138-556: Holland Village MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the Circle line (CCL), located along the boundary of Bukit Timah and Queenstown planning areas in Singapore . Situated close to the junction of Holland Avenue and Holland Road , it primarily serves the area of Holland Village , where its name was derived from. The station is operated by SMRT Trains . First announced as Holland MRT station in 2003,
276-556: A circle-radial topology . Two more lines and 46 stations are currently under construction, in addition to ongoing extension works on existing lines. In total, this will schedule the network to double in length to about 460 km (290 mi) by 2040. Further studies are ongoing on potential new alignments and lines, as well as infill stations in the Land Transport Authority 's (LTA) Land Transport Masterplan 2040. The island-wide heavy rail network interchanges with
414-409: A collage , superposed on an image of an airline safety card , which design and colours the artist was fascinated by. This produced a set of drawings in a style similar to Roy Lichtenstein , an American pop artist. Adding texture and intrigue to the artworks, some of the pencil markings were removed, creating vibrant everyday scenes "injecting street life" to the otherwise "dull" station design. Using
552-490: A birdcage with a real live pigeon in one of his paintings. By the end of the 1960s and early 1970s, pop art references disappeared from the work of some of these artists when they started to adopt a more critical attitude towards America because of the Vietnam War 's increasingly gruesome character. Panamarenko, however, has retained the irony inherent in the pop art movement up to the present day. Evelyne Axell from Namur
690-607: A cumulative S$ 150 billion in 2021, making the network one of the world's costliest on both a per-kilometre and absolute basis. The system is managed in conformity with a semi-nationalised hybrid regulatory framework; construction and procurement fall under the purview of the Land Transport Authority (LTA), a statutory board of the government that allocates operating concessions to the for-profit private corporations SMRT and SBS Transit . These operators are responsible for asset maintenance on their respective lines, and also run bus services, facilitating operational synchronicity and
828-567: A few days of the weekend. The nightly closures are used for maintenance. During the COVID-19 pandemic across the country , train services ended earlier from 7 April 2020 to 1 June 2020 and service extensions on the eves of public holidays ceased from 7 April 2020 until 28 September 2024 except New Year's Eve. Train service extensions were reinstated back to before the pandemic began in 2020 as mentioned earlier. Train frequencies are 2 - 3 mins during peak hours and 5 - 6 mins during off-peak hours. If
966-694: A few paintings or sculptures representing the recent past of Singapore, mounted in major stations. The opening of the Woodlands Extension introduced bolder pieces of artwork, such as a 4,000 kg sculpture in Woodlands . With the opening of the North East Line in 2003, a series of artworks under a programme called "Art in Transit" were commissioned by the Land Transport Authority (LTA). Created by 19 local artists and integrated into
1104-681: A major force in the artworld. But its success had not been in England. Practically simultaneously, and independently, New York City had become the hotbed for Pop Art. In London, the annual Royal Society of British Artists (RBA) exhibition of young talent in 1960 first showed American pop influences. In January 1961, the most famous RBA- Young Contemporaries of all put David Hockney , the American R B Kitaj , New Zealander Billy Apple , Allen Jones , Derek Boshier , Joe Tilson , Patrick Caulfield , Peter Phillips , Pauline Boty and Peter Blake on
1242-501: A method of direct appropriation of reality, equivalent, in the terms used by Restany; to a "poetic recycling of urban, industrial and advertising reality". In Spain, the study of pop art is associated with the "new figurative", which arose from the roots of the crisis of informalism . Eduardo Arroyo could be said to fit within the pop art trend, on account of his interest in the environment, his critique of our media culture which incorporates icons of both mass media communication and
1380-503: A minimalist concept using several pre-fabricated constituents. The entrance, intended to be distinguishable in the streetscape, employs a lightweight structure with glass materials on its exterior to allow the visibility of the shophouses at the ground level. Within the station's interior, there are retail shops at the concourse level as part of the SMRT Shop & Dine Concept, to provide a retail experience for commuters. The station has
1518-556: A plan to introduce dual speeds to escalators along the North–South and East–West lines, to make it safer for senior citizens using them. As a result, all escalators on the two lines, through a refurbishment programme, will be able to operate at a different speed of 0.5 m/s during off-peak hours, with completion being targeted for 2022. All stations constructed before 2001 initially lacked barrier-free facilities and wider AFC faregates such as lifts, ramps and tactile guidance systems for
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#17327936785401656-678: A preference. The Land Transport Authority (LTA) had considered other naming methods in June 2007, whether by name, colour or numbers. After the survey, however, the naming scheme was retained and used for subsequent future MRT lines. Except for the partly at-grade Bishan MRT station ( North–South Line ), the entirety of the MRT is either elevated or underground. Most below-ground stations are deep and hardened enough to withstand conventional aerial bomb attacks and to serve as bomb shelters . Mobile phone, 3G, 4G and 5G services are available in every part of
1794-580: A series of automated guideway transit networks localised to select suburban towns — collectively known as the Light Rail Transit (LRT) system — which, along with public buses , complement the mainline by providing a last mile link between MRT stations and HDB public housing estates . The MRT is the oldest, busiest, and most comprehensive metro system in Southeast Asia . Capital expenditure on its rail infrastructure reached
1932-423: A simple layout to facilitate ease of movement, fulfilling the operational criteria for the station. The artwork and the distinguishing features of the station help foster an identity for Holland Village station. Commissioned as part of the MRT network's Art-in-Transit Programme, Holland Beat by Jeremy Sharma is displayed on the lift shaft of the station. The artwork depicts drawings and images of Holland Village in
2070-499: A station interlocking system. The ATO drives the train in automatic mode, providing the traction and braking control demands to the train rolling stock system, adjusts its speed upon approaching the station, and provides the control of opening and closing of train and platform screen doors once the train has stopped at the station. The ATP ensures safe train separation by using the ATP track circuit status and by location determination, monitors
2208-496: A style reminiscent of American pop art . The title of the artwork "Holland Beat", as the artist explained, refers to the "tempo and rhythm" of the neighbourhood. Seeking inspiration for his work, the artist spent an afternoon at Holland Village, capturing images that caught his attention. These pictures were then turned into drawings, generating up to 50 sketches of Holland Village's objects, scenes, signs and architectural features. Using digital means, these images were combined into
2346-518: A two-year contract for consultancy in November 1982. The Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC)—later renamed SMRT Corporation—was established on 14 October 1983 and took over the roles and responsibilities of the former provisional Mass Rapid Transit Authority. On 7 November 1987, the first section of the North–South Line started operations, consisting of five stations over six kilometres. Within
2484-421: A vertical canvas, Sharma eventually chose eight drawings which were then arranged in a non-linear fashion, leaving enough negative space to avoid the work "resembling a newspaper". When the drawings were scanned and expanded on the larger 8.8-metre (29 ft) by 2.8-metre (9.2 ft) canvas, the images came out pixellated since the drawings were initially small. Using digital software, the artist then converted
2622-489: A year, 20 more stations had been added to the network and a direct service existed between Yishun and Lakeside stations, linking up Central Singapore to Jurong in the west by the end of 1988. The direct service was eventually split into the North–South and East–West lines after the latter's completion of the eastern sector to Tanah Merah station. By the end of 1990, the Branch line has further linked Choa Chu Kang to
2760-588: Is able to support bidirectional train operations on a single track, enabling trains to be diverted onto another track in the event of a fault on one track. The CBTC system also permits for improved braking performance in wet weather as compared to the original fixed-block ATC. All new MRT lines built since the North East Line in 2003 were equipped with CBTC from the outset, and have the capability to be completely driverless and automated, requiring no on-board staffing. Operations are monitored remotely from
2898-573: Is an art movement that emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States during the mid- to late- 1950s . The movement presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular and mass culture , such as advertising , comic books and mundane mass-produced objects. One of its aims is to use images of popular culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture, most often through
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#17327936785403036-612: Is currently in use in advertising. Product labeling and logos figure prominently in the imagery chosen by pop artists, seen in the labels of Campbell's Soup Cans , by Andy Warhol . Even the labeling on the outside of a shipping box containing food items for retail has been used as subject matter in pop art, as demonstrated by Warhol's Campbell's Tomato Juice Box , 1964 (pictured). The origins of pop art in North America developed differently from those in Great Britain. In
3174-769: Is currently used for the Downtown line . While major operations were shifted to the main Gali Batu Depot in 2015, the Tai Seng Facility Building resumed stabling operations with the extension of the Downtown line in 2017. It currently operates independently from Kim Chuan Depot. Gali Batu Depot is the first MRT depot in Singapore to achieve the certification of Building and Construction Authority (BCA) Green Mark Gold. In August 2014, plans for
3312-429: Is not an exclusive element; there is a long line of artists, including Gianni Ruffi , Roberto Barni , Silvio Pasotti , Umberto Bignardi , and Claudio Cintoli , who take on reality as a toy, as a great pool of imagery from which to draw material with disenchantment and frivolity, questioning the traditional linguistic role models with a renewed spirit of "let me have fun" à la Aldo Palazzeschi . In Belgium , pop art
3450-481: Is part of the collection of the Museum of Modern Art .) His work features thick outlines, bold colors and Ben-Day dots to represent certain colors, as if created by photographic reproduction. Lichtenstein said, "[abstract expressionists] put things down on the canvas and responded to what they had done, to the color positions and sizes. My style looks completely different, but the nature of putting down lines pretty much
3588-491: Is planned to begin operations in 2026, adding an additional 2.2 kilometres (1.4 miles) and 2 stations to the line, terminating at Sungei Bedok and interchanging with the Thomson–East Coast Line. Upon opening, the entire line will be 44 kilometres (27 miles) long and have 37 stations in total. A proposal has been further mooted to extend the line from Bukit Panjang towards Sungei Kadut which will interchange with
3726-419: Is regarded as the precursor to the pop art movement. They were a gathering of young painters, sculptors, architects, writers and critics who were challenging prevailing modernist approaches to culture as well as traditional views of fine art. Their group discussions centered on pop culture implications from elements such as mass advertising, movies, product design, comic strips, science fiction and technology. At
3864-403: Is the same; mine just don't come out looking calligraphic, like Pollock's or Kline's." Pop art merges popular and mass culture with fine art while injecting humor, irony, and recognizable imagery/content into the mix. The paintings of Lichtenstein, like those of Andy Warhol, Tom Wesselmann and others, share a direct attachment to the commonplace image of American popular culture, but also treat
4002-786: The New Painting of Common Objects show. This first pop art museum exhibition in America was curated by Walter Hopps at the Pasadena Art Museum . Pop art was ready to change the art world. New York followed Pasadena in 1963, when the Guggenheim Museum exhibited Six Painters and the Object , curated by Lawrence Alloway . The artists were Jim Dine, Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Rauschenberg, James Rosenquist, and Andy Warhol. Another pivotal early exhibition
4140-602: The East Coast Integrated Depot , the world's first four-in-one train and bus depot were announced. It will be built at Tanah Merah beside the original Changi Depot site to serve the East–West , Downtown , and Thomson–East Coast lines. The new 36 ha depot can house about 220 trains and 550 buses and integrating the depot for both buses and trains will help save close to 66.12 acres (26.76 ha), or 60 football fields of land. The Tengah Depot for
4278-700: The Jurong Region Line will be situated at the western perimeter of Tengah , and an additional depot facility will be added near Peng Kang Hill station to support the operations of the JRL. Rolling stock for the Jurong Region Line will be stabled at both facilities. Tengah Depot will house the JRL Operations Control Centre and have a bus depot integrated with it to optimise land use. The Changi East Depot will serve
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4416-602: The National Fire Protection Association in the United States . Full-height platform screen doors were already installed in underground stations since 1987, supplied by Westinghouse . There were calls for platform screen doors to be installed at elevated stations after several incidents in which passengers were killed by oncoming trains when they fell onto the railway tracks at elevated stations. The authorities initially rejected such calls by casting doubts over functionality and concerns about
4554-522: The Ultra-Lettrists , Francois Dufrêne , Raymond Hains , Jacques de la Villeglé ; in 1961 these were joined by César , Mimmo Rotella , then Niki de Saint Phalle and Gérard Deschamps . The artist Christo showed with the group. It was dissolved in 1970. Contemporary of American Pop Art—often conceived as its transposition in France—new realism was along with Fluxus and other groups one of
4692-434: The United States . Pop art is widely interpreted as a reaction to the then-dominant ideas of abstract expressionism , as well as an expansion of those ideas. Due to its utilization of found objects and images, it is similar to Dada . Pop art and minimalism are considered to be art movements that precede postmodern art , or are some of the earliest examples of postmodern art themselves. Pop art often takes imagery that
4830-482: The forested core and the rural northwestern region – in accordance with Singapore's aim of developing a comprehensive rail network as the backbone of the country's public transportation system , averaging a daily ridership of 3.45 million in 2023. The MRT network encompasses approximately 241 km (150 mi) of grade-separated route on standard gauge . As of 2024, there are currently 141 operational stations dispersed across six operational lines arrayed in
4968-405: The initialism MRT , is a rapid transit system in Singapore and the island country's principal mode of railway transportation . The system commenced operations in November 1987 after two decades of planning with an initial 6 km (3.7 mi) stretch consisting of five stations. The network has since grown to span the length and breadth of the country's main island – with the exception of
5106-406: The "Who's Who" of pop art. Considered as a summation of the classical phase of the American pop art period, the exhibit was curated by William Seitz. The artists were Edward Hopper , James Gill , Robert Indiana , Jasper Johns , Roy Lichtenstein , Claes Oldenburg , Robert Rauschenberg , Andy Warhol and Tom Wesselmann . Nouveau réalisme refers to an artistic movement founded in 1960 by
5244-453: The "new world", everything can belong to the world of art, which itself is new. In this respect, Italian pop art takes the same ideological path as that of the international scene. The only thing that changes is the iconography and, in some cases, the presence of a more critical attitude toward it. Even in this case, the prototypes can be traced back to the works of Rotella and Baj, both far from neutral in their relationship with society. Yet this
5382-485: The 1970s Conceptual Art movement. In Japan, pop art evolved from the nation's prominent avant-garde scene. The use of images of the modern world, copied from magazines in the photomontage-style paintings produced by Harue Koga in the late 1920s and early 1930s, foreshadowed elements of pop art. The Japanese Gutai movement led to a 1958 Gutai exhibition at Martha Jackson's New York gallery that preceded by two years her famous New Forms New Media show that put Pop Art on
5520-519: The CCL extension to HarbourFront station. On 29 July 2018, as part of a joint emergency preparedness exercise by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) and train operator SMRT, security screenings were conducted at the station. This is the second emergency preparedness exercise conducted at a public transport node in 2018, after Newton station . Such exercises were to test established response protocols and maintain vigilance for quicker and effective responses in
5658-481: The Christmas and New Year's Eve falls on the weekday, train frequencies will remain the same as weekdays only during morning peak whereas it will become 5 - 6 mins until 3pm and standardised to 5 min frequency throughout the whole period until the last train. Early stages of the MRT's construction paid scant attention to station design, with an emphasis on functionality over aesthetics. This is particularly evident in
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5796-529: The Dutch petit bourgeois mentality by creating humorous works with a serious undertone. Examples of this nature include Sex O'Clock, by Woody van Amen, and Crucifix / Target , by Jacques Frenken. Russia was a little late to become part of the pop art movement, and some of the artwork that resembles pop art only surfaced around the early 1970s, when Russia was a communist country and bold artistic statements were closely monitored. Russia's own version of pop art
5934-830: The East–West Line with its own maintenance facility, while Mandai Depot services trains for the Thomson–East Coast line. The underground Kim Chuan Depot houses trains for the Circle and Downtown lines, now jointly managed by the two MRT operators. SBS Transit has three depots: Sengkang Depot houses trains for the North East line , the Sengkang LRT line , and the Punggol LRT line . Tai Seng Facility Building , connected to and located east of Kim Chuan Depot ,
6072-498: The Founders' Memorial in 2028. In addition, this line and Canberra MRT station were the first to use top-up kiosks (TUK) that only allows cashless payments, while GTMs were retained for traditional modes of payment. In addition to the previously announced alignment of the Thomson–East Coast Line, an extension has been proposed to connect it to Changi Airport , with the line passing through Terminal 5 , and eventually absorbing
6210-683: The Green Gallery and the Ferus Gallery closed, the Leo Castelli Gallery represented Rosenquist, Warhol, Rauschenberg, Johns, Lichtenstein and Ruscha. The Sidney Janis Gallery represented Oldenburg, Segal, Dine, Wesselmann and Marisol, while Allen Stone continued to represent Thiebaud, and Martha Jackson continued representing Robert Indiana. In 1968, the São Paulo 9 Exhibition – Environment U.S.A.: 1957–1967 featured
6348-694: The Holland Village Market and Food Centre, Anglo-Chinese School (International) , Masjid Kampong Holland and the Vietnamese Embassy . The station serves the Circle line (CCL) and is situated between the Farrer Road and Buona Vista stations. The station code is CC21 on official maps. The station operates daily between 5:37 am and 12:21 am. Train frequencies vary from 2 to 5 minutes depending on peak hours. Designed by SAA Architects, Holland Village station adopts
6486-469: The January 1961 RBA exhibition Young Contemporaries , Apple quickly became an iconic international artist of the 1960s. This was before he conceived his moniker of "Billy Apple", and his work was displayed under his birth name of Barrie Bates. He sought to distinguish himself by appearance as well as name, so bleached his hair and eyebrows with Lady Clairol Instant Creme Whip. Later, Apple was associated with
6624-538: The Marina Bay Extension on 14 January 2012. Stage 1 of Downtown line opened on 22 December 2013 with its official opening made on 21 December 2013 by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong . Stage 2 opened on 27 December 2015, after being officially opened on 26 December by Prime Minister Lee. The Tuas West Extension of the East–West Line, consisting of Gul Circle , Tuas Crescent , Tuas West Road , and Tuas Link stations, opened on 18 June 2017. Stage 3,
6762-593: The Marina Line Architectural Design Competition, which was jointly organised by the Land Transport Authority and the Singapore Institute of Architects. The competition did not require any prior architectural experience from competitors and is acknowledged by the industry as one of the most impartial competitions held in Singapore to date. The winner of both stations was WOHA . In 2009, "Best Transport Building"
6900-627: The Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) were derived from a forecast by the country's planners back in 1967 which stated the need for a rail-based urban transport system by 1992. In 1972, a study was conducted by the American firms Wilbur Smith and Associates, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Tudor, and Bechtel, which was accounted for by the World Bank on behalf of the United Nations Development Programme . The study
7038-617: The New York pop art scene. Although pop art began in the early 1950s, in America it was given its greatest impetus during the 1960s. The term "pop art" was officially introduced in December 1962; the occasion was a "Symposium on Pop Art" organized by the Museum of Modern Art . By this time, American advertising had adopted many elements of modern art and functioned at a very sophisticated level. Consequently, American artists had to search deeper for dramatic styles that would distance art from
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#17327936785407176-546: The North–South Line. The extension is expected to be completed by the mid-2030s. Stage 5 from Bedok South to Sungei Bedok is planned to be operational by 2026. The northern terminus of Woodlands North is expected to interchange with the Johor Bahru–Singapore Rapid Transit System for greater connectivity between Johor Bahru and Woodlands , while Founders' Memorial station is an infill station along Stage 4, scheduled to open in tandem with
7314-533: The Plymouth Rock of the Pop movement." Author Lucy Lippard wrote that "The Elvis ... and Marilyn Monroe [collages] ... heralded Warholian Pop." Johnson worked as a graphic designer, met Andy Warhol by 1956 and both designed several book covers for New Directions and other publishers. Johnson began mailing out whimsical flyers advertising his design services printed via offset lithography. He later became known as
7452-415: The U.S. as well three-dimensional depictions of ale cans drew attention to questions of representation in art. Johns' and Rauschenberg's work of the 1950s is frequently referred to as Neo-Dada , and is visually distinct from the prototypical American pop art which exploded in the early 1960s. Roy Lichtenstein is of equal importance to American pop art. His work, and its use of parody , probably defines
7590-573: The United States, pop art was a response by artists; it marked a return to hard-edged composition and representational art . They used impersonal, mundane reality, irony , and parody to "defuse" the personal symbolism and " painterly looseness" of abstract expressionism . In the U.S., some artwork by Larry Rivers , Alex Katz and Man Ray anticipated pop art. By contrast, the origins of pop art in post-War Britain, while employing irony and parody, were more academic. Britain focused on
7728-742: The art critic Pierre Restany and the artist Yves Klein during the first collective exposition in the Apollinaire gallery in Milan. Pierre Restany wrote the original manifesto for the group, titled the "Constitutive Declaration of New Realism," in April 1960, proclaiming, "Nouveau Réalisme—new ways of perceiving the real." This joint declaration was signed on 27 October 1960, in Yves Klein's workshop, by nine people: Yves Klein, Arman , Martial Raysse , Pierre Restany, Daniel Spoerri , Jean Tinguely and
7866-547: The article "But Today We Collect Ads" by IG members Alison and Peter Smithson in Ark magazine in 1956. However, the term is often credited to British art critic / curator Lawrence Alloway for his 1958 essay titled The Arts and the Mass Media , even though the precise language he uses is "popular mass culture". "Furthermore, what I meant by it then is not what it means now. I used the term, and also 'Pop Culture' to refer to
8004-431: The artist's artistic vision of works that "blur the sources" the painting was derived from, with the integration of elements from paintings, digital drawing and photography, which also reflects the artists' career. The title was also seen as a reference to Sharma's background as a former guitarist and songwriter. Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) [REDACTED] The Mass Rapid Transit system, locally known by
8142-469: The artists Manolo Valdés and Rafael Solbes. Their movement can be characterized as "pop" because of its use of comics and publicity images and its simplification of images and photographic compositions. Filmmaker Pedro Almodóvar emerged from Madrid's "La Movida" subculture of the 1970s making low budget super 8 pop art movies, and he was subsequently called the Andy Warhol of Spain by the media at
8280-540: The assets owned by the Land Transport Authority , a statutory board of the Government of Singapore . The network was planned to be constructed and opened in stages, even as plans had already indicated the decision for two main arterial lines. The North–South Line was given priority because it passed through the Central Area that has a high demand for public transport. De Leuw Cather was appointed to undertake
8418-476: The basic premise of pop art better than any other. Selecting the old-fashioned comic strip as subject matter, Lichtenstein produces a hard-edged, precise composition that documents while also parodying in a soft manner. Lichtenstein used oil and Magna paint in his best known works, such as Drowning Girl (1963), which was appropriated from the lead story in DC Comics ' Secret Hearts #83. ( Drowning Girl
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#17327936785408556-605: The case of an incident. Holland Village station is named after the nearby Holland Road, which in turn it was named after an early resident, Hugh Holland , a well-respected architect. During a naming poll by the Land Transport Authority (LTA), "Holland Village" garnered the most votes with 87.1%, compared to the alternative proposed name "Chip Bee" at 7.1%. The station is located underneath Holland Road, with its entrances situated along Holland Avenue. The station serves Holland Village and nearby landmarks such as
8694-455: The collages in that presentation was Paolozzi's I was a Rich Man's Plaything (1947), which includes the first use of the word "pop", appearing in a cloud of smoke emerging from a revolver. Following Paolozzi's seminal presentation in 1952, the IG focused primarily on the imagery of American popular culture, particularly mass advertising. According to the son of John McHale , the term "pop art"
8832-400: The construction of Holland station was awarded to Woh Hup (Pte) Ltd–Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co. Ltd–Alpine Mayreder bau GmbH (WH-STEC-AM) Joint Venture at a contract value of S$ 399.91 million ( US$ 236.6 million) in 2004. The construction of the 8.25-kilometre (5.13-mile) bored tunnels required the use of 6.35-metre (20.8 ft) diameter Earth pressure balance (EPB) machines. In 2005,
8970-418: The deaths of four workers. On 15 November 2017, two trains, one being empty, collided at low speed at Joo Koon station due to a malfunction with the communications-based train control (CBTC). Prior to the 2020 circuit breaker measures during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic , the public transport operators and LTA were criticised by some commuters for its delayed actions of crowd control and
9108-517: The doors and are operational. These doors prevent suicides and unauthorised access to restricted areas. There were a few major incidents in the history of the MRT, which opened in 1987. On 5 August 1993, two trains collided at Clementi station because of an oil spillage on the track, which resulted in 132 injuries. During the construction of the Circle Line on 20 April 2004, a tunnel being constructed under Nicoll Highway collapsed and led to
9246-487: The drawings into a mosaic made up of distinct colour blobs. This resulted in the work resembling an impressionist painting made up of very visible brush strokes, allowing the work to be viewed from afar and its details appreciated up close. When shown the two versions (the colour blobs vs the pixellated version), the LTA architects and the artist agreed on the former as they felt this had a "much strong concept". This work reflects
9384-491: The dynamic and paradoxical imagery of American pop culture as powerful, manipulative symbolic devices that were affecting whole patterns of life, while simultaneously improving the prosperity of a society. Early pop art in Britain was a matter of ideas fueled by American popular culture when viewed from afar . Similarly, pop art was both an extension and a repudiation of Dadaism . While pop art and Dadaism explored some of
9522-675: The early network is elevated above ground on concrete viaducts , with a small portion running at-grade; newer lines are largely subterranean, incorporating several of the lengthiest continuous subway tunnel sections in the world. A number of underground stations double as purpose-built air raid shelters under the operational authority of the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF); these stations incorporate deep-level station boxes cast with hardened concrete and blast doors fashioned out of reinforced steel to withstand conventional aerial and chemical ordnance. The origins of
9660-403: The elderly and disabled. A retrofitting programme was completed in 2006, with every station provided with at least one barrier-free access route. Over the years, additional barrier-free facilities have been constructed in stations. Since 2020, newer MRT stations have been fitted with a minimum of two lifts. Operators and authorities have stated that numerous measures had been taken to ensure
9798-484: The enforcement of social distancing on public transport. In response, the LTA rolled out a series of precautionary measures, such as social distancing measures and making the wearing of masks in public transport mandatory. Social distancing markers were progressively implemented in the MRT trains and stations which commuters must adhere to; enforced by auxiliary officers and transport ambassadors. The significant reduction of commuters as remote work increased resulted in
9936-931: The establishment of America's pop art vocabulary were the painters Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg . Rauschenberg, who like Ray Johnson attended Black Mountain College in North Carolina after World War II , was influenced by the earlier work of Kurt Schwitters and other Dada artists, and his belief that "painting relates to both art and life" challenged the dominant modernist perspective of his time. His use of discarded readymade objects (in his Combines ) and pop culture imagery (in his silkscreen paintings) connected his works to topical events in everyday America. The silkscreen paintings of 1962–64 combined expressive brushwork with silkscreened magazine clippings from Life , Newsweek , and National Geographic . Johns' paintings of flags, targets, numbers, and maps of
10074-421: The exception of selected periods, such as New Year's Eve , Chinese New Year , Deepavali , Hari Raya , Christmas , eves of public holidays and special occasions such as the state funeral of Lee Kuan Yew (2015), when most of the lines stay open throughout the night or extended till later (before the COVID-19 pandemic began in 2020). Additionally, some stretches of the line end earlier, open later and close on
10212-478: The existing Changi Airport branch on the East–West Line . With such an extension, there would be a direct connection between Changi Airport and the city. This extension is expected to start operating by 2040. Tunneling works are tendered out by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) Singapore and Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Corporation was awarded with the tunneling package for Terminal 5. Pop art Pop art
10350-450: The father of mail art as the founder of his "New York Correspondence School," working small by stuffing clippings and drawings into envelopes rather than working larger like his contemporaries. A note about the cover image in January 1958's Art News pointed out that "[Jasper] Johns' first one-man show ... places him with such better-known colleagues as Rauschenberg, Twombly, Kaprow and Ray Johnson". Indeed, two other important artists in
10488-548: The final stage of the Downtown Line, opened on 21 October 2017 with its official opening made on 20 October 2017 by Coordinating Minister for Infrastructure and Minister for Transport Khaw Boon Wan . The second infill station, Canberra station opened on 2 November 2019. Stage 1 of the Thomson–East Coast Line opened on 31 January 2020. Stage 2 of the Thomson–East Coast Line opened on 28 August 2021, extending
10626-473: The first Independent Group meeting in 1952, co-founding member, artist and sculptor Eduardo Paolozzi presented a lecture using a series of collages titled Bunk! that he had assembled during his time in Paris between 1947 and 1949. This material of "found objects" such as advertising, comic book characters, magazine covers and various mass-produced graphics mostly represented American popular culture. One of
10764-546: The first few stages of the North–South and East–West lines that opened between 1987 and 1988 from Yio Chu Kang to Clementi . An exception to this was Orchard , chosen by its designers to be a "showpiece" of the system and built initially with a domed roof. Architectural themes became more important only in subsequent stages, and resulted in such designs as the cylindrical station shapes on all stations between Kallang and Pasir Ris except Eunos , and west of Boon Lay , and
10902-577: The first line operated by SBS Transit, opened on 20 June 2003, is one of the first fully automated heavy rail lines in the world. On 15 January 2006, after intense two-and-a-half years lobbying by the public, Buangkok station was opened, followed by Woodleigh station much later on 20 June 2011. The Boon Lay Extension of the East–West Line, consisting of Pioneer and Joo Koon stations, opened on 28 February 2009. The Circle Line opened in four stages with Stage 3 on 28 May 2009, Stages 1 and 2 on 17 April 2010, Stages 4 and 5 on 8 October 2011 and
11040-516: The food cans the work is made of, which represent economic dependence brought on Samoans by the west). The undeniable indigenous viewpoint makes it stand out against more common non-indigenous works of pop art. One of New Zealand's earliest and famous pop artists is Billy Apple , one of the few non-British members of the Royal Society of British Artists . Featured among the likes of David Hockney , American R.B. Kitaj and Peter Blake in
11178-816: The form of consumer goods. Opening in 1962, Willem de Kooning 's New York art dealer, the Sidney Janis Gallery, organized the groundbreaking International Exhibition of the New Realists , a survey of new-to-the-scene American, French, Swiss, Italian New Realism , and British pop art. The fifty-four artists shown included Richard Lindner , Wayne Thiebaud , Roy Lichtenstein (and his painting Blam ), Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, James Rosenquist , Jim Dine, Robert Indiana , Tom Wesselmann , George Segal , Peter Phillips, Peter Blake ( The Love Wall from 1961), Öyvind Fahlström , Yves Klein , Arman , Daniel Spoerri , Christo and Mimmo Rotella . The show
11316-535: The future Cross Island Line , and the depot is to be placed at the eastern end of the line. A Singapore Rail Test Centre (formerly known as Integrated Train Testing Centre) with several test tracks for different situations and workshops for maintenance and refurbishment is also to be built at Tuas by 2022, with the main function being to test trains and integrated systems robustly before they are deployed on operational lines. The following table lists
11454-581: The government's intentions for the future of the transport network in Singapore. The latest plan, the Land Transport Master Plan 2040, was announced on 25 May 2019, and provides for line extensions to the Downtown and Thomson–East Coast lines, a new MRT line under study, and 2 new stations on the North–South Line . Hume is an infill station between Hillview and Beauty World and expected to open by 2025. An extension from Expo
11592-400: The government's intentions to greatly expand the system. It called for the expansion of the 67 kilometres of track in 1995 to 360 in 2030. It was expected that daily ridership in 2030 would grow to 6.0 million from the 1.4 million passengers at that time. New lines and extensions are mostly announced as part of the Land Transport Master Plan, which is announced every five years and outlines
11730-421: The high installation costs. Nevertheless, the LTA reversed its decision and made plans to install half-height platform screen doors in all elevated stations on 25 January 2008. The first platform screen doors by ST Electronics were installed at Jurong East , Pasir Ris , and Yishun stations in 2009 under trials to test their feasibility. By 14 March 2012, all elevated stations have been retrofitted with
11868-535: The history of painting, and his scorn for nearly all established artistic styles. However, the Spanish artist who could be considered most authentically part of "pop" art is Alfredo Alcaín, because of the use he makes of popular images and empty spaces in his compositions. Also in the category of Spanish pop art is the "Chronicle Team" ( El Equipo Crónica ), which existed in Valencia between 1964 and 1981, formed by
12006-421: The horizontal integration of the broader public transportation network. The MRT is fully automated and has an extensive driverless rapid transit system . Asset renewal works are periodically carried out to modernise the network and ensure its continued reliability; all stations feature platform screen doors , Wi-Fi connectivity , lifts , climate control , and accessibility provisions, among others. Much of
12144-400: The inherent campness of this is often subverted to signify cultural messages. Dick Frizzell is a famous New Zealand pop artist, known for using older Kiwiana symbols in ways that parody modern culture. For example, Frizzell enjoys imitating the work of foreign artists, giving their works a unique New Zealand view or influence. This is done to show New Zealand's historically subdued impact on
12282-506: The initial construction of the system. An MRT System Designs Option Study was also conducted to refine the technical details and the recommended measures for the MRT system - these include: Singapore's MRT infrastructure is built, operated, and managed in accordance with a hybridised quasi- nationalised regulatory framework called the New Rail Financing Framework (NRFF), in which the lines are constructed and
12420-505: The introduction of the Light Rail Transit (LRT) lines connecting with the MRT network. On 6 November 1999, the first LRT trains on the Bukit Panjang LRT went into operation. The Expo and Changi Airport stations were opened on 10 January 2001 and 8 February 2002 respectively. The very first infill station of the MRT network to be built on an existing line, Dover station opened on 18 October 2001. The North East Line ,
12558-702: The irony and parody of many of his peers. Claes Oldenburg , Jim Dine and Tom Wesselmann had their first shows in the Judson Gallery in 1959 and 1960 and later in 1960 through 1964 along with James Rosenquist , George Segal and others at the Green Gallery on 57th Street in Manhattan. In 1960, Martha Jackson showed installations and assemblages , New Media – New Forms featured Hans Arp , Kurt Schwitters , Jasper Johns , Claes Oldenburg, Robert Rauschenberg , Jim Dine and May Wilson . 1961
12696-418: The length of the station platform. This complements a smaller 40-metre reflective stainless-steel disc overlapping the titanium ellipse and visually floats over a glass elevator shaft and the main entrance. The other station with similar architecture is Dover . Changi Airport station, the easternmost station on the MRT network, has the widest platform in any underground MRT station in Singapore. In 2011, it
12834-472: The line from Woodlands South to Caldecott. Stage 3 of the Thomson–East Coast Line opened on 13 November 2022, extending the line from Caldecott to Gardens by the Bay. On 23 June 2024, the line was extended eastwards terminating at Bayshore. The lines are named based on their directions and/or locations. The names were envisioned to be user-friendly, as shown in a survey in which 70% of the respondents expressed such
12972-405: The major ones, have additional amenities and services, such as retail shops and kiosks, supermarkets, convenience stores, automatic teller machines, and self-service automated kiosks for a variety of services. Most heavy-duty escalators at stations carry passengers up or down at a rate of 0.75 m/s, which is 50% faster than conventional escalators. The Land Transport Authority (LTA) announced
13110-506: The map. The work of Yayoi Kusama contributed to the development of pop art and influenced many other artists, including Andy Warhol. In the mid-1960s, graphic designer Tadanori Yokoo became one of the most successful pop artists and an international symbol for Japanese pop art. He is well known for his advertisements and creating artwork for pop culture icons such as commissions from The Beatles , Marilyn Monroe , and Elizabeth Taylor , among others. Another leading pop artist at that time
13248-637: The map; Apple designed the posters and invitations for both the 1961 and 1962 Young Contemporaries exhibitions. Hockney, Kitaj and Blake went on to win prizes at the John-Moores-Exhibition in Liverpool in the same year. Apple and Hockney traveled together to New York during the Royal College's 1961 summer break, which is when Apple first made contact with Andy Warhol – both later moved to the United States and Apple became involved with
13386-527: The movement; in addition there were some earlier American proto-pop origins which utilized "as found" cultural objects. During the 1920s, American artists Patrick Henry Bruce , Gerald Murphy , Charles Demuth and Stuart Davis created paintings that contained pop culture imagery (mundane objects culled from American commercial products and advertising design), almost "prefiguring" the pop art movement. The Independent Group (IG), founded in London in 1952,
13524-550: The network while the inauguration of Boon Lay station on 6 July 1990 marked the completion of the initial system two years ahead of schedule. The MRT has been continuously expanded ever since. On 10 February 1996, a S$ 1.2 billion expansion of the North–South Line into Woodlands was completed, merging the Branch Line into the North–South Line and joining Yishun and Choa Chu Kang stations. The concept of having rail lines that bring people almost directly to their homes led to
13662-417: The network. Underground stations and trains are air-conditioned, while above-ground stations have ceiling fans installed. Every station is equipped with Top Up Kiosk (TUKs), a Passenger Service Centre and LED or plasma displays that show train service information and announcements. All stations are equipped with restrooms and payphones; some restrooms are located at street level. Some stations, especially
13800-502: The numerous tendencies of the avant-garde in the 1960s. The group initially chose Nice , on the French Riviera, as its home base since Klein and Arman both originated there; new realism is thus often retrospectively considered by historians to be an early representative of the École de Nice [ fr ] movement. In spite of the diversity of their plastic language, they perceived a common basis for their work; this being
13938-437: The operations control centre of the respective lines. Trains are equipped with intercoms to allow passengers to communicate with staff during emergencies. SMRT Corporation has six train depots: Bishan Depot is the central maintenance depot for the North–South Line with train overhaul facilities, while Changi Depot and Ulu Pandan Depot inspect and house trains overnight. The newer Tuas Depot , opened in 2017, provides
14076-538: The perched roofs at Boon Lay, Lakeside , Chinese Garden , Bukit Batok , Bukit Gombak , Choa Chu Kang , Khatib , Yishun , and Eunos stations. Expo station , located on the Changi Airport branch of the East–West Line , is adjacent to the 100,000-square-metre Singapore Expo exhibition facility. Designed by Foster and Partners and completed in January 2001, the station features a large, pillarless, titanium-clad roof in an elliptical shape that sheathes
14214-500: The pop art movement, created many happenings , which were performance art -related productions of that time. The name he gave to his own productions was "Ray Gun Theater". The cast of colleagues in his performances included: artists Lucas Samaras , Tom Wesselmann , Carolee Schneemann , Öyvind Fahlström and Richard Artschwager ; dealer Annina Nosei; art critic Barbara Rose ; and screenwriter Rudy Wurlitzer . His first wife, Patty Mucha, who sewed many of his early soft sculptures,
14352-443: The products of the mass media, not to works of art that draw upon popular culture. In any case, sometime between the winter of 1954–55 and 1957 the phrase acquired currency in conversation..." Nevertheless, Alloway was one of the leading critics to defend the inclusion of the imagery of mass culture in the fine arts. Alloway clarified these terms in 1966, at which time Pop Art had already transited from art schools and small galleries to
14490-418: The programme due to financial grounds and concerns of jobs saturation in the construction industry. Dr Goh instead endorsed the idea of an all-bus system recommended by Harvard University specialists, who argued this would reduce the cost by 50% compared to the proposed MRT system. Public opinion was split on the matter: several expressed concerns about the high cost while others were more focused on increasing
14628-400: The safety of passengers, and SBS Transit publicised the safety precautions on the driverless North East Line before and after its opening. Safety campaign posters are highly visible in trains and stations, and the operators frequently broadcast safety announcements to passengers and to commuters waiting for trains. Fire safety standards are consistent and equivalent with the guidelines of
14766-563: The same subjects, pop art replaced the destructive, satirical, and anarchic impulses of the Dada movement with a detached affirmation of the artifacts of mass culture. Among those artists in Europe seen as producing work leading up to pop art are: Pablo Picasso , Marcel Duchamp , and Kurt Schwitters . Although both British and American pop art began during the 1950s, Marcel Duchamp and others in Europe like Francis Picabia and Man Ray predate
14904-597: The signalling system on the MRT is the automatic train control (ATC) system, which in turn is made up of two sub-systems: the automatic train operation (ATO) and automatic train protection (ATP). The ATC has trackside and trainborne components working together to provide safe train separation by using train detection, localisation, and end of authority protection. It also provides safe train operation and movement by using train speed determination, monitoring, over-speed protection and emergency braking. The safety of alighting and departing passengers will also be provided by using
15042-442: The son of Max Factor Jr. , and an art collector and co-editor of avant-garde literary magazine Nomad , wrote an essay in the magazine's last issue, Nomad/New York . The essay was one of the first on what would become known as pop art, though Factor did not use the term. The essay, "Four Artists", focused on Roy Lichtenstein, James Rosenquist , Jim Dine, and Claes Oldenburg. In the 1960s, Oldenburg, who became associated with
15180-430: The speed of the train to maintain safe braking distance, and initiate emergency braking in the event of overspeed. The MRT also uses an automatic train supervision system to supervise the overall operation of the train service according to a prescribed timetable or train interval. The oldest lines, the North–South Line and East–West Line , were the only lines running with fixed block signalling . The North–South Line
15318-403: The standard of living. Following a debate on whether a bus-only system would be more cost-effective, Communications Minister Ong Teng Cheong came to the conclusion that an all-bus system would be inadequate, as it would have to compete for road space in a land-scarce country. Ong was an architect and town planner by training and through his perseverance and dedication became the main figure behind
15456-412: The station name was finalised as Holland Village. Careful excavation was needed during the station construction, due to the close proximity of residential properties around the station. The construction walls were closely monitored to detect any deflection and soil settlement. Residents and shophouses were also kept informed during the station's construction. The station opened on 8 October 2011 as part of
15594-407: The station was renamed Holland Village through a public poll in 2005. The station opened on 8 October 2011 when Stages 4 and 5 of the CCL stations opened. The station features Holland Beat by Jeremy Sharma as part of the MRT network's Art-in-Transit programme. The station was first announced as Holland station when the Circle Line (CCL) Stages 4 and 5 stations were revealed in 2003. The contract for
15732-481: The stations' interior architecture, these works aim to promote the appreciation of public art in high-traffic environments. The artwork for each station is designed to suit the station's identity. Subsequently, all stations on the North East, Circle and Downtown lines have taken part in this programme during their construction, with additional artworks installed at stations on other MRT lines. A key component of
15870-434: The subject in an impersonal manner clearly illustrating the idealization of mass production. Andy Warhol is probably the most famous figure in pop art. In fact, art critic Arthur Danto once called Warhol "the nearest thing to a philosophical genius the history of art has produced". Warhol attempted to take pop beyond an artistic style to a life style, and his work often displays a lack of human affectation that dispenses with
16008-589: The time. In the book Almodovar on Almodovar , he is quoted as saying that the 1950s film "Funny Face" was a central inspiration for his work. One pop trademark in Almodovar's films is that he always produces a fake commercial to be inserted into a scene. In New Zealand, pop art has predominately flourished since the 1990s, and is often connected to Kiwiana . Kiwiana is a pop-centered, idealised representation of classically Kiwi icons, such as meat pies , kiwifruit , tractors , jandals , Four Square supermarkets;
16146-492: The transport operators reducing train frequencies and closing stations earlier from 17 April. However, train frequencies were shortly reverted to normal upon review and feedback from the public. Since June 2020, the MRT system has resumed pre-circuit breaker operations. Regulations for social distancing on public transport are no longer applicable by law. Social distancing stickers on seats have been removed. MRT lines operate from 5:30 am to 1:00 am daily, with
16284-454: The upcoming lines and stations that have been officially announced: The MRT system relied on its two main lines, the North–South and East–West lines, for more than a decade until the opening of the North East Line in 2003. While plans for these lines as well as those currently under construction were formulated long before, the Land Transport Authority's publication of a White Paper titled " A World Class Land Transport System " in 1996 galvanised
16422-517: The use of irony . It is also associated with the artists' use of mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques. In pop art, material is sometimes visually removed from its known context, isolated, or combined with unrelated material. Amongst the early artists that shaped the pop art movement were Eduardo Paolozzi and Richard Hamilton in Britain , and Larry Rivers , Ray Johnson , Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns among others in
16560-577: The well-designed and clever commercial materials. As the British viewed American popular culture imagery from a somewhat removed perspective, their views were often instilled with romantic, sentimental and humorous overtones. By contrast, American artists, bombarded every day with the diversity of mass-produced imagery, produced work that was generally more bold and aggressive. According to historian, curator and critic Henry Geldzahler , " Ray Johnson 's collages Elvis Presley No. 1 and James Dean stand as
16698-419: The works of the artists Enrico Baj and Mimmo Rotella to be precise, rightly considered the forerunners of this scene. In fact, it was around 1958–1959 that Baj and Rotella abandoned their previous careers (which might be generically defined as belonging to a non-representational genre , despite being thoroughly post-Dadaist), to catapult themselves into a new world of images, and the reflections on them, which
16836-467: The world; naive art is connected to Aotearoan pop art this way. This can be also done in an abrasive and deadpan way, as with Michel Tuffrey 's famous work Pisupo Lua Afe (Corned Beef 2000) . Of Samoan ancestry, Tuffery constructed the work, which represents a bull, out of processed food cans known as pisupo . It is a unique work of western pop art because Tuffrey includes themes of neocolonialism and racism against non-western cultures (signified by
16974-688: Was Keiichi Tanaami . Iconic characters from Japanese manga and anime have also become symbols for pop art, such as Speed Racer and Astro Boy . Japanese manga and anime also influenced later pop artists such as Takashi Murakami and his superflat movement. In Italy, by 1964 pop art was known and took different forms, such as the "Scuola di Piazza del Popolo" in Rome, with pop artists such as Mario Schifano , Franco Angeli , Giosetta Fioroni , Tano Festa , Claudio Cintoli , and some artworks by Piero Manzoni , Lucio Del Pezzo , Mimmo Rotella and Valerio Adami . Italian pop art originated in 1950s culture –
17112-578: Was Soviet -themed and was referred to as Sots Art . After 1991, the Communist Party lost its power, and with it came a freedom to express. Pop art in Russia took on another form, epitomised by Dmitri Vrubel with his painting titled My God, Help Me to Survive This Deadly Love in 1990. It might be argued that the Soviet posters made in the 1950s to promote the wealth of the nation were in itself
17250-707: Was The American Supermarket organised by the Bianchini Gallery in 1964. The show was presented as a typical small supermarket environment, except that everything in it—the produce, canned goods, meat, posters on the wall, etc.—was created by prominent pop artists of the time, including Apple, Warhol, Lichtenstein, Wesselmann, Oldenburg, and Johns. This project was recreated in 2002 as part of the Tate Gallery 's Shopping: A Century of Art and Consumer Culture . By 1962, pop artists started exhibiting in commercial galleries in New York and Los Angeles; for some, it
17388-500: Was a constant performer in his happenings. This brash, often humorous, approach to art was at great odds with the prevailing sensibility that, by its nature, art dealt with "profound" expressions or ideas. In December 1961, he rented a store on Manhattan's Lower East Side to house The Store , a month-long installation he had first presented at the Martha Jackson Gallery in New York, stocked with sculptures roughly in
17526-627: Was a prolific pop-artist in the 1964–1972 period. Axell was one of the first female pop artists, had been mentored by Magritte and her best-known painting is Ice Cream . While there was no formal pop art movement in the Netherlands , there were a group of artists that spent time in New York during the early years of pop art, and drew inspiration from the international pop art movement. Representatives of Dutch pop art include Daan van Golden , Gustave Asselbergs , Jacques Frenken , Jan Cremer , Wim T. Schippers , and Woody van Amen . They opposed
17664-538: Was awarded to the designers at WOHA Architects at the World Architecture Festival for their design of Bras Basah station. Many MRT stations have specially commissioned artworks in a wide variety of art styles and mediums, including sculptures, murals and mosaics. With over 300 art pieces across 80 stations, it is Singapore's largest public art programme. In the early stages of the MRT, artworks were seldom included; primarily consisting of
17802-560: Was first coined by his father in 1954 in conversation with Frank Cordell , although other sources credit its origin to British critic Lawrence Alloway . (Both versions agree that the term was used in Independent Group discussions by mid-1955.) "Pop art" as a moniker was then used in discussions by IG members in the Second Session of the IG in 1955, and the specific term "pop art" first appeared in published print in
17940-477: Was rated 10 out of 15 most beautiful subway stops in the world by BootsnAll. Various features have been incorporated into the design to make the station aesthetically pleasing to travellers. The station is designed by architectural firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill , featuring a large interior space and an illuminated 150-metre (490 ft) link bridge spanning over the island platform. Two Circle Line stations— Bras Basah and Stadium —were commissioned through
18078-555: Was represented to some extent by Paul Van Hoeydonck, whose sculpture Fallen Astronaut was left on the Moon during one of the Apollo missions , as well as by other notable pop artists. Internationally recognized artists such as Marcel Broodthaers ( 'vous êtes doll? " ), Evelyne Axell and Panamarenko are indebted to the pop art movement; Broodthaers's great influence was George Segal . Another well-known artist, Roger Raveel , mounted
18216-537: Was seen by Europeans Martial Raysse , Niki de Saint Phalle and Jean Tinguely in New York, who were stunned by the size and look of the American artwork. Also shown were Marisol , Mario Schifano , Enrico Baj and Öyvind Fahlström . Janis lost some of his abstract expressionist artists when Mark Rothko , Robert Motherwell , Adolph Gottlieb and Philip Guston quit the gallery, but gained Dine, Oldenburg, Segal and Wesselmann. At an opening-night soiree thrown by collector Burton Tremaine, Willem de Kooning appeared and
18354-460: Was springing up all around them. Rotella's torn posters showed an ever more figurative taste, often explicitly and deliberately referring to the great icons of the times. Baj's compositions were steeped in contemporary kitsch , which turned out to be a "gold mine" of images and the stimulus for an entire generation of artists. The novelty came from the new visual panorama, both inside "domestic walls" and out-of-doors. Cars, road signs, television, all
18492-587: Was the year of Martha Jackson 's spring show, Environments, Situations, Spaces . Andy Warhol held his first solo exhibition in Los Angeles in July 1962 at Irving Blum's Ferus Gallery , where he showed 32 paintings of Campell's soup cans, one for every flavor. Warhol sold the set of paintings to Blum for $ 1,000; in 1996, when the Museum of Modern Art acquired it, the set was valued at $ 15 million. Donald Factor,
18630-453: Was their first commercial one-man show. The Ferus Gallery presented Andy Warhol in Los Angeles (and Ed Ruscha in 1963). In New York, the Green Gallery showed Rosenquist, Segal, Oldenburg, and Wesselmann. The Stable Gallery showed R. Indiana and Warhol (in his first New York show). The Leo Castelli Gallery presented Rauschenberg, Johns, and Lichtenstein. Martha Jackson showed Jim Dine and Allen Stone showed Wayne Thiebaud. By 1966, after
18768-637: Was turned away by Tremaine, who ironically owned a number of de Kooning's works. Rosenquist recalled: "at that moment I thought, something in the art world has definitely changed". Turning away a respected abstract artist proved that, as early as 1962, the pop art movement had begun to dominate art culture in New York. A bit earlier, on the West Coast , Roy Lichtenstein, Jim Dine and Andy Warhol from New York City; Phillip Hefferton and Robert Dowd from Detroit; Edward Ruscha and Joe Goode from Oklahoma City; and Wayne Thiebaud from California were included in
18906-460: Was undertaken for eight years, including the phases of the study in 1974 and 1977. In 1979, to prepare the third phase of the study, Halcrow , a British firm, was appointed to craft the system; meanwhile, a third phase of the study was published in 1981. However, opposition from the government on the feasibility of the MRT from prominent ministers, among them Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee and Trades and Industry Minister Tony Tan , nearly shuttered
19044-577: Was upgraded to moving block / CBTC in 2017, and the East–West line upgraded in 2018. As of 27 May 2018, all MRT lines use the CBTC/moving block system in normal daily operations and from 2 January 2019, the old signalling system ceased operations. In comparison to the original fixed block system, the CBTC can reduce train intervals from 120 seconds to 100 seconds, allowing for a 20% increase in capacity and
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