 64 lives in Hobart itself and destroyed over 1200 homes, and the 1975 Tasman Bridge disaster , when
2260-489: Is apparent in the aboriginal pronunciation of English words like sugar , where the 's' was replaced with a t in pidgin English), and this is reflected in palawa kani. The pronunciation of palawa kani may reflect those words preserved in the now English-speaking palawa community, but does not reflect how the original Tasmanian words were likely to have been pronounced. Taylor (2006) states that "the persons who contributed to
2373-502: Is dominated by the 1,271-metre (4,170 ft) kunanyi / Mount Wellington , and its harbour forms the second-deepest natural port in the world, with much of the city's waterfront consisting of reclaimed land. The metropolitan area is often referred to as Greater Hobart , to differentiate it from the City of Hobart , one of the seven local government areas that cover the city. It has a mild maritime climate . The city lies on country which
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#17327868578832486-500: Is located near TMAG on the waterfront and has been in operation since 1974. Palawa kani Palawa kani is a constructed language created by the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre as a composite Tasmanian language , based on reconstructed vocabulary from the limited accounts of the various languages once spoken by the Aboriginal people of what is now Tasmania (palawa kani: Lutruwita ). The centre wishes to restrict
2599-746: Is located on the edge of the Tasmanian South East and Tasmanian Southern Ranges IBRA bioregions as well as being surrounded by parts of the South-east Tasmania Important Bird Area (such as the Meehan and Wellington Ranges ) which provide important habitat for Tasmanian birds . The East Risdon State Reserve contains the wattles Derwent cascade and Acacia riceana , as well as the rare or endangered Risdon peppermint and Eucalyptus morrisbyi . Other local plant species like heartleaf silver gum and
2712-447: Is still difficult to achieve approval. As of 2024, Hobart is the least dense Australian capital with the highest costs per capita (alongside Sydney ) for housing and car-ownership (19.7% cost-to-income in 2024). This is credited with contributing to the broader Tasmanian demographic crisis and emigration. The median house price of inner Hobart was A$ 1,026,500 in 2021, which would be 12.8x the region's median household income per year. Of
2825-940: Is the Playhouse Theatre. Built in the 1860s, it was originally a chapel designed by Henry Bastow . Today, it is owned by the Hobart Repertory Theatre Society. Hobart's largest arthouse cinema, the State Cinema in North Hobart , was established as the North Hobart Picture Palace in 1913. It was acquired by the Reading Cinemas chain in 2019. Located in New Town , the Rewind Cinema, formerly
2938-772: Is the centrally-located Queens Domain which contains the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens established in 1818 (which, though ringed by expressways , remain a highly popular destination with a variety of attractions), the Hobart Cenotaph (accessed via the Bridge of Remembrance and Hobart Regatta grounds which link to the Intercity Cycleway ), the University Rose Gardens , a number of sporting facilities (like
3051-422: Is the story of the sun and the moon. The moon , known as Vetea, was a woman who came from Moo-ai, the land of the spirits. Kangaroo and abalone asked her to stop at earth and she came down to cook some food on a fire. Her husband the sun , known as Parnuen, came and swept her into the fire where she was burnt on her side. The injured Vetea rolled into the sea and then went into the sky to join her husband. Where she
3164-721: The Aboriginal community. The Tasmanian languages were decimated after the British colonisation of Tasmania and the Black War . The last native speaker of any of the languages, Fanny Cochrane Smith , died in 1905. In 1972, Robert M. W. Dixon and Terry Crowley investigated reconstructing the Tasmanian languages from existing records, in a project funded by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies . This included interviewing two granddaughters of Fanny Cochrane Smith, who provided "five words, one sentence, and
3277-582: The Cape Grim massacre perpetrated by employees of the Van Diemen's Land Company . They then journeyed east to Launceston where the settler population was preparing for the climax of the Black War . Called the Black Line , it was a 2,200 man strong chain of armed colonists and soldiers gathered to sweep the settled areas looking to kill or trap any Aboriginal people they found. Robinson, Woureddy and
3390-882: The Colonial Mutual Life buildings (1936) on Elizabeth Street . The 1939 Streamline Moderne Riviera Hotel is joined by what remains the tallest building in Tasmania, the Wrest Point Casino (1973) designed by Roy Grounds in Moderne . Several of the tallest buildings in Hobart were built in this era, such as the International Style MLC building (1958–77), the Empress Towers (1967), the Brutalist NAB House (1968) and former Reserve Bank Building (1977), and
3503-674: The Domain Athletic Centre and Doone Kennedy Hobart Aquatic Centre ), and formerly the Hobart Zoo (a role now taken up by Bonorong Wildlife Sanctuary in Brighton ). Areas along the eastern shore also provide recreation, including many coastal walks to areas like Kangaroo Bluff (one of many former Hobart coastal defences which are now parks) and the Kangaroo Bay Parkland (near Charles Hand Park and
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3616-715: The Montrose Boardwalk, Giblins Reserve and Cornelian Bay to the north, and the Battery Point Sculpture Trail, Errol Flynn Reserve, Long Beach Reserve by Nutgrove Beach and the Alexandra Battery, and Kingston Park to the south. Hobart's architecture is stylistically eclectic and reflects various periods of Australian history. The city is known for its well-preserved Georgian and Victorian-era buildings, giving specific areas an " old world " feel. For locals, this became
3729-513: The Museum of Old and New Art (MONA), the Southern Hemisphere's largest private museum. In 1804, the settlement was named Hobart Town or Hobarton by the first Lt-governor David Collins after then British Secretary of State for war and the colonies Lord Hobart (a variant of Hubert, his name was pronounced with emphasis on the second syllable) at Sullivans Cove (named after the under-secretary). Earlier in 1793, Risdon Cove
3842-604: The Northeastern Tasmanian and Eastern Tasmanian language families, as these are ancestral to the modern palawa population as well as being the best attested Tasmanian languages. However, most place names are reconstructed using languages spoken around the locality as sources. Usually a single Tasmanian word is chosen for an English concept, but occasional duplicates occur, such as palawa and pakana , which come from different languages and both mean (Tasmanian) person. The words need to be reconstructed from
3955-554: The Octopus tree ) remain there. A rare patch of non- sclerophyll Tasmanian rainforest dominated by myrtle beech and blackheart sassafras is located near Collinsvale . A famous tree within the city of Hobart is the Anglesea Barracks blue gum which may have been a seedling before the colonial era . Hobart has a mild temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ; Trewartha : Cflk ). The highest temperature recorded
4068-828: The Rosny Parklands ) in Bellerive , Anzac Park and Simmons Park in Lindisfarne , Wentworth park at Howrah Beach , as well as hills within the urban area such as Gordons Hill , Natone Hill , Rokeby Hills , Waverly Flora Park and the panoramic lookout at Rosny Hill . In the city, many urban parks and gardens have sprung up over the years, like St David's Park , Franklin Square , the Parliament or Salamanca Gardens, Boat Park ( Princes Park ), Fitzroy Gardens and St Andrews Park , along with newer pocket parks like
4181-720: The Royal Society of Tasmania (the oldest Royal Society outside England) founded the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery (TMAG). Its first permanent home opened in 1863 and the museum has gradually expanded to occupy several surrounding buildings, including the Commisariat Store , built in 1810. The TMAG-run Narryna was founded in 1955 as the Van Diemen's Land Memorial Folk Museum and is housed within an 1830s Georgian town house. Maritime Museum Tasmania
4294-647: The Theatre Royal (1837), Australia's oldest continually operating theatre; the Greek revival Lady Franklin Gallery (1843), Australia's first private museum; and the Hobart Synagogue (1845), which is Australia's oldest synagogue and a rare example of an Egyptian revival synagogue. Salamanca Place contains many Georgian era buildings, as well as Kelly's Steps , which were built in 1839 to provide
4407-571: The Toogee people . Robinson decided the mission did not need Woureddy's two sons and sent them to Hobart to live at a house he had built there. The mission continued its journey and as it approached the Macquarie Harbour Penal Station , Robinson became lost and was saved from death by being located by Truganini and Woureddy. The expedition travelled north to Cape Grim , making contact with various tribes and learning about
4520-527: The Town Hall was opened in 1866 it symbolised the hope of future greatness for the city". The Russian navy visited the port multiple times, which had become a leading reason for the Hobart coastal defences . Mark Twain also visited in 1895 when he wrote "Hobart has a peculiarity—it is the neatest town that the sun shines on; and I incline to believe that it is also the cleanest." On 7 September 1936, one of
4633-519: The Wybalenna Aboriginal Establishment with the other Indigenous Tasmanians including Woureddy's sons, Myunge and Droyerloine. Robinson became the superintendent at Wybalenna and began a program of Christianising the inmates. He changed their names, made them wear European clothes and attempted to prohibit their practising of Aboriginal culture and language. Illness and mortality rates were high. Although Woureddy's name
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4746-674: The 2020 K-Block redevelopment of the Royal Hobart Hospital was based on the street grid and convict-made Rajah Quilt . Nearby is the Menzies Institute and UTAS Medical Science Precinct, which features two 2009 examples of avant-garde styles inspired by land-water interplay. On Castray Esplanade, the Salamanca Wharf Hotel was built in 2013 and combines Antarctic colours with the surrounding former-ordnance warehouses. The Myer Centre Icon Complex
4859-649: The 76,686 total dwellings in urban Greater Hobart in 2021 , only 10% were a flat or apartment and 7.2% semi-detached or terrace. Greater Hobart builds on average 700 new dwellings per year, which equates to between 3–3.5 per 1000 people (lower than the 6–9 of other states), mostly concentrated in outer suburbs like Bridgewater (which has the lowest life expectancy in Hobart at 67) which studies show can cost 8x more than infill, meaning they require more infrastructure per dwelling to service than areas closer to existing services (which are more often under-capacity). Rental vacancies have generally been on decline since about 2013 with
4972-599: The Derwent estuary in The Voyage of the Beagle : "...The lower parts of the hills which skirt the bay are cleared; and the bright yellow fields of corn, and dark green ones of potatoes, appear very luxuriant... I was chiefly struck with the comparative fewness of the large houses, either built or building. Hobart Town, from the census of 1835, contained 13,826 inhabitants, and the whole of Tasmania 36,505." The River Derwent
5085-466: The Derwent in a southeasterly direction hugging the Meehan Range (which hovers around 400 metres (1,300 ft) with distinctive summits such as Mt Direction and Gunners Quoin towards the irregular valleys of Brighton ) before sprawling into flatter land in suburbs such as Bellerive. These flatter areas of the eastern shore rest on far younger Quaternary deposits. From there the city wraps around
5198-460: The English pronunciation spellings that they were recorded in. For example, in 1830 the local name for Hobart was recorded as nib.ber.loon.ne and niberlooner . Allowing for the distortions that occurred when linguistically naive Europeans tried recording Tasmanian words, the centre reconstructs the name as nipaluna . Palawa kani was developed in the 1990s by the language program of
5311-867: The Garden of Memories on Elizabeth Street . Inner suburban parks like Wellesley Park in South Hobart , the Train Park (Caldew Park) in West Hobart , and the Cultural Skatepark and Soundy Park in North Hobart are also popular. Parks continue to extend along the complex coastline of the estuary, from the birdwatching area of Goulds Lagoon , Old Beach 's " little doors ", the Claremont Cenotaph by Windermere Beach, Moorilla Estate winery, Glenorchy Art and Sculpture Park (GASP) with
5424-446: The Hidden Theatre, is housed in a 19th-century convict-built structure. Another popular live entertainment location is the Hanging Garden precinct, which contains several venues and hosts Dark Mofo and Hobart Festival of Comedy events. Australia's first privately funded museum, the Lady Franklin Gallery , was established in Acanthe Park by Lady Jane Franklin in 1843 and is now run by The Art Society of Tasmania . Three years later,
5537-454: The Hobart metropolitan area, some of which follow watercourses like the Hobart Linear Park ( Cascade Gardens ), Lambert Park , New Town Rivulet ( Ancanthe Park ) and Tolosa Park , or ridgelines to viewing points in places like the Truganini Conservation Area and Bicentennial Park. The former Fern Tree Bower of Dicksonia antarctica can be visited on the Pipeline Track. The city also has many urban bushland areas, most prominent of which
5650-422: The Indigenous people at his establishment. But by October 1829, the deaths continued and only a handful of Nuenonne had survived. Woureddy's wife and youngest child died of illness. To strengthen paternal bonds he had with the survivors, Robinson oversaw the partnering of the newly widowed Woureddy with the much younger Truganini. Realising that the Aboriginal station at Bruny Island was doomed, Robinson formulated
5763-406: The Myrtle Gully Falls track. The first European settlement began in 1803 as a military camp at Risdon Cove on the eastern shores of the River Derwent , amid British concerns over the presence of French explorers . It was the site of the 1804 Risdon Cove massacre . Later that year, along with the military, settlers and convicts from the abandoned Port Phillip settlement, the camp at Risdon Cove
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#17327868578835876-407: The Nuenonne were terrified of, later destroying the tree thinking it was the work of the evil spirit they called Rageowrapper . In 1804, Woureddy also witnessed the arrival of the British ships to colonise what is now the Hobart ( Nibbaluna ) region. He remembered the resultant conflict between the invaders and the resident Mouheneena clan who lived there in a village called Kreewer upon which
5989-573: The Port Phillip District in 1843. His older son, Myunge, survived at Wybalenna and became a leader in Aboriginal self-determination, helping organise a petition to Queen Victoria to improve conditions at the establishment. Myunge married Maytepueminer and both were amongst the survivors who were transferred to the Oyster Cove Aboriginal internment camp in 1847. Myunge died there one year later. Woureddy Bay and Woureddy Creek in Bathurst Harbour in south-west Tasmania are named after him. Woureddy's interactions with George Augustus Robinson resulted in
6102-444: The Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre, including Theresa Sainty, Jenny Longey and June Sculthorpe. The centre wishes to maintain control over the language until the Aboriginal community is familiar and competent with it. The language is only taught by community organisations and not by state schools. Since the language was constructed, an increasing number of people are able to use the language to some extent, some to great fluency. However,
6215-560: The abundant blue gum are also planted horticulturally, while many exotic species were planted as a result of aesthetic preferences from British colonisation. Black peppermint , silver peppermint , blue wattle , blackwood , drooping sheoak and cherry ballart are another common woodland combination. Threatened species of wildlife found in Hobart include the swift parrot , grey goshawk , Tasmanian masked owl , eastern barred bandicoot and eastern quoll . These amount to 11 species of fauna, 10 of flora and 4 vegetation communities. 5 of
6328-435: The availability of the language until it is established in the Aboriginal Tasmanian community and claims copyright . The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) is used to support this claim to copyright as it declares that indigenous people have the right to control their "cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and traditional cultural expressions" and that states must "recognise and protect
6441-467: The brown-coloured Modernist Marine Board Building (1972) and Jaffa Building (1978). Dorney House (1978) at the former Fort Nelson is an example of residential modernism. The postmodern Hotel Grand Chancellor was built in 1987 in what was the Wapping neighbourhood, which now features many examples of contemporary architecture , such as the 2001 Federation Concert Hall and The Hedberg , designed in 2013 around Conceptualism . The distinctive shapes of
6554-400: The centre requests that non-Aboriginals wanting to use the language first make a formal application to the centre. The centre rejects the classification of a "constructed language" for palawa kani. In 2012, the centre filed a request to remove the Misplaced Pages articles on this language on copyright grounds, however this was refused. The animated television series Little J & Big Cuz was
6667-400: The city is located has the Palawa kani name nipaluna which was originally documented on 16 January 1831 by George Augustus Robinson (as nibberloonne , later niberlooner ) when he was told by Woureddy , a Nununi chief from Bruny Island who spoke five dialects. Though the island is offshore, the language is related and in the same family as the Southeastern Tasmanian language which
6780-609: The city. Hobart is located on the estuary of the River Derwent in the state's south-east. It is built predominantly on Jurassic dolerite around the foothills interspersed with smaller areas of Triassic siltstone and Permian mudstone , straddling the River Derwent . The Western Shore extends from the Derwent Valley in the northwest through the flatter areas around Glenorchy (which rests on older Triassic sediment) bounded by peaks averaging around 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) (including kunanyi / Mount Wellington , Mt Hull, Mt Faulkner and Mt Dromedary ). The hilly inner areas rest on
6893-434: The combined Big River and Oyster Bay nations, surrendered to G. A. Robinson 's "friendly mission" and were marched into Hobart to negotiate a truce with Governor George Arthur . They were forcibly exiled ten days later to Flinders Island . Charles Darwin visited Hobart Town in February 1836 as part of the Beagle expedition. He compares it to Sydney and compliments the " noble forest ". He writes of Hobart and
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#17327868578837006-587: The commercial legacy of a former tramway) and narrow lanes lined with timber and brick cottages, townhouses and small apartment buildings. Social housing was usually organised by private societies and entities as outreach to those in need until crises brought greater attention from government authorities, such as the Homes Act (1919) and Housing Agreement (1945). The Housing Department focused mainly on mixing these with broad-acre suburban estates, which were sometimes expensive to service with adequate infrastructure. Architects such as Margaret Findlay were employed by
7119-418: The completion of the removal of Aborigines from mainland Tasmania in 1835, Robinson brought his Indigenous guides to his house in Hobart for a few months of respite. During this period Truganini and Woureddy became celebrities and had their portraits painted by Thomas Bock and the sculptor Benjamin Law also created casts and busts of their profiles. However, in September 1835, they too were taken into exile at
7232-465: The constantly-evolving city centre). With the development of streets and public transport , such as a railway in 1876 and Australia's first fully-electric tram network in 1893, further growth of the urban area was enabled. Inner suburbs from this era typically have orderly streets (around planned subdivisions of former agriculture grants, often inspired by the City Beautiful movement ) with shopfronts (the Hill Street Grocer franchise derives from
7345-401: The decades, -ka is added to the digit, for payaka 20, luwaka 30, etc. For the hundreds and thousands, -ki and -ku are added, for pamaki 100, maraki 500, pamaku 1000, taliku 9000, etc. This sample is a eulogy by the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre Language Program first used at the 2004 anniversary of the Risdon Cove massacre of 1804 . Other versions are available, including one with
7458-657: The early stages of the palawa kani project, it was assumed that virtually no grammatical information had been preserved from the original Tasmanian languages, and that palawa kani would have to draw heavily on grammatical features of English. Since then, more thorough analysis by the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre of words and sentences collected in wordlists of the Tasmanian languages have provided evidence of word orders differing from English, loanwords, adaptation of words to talk about introduced concepts, and suffixes. These grammatical and vocabulary features have been incorporated into palawa kani . The only running text recorded for
7571-406: The eastern shore, the name for the Clarence Plains was known as naniyilipata by the Mumirimina, a group of the Oyster Bay (Poredareme) people. Droughty Point was known as trumanyapayna (kangaroo point) as it was a hunting ground, and South Arm as mutatayna . Later names by the TAC include piyura kitina (little native hens ) at Risdon Cove and turikina truwala (mountain waterfall) on
7684-537: The estuary to peninsulas and extends across the hills in an easterly direction into the valley area of Rokeby , before reaching into the tidal flatland area of Lauderdale (between Ralphs Bay and Frederick Henry Bay ). Hobart has access to a number of beach areas including those in the Derwent estuary itself: Long Beach , Nutgrove Beach , Bellerive Beach , Cornelian Bay, Kingston, and Howrah Beaches, as well as many more in Frederick Henry Bay such as Seven Mile , Roaches, Cremorne, Clifton and Goats Beaches. Hobart
7797-401: The exercise of these rights". However, the declaration is legally non-binding and languages cannot receive copyright protection in many countries, including Australia and the United States. The centre however provides a list of place names in palawa kani and consents to their free use by the public. Dictionaries and other copyrightable resources for learning the language are only provided to
7910-434: The first television show to feature an episode entirely in palawa kani, which was broadcast on the NITV network in 2017. In 2018, The Nightingale became the first major film to feature palawa kani, with consultation from Aboriginal Tasmanian leaders. Palawa kani is also used on a number of signs in protected areas of Tasmania , for example kunanyi has been gazetted as an official name for Mount Wellington , and what
8023-492: The future, Tasmanians nurtured memories of a more prosperous past. In the 'sixties Martineau found elderly ladies lamenting the gaiety of the old days and merchants the time when 'Hobart Town promised to be the emporium if not the metropolis of Australia'." However, this was mixed in with evolving politics, a greater connection with mainland Australia, tourism in the 1880s and the establishment of important cultural and social institutions including The University of Tasmania . "When
8136-500: The humans were and took pity on them, taking away their tails and making knee joints for them so that they could sit. The humans were thankful to Dromerdeena for this. Dromerdeena's foot is Mars and his pathway is the Milky Way . His brothers are Beegera ( Sirius ) and Pimeerna ( Betelgeuse ). After his efforts of creation, Moinee was turned into a monolith of stone and dwells at Cox Bight. Another creation belief related by Woureddy
8249-447: The inner city being converted into parking ) further made Hobart a sprawling city. Zoning now applies and specific area plans can also be prepared (with the land use near Hobart's northern suburbs transit corridor under particular focus), though planning reform and new provisions schedules are being prepared. While community and social housing projects do occur in expensive areas (such as 25 apartments on Goulburn Street in 2021), it
8362-530: The last known surviving thylacines died at the Beaumaris Zoo in Hobart. During WW2 , the city performed drills and built shelters, with German mines found in the estuary and a Japanese scout plane flyover in 1942. While Hobart was isolated, it also contained the not insignificant Electrolytic Zinc Company which was essential for ammunition production. During the mid 20th century, the state and local governments invested in building Hobart's reputation as
8475-490: The lives of the Nuenonne. In 1828, the Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land , Colonel George Arthur , ordered the creation of an Aboriginal ration station on the island, which in 1829 was placed under the authority of an English builder and evangelical Christian named George Augustus Robinson . With the assistance of a local female teenager named Truganini , Robinson initially had some success protecting
8588-458: The local Muwinina people spoke. Another recorded name was an Oyster Bay word lebralawaggena ( Bedford ). A semi-permanent settlement at Little Sandy Bay was called kriwa beneath the hill of kriwalayti . The dividing line of the region is the timtumili minanya (river), which winds its way down from the centre of the island through the lands of the Big River (Lemerina) people. On
8701-809: The more exposed position coupled with them resting at higher altitude. These snow-bearing winds often carry on through Tasmania and Victoria to the Snowy Mountains in Victoria and southern New South Wales. Nevertheless, sleet can occur in Hobart during the peak Tasmanian snow season (typically defined as being between May to September, with the most snowfalls in July and August). Average sea temperatures range from 12.5 °C (54.5 °F) in September to 16.5 °C (61.7 °F) in February. Hobart has
8814-478: The oldest named Myunge born around 1818 and the second was called Droyerloine born around 1820. The youngest child's traditional name is unknown. By the late 1820s, the British had expanded their hold in Van Dieman's Land (as Tasmania was then known), and established several whaling and lumber stations on Bruny Island. Violence, displacement and disease brought by the British had a hugely detrimental effect to
8927-498: The original Tasmanian languages is a sermon preached by George Robinson on Bruny Island in 1829, after being on the island for only eight weeks. His "Tasmanian" was actually English replaced word-for-word with Tasmanian words that had been stripped of their grammar, much as occurs in a contact pidgin . Robinson is one of the principal primary sources for palawa kani. There are two sets of pronouns, The second- and third-person plural pronouns are formed by adding mapali ("many") to
9040-528: The orphan school in the town and Woureddy did not see them again until four years later. While in Hobart, Robinson successfully negotiated a contract with the colonial authorities for him to lead further expeditions to capture all the remaining Aboriginal Tasmanians and transfer them to confinement in Bass Strait. Woureddy, his wife Truganini and several other Aboriginal Tasmanians were chosen by Robinson as guides for these expeditions. The island of exile
9153-547: The other guides were allowed to continue their mission to the north-east, away from the direction of the Black Line. They arrived at Cape Portland in October 1830 having rescued several Indigenous women from the slavery of the local sealers, and been joined by the respected warrior Mannalargenna and his small remnant clan. They were informed of the failure of the Black Line to capture or kill many Aboriginal people and it
9266-614: The policy allows for newly created names to be recognised as official. A number of other palawa kani place names exist, but are not in official use. In the following table, the IPA is first listed. The orthography is listed in italics if it differs from the IPA. The vowels are / a / , / i / , / u / and the diphthongs /ei/ ⟨ay⟩ and /oi/ ⟨uy⟩ . Consonant clusters include pr , tr and kr . Like most mainland languages, Tasmanian languages lacked sibilants (which
9379-767: The project would appear to have uncritically accepted phonological features of the Australian Mainland languages as a guide to palawa phonology without undertaking an adequate comparative analysis of the orthographies used by the European recorders", and gives three examples: The Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre has decided that palawa kani should only be written in lowercase letters. Initial capital letters may be used for names of people and "family/Ancestral collectives". Nouns do not have number, and verbs do not indicate person or tense, e.g. waranta takara milaythina nara takara 'we walk where (place) they walked'. In
9492-464: The public works department. Bungalows were mass-produced in weatherboard and then fibro materials. The 1944 Town and Country Planning Act was the instrument to transfer control of urban housing to municipalities, which automatically resulted in tightly restricted homebuilding in existing urban areas. The advent of the automotive city and the 1965 Hobart Area Transportation Study (which ultimately resulted in cuts to public transport and parts of
9605-417: The rate consistenly under 3% and listings 50.5% lower in southern Tasmania over 11 years. Renting is also typically less protected than other states. Tenant-oriented housing models may become more common, with a few examples in Hobart such as 2020's all-electric The Commons Hobart where expensive parking mandates were waivered to enable an affordable green lifestyle . Since the 2000s, Hobart has gained
9718-477: The remaining Indigenous people of the west coast of Tasmania. Robinson captured almost all the remaining Indigenous people of this region, including the clans led by prominent men such as Towterer and Wyne. He did this mostly by use of force and deceit. Many of the captives, including pregnant woman, old people and children, died in miserable conditions when they were held at the Macquarie Harbour Penal Station while awaiting transportation to Flinders Island. With
9831-409: The respective singular pronouns; no second- or third-person plural pronouns are attested in the known documentation of the original Tasmanian languages. mapali 'many' may be used to distinguish mana 'my' from mana-mapali 'our, your'. nika also means 'this', as in milaythina nika 'their lands / this land'. The numerals are, These are conjoined for pamakati 11, payakati 12, etc. For
9944-495: The rise in migration from Asia and other non-English speaking regions, Hobart's population is predominantly ethnically Anglo-Celtic and has the highest percentage of Australian-born residents among Australia's capital cities. Today, Hobart is the financial and administrative hub of Tasmania, serving as the home port for both Australian and French Antarctic operations and acting as a tourist destination. Well-known drawcards include its convict-era architecture, Salamanca Market and
10057-573: The same style, Australia's oldest tertiary institution was based in the former Hobart High School from 1848 (Domain House, now owned by UTAS), and the Government House building was built in 1857 and is the third iteration . Henry Hunter was an architect known for churches such as St Mary's Cathedral (1898), but he also designed Hobart Town Hall (1866), located on the site of the old Government House. The TMAG building, built in 1902 as
10170-553: The suburb of Sandy Bay is now located. He also recalled white shingle-splitters abducting local black women from around the Huon River and shooting the black men if they resisted the taking of the females. As a young man, Woureddy's life was still lived in a mostly traditional way isolated from the influence of the British colonists. He grew his hair into a distinctive mop of dreadlocks styled with red ochre and animal fat. His family were esteemed warriors with his brother
10283-687: The summer solstice. By global standards, Hobart has cool summers and mild winters for its latitude, being heavily influenced by its seaside location. Nevertheless, the strong northerly winds from the Australian outback ensure that Hobart experiences temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F) in most years. Those temperatures are very warm compared to climates on higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere with similar summer averages. Light air frost occasionally happens, albeit not every year. Although Hobart itself rarely receives snow during
10396-511: The threatened species are endemic to Hobart. A common sight within the city are pademelons and wallabies , and the Hobart Rivulet is home to platypuses . Wildlife groups and road safety advocates have highlighted the role of slower speeds in reducing urban roadkill and traffic injuries. While parts of kunanyi / Mt Wellington have been cleared in the past (and species like celery top pine were allegedly present), stands of old-growth white gums accompanied by giant stringybarks (such as
10509-480: The translation and documentation of important Indigenous Tasmanian beliefs that would have otherwise been lost. Although these beliefs are from the Nuenonne people, they closely resembled those of other clans from across Tasmania. Of these is the story of Dromerdeena and Moinee. Dromerdeena (who is the celestial being known to the Western world as Canopus ) fought with another powerful sky spirit named Moinee. Moinee
10622-504: The waterfront area, Elizabeth Street (which includes the pedestrianised Elizabeth Street Mall ) and Sandy Bay. These areas are home to popular dining strips, pubs, bars and nightclubs. The city centre is home to several theatres , including live theatre venues, picture palaces, and a multiplex operated by Village Cinemas . The Theatre Royal , established in 1837, is Australia's oldest continually operating theatre, designed by colonial architect John Lee Archer . Another historic theatre
10735-442: The winter due to the foehn effect created by the Central Highlands (the city's geographic position causes a rain shadow ), the adjacent kunanyi / Mount Wellington is frequently seen with a snowcap throughout the year. During the 20th century, the city itself has received snowfalls at sea level on average only once every 5 years; however, outer suburbs lying higher on the slopes of Mount Wellington receive snow more often, owing to
10848-585: The year 1790 on Nuenonne country which included the region around Bruny Island ( Lunawanna-alonnah ) and Recherche Bay ( Lyleatea ) in southern Tasmania. As a young child he remembered observing the French explorers, led by Rear Admiral Bruni D'Entrecasteaux and Captain Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec arriving in Recherche Bay in 1792. The French came ashore and carved images on a tree which
10961-495: The younger Jurassic dolerite deposits, before stretching into the lower areas such as the beaches of Sandy Bay in the south, while the City and Kingston are separated by hills and Taroona 's Alum Cliffs . The Derwent estuary exits into Storm Bay wrapped by the South Arm Peninsula , Iron Pot and Betsey Island , with Turrakana / Tasman Peninsula and Bruny Island beyond. The Eastern Shore also extends from
11074-425: Was 41.8 °C (107.2 °F) on 4 January 2013 and the lowest was −2.8 °C (27.0 °F) on 25 June 1972 and 11 July 1981. Annually, Hobart receives only 40.8 clear days without rain. Compared to other major Australian cities, Hobart has the fewest daily average hours of sunshine, with only 5.9 hours per day. However, during the summer it has the most hours of daylight of any Australian city, with 15.3 hours on
11187-678: Was built in Bathurst Street from 1834 to 1836, and a small sandstone building within the churchyard was used as the city's first Presbyterian Church. St John's in New Town , featuring a clocktower and turrets, sat in the middle of the Queens Orphanage complex (now near the Hobart City High School ) from 1835. The Greek revival St George's Anglican Church in Battery Point was completed in 1838, and
11300-527: Was built in 1915 in a Federation warehouse style on the former city marketplace. The North Hobart Post Office (1913) of a John Smith Murdoch design is in a colourful Edwardian style . Hobart is also home to a number of Art Deco landmarks, including the T&;G building (1938) on Murray Street , the Old Mercury Building on Macquarie Street (1938), the former Hydro Tasmania (1938) and
11413-497: Was changed from Swan Island, firstly to Gun Carriage Island and then to the Wybalenna Aboriginal Establishment on Flinders Island as the number of Aborigines captured by Robinson increased. In 1831, they captured respected leader Eumarrah and his small clan near the locality of Pipers Brook . They then continued on, looking to take captive the remaining members of the Oyster Bay and Big River tribes who had condensed into
11526-527: Was changed to Count Alpha, he remained otherwise resistant to the enforced changes, defiantly keeping his cultural practices. In 1839, Robinson accepted the position of Protector of Aborigines in the newly colonised Port Phillip District in present-day Victoria . Robinson quit his role as manager of Wybalenna and took Woureddy, Truganini, Myunge, Droyerloine and thirteen other Aboriginal Tasmanians with him as servants. However, once in Melbourne , Robinson
11639-537: Was completed in 2020 as a replacement for the 1908 Liverpool Street building which burnt down in 2007, while retaining the façade on Murray Street. Projects designed by local architects include the Mövenpick Hotel , built in 2021 by Jaws. Hobart as a city has delivered its housing by various means and forms. For its early history, housing was small-scale but clustered in very small areas (the highest concentration and diversity of Hobart's heritage remains around
11752-427: Was decided by the government to use the nearby Bass Strait Islands as a place of enforced exile for those Indigenous Tasmanians collected by Robinson. Robinson's first chose Swan Island as the place of exile. This small island was exposed to powerful gales, had poor water supply and was infested with tiger snakes . Robinson took Woureddy and a few other guides off this island to accompany him to Hobart where he had
11865-508: Was defeated and tumbled down to earth followed by his wife. Their embryonic children fell as rain to be taken up in the womb of Moinee's wife who became the ocean. Moinee fought off the evil spirits known as the Rageowrapper who dwelt on earth. Moinee then, in conjunction with the ant spirit named Laller, created animals and humans from the earth. He created humans initially with a tail and no knee joints. Dromerdeena saw how uncomfortable
11978-515: Was formerly known as Asbestos Range National Park is now known as Narawntapu National Park . Palawa kani has been formally legitimated through the Tasmanian governmental Aboriginal and Dual Naming Policy of 2013, which "allows for an Aboriginal and an introduced name to be used together as the official name and for new landmarks to be named according to their Aboriginal heritage". These include kanamaluka / Tamar River and kunanyi / Mount Wellington . Where no historical recorded name can be found,
12091-451: Was known by the local Muwinina people as nipaluna, a name which includes surrounding features such as kunanyi / Mount Wellington and timtumili minanya (River Derwent). Prior to British colonisation, the land had been occupied for possibly as long as 35,000 years by Aboriginal Tasmanians . Founded in 1804 as a British penal colony , Hobart is Australia's second-oldest capital city after Sydney , New South Wales. Whaling quickly emerged as
12204-683: Was moved by Captain David Collins to a better location at the present site of Hobart at Sullivans Cove . The area's Indigenous inhabitants were members of the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe. Violent conflict with the European settlers, and the effects of diseases brought by them, dramatically reduced the Aboriginal population, which was rapidly replaced by free settlers and the convict population. In 1832, four years after martial law had been declared, 26 people, including Tongerlongeter (Tukalunginta) and Montpelliatta (Muntipiliyata) of
12317-472: Was named after the second officer on the ship Duke of Clarence by the captain John Hayes , and the river after the River Derwent, Cumbria (also briefly named by Bruni D'Entrecasteaux as La Rivière du Nord ). The city was named the singular Hobart in 1881, and an inhabitant is known as a Hobartian . Though the city is not officially dual-named , the 'saltwater country' of the western shore where
12430-454: Was named the "friendly mission". The mission left Bruny Island in early 1830 with Woureddy playing a very important role as a guide and instructor on local Aboriginal language and culture. He also provided the skills to design and build watercraft for the group to navigate the various rivers they encountered. Woureddy educated Robinson about the clans of western Van Diemen's Land, whom he regarded with distrust and collectively referred to as
12543-453: Was one of Australia's finest deepwater ports and was the centre of South Seas whaling and sealing trades. The settlement rapidly grew into a major port, with allied industries such as shipbuilding. Hobart Town became a city on 21 August 1842, and was renamed Hobart from the beginning of 1881. The post-transportation era saw the city shift between periods of economic uncertainty in the 1860s and 1890s: "...While brash Victorians talked of
12656-479: Was soon not able to keep such a large number of assistants and Woureddy and his sons had to survive by becoming farmhands for local colonists. In 1841, Truganini abandoned Woureddy, and ran off with Maulboyheenner , a young Tasmanian Aboriginal man who had also come from Wybalenna. These two formed a gang with another Tasmanian man named Tunnerminnerwait and two women called Plorenernoopner and Maytepueminer, and decided to head to Westernport Bay to take revenge on
12769-531: Was the first legal execution conducted in Melbourne. The remaining Aboriginal Tasmanians in the Port Phillip District, including Woureddy, were rounded up and sent back to Wybalenna on Flinders Island. Woureddy died on 7 July 1842 while aboard the ship that was transporting him to Flinders Island. He was buried with little ceremony on Big Green Island . His younger son, Droyerloine, managed to avoid being returned to Flinders Island but died in
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