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97-517: Originally from Borno (a province of the British colony of Nigeria ), Abatcha was born into a family with a Muslim background in the French colony of Chad at Fort-Lamy (today N'Djamena) in 1938, and learned to speak French, English and Chadian Arabic , but not to write Classical Arabic , as he did not study in a Qur'anic school . He found work as a clerk in the colonial administration and became

194-600: A 25-year defense agreement signed in 1976. The accord provided for shared planning and staffing; the Egyptians also supplied Sudan with ammunition and various types of weaponry, such as antitank missiles and armored personnel carriers. Al-Bashir reaffirmed the pact after his 1989 coup, but the Egyptians declined to supply additional military aid after Sudan refused to condemn the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990. U.S. military aid to Sudan initially consisted primarily of training

291-508: A Special Forces battalion with five companies; an airborne division and a border guard brigade. Support elements include an engineer division.' Jane's reported the army's strength as 100,000 plus militias. Jane's Sentinel reports that there are two engineer brigades supporting the 9th Airborne Division. Jane's Amphibious and Special Forces, 2010, listed the 9th Airborne Division headquartered in Khartoum which includes two airborne brigades and

388-666: A brigade with infantry and supporting elements to the Sinai peninsula as a reinforcement to the Egyptian forces during the 1973 Yom Kippur War . It arrived too late, on 28 October 1973 and saw no fighting. Diplomatic and military relations with Britain and other Western nations were broken after the June 1967 Arab–Israeli War, and the breach was filled by close military cooperation with the Soviet Union. Soviet assistance coincided with

485-484: A dramatic expansion in Sudan Armed Forces personnel from 18,000 in 1966 to nearly 50,000 by 1972. The bulk of the equipment used by the ground and air forces throughout the 1970s until the early 1980s was of Soviet manufacture, including tanks, artillery, and MiG combat aircraft. The Second Sudanese Civil War broke out again in 1983 and continued until 2005. The Armed Forces operated under the authority of

582-818: A large number of various anti-aircraft guns. T-72 main battle tanks, FB-6A mobile air defense systems, 9K33 Osa mobile air defence systems, and WS1 and WS2 MRLS have also been spotted with the Sudanese armed forces. Armored vehicles are produced, maintained, and repaired at the Elshaheed Ibrahim Shams el Deen Complex in Khartoum. The Sudanese Air Force operates Mil Mi-24 attack helicopters, Karakuram K-8 training aircraft, MiG-29 fighters, and Su-25 , Su-24 , F-5 , and Nanchang Q-5 'Fantan' fighter-attack aircraft. Soon after agreeing in November 1976 to provide Sudan with selected arms,

679-467: A limited arms industry until the late 1990s, except for a production line for small-caliber ammunition. Consequently, foreign sources for weapons, equipment, ammunition, and technical training have been indispensable. The standard issue battle rifle is now an H&K G3 variant that is domestically manufactured by Military Industry Corporation and referred to as the Dinar. The IISS reported in 2007 that

776-623: A militant trade unionist . He entered in to politics in 1958, becoming a prominent figure in the new radical Chadian National Union (UNT), mainly a split from the African Socialist Movement (MSA) by promoters of the No-vote in the referendum on Chad's entry in the French Community . The party's followers were all Muslims, and advocated Pan-Africanism and socialism. Towards the end of the colonial rule Abatcha

873-429: A number of infantry divisions, divided among [the six] regional commands. The commander of each military region traditionally commanded the divisional and brigade commanders within his territory. It is understood that there are six infantry divisions and seven independent infantry brigades; a mechanised division and an independent mechanised infantry brigade; and an armoured division. Other elements are understood to include

970-627: A part of their uprising , which were later rebuilt. Federal Highways are: Two border crossings to Niger across the Komadougou Yobe : Three roads to Cameroon : Other major roads include: Railways: Maiduguri lies at the terminus of the 1067 mm (3ˈ6") Cape Gauge Eastern Line east from Bauchi in Gombe State . Airports: Served by the Maiduguri International Airport . Borno State

1067-491: A predominance of Kanuri people , while other ethnic groups such as Lapang , Babur / Bura , Mafa and Marghi are also found in the southern part of the state. Shuwa Arabs are mainly the descendants of Arab people and are an example of the endurance of traditional political institutions in some areas of Africa . The emirs of the former Kanem–Bornu Empire have played a part in the politics of this area for nearly 1,000 years. The current Kanemi dynasty gained control of

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1164-733: A provision of the United States Foreign Assistance Act that prohibits assistance to countries in arrears on interest payments on previous loans. In March 1990, the United States invoked a provision of the act barring aid to regimes that overthrow a democratic government. The United States terminated arms sales to Sudan in late 1992, while the European Union instituted an arms embargo against Sudan in 1994. These actions, however, had no impact on Sudan's ability to replenish its arsenals. According to

1261-467: A small number of Sudanese officers. Between fiscal year (FY) 1979 and FY 1982, military sales credits rose from US$ 5 million to US$ 100 million. Apart from aircraft, the United States provided Sudan with artillery, armored personnel carriers, Commando armored cars, and M–60 tanks. U.S. grant aid reached a peak of US$ 101 million in FY 1982. Sudan granted the United States naval facilities at Port Sudan and gave

1358-627: A take-over.. by the army, was a hand-over to the army. It was a coup by courtesy.. in response to the demand for emergency measures.." by the head of the government, Abdallah Khalil . The First Sudanese Civil War broke out in a series of actions in the south in late 1963 and early 1964. Attacks on police posts and convoys began in September 1963, and the higher-profile early attack on the Armed Forces came in January 1964, when rebels attacked

1455-635: A weapons production company called the Military Industry Corporation . Significant data has been made available by the UN Experts' Groups on the Sudan on arms supplies to Sudanese forces. The proliferation of small arms in Sudan originated during the occupation of the country by Ottoman and Egyptian forces and by the colonial powers, especially Britain and France, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Sudan had only

1552-477: Is rich with abundant natural resources , which are highly demanded by industries and for commercial purposes. These include: Military of Sudan [REDACTED]   Iran [REDACTED]   North Korea [REDACTED]   Poland [REDACTED]   Russia [REDACTED]   Turkey The Sudanese Armed Forces ( SAF ; Arabic : القوات المسلحة السودانية , romanized :  Al-Quwwat al-Musallaha as-Sudaniyah ) are

1649-614: Is significant for the Sudanese, for it was the first time it had an independent army that was not governed by Britain or Egypt. In July 1951, Maj Gen Lashmer Whistler , Commandant of the Sudan Defence Force, wrote in British Army Review, (Issue 6, July 1951) that at that point the SDF comprised four infantry/camel units, a signals regiment, an AA artillery regiment and other units. In March 1954, British troops in

1746-545: Is the coldest with an annual average of 23 C. The wettest month is August with an average of 118.6 mm while the windiest month is December with an average of 11 km/h. Borno has many higher institutions, these include: Borno State consists of twenty-seven (27) Local Government Areas , grouped into three Senatorial Districts (shown below with their areas and 2006 census population figures): In addition, there are eight Emirate Councils (Borno, Bama, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani and Uba Emirates), which advise

1843-495: Is the head of state, the symbol of its sovereignty and unity, and the Supreme Commander of the armed forces, Rapid Support Forces , and other uniformed forces." Article 34.(a) states that the "armed forces and Rapid Support Forces are a national military institution that protect the unity and sovereignty of the nation" and Article 34.(b) states that the relationship between the military institution and executive authority

1940-703: Is to be organised by the "Armed Forces Law and the Rapid Support Forces Law". On 28 October 2019, the chair of the Sovereignty Council, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan , issued a decree appointing a new military top-level command, called the General Staff , including Lt. Gen. Mohamed Osmana al-Hassan as Chief of General Staff; Lt. Gen. Abdallah al-Matari Hamid, Inspector General of the Armed Forces; several Deputy Chiefs of Staff; Lt. Gen. Essam Mohamed-Hassan Karar as commander-in-chief of

2037-826: The Adamawa Wars to Germany and the British Empire . Both Rabih's lands (later reconstituted as the Borno Emirate ) and the Adamawa Emirate were then divided among colonial powers with modern-day Borno State being split between Germany and the British Empire . The British-controlled area was incorporated into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria before becoming independent as Nigeria in 1960. The German-controlled area (territory along

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2134-622: The All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP). Ali Modu Sheriff was elected governor of Borno State in Nigeria in April 2003. Boko Haram's insurgency began in 2009, with Borno being the worst-affected area. On 14 May 2013, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency in northeastern Nigeria, including Borno State along with the neighboring states of Adamawa and Yobe . This happened after fighting between Boko Haram and

2231-518: The Boko Haram insurgency while the state capital Maiduguri is a major regional trade and service center. However, after years of the insurgency affecting development and forcing farmers from rural areas in the state, Borno has the thirteenth lowest Human Development Index in the country but as the insurgency has slightly abated since 2016, development has renewed. As of 2022, much of Borno State has been occupied by ISWAP . The state has

2328-589: The Borno Emirate in the early 19th century after the Fulani jihad of Usman dan Fodio . Conquered by Rabih in 1893, Borno was invaded by the British, French and Germans at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1902, the British officially incorporated Borno into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate and in 1907 established a new capital at Maiduguri , which remains the capital to this day. After Nigerian independence in 1960, Borno remained fairly autonomous until

2425-585: The Libyan Desert . "In 1947, the Sudanese military schools were closed, and the number of Sudanese troops was reduced to 7,570." In 1948, the first Arab-Israeli War broke out. Sudanese Colonel Harold Saleh Al-Malik selected 250 combat-seasoned soldiers who had seen action in World War II. They arrived in Cairo to participate in a parade and were then dispatched to various units of the Egyptian army. This

2522-633: The President of Yugoslavia , to Sudan in 1959 helped build the impetus to create the Sudanese Navy. Yugoslavia was instrumental in the founding, training, and supply of vessels for the Sudanese Navy. Yugoslavia initially provided four coastal patrol boats. It was eventually established in 1962 to operate on the Red Sea coast and the River Nile . In 1971, British Defence Intelligence said

2619-607: The Sirdar , also served as Governor General of the Sudan . In 1922, after nationalist riots stimulated by Egyptian leader Saad Zaghloul , Egypt was granted independence by the United Kingdom. The Egyptians wanted more oversight in the Sudan and created specialized units of Sudanese auxiliaries within the Egyptian Army called Al-Awtirah. This became the nucleus of the modern Sudanese Army. The British Army formed

2716-1064: The South Sudan Defence Forces . This largely symbolic coalition of seven groups was formed with the signing of the Khartoum Peace Agreement with the NIF in 1997. The SSDF was led by former Garang lieutenant Riek Machar . In 2004, the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress estimated that the Popular Defence Forces, the military wing of the National Islamic Front , consisted of 10,000 active members, with 85,000 reserves. The Popular Defence Forces were deployed alongside regular army units against various rebel groups. In 2005, in accordance with

2813-823: The Sudan Defence Force (SDF) as local auxiliaries in 1925. The SDF consisted of a number of separate regiments. Most were made up of Muslim soldiers and stationed in the north, but the Equatoria Corps in the south was composed of Christians. During the Second World War, the SDF augmented allied forces engaging Italians in Ethiopia. They also served during the Western Desert Campaign , supporting Free French and Long Range Desert Group operations at Kufra and Jalo oases in

2910-749: The Sudanese Civil War , the Darfur Conflict , the Sudan–SPLM-N conflict and the 2012 South Sudan-Sudan border conflict . As part of the Yemeni Civil War , dozens of Sudanese soldiers were reported killed in an ambush by Houthis in Hajjah Governorate in April 2018. The 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement which ended the second civil war, stated that "...   there shall be formed Joint/Integrated Units during

3007-724: The United States Central Command some airport-prepositioning rights for military equipment for contingent use. In 1981 and 1983, Sudanese and U.S. forces participated in the multi-national Exercise Bright Star maneuvers. The United States reduced military grants and credits when the Southern Sudanese civil war resumed in 1983. After FY 1987, no assistance was extended with the exception of less than US$ 1 million annually for advanced training for SAF officers and maintenance for previously supplied equipment. Washington suspended military aid in 1989 under

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3104-623: The Yemeni Civil War (of which 10,000 returned to Sudan by October 2019). As of 2024, the SAF and RSF are fighting each other in the ongoing war in Sudan . The origins of the Sudanese army can be traced to six battalions of black soldiers from southern Sudan, recruited by the British during the reconquest of Sudan in 1898 . Sudan officially became the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1899. The highest-ranking British officer in Egypt, known as

3201-415: The harmattan season is often experienced in the state between the months of December and February. There is a reduction in rainfall from 3,800 mm to below 650 mm in the state, hence it rains in the state between 4 and 5 months annually. The state experiences high relative humidity annually. The hottest period in the state is in the month of May, with an average of 34 C while the month of January

3298-479: The military forces of the Republic of the Sudan . In 2011, IISS estimated the forces' numbers at 109,300 personnel. The CIA estimates that, before the current war in Sudan broke out in 2023, the SAF may have had up to 200,000 personnel. In 2024, Al Jazeera reported that the SAF has around 300,000 personnel. In 2016–2017, the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) had 40,000 members participating in

3395-506: The 144th Special Forces Battalion, an anti-terrorist unit. It also mentioned the two engineer brigades for special forces support. The 9th Airborne Division carried out projects north of the capital in 2022; in January 2022 it confronted demonstrators in Omdurman . In 2010 it was reported that a Republican Guard existed as a presidential security unit, led by Major General Khalid Hamad. The SAF and government-aligned militias have fought in

3492-691: The 1989 coup, armed forces under the government of Sudan included the Land Forces, the Sudanese Navy, the Sudanese Air Force , and the Popular Defence Forces , which were formed in 1989. The Land Forces were "basically a light infantry force in 1991, supported by specialized elements.   ... [C]ontrol extended from the headquarters of the general staff in Khartoum to the six regional commands (central, eastern, western, northern, southern, and Khartoum). Each regional command

3589-470: The Army and Air Force, and British equipment predominated in the ground forces. There were 50 Alvis Saladins , 60 Ferret armoured cars , and 45 Commando armoured cars, about 50 25-pounders, 40 105-mm howitzers, 20 120-mm mortars, and 80 Bofors 40-mm guns. On 25 May 1969, several young officers, led by Colonel Jaafar Nimeiry , seized power in a military coup , thus bringing the army into political control for

3686-531: The Army had 20 pieces of self-propelled artillery, including 10 Soviet 2S1 Gvozdika and 10 French ( AMX ) Mk F3. Multiple rocket launchers in service include the Soviet 122mm BM-21 Grad and the Chinese PHL-81 . Also reported in 2013 were Soviet M43 mortars (120mm). Anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons reported included a number of British-made Swingfire , 54 Soviet 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail), and

3783-784: The Catholic "Voice of Hope" radio station in Wau, the Salam Forces military of Major-General Eltom Elnur Daldoum , who has a Misseriya background and operated in the Deim Zubeir area, joined the Sudan Armed Forces and became part of the Joint Integrated Units in Wau during the interim period. The number of his fighters was estimated at 400. After its formation, the Joint Defence Board (JDB) met for

3880-564: The Ebedi and Kalia Rivers). Its northern border forms part of the national border with Niger for about 223 km, mostly across the Komadougou-Yobe River, and its northeastern border forms all of the national border with Chad for 85 km (53 miles). It is the only Nigerian state to border up to three countries. It takes its name from the historic emirate of Borno , with the emirate's old capital of Maiduguri serving as

3977-592: The Empire, that Bornu began to decline. Much of modern-day southern Borno State was seized in the wars and incorporated into the Adamawa Emirate under the Sokoto Caliphate . About 80 years later, Rabih az-Zubayr , a Sudanese warlord , conquered the Empire and ruled until he was killed by French forces in the 1900 Battle of Kousséri . The Adamawa Emirate was also defeated by colonial powers, losing

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4074-691: The International Institute for Strategic Studies, had 1,800 personnel, and a base at Marsa Gwayawi on the Red Sea. By 2017 IISS estimates for navy personnel had fallen to 1,300. Relations with the Soviets cooled in the late 1970s, and Sudan turned to China and Britain for training and equipment. In addition, Sudan received financing from Arab states, particularly Saudi Arabia, for the purchase of Western equipment. Until 1985, however, Sudan's closest military ties were with Egypt, defined by

4171-615: The Islamic revolution. Abatcha led the typical life of the Third World dissident in search of support in foreign capitals, first residing in Accra , Ghana , where he received his first military training and made friends among members of the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon that had found asylum there. These Cameroonians helped him attend conferences organized by international Communist groups. After leaving Accra in 1965, Abatcha started wandering to other African capitals always searching support for his project of beginning an insurgency against Tombalbaye. The first capital he reached in 1965

4268-480: The JDB struggling to providing oversight and management of the JIUs. With the dissolution of the JIUs following the Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011 , the SPLA components were either integrated back into the SPLA or demobilised. The SPLA components however were seen as less of a concern than the SAF components. Many of the SAF JIU personnel were former militia ('Other Armed Groups' or OAGs) who were 'aligned' rather than being formally 'incorporated' within

4365-523: The Navy comprised six patrol craft, two landing craft, and three auxiliary vessels with its base at Port Sudan . In 1999, estimated naval strength was 1,300 officers and men. Reported bases were at Port Sudan and Flamingo Bay on the Red Sea and at Khartoum. The navy had two 70-ton, 75-foot, Kadir -class coastal patrol craft ( Kadir [129] and Karari [130]), both transferred from Iran to Sudan in 1975, as well as sixteen inshore patrol craft and two supply ships: The navy, according to 2004 estimates from

4462-542: The People's Armed Forces Act 1986. By the time of the coup in 1989 , over fifty percent of most Army units were staffed by soldiers and NCOs from the South. Most had little commitment or dedication to the government – they joined for the sugar and other rations given to soldiers, as well as the salary. Although they often acquitted themselves well in battle, generally surrendering only when their food and ammunition were depleted, they had little stomach for offensive operations. Under President Omar al-Bashir who seized power in

4559-473: The Pre-Interim and Interim Period from the SAF and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA).   ... These shall form the nucleus of the future Sudanese National Armed Forces, should the result of the referendum   ... confirm unity of the country, [otherwise] the JIUs shall dissolve with each component reverting to its mother Armed Forces." The JIUs were to consist of: (Chapter VI, Security Arrangements, Paragraphs 20.13.2.1 and 20.13.2.2) According to

4656-399: The SAF had 200 T-54/55 main battle tanks and 70 Type 62 light tanks. By 2011 the total that the IISS listed was 360: 20 M-60, 60 Type 59, 270 T-54/55, and 10 'Al Bashier' (Type-85-IIM). The 'Al-Bashier' is a licensed version of the Type 85M-II tank. In addition, the 'Digna'a modernisation programme for the T-55 has been reported. Chinese Type 96 tanks have also been known to serve in

4753-415: The SAF on the Khartoum front lines. The Military Academy at Wadi Seidna , near Omdurman, had been Sudan's primary source of officer training since it opened in 1948. A two-year program, emphasizing study in political and military science and physical training, led to a commission as a second lieutenant in the SAF. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, an average of 120 to 150 officers were graduated from

4850-413: The Sudan consisted of one battalion stationed in Khartoum, reporting ultimately to the Governor-General. The Governor-General's military commander was the Major-General Commanding British Troops in the Sudan, who was also Commandant of the Sudan Defence Force. In this post from 1950 onward was Major General Reginald 'Cully' Scoons. The last British troops, 1st Battalion Royal Leicestershire Regiment , left

4947-403: The Sudanese Army. 'Aside from regular SAF units in locations such as Malakal and Bor , many of the SAF elements of the JIUs hail from the areas where they are serving and have strong family ties in these locations. As with the SPLA components, integration into the SPLA or increased incentives to demobilize are the only options the SAF components are likely to consider—movement north being out of

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5044-640: The Sudanese Army. These are by far and away Sudan's most modern and powerful tanks. The IISS reported 218 armoured cars (6 French Panhard AML -90, 60 BRDM-2 , 80 British Ferret , and 30 British Alvis Saladin ) in 2007, alongside 15 Soviet BMP-2 . Also reported were 42 US M-113 , 19 US LAV-150 / V-100 Commando , Soviet BTR-152 / BTR-50 , 20 Czech or Polish OT-62 / OT-64 . 104 Egyptian Walid were ordered in 1981–1986. The IISS estimated in 2011 that Sudan had 778+ artillery pieces, including 20 US M-101 , 16 D-30 , Soviet D-74 , Soviet M-30 , and 75 Soviet 130mm M-46 /Type-59-I. The IISS estimated in 2011 that

5141-512: The UNT members also meant to ensure their personal safety and organize abroad an armed revolt in Chad. Abartcha proclaimed the Islamic Republic of Chad in exile and wrote and published a Maoist -oriented political statement entitled Toward a United National Liberation Front , which will serve as a kind of draft of the official program of the future FROLINAT . In this statement Abatcha declared class war, war against Tombalbaye, against Western imperialism and against French neocolonialism and called for

5238-454: The United States sold Sudan transport aircraft, a purchase financed by Saudi Arabia, followed several years later by F–5 combat aircraft. A long-established training centre and airbase is at Wadi Sayyidna , where No. 2 Fighter-Attack Squadron SuAF operated J-7s for a period. The Armed Forces have suffered significant numbers of senior personnel killed in several aircraft crashes, in 2001, and in August 2012 . A visit by Josip Broz Tito ,

5335-557: The academy each year. In the late 1950s, roughly 60 graduated each year, peaking to more than 500 in early 1972 as a result of mobilisation brought on by the first southern rebellion. Students from other Arab and African countries were also trained at the Military College, and in 1982 sixty Ugandans were graduated as part of a Sudanese contribution to rebuilding the Ugandan army after Amin's removal from power. The Sudanese Armed Forces today are equipped mainly with Soviet, Russian, Chinese, Ukrainian, and Sudanese manufactured weaponry. They have

5432-453: The agricultural sector has suffered mostly because of the insurgency, and many people have experienced acute food insecurity . The climate of Borno state is characteristic of rainfall variability, with a strong latitudinal zone, which is drier in this northeastern state. The commencement of the rainy season in this northeast state is around June/July of every year, which is far behind the southeastern states. The trade wind , also regarded as

5529-422: The barracks at Wau, Sudan . President Abboud was forced to step down following demonstrations which began in mid-1964 . During 1969, the Sudanese Army consisted of about 26,500 men, four infantry brigades of four battalions each, three independent infantry battalions, one armoured regiment, a parachute regiment, an armoured regiment and three artillery regiments. After independence, British advisers helped train

5626-439: The capital city of Borno State. The state was formed in 1976 when the former North-Eastern State was broken up. It originally included the area that is now Yobe State , which became a distinct state in 1991. Borno is the second largest in area of the 36 states , only behind Niger State . Despite its size, the state is the eleventh most populous with an estimated population of about 5.86 million as of 2016. Geographically,

5723-442: The colours, and additional recruitment took place." On independence in 1956, the army was "regarded as a highly trained, competent   ... force, but its character changed in succeeding years." Army officers, however, had begun considering involvement in politics by the eve of independence. Numbers began expanding before independence, reaching 12,000 personnel by 1959, and leveled off at nearly 50,000 in 1972. After independence,

5820-404: The country on 16 August 1955. All of the British troops were gone by the end of August 1955. The Equatoria Corps mutinied at Torit on 18 August 1955, just before independence, prompting the formation of the Anyanya guerilla movement and the First Sudanese Civil War . No. 2 Company of the Equatoria Corps had been ordered to make ready to move to the north for ceremonies marking the exit of

5917-421: The degrees obtained by them in Arab countries were of no use in Chad, as French was the only official language. Among these students Abatcha recruited his first supporters, and with the help of the UPC Cameroonian exiles contacted the North Korean embassy in Egypt, which offered him a military stage. Seven Cairo students volunteered, leaving Egypt in June 1965 and returning in October; these were to be with Abatcha

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6014-405: The divisions were understrength. The Sixth Division in Darfur was a reorganised brigade with only 2,500 personnel. Unit strengths varied widely. Most brigades were composed of 1,000 to 1,500 troops." Keegan, writing in 1983, indicated that the northern command was located at Shendi . To reduce the pressure on the regular armed forces, the Sudanese government made extensive use of militias, such as

6111-411: The early 2010s forcing many fauna to flee; large animals were not seen until 2019 and 2020 when a massive herd of migratory elephants returned to Borno. Borno State has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, including the Dghwede , Glavda , Guduf , Laamang , Mafa , and Mandara in the central region; the Afade , Yedina (Buduma) , and Kanembu in the extreme northeast; the Waja in

6208-401: The extreme south; and the Kyibaku , Kamwe , Kilba , and Margi groups in the south while the Kanuri and Shuwa Arabs live throughout the state's north and centre. Religiously, the vast majority of the state's population (~85%) are Muslim with smaller Christian and traditionalist minorities (especially in the south) at around 7% each. From the 700s, what is now Borno State was within

6305-420: The first military cadres of the rebels. Abatcha with his "Koreans" went then to Sudan in October 1965. Once in Sudan Abatcha found fertile ground for further recruitment, as many Chadian refugees lived there. Abatcha was also able to enroll in his movement former Sudanese soldiers , including a few officers, of whom the most distinguished was to become Hadjaro Senoussi . He also contacted Mohamed Baghlani , who

6402-400: The first of many splits that were to plague the history of the organization. Thus Abatcha had to face from the beginning a level of considerable internal strife, with the opposition guided by the anti-communist Mohamed Baghlani . The unity was stronger on the field, with Abatcha and his so-called Koreans passing to Eastern Chad in mid-1966 to fight the government, and El Hadj Issaka assuming

6499-446: The first time in January 2006. The Board was jointly chaired by SAF and SPLA lieutenant generals. The National Assembly passed the Joint Integrated Units Act on 17 January 2006. The JIUs were commanded by SPLA Major General Thomas Cirillo Swaka . But in the face of high hopes, the three most serious breaches of the CPA's permanent ceasefire resulted directly from the actions of JIU battalions and brigades. North/South distrust resulted in

6596-403: The insurgents with a coherent organization. Borno State Borno State is a state in the North-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria . It is bordered by Yobe to the west for about 421 km, Gombe to the southwest for 93 km, and Adamawa to the south while its eastern border forms part of the national border with Cameroon for about 426 km (265 miles, partly across

6693-407: The lakebed. In the centre of the state is part of the Chad Basin National Park , a large national park that contains populations of black crowned crane , spotted hyena , patas monkey , and roan antelope along with transient herds of some of Nigeria's last remaining African bush elephants . However, a section of the park, the Sambisa Forest , was taken over during the Boko Haram insurgency in

6790-430: The land forces; Rear Admiral Mahjoub Bushra Ahmed Rahma as commander of the naval forces; Lt. Gen. Essam al-Din Said Koko as commander-in-chief of the Air Force; and Major General Abdel Khair Abdallah Nasser Darjam as Commander of the Air Defence Forces. Sudan Tribune interpreted the changes in military leadership as a strategy by al-Burhan to "tighten his grip on the army after the removal of Islamist generals." Since

6887-441: The last British troops, but instead of obeying, the troops mutinied, along with other Southern soldiers across the South in Juba , Yei , Yombo , and Maridi . Thousands of Northern troops were flown in to suppress the mutiny, and by the month's end, the Equatoria Corps had been "eliminated." "In the aftermath of the 1954 Torit mutiny, Northern servicemen who had left the forces after the Second World War were allowed to return to

6984-617: The local governments on cultural and traditional matters. A wide variety of Biu–Mandara languages are spoken in Borno State, particularly in the Mandara Mountains . Languages of Borno State listed by Local Government Area: Other languages of Borno State are Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, and Tedaga. Islam continues to be the dominant faith practised in Borno State, with much smaller numbers of adherents of Christianity and other faiths spread throughout and living within

7081-401: The military -particularly the educated officer corps- became more and more politically involved; soldiers associated themselves with parties and movements across the political spectrum." On November 17, 1958, the army's two senior generals, Major General Ibrahim Abboud , the armed forces commander, and Ahmad Abd al Wahab, seized power in a military coup . "The coup in the Sudan, far from being

7178-615: The modern-day border with Cameroon ) formed Deutsch-Bornu as a part of German Kamerun until allied forces invaded and occupied Kamerun during the Kamerun campaign of World War I . After the war, what is now the eastern periphery of Borno State became a part of the Northern Cameroons within the British Cameroons until 1961, when a referendum led to a merger with Nigeria . Originally, modern-day Borno State

7275-432: The number of states in Nigeria expanded to 12 in 1967. Local government reform in 1976 further reduced the power of the emirs of the former dynasty, and by the time of Nigeria's return to civilian rule in 1979, the emirs' jurisdiction has been restricted solely to cultural and traditional affairs. Mala Kachallah was elected governor of Borno State in 1999 under the flagship of the then APP (All Peoples Party), later renamed

7372-527: The nurse, but due to these actions, on February 11, he was tracked down by the Chadian army and killed in a clash. Abatcha's death was the end of an important phase in the history of the FROLINAT and more generally of the rebellion . Abatcha had been the one generally acceptable leader of the insurrection; after him the FROLINAT was more and more divided by inner rivalries, making it more difficult to provide

7469-498: The outbreak of the Sudanese Civil War , the armed forces have garnered increasing popular support against the Rapid Support Forces from the Sudanese population, even from the staunchest critics of the military. The conflict has also deepened the SAF's reliance on Islamist networks, which have mobilized civilians through popular resistance brigades . The Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion in particular has been supporting

7566-543: The political situation in Chad became too unbearable to allow the party to survive, it would be wise to send some party members out of the country so that the organization would in any case maintain its existence. Thus Abatcha, who held the position of second adjutant secretary-general of the UNT, was sent in 1963 to Accra , Ghana , where he was later joined by UNT members Aboubakar Djalabo and Mahamat Ali Taher . By going into exile

7663-670: The provisions of the Naivasha Comprehensive Peace Accord , Joint Integrated Units were formed together with the rebels of the Sudan People's Liberation Army . In this regard, Afdevinfo did report that the 1st Division at Juba had been disbanded. In 2007 the IISS estimated that the SAF had 104,800 personnel supported by 17,500 paramilitary personnel. Jane's Information Group said in May 2009 that 'There are

7760-675: The question.' On 11 April 2019, the Sudanese Armed Forces launched a coup against Omar al-Bashir after months of protests against his rule. On 3 June 2019, the Sudanese Armed Forces, led by the Rapid Support Forces carried out the Khartoum massacre , leaving over 128 people dead. Article 10.(a) of the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration states that the mixed civilian–military " Sovereignty Council

7857-506: The radicalism of the UNT and the Muslim beliefs of the FLT. FLT's president, Ahmed Hassan Musa , missed the conference because he was imprisoned in Khartoum ; Musa suspected with some reason that Abatcha had deliberately chosen the moment of his incarceration to organize the conference due to his fear of FLT's numerical superiority over the UNT. As a result, once freed Musa broke with the FROLINAT,

7954-485: The rebellion, that is Moyen-Chari and Kanem . Mainly due to Abatcha's qualities as both secretary-general and field-commander, what had started in 1965 as a peasant uprising was becoming a revolutionary movement. On January 20, 1968, his men killed on the Goz Beida - Abéché road a Spanish veterinary and a French doctor, while they took hostage a French nurse . Abatcha disavowed this action and ordered his men to free

8051-581: The region. Sharia operates as the primary foundation for the development, interpretation, and enforcement of most civic codes and laws. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Maiduguri has its seat in the State. The Anglican Diocese of Maiduguri (1990) within the Province of Jos , is led by Bishop Emmanuel Morris (2017). Ekklesiar Yan'Uwa A Nigeria (EYN) buildings in Maiduguri were destroyed by Boko Haram as

8148-632: The role of his chief of staff. While his maquis were badly trained and equipped, they were able to commit some hit-and-run attacks against the Chadian army, mainly in Ouaddai , but also in Guera and Salamat . The rebels also toured the villages, indoctrinating the people on the future revolution and exhorting youths to join the FROLINAT forces. The following year Abatcha expanded his range and number of operations, officially claiming in his dispatches 32 actions, involving prefectures previously untouched by

8245-529: The second time. From 1969 until 1971, a military government – the National Revolutionary Command Council , composed of nine young officers and one civilian – exercised authority over a largely civilian cabinet. The council represented only a faction within the military establishment. From 1971 Nimeiri led a more civilian-based government. The first civil war ended in a negotiated settlement in 1973 by General Ismail. Sudan sent

8342-699: The state armed forces killed 200 people in the town of Baga . A spokesman for the armed forces declared that the offensive would continue "as long as it takes to achieve our objective of getting rid of insurgents from every part of Nigeria." In July 2014, the state's governor Kashim Shettima said that "176 teachers had been killed and 900 schools destroyed since 2011." After the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping in April 2014, most schools in Borno State were closed. In November 2014, UNICEF reported it has increased its Community Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) centres in Borno State "from 5 to 67." In Borno State,

8439-459: The state became the epicentre of the Islamist group Boko Haram since it began its insurgency in 2009. From 2012 to 2015, the insurgency escalated dramatically with much of the state falling under the control of the group, which soon became the world's deadliest terror group in 2015 and forced millions from their homes. Following a 2015 mass multinational offensive along with infighting within

8536-650: The state is divided between the semi-desert Sahelian savanna in the north and the West Sudanian savanna in the centre and south with a part of the montane Mandara Plateau in the southeast. In the far northeast of the state is the Nigerian portion of Lake Chad and the Lake Chad flooded savanna ecoregion ; the lake is fed by the Yobe River which forms the state's border with Niger until it reaches

8633-599: The territory of the Kanem Empire , an empire spanning from modern-day southern Libya ( Fezzan ) south through most of now- Chad into modern-day Borno State. In the late 1300s, the Kanem Empire was forced to move after unsuccessful wars, becoming the Bornu Empire before regaining strength and ruling the wider area for the next 500 years. It was not until the early 1800s when the Fulani jihad significantly weakened

8730-584: The terrorists between the original Boko Haram group and the Islamic State – West Africa Province breakaway, the group was forced from its strongholds into the Sambisa Forest and some islands in Lake Chad by 2017; however, terrorists continue to be a threat statewide with frequent attacks on both civilian and military targets. As a partially agriculturally-based state, the rural Borno State economy relied heavily on livestock and crops prior to

8827-577: Was Algiers , where the UNT had already a representative, probably Djalabo. His attempts were unsuccessful, as were those made from there to persuade the Chadian students in France to join him in his fight. From there he traveled to Cairo , where a small secret committee of anti-government Chadian students of the Al-Azhar University had formed. The students in Cairo had developed a strong political sensitivity because they had come to resent that

8924-506: Was a grave mistake, for the Sudanese had fought together in World War II and this broke unit cohesion. The decision was indicative of Egyptian military planners of the period. Forty-three Sudanese were killed in action in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. In 1953, the British and the new Egyptian government reached an agreement that Sudan was to be put on the path of independence. General Ahmed Mohammed became Sudan's first army chief in August 1954. This

9021-542: Was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the North-Eastern State . After the North-Eastern State was split, Borno State was formed on 3 February 1976 alongside ten other states. Fifteen years after statehood, a group of LGAs in the state's west was broken off to form the new Yobe State . Years later, in the early 2000s,

9118-401: Was based at Khartoum International Airport . The Third Division was located in the north, although no major troop units were assigned to it. Each division had a liaison officer attached to general headquarters in Khartoum to facilitate the division's communication with various command elements. This organisational structure did not provide an accurate picture of actual troop deployments. All of

9215-599: Was in communication with the first Chadian insurgents already active in Chad, and with the insurgent group Liberation Front of Chad (FLT). This merger was negotiated during the congress at Nyala between June 19 and June 22, 1966, in which the UNT and another rebel force, the Liberation Front of Chad (FLT) combined, giving birth to the FROLINAT , whose first secretary-general was agreed to be Abatcha. The two groups were ideologically ill-fitted, as they combined

9312-426: Was jailed for a year either for his political activities or for mismanagement in the performance of his duties. He and his party staunchly opposed after independence in 1960 the rule of President François Tombalbaye , and the UNT was banned with all other opposition parties on January 19, 1962. After that Abatcha was briefly imprisoned by the new Chadian government. After his release, the UNT cadres decided that if

9409-881: Was organized along divisional lines. Thus, the Fifth Division was at Al-Ubayyid in Kurdufan (Central Command), the Second Division was at Khashm El Girba (Eastern Command), the Sixth Division was assigned to Al-Fashir in Darfur (Western Command), the First Division was at Juba (Southern Command), and the Seventh Armoured Division was at As Shajarah just south of Khartoum (Khartoum Command). The Airborne Division

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