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58-584: The city was first mentioned in 806. In the late Middle Ages, the city was one of the capitals of the Bavarian duchies alongside Munich, Landshut and Straubing , which is reflected in the architecture. On March 13, 1472, Ingolstadt became the seat of the first university in Bavaria , which later distinguished itself as the center of the Counter-Reformation . The freethinking Illuminati order

116-519: A Jesuit school. He later enrolled at the University of Ingolstadt and graduated in 1768 at age 20 with a doctorate of law . In 1772 he became a professor of law after conversion to Protestantism. The following year he married Afra Sausenhofer of Eichstätt . After Pope Clement XIV 's suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1773, Weishaupt became a professor of canon law , a position that

174-479: A Latin root, Iluminatus, which directly translates to "enlightened." He also adopted the name of "Brother Spartacus " within the order. Even encyclopedia references vary on the goal of the order, such as Catholic Encyclopedia (1910) saying the Order was not egalitarian or democratic internally, but sought to promote the doctrines of equality and freedom throughout society; while others such as Collier's have said

232-457: A buffer area between traffic, residential areas and schools. It is possible to traverse it using spacious paths for pedestrians and cyclists, with a good view of the site of the former fortifications, including a well-preserved section of the ditch. Spanning about 50 acres (20 ha) of the Glacis is Klenzepark , the biggest park in the city. It contained the former Ingolstadt State Fortress and

290-487: A communal state with nature, freed of government and organized religion. Presenting their own system as pure masonry, Weishaupt and Adolph Freiherr Knigge , who organized his ritual structure, greatly expanded the secret organization. Contrary to Immanuel Kant's famous dictum that Enlightenment (and Weishaupt's Order was in some respects an expression of the Enlightenment Movement) was the passage by

348-642: A man out of his 'self-imposed immaturity' through daring to 'make use of his own reason, without the guidance of another,' Weishaupt's Order of Illuminati prescribed in great detail everything which the members had obediently to read and think so that Dr. Wolfgang Riedel has commented that this approach to illumination or enlightenment constituted a degradation and twisting of the Kantian principle of Enlightenment. Riedel writes: Weishaupt's radical rationalism and vocabulary were not likely to succeed. Writings that were intercepted in 1784 were interpreted as seditious, and

406-624: A previous engagement with the Swedes under King Gustavus Adolphus . Ingolstadt proved to be the first fortress in Germany that held out for the entire length of the Swedish siege, and the Swedes eventually withdrew. Gustavus Adolphus' horse remains can be seen in the City Museum. The horse was shot from under the king by one of the cannons inside the fortress, a cannon known as "The Fig". When

464-468: A real and worthy goal, for the benefit of people. I wished to do what the heads of the ecclesiastical and secular authorities ought to have done by virtue of their offices ... On 1 May 1776 Johann Adam Weishaupt founded the "Illuminati" in the Electorate of Bavaria. Initially, Illumination was designated for a group of outstanding and enlightened individuals in society. Indeed, the word was adapted from

522-464: A strong increase in population in the last 20 years. The town is strongly industrialized (e.g. BMW , ebm-papst , Schott electronics ), has Eastern Bavaria's lowest unemployment rate and is among the richest towns in Bavaria. Landshut lies in the Alpine foothills . The River Isar runs through the city and splits in two in the city centre. Most of the built-up area lies on the flat terraced deposits of

580-680: A student at Oxford he wrote to his friend Thomas Jefferson Hogg: “I burn with impatience for the moment of Xtianity’s dissolution” and signed off with the Illuminati's catchphrase “Ecrasez l’imfame”. The musical version of the novel, Frankenstein – A New Musical has many scenes set in Ingolstadt. Ingolstadt is also a pivotal location in The Illuminatus! Trilogy by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson . The sixth scene of " Mother Courage and Her Children " by " Bertolt Brecht "

638-609: Is "Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus" . In the Terra Ignota series, Ingolstadt is the capital of Gordian, one of the world's seven Hives. Ingolstadt is twinned with: Landshut Landshut ( German: [ˈlantshuːt] ; Bavarian : Landshuad ) is a town in Bavaria in the south-east of Germany . Situated on the banks of the River Isar , Landshut is the capital of Lower Bavaria , one of

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696-661: Is ice hockey team EV Landshut , playing currently in the Second Division . The other professional team in the city is motorcycle speedway team Landshut Devils , who are based at the Ellermühle Speedway Stadium . The local association football team is SpVgg Landshut with both men's and women's teams previously having reached the top state division . There are also two nuclear power plants located 14 km away from Landshut, Isar I (Inactive) and Isar II (active until 2022). Landshut

754-613: Is twinned with: Adam Weishaupt Johann Adam Weishaupt ( pronounced [ˈjoːhan ˈʔaːdam ˈvaɪshaʊpt] ; 6 February 1748 – 18 November 1830) was a German philosopher, professor of civil law and later canon law, and founder of the Illuminati . Adam Weishaupt was born on 6 February 1748 in Ingolstadt in the Electorate of Bavaria . Weishaupt's father Johann Georg Weishaupt (1717–1753) died when Adam

812-538: Is approximately 374 m (1,227 ft) above sea level and the highest point, located in the district of Pettenhofen, is 410.87 m (1,348.00 ft). The lowest point of the Schutter confluence with the Danube is at 362 m (1,188 ft) above sea level . Ingolstadt uses Central European Time throughout Germany; the average time lag is 14 minutes. The city is expanding at the northern and southern banks of

870-564: Is enclosed by a medieval defensive wall. The Bavarian fortress (1537–1930) now holds the museum of the Bavarian army . During World War I , future French president Charles de Gaulle was detained there as a prisoner of war . A sappers ' drill ground lies next to the river. Two military air bases are located nearby, one used for testing aircraft. The long military tradition of the city is reflected in today's civil and cultural life. Former "off-limit" military training areas have been converted into well-used public parks. Adolf Scherzer composed

928-464: Is geographically Bavaria's fourth-largest city after Munich, Nuremberg, and Augsburg. At its largest point, the city is about 18 km (11 mi) from east to west and from north to south about 15 km (9 mi). The city boundary has a length of 70 km (43 mi). The city boundary is about 14 km (9 mi) away from the geographic centre of Bavaria in Kipfenberg . The old town

986-487: Is located, forms the highest point in the city area at a height of 505 meters above sea level. Landshut is situated between Munich (70 kilometers southwest) and Regensburg (70 kilometers to the north). Other nearby towns are Straubing (75 km northeast), Deggendorf (75 km to the east), and Passau at the German-Austrian border (120 km to the east). The town's spread is limited to the north by Ergolding , to

1044-614: Is popularly known for is picturesque gothic old town and the Landshut Wedding , a full-tilt medieval festival. The cityscape is dominated by the St. Martin's Basilica and Trausnitz Castle high above the old town. Due to its proximity and easy access to Munich and the Franz Josef Strauss International Airport , Landshut became a powerful and future-oriented investment area and has seen

1102-473: Is set in Ingolstadt, when count Tilly died in 1632, during the " Thirty Years' War ". Rainer Werner Fassbinder 's 1971 film Pioneers in Ingolstadt is set in the town. The X-Files episode "The Post-Modern Prometheus" makes a reference to the University of Ingolstadt . This was an allusion to Frankenstein , as the episode contained numerous Frankenstein references, and the full title of Frankenstein

1160-464: Is the Gothic hall church of Our Lady (Liebfrauenmunster), which was begun in 1425. The church was built to serve as a second parish church beside Saint Maurice as well as the burial place for Louis and his family and intended to be the official burial place for the future Dukes of Bavaria-Ingolstadt. Its peculiar and rare angle of footprint was emulated in the 20th century built Cathedral of Newark . Also,

1218-548: Is the region's largest employer and now dominates the economy of the city. Population development since 1450: As one of five ducal residences of medieval Bavaria—besides Landshut , Munich , Straubing and Burghausen —the city of Ingolstadt features many Gothic buildings, such as the Herzogskasten ('old ducal castle', c.  1255 ) and the New Castle , which was built from 1418 onwards. The largest church

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1276-657: The University of Ingolstadt was moved to Landshut in 1800. However, in 1826 the university was transferred to Munich. During the Thirty Years' War , the city was thrice (1632, 1634 and 1648) taken and plundered by Swedish forces. Napoleon fought and won the Battle of Landshut in 1809 against an Austrian army as part of the War of the Fifth Coalition . During World War II , a subcamp of Dachau concentration camp

1334-499: The war , and were seized by the Soviets as reparations . Auto Union executives initially started a spare parts operation in Ingolstadt in the immediate post-war period, with a view to relocating the entire company to the region. With the help of Marshall Plan aid, Auto Union was formally re-founded in Ingolstadt in 1949, ultimately evolving into the modern-era Audi company , after it was taken over by Volkswagen in 1964. Today, Audi

1392-672: The " Bayerischen Defiliermarsch ". Mary Shelley's Frankenstein was set at the Ingolstädter Alte Anatomie (Old Anatomy Building), now a museum for medical history. Marieluise Fleißer set her play Pioneers in Ingolstadt (1928) in the city. In 1945, the car manufacturer Auto Union first arrived in the city. The company's original factories in Chemnitz and Zwickau (both then in Soviet-controlled East Germany ) were shattered during

1450-657: The 1475 marriage of George of Bavaria and Jadwiga Jagiellon . The Renaissance era produced in particular the decorated inner courtyard of the Trausnitz Castle and the ducal Landshut Residence in the inner town. Baroque churches are represented by the Jesuit church St. Ignatius , the Dominican church St. Blasius and the church St. Joseph . Also, the medieval churches of the Seligenthal convent and of

1508-560: The Auwald ("riverside forest", also called "Schüttel"). It is found on both the northern and southern banks of the Danube, and is one of the biggest well-preserved river forests in Germany, extending mainly from Neuburg to Ingolstadt with extensions to the city centre. The forest serves as a natural reserve, with parts containing unique vegetation or acting as a wildlife reserve. The Danube river runs through Ingolstadt, flowing west to east. In

1566-581: The Cistercians were redesigned in baroque style. Many old middle-class houses of the past in the Old Town still represent the history of the town from the Gothic times to the Neo-Classicism. There are regular regional train connections to Munich, Prague , Regensburg , Munich Airport , Passau , Salzburg , Rosenheim , Nuremberg and Hof . The most successful professional team in the city

1624-599: The Danube in a wide, flat bowl. The Ingolstadt basin borders the Jura foothills, located south and to the north of the Donau-Isar-Hügelland. In the southwest is the Donaumoos, while in the east, the lowland forests of the Danube reach into the urban area. It is the second-largest hardwood floodplain on the Danube. The Sandrach, the former southern main branch of the Danube, partly forms the southern city border. In

1682-513: The Illuminati (1786), and An Improved System of Illuminism (1787). Adam Weishaupt died in Gotha on 18 November 1830. He was survived by his second wife, Anna Maria (née Sausenhofer), and his children Nanette, Charlotte, Ernst, Karl , Eduard, and Alfred. His body was buried next to that of his son Wilhelm, who preceded him in death (in 1802), at Friedhof II der Sophiengemeinde Berlin , a Protestant cemetery. After Weishaupt's Order of Illuminati

1740-567: The Society was banned by the government of Karl Theodor , Elector of Bavaria, in 1784. Weishaupt lost his position at the University of Ingolstadt and fled Bavaria. He received the assistance of Duke Ernest II of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1745–1804), and lived in Gotha writing a series of works on illuminism, including A Complete History of the Persecutions of the Illuminati in Bavaria (1785), A Picture of Illuminism (1786), An Apology for

1798-534: The Swedes withdrew, the city preserved the remains of the king's horse, eventually putting the Schwedenschimmel on display. It has remained thus for almost 400 years. In 1748, Adam Weishaupt , the founder of the Order of Illuminati , was born in Ingolstadt. After the French invasion in 1799, the fortress was demolished, and the university was relocated to Landshut . Originally a fortress city, Ingolstadt

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1856-630: The academic programs offered are also executive MBA and doctoral degrees. Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (THI) is a university for technology, computer sciences and business administration. With approximately 6,000 students, it is the biggest educational institution in Ingolstadt. Several scholarship programmes supported by companies such as Siemens and Conti Temic (Continental AG) provide gifted students with financial assistance during their studies. These students deepen their practical experience by working at these organizations. THI offers several undergraduate and graduate programmes. The sports life of

1914-447: The aim was to combat religion and foster rationalism in its place. The Illuminati was formed with the vision of liberating humans from religious bondage and undermining corrupted governments. The actual character of the society was an elaborate network of spies and counter-spies. Each isolated cell of initiates reported to a superior, whom they did not know: a party structure that was effectively adopted by some later groups. Weishaupt

1972-720: The area of Ingolstadt, the Danube is between 80 and 100 metres wide and flows past Ingolstadt's old town. Ingolstadt is home to the Ingolstadt School of Management , which is the department of business administration and economics of the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt . In national rankings, the business school regularly scores among the top ten. The faculty maintains a large network of partner universities for international educational exchange. The Ingolstadt School of management offers bachelor's and master's degrees in business administration. Among

2030-587: The building of the New Castle as well as the Church of Our Lady (Münster zur Schönen Unseren Lieben Frau), also known as "Upper Parish" (Obere Pfarr), whose form was strongly influenced by French Gothic architecture . In 1472, Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria founded the University of Ingolstadt , which became the Ludwig-Maximilians-University . In 1800 it was moved to Landshut and in 1826 eventually to Munich . The University of Ingolstadt

2088-412: The car manufacturer Audi , the town is also home to Audi's museum mobile , which is open to the public and presents historic exhibits and offers guided tours. Ingolstadt is a green city with numerous parks, green spaces and forests. The most prominent of these is the " Glacis ", formerly an open space in front of the city walls, now surrounding the historic city centre. It functions as a "green belt" and

2146-631: The church St. Maria de Victoria, which was built by the Asam brothers (1732–1736). The church of the Augustinians of Johann Michael Fischer (1736) was completely destroyed in World War II. Many buildings of the neo-classical fortification of Leo von Klenze have been preserved, such as the Reduit Tilly and the towers Baur and Triva . As well as being the home of the headquarters of

2204-583: The churches of Saint Maurice (1235) and of the Gnadenthal and Franciscan monasteries date from the Gothic era. The Kreuztor (1385) is one of the remaining gates of the old city wall and to this day the key landmark of the city. The Gothic Old City Hall was constructed in the 14th century and later altered several times. The Baroque era is represented by the Old Anatomy Building of the university (1723–1736, designed by Gabriel de Gabrieli) and

2262-536: The city is based on the 83 registered sports clubs. The biggest sports club is the MTV 1881 Ingolstadt , with over 3000 registered members in 16 branches. In total, the sports clubs in Ingolstadt have more than 41,000 members. Ingolstadt is especially known for ice hockey and association football . ERC Ingolstadt , founded in 1964, plays in the German Ice Hockey League since the 2002–03 season. With

2320-509: The end of the 2016–17 season. Ingolstadt is one of the many settings in Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein . Primarily, Victor Frankenstein attends university in Ingolstadt. It is also widely regarded as the place where the unnamed monster was created. The Illuminati was founded in Ingolstadt and Shelley's husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley , was sympathetic to the radical group's aim of freeing society from Christian influence. In 1810 as

2378-506: The exception of its season of debut and 2007–08, the club has reached the national playoffs every year as of 2014, and has reached the semi-finals three times. They won the German Ice Hockey League Championship in 2014. The football club FC Ingolstadt 04 came into existence in 2004 after the merger of the football branches of MTV Ingolstadt and ESV Ingolstadt. In the 2007–08 season, it was promoted from

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2436-666: The historic town centre, especially Trausnitz Castle and the Church of Saint Martin featuring the world's tallest church brick tower. Among other Gothic architecture are the churches of St. Jodok and Holy Spirit, but also the Town Hall and the Ländtor , the only still existing gate of the medieval fortification. Landshut is known for a festival celebrated every four years called the Landshuter Hochzeit , commemorating

2494-556: The north, the Schutter flows through from the west, reaching the Danube near the Altstadt. Ingolstadt was first mentioned in a document of Charlemagne on 6 February 806 as "Ingoldes stat", the place of Ingold. c.  1250 , Ingolstadt was granted city status. Ingolstadt was the capital of the Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt between 1392 and 1447. Ingolstadt was then united with Bavaria-Landshut . Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria ordered

2552-458: The northwest by Altdorf , and to the south by Kumhausen . The three smaller towns join Landshut to form a built-up area of around 100,000 people but are not incorporated into Landshut proper. The town and Trausnitz Castle were founded in 1204 by Duke Louis I , when a settlement developed around the castle. Landshut was a Wittelsbach residence by 1231, and in 1255, when the duchy of Bavaria

2610-700: The river. The Isar divides the town into three areas: the northern part above the river belongs to the Isar-Danube hill country, the Mühleninsel in the city centre lies between both arms of the Isar, and the southern part below the river belongs to the Isar-Inn hill country. The southern part of the town is delimited by a chain of hills, some of which rise steeply, of which the Hofberg, where the Trausnitz Castle

2668-548: The seven administrative regions of the Free State of Bavaria. It is also the seat of the surrounding district and has a population of more than 75,000. Landshut is the largest city in Lower Bavaria, followed by Passau and Straubing , and Eastern Bavaria's second after Regensburg . Owing to its characteristic coat of arms, the town is also called "City of the three Helmets" ( German : Dreihelmestadt ). The town

2726-480: The substitutes for all rights and all property" saw this as more dangerous than beneficial, and John Robison , who regarded Weishaupt as a 'human devil' and saw his mission as one of malevolent destructiveness. Others took a more positive view, including Thomas Jefferson , who wrote in a letter to James Madison that "Barruel’s own parts of the book are perfectly the ravings of a Bedlamite " and considered Weishaupt to be an "enthusiastic Philanthropist" who believed in

2784-567: The third-highest division at the time, Regionalliga Süd to 2. Bundesliga . In the 2008–09 season, it was relegated to the penultimate place, but was promoted again in 2010-11 and remained in 2. Bundesliga till 2015. In 2015, Ingolstadt won the 2. Bundesliga and were promoted to the country's highest league, the Bundesliga . During their first season in the Bundesliga, Ingolstadt finished in 11th place. They were relegated to 2. Bundesliga by

2842-533: Was also founded here in 1776. The city was also a Bavarian state fortress for more than 400 years. The historic old town has been preserved. There are two colleges in the city. The place is one of the three regional centers in Bavaria. The city is mainly characterized by the manufacturing industry, such as automobile and mechanical engineering. The unemployment rate was 3.3% in February 2022. Covering an urban area of 133.35 km (51.49 sq mi), Ingolstadt

2900-683: Was an influential defender of the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation era, led by such notable scholars as Johann Eck . Ingolstadt is where William IV, Duke of Bavaria wrote and signed the Bavarian Reinheitsgebot in 1516. On 30 April 1632, the German field marshal Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly died at Ingolstadt during a Swedish siege of the city. The field marshal had been badly wounded in

2958-490: Was banned and its members dispersed, it left behind no enduring traces of influence, not even on its own erstwhile members, who went on to develop in quite different directions. Weishaupt's character and intentions have been variously assessed. Some took a negative view, such as Augustin Barruel , who despite writing that Weishaupt's goals were that "Equality and Liberty, together with the most absolute independence, are to be

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3016-470: Was five years old. After his father's death he came under the tutelage of his godfather Johann Adam von Ickstatt who, like his father, was a professor of law at the University of Ingolstadt . Ickstatt was a proponent of the philosophy of Christian Wolff and of the Enlightenment , and he influenced the young Weishaupt with his rationalism . Weishaupt began his formal education at age seven at

3074-459: Was held exclusively by the Jesuits until that time. In 1775 Weishaupt was introduced to the empirical philosophy of Johann Georg Heinrich Feder of the University of Göttingen . Both Feder and Weishaupt would later become opponents of Kantian idealism . At a time, however, when there was no end of making game of and abusing secret societies, I planned to make use of this human foible for

3132-399: Was initiated into the Masonic lodge "Theodor zum guten Rath", at Munich in 1777. His project of "illumination, enlightening the understanding by the sun of reason, which will dispel the clouds of superstition and of prejudice" was an unwelcome reform. He used Freemasonry to recruit for his own quasi-masonic society, with the goal of "perfecting human nature" through re-education to achieve

3190-458: Was located in the city to provide slave labour for local industry. The city was taken by US troops on April 29, 1945. The U.S. Army maintained facilities in Landshut, including Pinder Kaserne and a dependent housing area, until 1968. Since the opening of Munich Airport close to Landshut in 1992, the town has become an attractive business location. The town is of architectural importance because of its predominantly Gothic architecture within

3248-497: Was reunited with Bavaria-Munich . Between 1537 and 1543, after his visit to Italy, Louis X, Duke of Bavaria built the Landshut Residence, the first Renaissance palace constructed north of the Alps. It was modeled after Palazzo Te in Mantua . William V, Duke of Bavaria ordered to upgrade Trausnitz Castle from a gothic fortification into a Renaissance complex when he lived in Landshut as crown prince for ten years until 1579. Afterwards, Landshut lost most of its importance until

3306-441: Was split in two, Landshut also became the capital of Lower Bavaria. Duke Henry XVI was the first of the three 'rich dukes' who ruled Bayern-Landshut in the 15th century. The wedding of Duke George with the Polish Princess Royal Jadwiga Jagiellon in 1475 was celebrated in Landshut with one of the most splendid festivals of the Middle Ages ( Landshut Wedding ). After his death and the Landshut War of Succession , Bavaria-Landshut

3364-401: Was the site of the Landesgartenschau in 1992. Klenzepark is south of the Danube river, opposite the Ingolstadt old town. In the warm seasons, about 100,000 visitors use the park every month, mostly young people. While about 75% of the park visitors come from Ingolstadt and the surrounding area, the remaining approximately 25% travel from more distant places. The biggest forest in Ingolstadt is

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