Tropical climate is the first of the five major climate groups in the Köppen climate classification identified with the letter A . Tropical climates are defined by a monthly average temperature of 18 °C (64 °F) or higher in the coolest month, featuring hot temperatures and high humidity all year-round. Annual precipitation is often abundant in tropical climates, and shows a seasonal rhythm but may have seasonal dryness to varying degrees. There are normally only two seasons in tropical climates, a wet (rainy/ monsoon ) season and a dry season. The annual temperature range in tropical climates is normally very small. Sunlight is intense in these climates.
56-567: Ikom is a Local Government Area of Cross River State in South-South, Nigeria . Its headquarters are in the town of Ikom in the east of the area on the Cross River and the A4 highway at 5°57′40″N 8°42′39″E / 5.96111°N 8.71083°E / 5.96111; 8.71083 . It has an area of 1,961 km (757 sq mi) and had a population of 162,383 according to
112-405: A t i o n i n m m 25 ) {\displaystyle (100-{\tfrac {mean\ annual\ precipitation\ in\ mm}{25}})} to 60 mm. Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate's P dry should be less than ( 100 − m e a n a n n u a l p r e c i p i t
168-405: A t i o n i n m m 25 ) {\displaystyle (100-{\tfrac {mean\ annual\ precipitation\ in\ mm}{25}})} . Tropical climates normally have only two seasons, a wet season and a dry season. Depending on the location of the region, the wet and dry seasons can have varying duration. Annual temperature changes in the tropics are small. Due to
224-514: A short dry season which almost always occurs in the winter. The tropical monsoon climate is often found within countries in the south and southeast Asia region between the latitude of 10 degrees north and the Tropic of Cancer. It can also be found in West Africa and South America. The annual temperature of regions under tropical monsoon climate is also stable. The tropical monsoon climate has
280-728: A subgroup of the Idoma nation, part of the Yala LGA's subgroups are the Igede speaking people believed to have migrated from the Oju part of Benue State, who migrated from Ora, in Edo North. In Cross River North, Bekwarra is one of the most widely spoken language. It is understood by other tribes in the district. This language along with Efik and Ejagham is used for news broadcast in the state owned radio and TV stations. Cross River State epitomises
336-501: A variety of human figures, with an annual festival held in the groves (play ground) at the end of every dry season. Just like the then groundnut pyramid in Kano, there is a pyramid in Ikom local government area that has stoutly refused to diminish or disappear altogether – this pyramid is the "cocoa pyramid". Cocoa is the mainstay of the economy of Ikom local government area, which ranks among
392-493: A wide variety of animals facing the threat of extinction. These include monkeys, leopards and bush pigs etc. In addition to the agricultural products, commonly found in the area are salt brine deposits at akparabong. These deposits are commercially viable for large scale exploitation. Baryte is also found in Ekukunela (Ofutop) in commercial quantity, unexploited.and thats it. Ikom is endowed with soil that not only accommodates
448-586: Is Bassey Edet Otu , who was sworn into office on 29 May 2023. He was elected for a four-year term in office under the platform of All Progressive Congress (APC). Cross River state derives its name from the Cross River, which passes through the state. It is a coastal state located in the Niger Delta region, and occupies 20,156 square kilometers. It shares boundaries with Benue state to the north for 188 km (117 miles), Ebonyi and Abia states to
504-414: Is between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F). In summer, the temperature is between 25 °C and 30 °C, while in winter the temperature is between 20 °C and 30 °C, but still stays above an 18 °C mean. The annual precipitation is between 700 and 1000 mm. The driest months are generally in the winter and they have less than 60 mm of rainfall (often much less). Regions under
560-515: Is called the canopy tree layer which has trees from 25 to 40 meters tall and those trees grow closely while above is the emergent layer with sporadic trees taller than 35 meters. Tropical savanna climates , or tropical wet and dry climates, are mainly located between the 10° and 25° north-south latitudes, and often occur at the outer margins of the tropics. Typical regions include central Africa, parts of South America, as well as northern and eastern Australia. The temperature range of savanna climate
616-548: Is the Alok and Nkarasi, where carved monoliths are sited. The monoliths, also found in Nta-Nsellei Akaju, Abanyou, and Nde, are made from either basalt or limestone. The Nta and Nselle people call the a carved monoliths “Akwanshi” meaning “dead person on ground” while others refer to it as “atal” meaning “the stones” These historical artifacts consist of a number of groves containing circles of stones carved in low relief in
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#1732756906990672-1091: The Calabar and Great Kwa rivers, which flow from the inland Oban Hills , before flanking the city of Calabar and flowing into the Cross River Estuary as well. In the forested interior of the state are several biodiverse protected areas including the Cross River National Park , Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary , and Mbe Mountains Community Forest . These wildlife reserves contain populations of Preuss's red colobus , African forest buffalo , bat hawk , tree pangolin , grey-necked rockfowl , and West African slender-snouted crocodile , along with some of Nigeria's last remaining Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee , drill , African forest elephant , and Cross River gorilla populations. Modern-day Cross River state has been inhabited by several ethnic groups for hundreds of years, primarily
728-679: The Efik of the riverside south and Calabar ; the Ekoi (Ejagham) of the inland south; the Akunakuna , Boki , Bahumono , and Yakö (Yakurr) of the central region ; and the Bekwarra , Ogoja , Bette , Igede , Ukelle (Kukele) of the northern region. In the pre-colonial period, what is now Cross River state was divided between its ethnic groups with some joining the Aro Confederacy , while
784-666: The Igbo -majority of the former Eastern Region attempted to secede as the state of Biafra ; in the three-year long Nigerian Civil War . Calabar and its port was hard-fought over in Operation Tiger Claw , while the people from Cross River state were persecuted by the Biafran forces as they were mainly non-Igbos. At the war's end and the reunification of Nigeria, the South-Eastern state was reformed until 1976, when it
840-953: The Ikom Monoliths (a series of volcanic-stone monoliths of unknown age), the Mary Slessor Tomb, Calabar Drill Monkey Sanctuary, Cross River National Park , Afi Mountain walkway canopy, Kwa Falls, Agbokim waterfalls, Tinapa Business Resort, Mono railway and the annual Calabar Carnival that takes place during the Christmas period. Cross River State can be accessed by air through the Margaret Ekpo International Airport at Calabar. There are daily flights to Calabar from Lagos and Abuja serviced by airlines such as Air peace Airlines, Ibom Air Airlines and recently Cally Air , operated by Aero Contractors which worked for about 5 months in 2021 and at
896-808: The Yakurr /Agoi/ Bahumono ethnic groups in Yakurr and Abi LGA, while the Mbembe are predominantly found in Obubra LGA. Further up the core northern part of the state are several sub-dialectical groups, among which are Etung, Olulumo, Ofutop, Nkim/Nkum, Abanajum, Nseke and Boki in both Ikom, Etung and Boki LGAs. Also, the Yala/Yache, Igede, Ukelle, Ekajuk, Mbube, Bette, Bekwarra and Utukwang people are found in Ogoja, Yala, Obudu, Obanliku and Bekwarra LGAs. The Yala are
952-588: The tropics , below 23.5 latitude in both the southern and northern hemisphere; they include areas around the Equator, Central America, North-central portions of South America, central Africa, southern portions of Asia and parts of North Australia and the Pacific Ocean islands. In Group A, there are three types of this climate: the tropical rainforest climate (Af) , tropical monsoon climate (Am) and tropical wet and dry or savanna climate (Aw or As) . All of
1008-650: The 16th century during the pre-colonial era when the area extended to some communities now enclosed in Boki, Obubra, Abi, and Etung local government areas. Like other typical traditional societies, Ikom was governed by Chief priests or Village heads who were both ceremonial and religious. Modern day Ikom began as a constituent part of the Afikpo Division in the early 1950s, when it was together with Afikpo now in Ebonyi State And in 1976, Ikom local government
1064-699: The 2006 census. The people of Ikom are mostly farmers. Ikom is a major producer of cocoa, bananas and plantains for the Nigerian market. Ikom is known for the Afi monoliths , artifacts that bear an ancient writing sometimes taken to be an early form of nsibidi . The postal code of the area is 551. Ikom Local Government is in the Central Senatorial District of Cross River State. There are 11 (eleven) council wards: The present geographical entity called Ikom local government area dates back to
1120-763: The Archdiocese of Calabar (1934) with 51 parishes [2] under Archbishop Joseph Effiong Ekuwem (2013) [3] and the suffragan diocese of Ogoja (1938) [4] with 79 parishes under Bishop Donatus Edet Akpan (2017). [5] The Anglican Province of the Niger Delta includes the Diocese of Calabar led by Bishop Nneoyi O. Egbe. [6] Languages of Cross River State listed by LGA includes : Other languages spoken in Cross State are Eki, Ibibio, Ilue, Ito, and Okobo. Festivals held in Cross River state includes: From
1176-635: The Bekwarra among others. There are four major languages spoken in the state: English, the common language, Efik, Bekwarra, and Ejagham. The Efik language is widely spoken in Cross River State, especially in Calabar Municipality, Calabar South, Akpabuyo, Bakassi, Akampkpa, Biase, and Odukpani Local Government Areas. The Ejagham language is also widely spoken language in Cross River State. The Efik-speaking people live mainly in
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#17327569069901232-629: The Cross River Coast in Okangha, Abaragba, Okundi and Ikom urban, are still very much on the ground. These include the ancient architectural structures, which served as their residence and offices. Similarly, the Ikom Town Beach is a tourist delight and any day, located about four kilometers from the Ikom local government headquarters. The dandy beach serves as a relaxation spot for fun-seekers. Another remarkable tourist attraction
1288-836: The Efik founded the Akwa Akpa (Old Calabar) city-state. The latter become a British protectorate in 1884, as the capital of the Oil Rivers Protectorate ; but it was in the early 1900s that the Britons gained formal control of the entire area. Around the same time, the protectorate (now renamed the Niger Coast Protectorate ) was incorporated into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate , which later merged into British Nigeria . After
1344-531: The Northern Zaire (Congo) basin of Africa, and the islands of the East Indies. The tropical rainforest climate differs from other subtypes of tropical climates as it has more kinds of trees due to its precipitation . The large number of trees contribute back to the humidity of the climate because of the transpiration, which is the process of water evaporated from the surface of living plants to
1400-732: The Southern senatorial districts of Cross River, or as it is commonly referred to, the Greater Calabar district, which includes Calabar Municipality, Calabar South, Bakassi, Biase, Akpabuyo, Odukpani, and Akamkpa LGAs. There is also the Qua community in Calabar, which speaks Ejagham. The main Ejagham group occupies mostly the Greater Calabar areas of Calabar Municipality, Odukpani, Biase and Akamkpa sections of Cross River State. There are also
1456-473: The State includes: Federal highways Two roads to Cameroon : Other major roads include: Waterways: Calabar is a major port, with navigable waterways on Cross River. Airports: Margaret Ekpo International Airport at Calabar (1983), and Bebi Airstrip . The state government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state house of assembly . The capital city of
1512-578: The State, Calabar, has a significant record of rainfall within the year, while the dry season has less significant effect in the state due to the depth of rainfall experienced. Based on the records presented by the Climate Data of the state, the annual rainfall of Cross River state is 3306mm (130.2 inches). The State is composed of several ethnic groups, which include the Efik , the Ejagham , Yakurr , Bahumono , Bette, Yala, Igede , Ukelle and
1568-530: The United States of America. The cocoa beans were sourced 100 percent from Ikom. This marked a turning point for Cross River's states export industry. Ikom has a tropical climate with a short dry season and a lengthy wet season. ( Köppen : Aw / Am ). Cross River State Cross River State is a state in the South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria . Cross River State was formed from
1624-454: The area are still relatively low and serve the small and medium scale woodwork furniture and carpentry works. Prominent among the forest resources in Ikom are mahogany, iroko, aphoria (black and white) opepe, Obeche, teak, mangrove and Ebong. Investors are trickling into and seize the opportunity to set up wood based furniture industries to process the products into finished goods for local consumption and even for export. Besides, Ikom forest has
1680-580: The area that is now Akwa Ibom state , which became a distinct state in 1987. 0ut of the 36 states in Nigeria, Cross River state is the nineteenth largest in area and 27th most populous , with an estimated population of over 3.8 million as of 2016. Geographically, the state is mainly divided between the Guinean forest–savanna mosaic in the far north and the Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests in
1736-498: The atmosphere. The warmth and abundant precipitation heavily contributes to the diversity and characteristics of vegetations under the tropical rainforest climate. The vegetations develop a vertical stratification and various growth forms to receive enough sunlight, which is unusual under other types of climate. The Köppen classification tool identifies tropical monsoon climate as having small annual temperature ranges, high temperatures, and plentiful precipitation. This climate also has
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1792-446: The climate of Cross River state is tropical . Not only this, the state is also characterised with relative humidity . The average temperature of the state is between 15°C and 30°C. However, this climatic condition is different in locations within the Cross River state such as the high plateau of Obudu , which has a record of a fall in temperature between 4°C and 10°C, as a result of the high altitude of this area. The capital city of
1848-409: The cool dry season is from fall to late winter, the hot dry season is in the spring and the rainy or monsoon season is near or during the summer months. The tropical monsoon forest mainly consists of three layered structures. The first layer is the surface layer which is a very dense layer of shrubs and grasses. The second layer is the understory layer with trees about 15 meters tall. The top layer
1904-555: The eastern part of the Eastern Region on 27 May 1967. Its capital is Calabar , it borders to the north through Benue state , to the west through Ebonyi state and Abia state , and to the southwest through Akwa Ibom state , while its eastern border forms part of the national border with Cameroon . Originally known as the South-Eastern State before being renamed in 1976, Cross River state formerly included
1960-419: The equator. Tropical rainforest climates have high temperatures: the yearly average temperature is normally between 21 and 30 °C (70 and 86 °F). The precipitation can reach over 100 inches a year. The seasons are evenly distributed throughout the year, and there is almost no drought period here. Regions that contain tropical rainforest climate mainly include the upper Amazon basin of South America,
2016-420: The following main characteristic. The average annual temperature is around 27.05 °C (80.69 °F) and has an average annual temperature range of about 3.6 °C (38.5 °F). Distinction between wet and drought seasons, the tropical monsoon climate is different from other tropical climates because of its uneven precipitation throughout the year. There are three main seasons of tropical monsoon climate:
2072-479: The growth of cocoa but generously produces fine succulent plantain and banana. Yam, maize and coco-yam are also grown there in large quantities. These products are often taken from there to the northern parts of the country, to Calabar as well as to other eastern states. In March 2021, 7000 metric tonnes of cocoa beans were transported from the ECM terminal at the Calabar seaport in Cross River State, South-South Nigeria to
2128-408: The high temperatures and abundant rainfall, much of the plant life grows throughout the year. High temperature and humidity is the most suitable environment for epiphytes to grow. In many tropical climates, vegetation grow in layers: shrubs under tall trees, bushes under shrubs and grasses under bushes. Tropical plants are rich in resources, including coffee, cocoa and oil palm. Listed below are
2184-399: The highest number of local government Areas. Tropical climate There are three basic types of tropical climates within the tropical climate group: tropical rainforest climate ( Af ), tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) and tropical savanna or tropical wet and dry climate ( Aw for dry winters, and As for dry summers), which are classified and distinguished by the precipitation and
2240-555: The highest producers of quality cocoa in the country. According to statistics from the Cross River State Ministry of Agriculture headquarters in Calabar, Ikom has a total planted area of 1,917 hectares of cocoa in its estates. Presently, there is no cocoa processing industry in Ikom to process abundant cocoa beans produced here. Forest resources, coming in various names, shapes and colours, are also in abundance in Ikom awaiting exploitation as lumbering activities in
2296-512: The majority of the interior of the state. The smaller ecoregions are the Central African mangroves in the coastal far south and a part of the montane Cameroonian Highlands forests in the extreme northeast. The most major geographical feature is the state's namesake, the Cross River , which bisects the state's interior before forming much of the state's western border and flowing into the Cross River Estuary. Other important rivers are
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2352-487: The merger, much of the modern-day Cross River state has become a center of anti-colonial resistance during the Women's War and trade, through the international seaport at Calabar . After independence in 1960, the area now regarded as Cross River state was a part of the post-independence Eastern Region until 1967, when the region was split and the area became part of the South-Eastern state. Less than two months afterwards,
2408-644: The nation's linguistic and cultural plurality and it is important to note that, in spite of the diversity of dialects, all the Indigenous languages in the state have common linguistic roots as Niger-Congo languages. Finally, the State serves as the venue of the largest carnival in Africa. Cross River State consists of eighteen (18) Local Government Areas . They are: The majority of Cross Riverians are predominantly Christian with minorities practicing different ethnic indigenous religions. The Catholic Church includes
2464-458: The precipitation levels of the driest month in those regions. The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It defines a tropical climate as a region where the mean temperature of the coldest month is greater than or equal to 18 °C (64 °F) and does not fit into the criteria for B-group climates, classifying them as an A-group (tropical climate group). A-group regions are usually found in
2520-755: The senator representing Calabar senatorial district then was at the helm of affairs. Its capital is Calabar. Its major towns are Calabar Municipality, Akamkpa , Biase , Calabar South , Ikom , Igede , Obubra , Odukpani , Ogoja , Bekwarra , Ugep , Obudu , Obanliku , Akpabuyo , Ofutop, Iso-bendghe, Danare, Boki , Yala , Bendeghe Ekiem, Etomi, Ediba , Itigidi , Ugep , Ukpe and Ukelle . The state has many governors and administrators including Udoakaha J. Esuene, Paul Omu, Tunde Elegbede, Clement Isong , Donald Etiebet, Daniel Archibong , Ibim Princewill, Ernest Attah , Clement Ebri, Ibrahim Kefas, Gregory Agboneni, Umar Faoruk Ahmed, Christopher Osondu, Donald Duke , Liyel Imoke and Benedict Ayade . The current Governor
2576-428: The slave trade brought about social disruption to Ikom such that it now broke into different independent units left to attend individually to their needs, including defence. But one thing that is common among them is their reverence for traditional institutions and their accessories as symbolized by deities, dance, festivals, Folk love and so on. In Ikom, the relics of early European traders, who transacted business along
2632-696: The soaring plateaus of the mountain tops of Obanliku to the Rain forests of Afi, from the Waterfalls of Agbokim and Kwa to the spiralling ox-bow Calabar River which provides sights and images of the Tinapa Business Resort , Marina Resort , Calabar Residency Museum and the Calabar Slave Park along its course, there is always a thrilling adventure awaiting the eco-tourist visiting Cross River State. Other tourist attractions are
2688-407: The start of 2022, it stopped operation. The Cross River state-owned airline, Cally Air, might have run aground after two years of operations and operational debt in excess of N900 million to its technical partner, Aero Contractors. Education started with mother tongue education. Presently, a lot of schools in the state for educative learning in the society. The Tertiary educational institutions in
2744-422: The state is Calabar . The governor of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in
2800-410: The three climates are classified by their P dry (short for precipitation of the driest month). Tropical rainforest climate's P dry should be greater than or equal 60 mm (2.4 in). Tropical monsoon climate's P dry should be in the range from ( 100 − m e a n a n n u a l p r e c i p i t
2856-669: The types of vegetation unique to each of the three climates that make up the tropical climate biome. Tropical rainforest vegetation including: Bengal bamboo , bougainvillea , curare , coconut tree , durian and banana . Tropical monsoon vegetation including: teak , deodar , rosewood , sandalwood and bamboo . Tropical wet and dry or savanna vegetation including: acacia senegal , elephant grass , jarrah tree , gum tree eucalyptus and whistling thorn . The Köppen classification identifies tropical rainforest climates (Zone Af: f = "feucht", German for moist) as usually having north and south latitudinal ranges of just 5-10 degrees from
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#17327569069902912-710: The west for 198 km (123 miles) and about 52 km respectively (partly across Cross River), to the east by Sud-Ouest Province in Cameroon for about 290 km (181 miles), partly across the Sankwala Mountains and the Akwayafe River, and to the south by Akwa-Ibom for about 114 km (71 miles) mostly across Cross River and the Atlantic Ocean . The state is made up of 18 Local Government Area Councils . Like few other Nigerian states,
2968-541: The wildlife reserves along with the historic Ikom Monoliths site, Calabar Carnival , and Obudu Mountain Resort . Cross River state has the joint-thirteenth highest Human Development Index in the country and numerous institutions of tertiary education. Cross River as a south-south state was created on 27 May 1967 from the former Eastern Region, Nigeria , by the General Yakubu Gowon regime. Its name
3024-429: Was changed to Cross River state in the 1976 state creation exercise by the then General Murtala Mohammed regime from South Eastern State. The present day Akwa Ibom State was excised from it in the state creation exercise of September 1987 by the then regime of General Ibrahim Babangida . The struggle for a new state creation started in 1980 in the reign of president Shehu Shagari where Senator Joseph Oqua Ansa (Mon)
3080-638: Was created with headquarters at Ikom. Ikom with a large size of 1,861.926 square kilometers is bounded on the North by Ogoja on the North-East by Boki, on the East by Etung Local Government, and South by Obubra Local Government Area. The major languages of the people include Ofutop Bakor, Yala, Mbembe and Ejagham. Ikom people are said to have originated from Bantu stock and their major occupation include farming trading and lumbering. According to historical facts,
3136-553: Was renamed Cross River state. Eleven years later, Cross River state was divided with western Cross River being broken off to form the new Akwa Ibom state . The state formerly contained the oil-producing Bakassi Peninsula , but it was ceded to Cameroon under the terms of the Greentree Agreement . As an agricultural state, the Cross River state's economy partially relies on crops, such as cocoyam , rubber , oil palm , yam , cocoa , cashews , and plantain crops, along with fishing. Key minor industries involve tourism in and around
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