112-657: Joo Chiat Road ( / ˌ dʒ uː ˈ tʃ j ɛ t / , JOO - CHYET ) is a road in Joo Chiat District and a residential conservation area located in the east coast of Singapore . It has won several architectural and heritage awards including the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation at 125 Joo Chiat Road. The area has the most diverse eateries in Singapore with numerous Michelin awarded restaurants. It also has
224-659: A British protected state (which continued until 1984). But, when the Raj of Sarawak annexed Brunei's Pandaruan District in 1890, the British did not take any action to stop it. They did not regard either Brunei or the Raj of Sarawak as 'foreign' (per the Treaty of Protection). This final annexation by Sarawak left Brunei with its current small land mass and separation into two parts. British residents were introduced in Brunei under
336-730: A civil war from 1660 to 1673. The British have intervened in the affairs of Brunei on several occasions. Britain attacked Brunei in July 1846 due to internal conflicts over who was the rightful Sultan. In the 1880s, the decline of the Bruneian Empire continued. The sultan granted land (now Sarawak) to James Brooke , who had helped him quell a rebellion, and allowed him to establish the Raj of Sarawak . Over time, Brooke and his nephews (who succeeded him) leased or annexed more land. Brunei lost much of its territory to him and his dynasty, known as
448-429: A geophysicist , who conducted a survey there. In 1927, gas seepages were reported in the area. Seria Well Number One (S-1) was drilled on 12 July 1928. Oil was struck at 297 metres (974 ft) on 5 April 1929. Seria Well Number 2 was drilled on 19 August 1929, and, as of 2009 , continues to produce oil. Oil production was increased considerably in the 1930s with the development of more oil fields. In 1940, oil production
560-647: A booming industry in the restoration of historic buildings, often adapting them to new uses. A recent example is the National Museum of Singapore . An important area of local innovation has involved seeking to develop a form of modern architecture appropriate to Singapore's tropical climate. This climatically sensitive approach to architecture traces its roots back to the vernacular Malay houses and through to experiments by British colonial architects and early local nationalist architects to devise an authentically local architecture using modern construction methods. In
672-496: A cash crop. His foresight and business acumen made him a wealthy land owner. In 1913, he bought at auction 5 freehold building allotments fronting the Confederate Estate Road to further increase his land holding. In early 1917 Joo Chiat Road was still a cart track going through Chew's plantation, and as such it was a private road maintained by him. Transportation of local produce was by bullock carts. Joo Chiat area
784-699: A community centre. Joo Chiat continued to be the entertainment hub with Galaxy theatre and the addition of 2 more shopping centres. East Coast reclamation started in 1966 and lasted for two decades until 1985. Its reclamation changed the physical landscape of the area with the modification of the coastline, landscape and even the removal of Katong jetty. Coupled with new high rise housing estate in East Coast, Joo Chiat slowly lost its distinct identity amid this de-territorialisation process. The late 1970s and early 1980s also saw more road changes where adjacent streets were linked up to ease commute. Taj Cinema, adjacent to
896-597: A dining spot such as the Red House Bakery and Chin Mee Chin Confectionery . Since 2014, Joo Chiat begins to experience a significant shift in culture and immigration. Today, western cafe and high-class dinning are sprouting over Joo Chiat Road because a lot of Caucasians shifted in after discovering Joo Chiat has better historical culture than Holland Village, and it is very close to the seaside, and would fit in to their lifestyle preference. Thus,
1008-570: A drive to develop 'iconic' landmarks in the city to strengthen the Singapore brand identity as well as to attract foreign tourists, skilled immigrants, investments and buzz. Several such landmark projects have since been developed, sometimes through open or closed architectural design competitions . These include the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay arts centre, the Supreme Court of Singapore ,
1120-632: A famous prominent ethnic Chinese businessman of Peranakan descent who became the owner of most of the land in the area around Joo Chiat Road. Chew bought land from the Alsagoff family as well as the Little family to plant spices, such as nutmeg , gambier , and pepper which were in great demand by Europeans . In 1903, Chew added more land to his plantation by purchasing more than an acre of land for $ 35,000/- from Henry William Crane. Later, he turned all his land into coconut plantations when copra became
1232-676: A former Secretary to the British Resident, Ernest Edgar Pengilly, was appointed chief administrative officer under the Japanese Governor. The Japanese had proposed that Pengilly retain his position under their administration, but he declined. Both he and other British nationals still in Brunei were interned by the Japanese at Batu Lintang camp in Sarawak. While the British officials were under Japanese guard, Ibrahim made
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#17327976686371344-595: A fully sovereign state . Brunei has been led by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah since 1967, and the country's unicameral legislature , the Legislative Council , is simply consultative and are all appointed by the Sultan. The country's wealth derives from its extensive petroleum and natural gas fields. Economic growth during the 1990s and 2000s has transformed Brunei into an industrialised country, with its GDP increasing 56% between 1999 and 2008. Political stability
1456-516: A lot of Chinese, Malaysians, and Vietnamese restaurants changed to western restaurants or cafe. Joo Chiat now becomes a multicultural food enclave, not just a Peranakan enclave. The restaurants and various eateries along the street are of varied cuisines from all over the world. Conservation areas in Singapore The architecture of Singapore displays a range of influences and styles from different places and periods. These range from
1568-486: A major part of the area's economy today. The development of Geylang Serai in the 1960s also prompted the government to build mosques and theatres in Joo Chiat. There were other amenities for the community living there including a police station, schools and health centre. As Singapore's population grew and people started to move out from the city centre, Joo Chiat's community increased. 4 more schools were built along with
1680-595: A new constitution was written declaring Brunei a self-governing state, while its foreign affairs, security, and defence remained the responsibility of the United Kingdom. A small rebellion erupted against the monarchy in 1962, which was suppressed with help of the UK. Known as the Brunei Revolt , the rebellion contributed to the Sultan's decision to opt out of joining the emerging state now called Malaysia under
1792-603: A new constitution was written in 1959. In 1962, a small armed rebellion against the monarchy which was indirectly related to the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation was ended with British assistance and led to the ban of the pro-independent Brunei People's Party . The revolt had also influenced the Sultan's decision not to join the Malaysian Federation while it was being formed . Britain's protectorate over Brunei would eventually end on 1 January 1984, becoming
1904-408: A new relevance and urgency due to concerns about global warming , climate change and environmental sustainability , especially given that air conditioning in buildings is one of the largest consumers of electricity in Singapore, which is mostly generated by fossil fuels . From the late 1990s, like many other global cities and aspiring global cities, the Singapore government consciously launched
2016-624: A point of personally shaking each one by the hand and wishing him well. The Sultan retained his throne and was given a pension and honours by the Japanese. During the later part of the occupation, he resided at Tantuya, Limbang and had little to do with the Japanese. Most of the Malay government officers were retained by the Japanese. Brunei's administration was reorganised into five prefectures, which included British North Borneo . The Prefectures included Baram , Labuan , Lawas , and Limbang . Ibrahim hid numerous significant government documents from
2128-490: A range of places of worship reflecting the ethnic and religious diversity of the city-state as well as colonial civic and commercial architecture in European Neoclassical , gothic , palladian and renaissance styles. Modern architecture in Singapore began with the transitional Art Deco style and the arrival of reinforced concrete as a popular building material. International Style modern architecture
2240-422: A result, they are Singapore's earliest known architectural innovations and exports. These hybrid building typologies were the shophouse and the black and white bungalow. The old style shophouses are shops with one or more stories of living accommodation above it. These shophouses typically have a so-called five foot way which is a covered walkway located in front of the shop doors, with the upper floors shielding
2352-678: A territorial conflict between Hindu Tondo and Muslim Manila in the Philippines by appointing the Bruneian descended Rajah Ache of Manila as admiral of the Bruneian navy in a rivalry against Tondo and as the enforcer of Bruneian interests in the Philippines. He subsequently encountered the Magellan expedition wherein Antonio Pigafetta noted that under orders from his grandfather the Sultan of Brunei, Ache had previously sacked
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#17327976686372464-439: A variety of syncretic Chinese temples, Hindu temples, Sikh temples, Jewish synagogues, Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox Christian Churches as well as Sunni and Shia mosques. Apart from being devoted to the various sects and denominations within each religious tradition, these buildings were often built to serve ethnic groups and sub-groups. For examples, while most Muslims in Singapore were and are Malay, some mosques were built in
2576-478: A wealthy and upper middle class suburb with a relaxing and scenic locale. Today, Joo Chiat Road is best known for its colourful rows of traditional Peranakan shophouses , dating back to the 1920s and 1930s, that line the narrow street. Joo Chiat's development began with attendant amenities and an electric tramway was built between the Joo Chiat-Changi Market and Tanjong Pagar. Chew Joo Chiat
2688-508: Is a constitutional absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan , and it implements a fusion of English common law and jurisprudence inspired by Islam , including sharia . At the Bruneian Empire 's peak during the reign of Sultan Bolkiah (1485–1528), the state is claimed to have had control over the most of Borneo , including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah , as well as the Sulu archipelago and
2800-601: Is a ward in the Singapore Parliament . The Member of Parliament for Joo Chiat is Charles Chong after 2011 general elections when the then incumbent Chan Soo Sen retired from politics. However, Joo Chiat ward is now not consisting of Joo Chiat area but of Siglap. For the General Election 2015, Joo Chiat constituency ceased to exist and it has been absorbed by Marine Parade GRC . There are famous eateries which contribute to Joo Chiat's popularity as
2912-533: Is maintained by the House of Bolkiah by providing a welfare state for its citizens, with free or significant subsidies in regards to housing, healthcare and education. It ranks "very high" on the Human Development Index (HDI)—the second-highest among Southeast Asian states after Singapore , which it maintains close relations with including a Currency Interchangeability Agreement . According to
3024-541: Is now Cambodia. This alternative Srivijaya known as Vijayapura referring to Brunei, was known to Arabic sources as "Sribuza". One of the earliest Chinese records of an independent kingdom in Borneo is the 977 AD letter to the Chinese emperor from the ruler of Boni, which some scholars believe to refer to Borneo. The Bruneians regained their independence from Srivijaya due to the onset of a Javanese-Sumatran war. In 1225,
3136-676: The ASEAN (dark grey) – [ Legend ] Brunei , officially Brunei Darussalam , is a country in Southeast Asia , situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo . Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea , it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak , with its territory bifurcated by the Sarawak district of Limbang . Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo;
3248-662: The Bruneian Empire under the Muslim Bolkiah dynasty, Brunei is believed to have been under Buddhist rulers. It was renamed "Barunai" in the 14th century, possibly influenced by the Sanskrit word " varuṇ " ( वरुण ), meaning "seafarers". The word " Borneo " is of the same origin. In the country's full name, Negara Brunei Darussalam , darussalam ( Arabic : دار السلام ) means "abode of peace", while negara means "country" in Malay . A shortened version of
3360-701: The Castilian War . During the 19th century, the Bruneian Empire began to decline. The Sultanate ceded Sarawak ( Kuching ) to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah , and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company . In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906. After the Japanese occupation during World War II ,
3472-790: The Conspiracy of the Maharlikas , an attempt by Filipinos to link up with the Brunei Sultanate and Japanese Shogunate to expel the Spaniards from the Philippines. However, upon the Spanish suppression of the conspiracy, the Bruneian descended aristocracy of precolonial Manila were exiled to Guerrero, Mexico which consequently later became a center of the Mexican war of independence against Spain . The local Brunei accounts of
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3584-878: The International Monetary Fund (IMF), Brunei is ranked ninth in the world by gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity . Brunei is a member of the United Nations , the World Trade Organization , the East Asia Summit , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Commonwealth of Nations , and ASEAN . According to local historiography, Brunei
3696-646: The Kawaguchi Detachment from Cam Ranh Bay at Kuala Belait . After six days' fighting, they occupied the entire country. The only Allied troops in the area were the 2nd Battalion of the 15th Punjab Regiment based at Kuching , Sarawak. Once the Japanese occupied Brunei, they made an agreement with Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin over governing the country. Inche Ibrahim (known later as Pehin Datu Perdana Menteri Dato Laila Utama Awang Haji Ibrahim),
3808-631: The Marina Bay area, where one objective in its master plan is to create a distinctive image for the waterfronts as international landmarks. These developments include Marina Bay Sands , ArtScience Museum , the Helix Bridge , Gardens by the Bay , and in particular, the show piece arts centre Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay . Others include residential complexes, such as Reflections at Keppel Bay and The Interlace , and public projects, such as Southern Ridges . Architects in Singapore during
3920-608: The Marina Bay Tower . In the 21st century, Singapore architecture has embraced international architectural stylistic movements from postmodernism and high-tech architecture . In addition, local variants of Critical regionalism have been developed, taking into account Singapore's unique tropical climate and dense urban fabric. A number of projects were initiated to create distinctive landmark buildings, unique structures, as well as interesting features and attractions in Singapore. Many of these developments can be found in
4032-641: The Maritime Jade Road , as ascertained by archeological research. The trading network existed for 3,000 years, between 2000 BC to 1000 AD. The settlement known as Vijayapura was a vassal-state to the Buddhist Srivijaya empire and was thought to be located in Borneo's Northwest which flourished in the 7th Century. Vijayapura itself upon earlier in its history, was a rump state of the fallen multi-ethnic: Austronesian, Austroasiatic and Indian, Funan Civilization ; previously located in what
4144-462: The People's Park Complex and Golden Mile Complex by Design Partnership. Post-modern architecture experiments, in both the 'historicist' and deconstructivist modes made an appearance in the 1980s, though the style was relatively muted in its expression. Another architectural trend has been the rediscovery of Singapore's architectural heritage, leading to an active conservation programme as well as
4256-529: The Riau province of Sumatra . Like the Singapore example, it also featured the use of sandstone as well as terraces. Stone foundations on Fort Canning Hill were discovered by the British soon after they arrived. Although they have since been destroyed and removed, the officials who discovered them speculated they were part of Hindu or Buddhist temples and/or a royal palace. The superstructure of these buildings would have been timber (as suggested by holes found in
4368-547: The White Rajahs . Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin appealed to the British to stop further encroachment by the Brookes. The "Treaty of Protection" was negotiated by Sir Hugh Low and signed into effect on 17 September 1888. The treaty said that the sultan "could not cede or lease any territory to foreign powers without British consent"; it provided Britain effective control over Brunei's external affairs, making it
4480-400: The postmodernist style) here. Among the tallest buildings in Singapore are One Raffles Place , Republic Plaza , and the twin towers of UOB Plaza . In 2016, the tallest building Tanjong Pagar Centre was built. Due to the proximity to Paya Lebar Airbase , buildings were limited to a height of 280 metres, except for Tanjong Pagar area. The tallest residential building in Singapore is
4592-744: The 1970s to late 1980s the city was dominated by modern architecture , particularly the Brutalist style . This is seen in some of the older commercial skyscrapers, such as the OCBC Centre by I. M. Pei , as well as many buildings built to house governmental offices and government-linked companies, including the Singapore Land Tower , Temasek Tower , DBS Building , and the CPF Building . Changing international architectural trends also introduced some architectural styles (particularly
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4704-466: The 1980s and especially from the late 1990s, this has led to a proliferation of what might be called 'modern tropical' architecture, or neo-tropical architecture. It involves a return to clean and simple rectilinear modernist forms, coupled with an emphasis of lush landscaping and sleek sun-shading in the form of metal or wood louvres, instead of the modernist glass curtain wall , which admits and traps solar heat. These architectural efforts have taken on
4816-440: The British army. These buildings typically have whitewashed walls, and black painted wood or detailing. Another prominent category of buildings in the colonial period were places of worship. As a multi-religious port-city, with migrants from all over the world, a variety of different immigrant communities lived and worked in Singapore. These groups often banded together to raise funds to erect their own places of worship, including
4928-592: The Buddhist city of Loue in Southwest Borneo for being faithful to the old religion and rebelling against the authority of Sultanate. However, European influence gradually brought an end to Brunei's regional power , as Brunei entered a period of decline compounded by internal strife over royal succession. In the face of these invasions by European Christian powers, the Ottoman Caliphate aided
5040-515: The Castilian War differ greatly from the generally accepted view of events. What was called the Castilian War was seen as a heroic episode, with the Spaniards being driven out by Bendahara Sakam , purportedly a brother of the ruling sultan, and a thousand native warriors. Most historians consider this to be a folk-hero account, which probably developed decades or centuries after. Brunei eventually descended into anarchy. The country suffered
5152-634: The Chinese admiral Zheng He visited the Brunei in the early 15th century, he founded a major trading port which included Chinese people who were actively trading with China. During the 15th century, Boni had seceded from Majapahit and then converted to Islam. Thus transforming into the independent Sultanate of Brunei. Brunei became a Hashemite state when she allowed the Arab Emir of Mecca, Sharif Ali , to become her third sultan. As customary for close affiliation and alliances in Southeast Asia,
5264-777: The Chinese official Zhao Rukuo reported that Boni had 100 warships to protect its trade, and that there was great wealth in the kingdom. Marco Polo suggested in his memoirs that the Great Khan or the ruler of the Mongol Empire, attempted and failed many times in invading "Great Java" which was the European name for Bruneian controlled Borneo. According to Wang Zhenping, in the 1300s, the Yuan Dade nanhai zhi or "Yuan dynasty Dade period southern sea records" reported that Brunei or administered Sarawak and Sabah as well as
5376-639: The Constitution Agreement was signed in Brunei Town . The agreement was signed by Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Sir Robert Scott, the Commissioner-General for Southeast Asia. It included the following provisions: Five councils were established: A series of National Development Plans was initiated by the 28th Sultan of Brunei, Omar Ali Saifuddien III . The first was introduced in 1953. A total sum of B$ 100 million
5488-410: The Japanese and remained until July 1946. After World War II , a new government was formed in Brunei under the British Military Administration (BMA). It consisted mainly of Australian officers and servicemen. The administration of Brunei was passed to the Civil Administration on 6 July 1945. The Brunei State Council was also revived that year. The BMA was tasked to revive the Bruneian economy, which
5600-414: The Japanese during the occupation. Pengiran Yusuf (later YAM Pengiran Setia Negara Pengiran Haji Mohd Yusuf ), along with other Bruneians, was sent to Japan for training. Although in the area the day of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima , Yusuf survived. The British had anticipated a Japanese attack, but lacked the resources to defend the area because of their engagement in the war in Europe. The troops from
5712-436: The Malay official name, "Brunei Darussalam", has also entered common usage, particularly in official contexts, and is present in the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names geographical database, as well as the official ASEAN and Commonwealth listings. The earliest recorded documentation by the West about Brunei is by an Italian known as Ludovico di Varthema . On his documentation back to 1550; We arrived at
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#17327976686375824-488: The Philippine kingdoms of Butuan , Sulu , Ma-i (Mindoro), Malilu 麻裏蘆 ( Manila ), Shahuchong 沙胡重 (Siocon or Zamboanga ), Yachen 啞陳 Oton , and 文杜陵 Wenduling ( Mindanao ), which would regain their independence at a later date. In the 14th century, the Javanese manuscript Nagarakretagama , written by Prapanca in 1365, mentioned Barune as the constituent state of Hindu Majapahit , which had to make an annual tribute of 40 katis of camphor . In 1369, Sulu which
5936-426: The Punjab Regiment filled in the Seria oilfield oilwells with concrete in September 1941 to deny the Japanese their use. The remaining equipment and installations were destroyed when the Japanese invaded Malaya . By the end of the war, 16 wells at Miri and Seria had been restarted, with production reaching about half the pre-war level. Coal production at Muara was also recommenced, but with little success. During
6048-404: The SIT focussed on housing middle and lower-middle class Asians. The most prominent example of their pre-war efforts was the Tiong Bahru estate, where many low-rise, four-storey Art Deco style apartment blocks, shops, markets and other amenities were built on the city fringe. This programme continued after the war, with the Art Deco style exchanged for a simple modern aesthetic. Although the estate
6160-625: The South Indian style to serve Tamil Muslims. Likewise, several churches were built in a distinctly Chinese style, serving ethnic Chinese congregations. Several of the oldest and most important places of worship in Singapore have been designated National Monuments of Singapore , and they include the Cathedral of the Good Shepherd , Armenian Church , St Andrew's Cathedral , Thian Hock Keng Temple , Lian Shan Shuang Lin Monastery , Sultan Mosque , Sri Mariamman Temple , Jamae Mosque and Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church , amongst others. Another important group of historic buildings were those built by
6272-541: The Spanish captured the capital on 16 April 1578, with the help of Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna. The Sultan Saiful Rijal and Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Abdul Kahar were forced to flee to Meragang then to Jerudong . In Jerudong, they made plans to chase the conquering army away from Brunei. Suffering high fatalities due to a cholera or dysentery outbreak, the Spanish decided to abandon Brunei and returned to Manila on 26 June 1578, after 72 days. Pengiran Seri Lela died in August or September 1578, probably from
6384-438: The Sultan, Resident and High Commissioner met to discuss the findings of the committee. They agreed to authorise the drafting of a constitution. In March 1959, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III led a delegation to London to discuss the proposed Constitution. The British delegation was led by Sir Alan Lennox-Boyd , Secretary of State for the Colonies. The British Government later accepted the draft constitution. On 29 September 1959,
6496-413: The Supplementary Protectorate Agreement in 1906. The residents were to advise the sultan on all matters of administration. Over time, the resident assumed more executive control than the sultan. The residential system ended in 1959. Petroleum was discovered in 1929 after several fruitless attempts. Two men, F. F. Marriot and T. G. Cochrane, smelled oil near the Seria river in late 1926. They informed
6608-629: The architectural vernacular of Modernism with naturally-ventilated tropical spaces and Asian cultural references. The new generation of Singaporean architects have combined a local form of Critical regionalism with lush skyrise greenery, in line with the Singapore government's ambitions to create a 'City in a Garden', where development sites commonly yield more public green space than the site area itself. Designers including international award-winning WOHA Architects have pioneered developing new types of green skyscrapers. The Urban Redevelopment Authority has designated 94 conservation areas that preserve
6720-508: The beleaguered Southeast Asian Sultanates by making Aceh a protectorate and sending expeditions to reinforce, train and equip the local mujahideen . Turks were routinely migrating to Brunei as evidenced by the complaints of Manila Oidor Melchor Davalos who in his 1585 report, say that Turks were coming to Sumatra, Borneo and Ternate every year, including defeated veterans from the Battle of Lepanto . Spain declared war in 1578, planning to attack and capture Kota Batu , Brunei's capital at
6832-502: The built heritage of Singapore. These areas protect 7,091 buildings across the city that showcase distinct and historic architecture. Developers must take conservation guidelines into account to retain historic buildings' original structure and elements, ensuring period styles are maintained. The National Heritage Board has designated more than 70 specific buildings and landmarks as national monuments for their special value, many for their architectural significance. Brunei in
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#17327976686376944-421: The city also has some influence over the architecture, and some of their effects may still be seen in the shop houses; for example it is stipulated that they should not be over 3 stories high, and needed to have an obligatory five foot way . Raffles himself opted for a Malay style house made of wood and atap ( Raffles House on Bukit Larangan or Fort Canning Hill, once called Government Hill), other Europeans of
7056-422: The city, the Raffles Plan of Singapore , largely survives to this day, even if the city has expanded greatly through the years. Raffles specified the area for government offices, various ethnic communities, religious buildings, commerce and education, as well as a Botanic Garden . Raffles planned the city down to the size of the house, the widths of the streets, and the material to be used. Raffles' regulations for
7168-622: The colonial government. These were often built in one or another European architectural style, which was in fashion at the time, such as the Palladian , Renaissance , or Neoclassical styles. Some of the more important buildings included the Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall , the Fullerton Building , old Supreme Court Building , City Hall, Singapore , National Museum of Singapore , old Parliament House old Hill Street Police Station, Central Fire Station, old Raffles Institution buildings, Changi Prison , old NCO club and numerous other schools, post offices, military camps and police stations around
7280-419: The early 21st century were among the early proponents of Critical regionalism , as architects in Singapore's hot and humid tropical climate realised that the glassy, unadorned International Style buildings being proliferated across the world by globalism were not appropriate for the local climatic or cultural context. Architects such as Kerry Hill pioneered this form of modern tropical architecture, blending
7392-492: The eclectic styles and hybrid forms of the colonial period to the tendency of more contemporary architecture to incorporate trends from around the world. In both aesthetic and technological terms, Singapore architecture may be divided into the more traditional pre- World War II colonial period, and the largely modern post-war and post-colonial period. Traditional architecture in Singapore includes vernacular Malay houses , local hybrid shophouses and black and white bungalows ,
7504-408: The foundations). However, these had long since disappeared by the time the foundations were discovered in 1819. Apart from some archaeological fragments, like jewellery, porcelain, coins and an inscribed stone, there few material artefacts from the pre-colonial period, and no buildings or even ruins remaining today. The city of Singapore was planned by Sir Stamford Raffles in 1822, and his layout for
7616-436: The government from 1959 onwards and these brothels have shifted to Geylang. The spread of sex industry from Geylang to the surrounding area created a profound effect on the type of business in Joo Chiat Rd in the 1990s and early 2000s. The residents complained to the member of parliament and the police relentlessly raided all the hotels and KTVS and instituted neighborhood watch and whistle blowing systems with countless CCTV along
7728-430: The hippiest and coolest towns in Singapore, with both rich and young professionals flocking to its savory cafes and restaurants. Joo Chiat is also one of the Singapore food streets with UNESCO Status. In 2014, Lucky Shophouse, formerly Lucky Bookstore, located at 125 Joo Chiat Road was awarded the Jury Commendation for Innovation at the 2014 UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards The Joo Chiat Single Member Constituency
7840-419: The island of Bornei (Brunei or Borneo) , which is distant from the Maluch about two hundred miles [three hundred kilometres], and we found that it was somewhat larger than the aforesaid and much lower. The people are pagans and are men of goodwill. Their colour is whiter than that of the other sort ... in this island justice is well administered ... Areas comprising what is now Brunei participated in
7952-458: The island. Major commercial buildings, often erected by European businesses as well as mission schools and other civic groups, also adopted these styles, such as the Raffles Hotel , Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus (now CHIJMES ), old St Joseph's Institution and old Tao Nan School. Often the approach to matters of style was highly eclectic, and builders combined a variety of stylistic elements from various European, and some non-European, sources in
8064-565: The islands off the northwestern tip of Borneo. There are also claims to its historical control over Seludong , the site of the modern Philippine capital of Manila, but Southeast Asian scholars believe the name of the location in question is actually in reference to Mount Selurong, in Indonesia. The maritime state of Brunei was visited by the surviving crew of the Magellan Expedition in 1521, and in 1578 it fought against Spain in
8176-695: The markets, was also renamed by Shaw to Singapura theatre. However, Singapura theatre lost its attractiveness with the rise of cinematography and eventually shut down in 1985. As the Kampongs in Geylang made way for HDBs, a museum to showcase the life of Malays was proposed in the 1970s. This museum, Geylang Serai Malay Village, was completed in 1989 and located at the start of Joo Chiat Road. The period also saw many more buildings for retail purposes such as Galaxy Complex, Katong Mall, Roxy Square and Paramount Shopping Centre. Brothels in central region were removed by
8288-521: The most historical Peranakan buildings in Joo Chiat district. Joo Chiat was named after a businessman Chew Joo Chiat after he donated the land to the Municipality of Singapore. Before 1917, Joo Chiat Road was known as the Confederate Estate Road. At that time, most of the land in the area belonged to the Little family. The road name changed after Chew Joo Chiat ( Chinese : 周如切 ; pinyin : Zhōu Rúqiè ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Chiu Jû-chhiat ),
8400-604: The new National Library, Singapore , the Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort and the Singapore Flyer . Prior to the British establishment of a settlement in 1819, architecture followed the pattern of the surrounding region. Vernacular architecture was primarily village (or 'kampong') houses built in the Malay tradition. Malay kampong houses were built on stilts and raised above the ground (or water, depending on their location). The house
8512-439: The occupation, the Japanese had their language taught in schools, and Government officers were required to learn Japanese. The local currency was replaced by what was to become known as duit pisang (banana money) . From 1943 hyper-inflation destroyed the currency's value and, at the end of the war, this currency was worthless. Allied attacks on shipping eventually caused trade to cease. Food and medicine fell into short supply, and
8624-503: The pedestrians from the elements. This is a result of the Raffles Town Plan (1822) for Singapore with the stipulation that "all houses constructed of brick or tiles have a common type of front each having an arcade of a certain depth, open to all sides as a continuous and open passage on each side of the street". The black and white bungalows were once the residences of the wealthy, colonial government officials or members of
8736-584: The period however preferred European style buildings of brick and stucco. Singapore's most prominent architect in the early colonial era was George Drumgoole Coleman , who was responsible for many of these early European style buildings, few of which survived. Those that did include the old Parliament house and Caldwell House at CHIJMES . In the 19th century, two hybrid building typologies evolved in Singapore. While their origins can be traced elsewhere, these building types underwent significant local adaptation and modification before spreading regionally. As
8848-633: The plan. The deepwater port at Muara was also constructed during this period. Power requirements were met, and studies were made to provide electricity to rural areas. Efforts were made to eradicate malaria , an endemic disease in the region, with the help of the World Health Organization . Malaria cases were reduced from 300 cases in 1953 to only 66 cases in 1959. The death rate was reduced from 20 per thousand in 1947 to 11.3 per thousand in 1953. Infectious disease has been prevented by public sanitation and improvement of drainage, and
8960-538: The population suffered from famine and disease. The airport runway was constructed by the Japanese during the occupation, and in 1943 Japanese naval units were based in Brunei Bay and Labuan. The naval base was destroyed by Allied bombing, but the airport runway survived. The facility was developed as a public airport. In 1944 the Allies began a bombing campaign against the occupying Japanese, which destroyed much of
9072-423: The remainder of the island is divided between its multi-landmass neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia . As of 2023 , the country had a population of 455,858, of whom approximately 180,000 resided in the capital and largest city of Bandar Seri Begawan . Its official language is Malay and Islam is the state religion of the country, although other religions are nominally tolerated . The government of Brunei
9184-400: The requirements and wealth of the family. Likewise, the architectural ornament, in the form of carved wood fascia boards, screens and panels, could be quite elaborate. Apart from this domestic rural architecture, there is evidence that more substantial buildings may have been built on the island. A nearby example of similar classical Hindu-Buddhist Malay architecture is Candi Muara Takus in
9296-447: The road to the authority without compensation. For his generosity, the road was named after him: Joo Chiat Road. As more people moved into area around Joo Chiat Road, especially along East Coast Road, there was a big demand for housing. Chew divided his land into building lots and sold them to developers to build houses. Subsequent establishment of some of Singapore's earliest season houses and holiday bungalows resulted in Joo Chiat becoming
9408-436: The roads to monitor and arrest any future offenders. As a result, Joo Chiat Rd after 2008 rose up to become one of the safest road in Singapore, completely free of vice activities, and it has transformed to one of the hippiest and coolest towns in Singapore, with both rich and young professionals flocking to its savory cafes and restaurants. After 2008, it later became a popular tourist attraction and many tour groups from all over
9520-473: The royal family of Luzon intermarried with the ruling houses of the Sultanate of Brunei . Intermarriage was a common strategy for Southeast Asian states to extend their influence. However, Islamic Brunei's power was not uncontested in Borneo since it had a Hindu rival in a state founded by Indians called Kutai in the south which they overpowered but didn't destroy. Nevertheless, by the 16th century, Islam
9632-484: The same building. Many colonial-era buildings are still found in the city, as a result of aggressive conservation efforts of Singapore's built heritage since the 1980s. Singapore has a wealth of Art Deco architecture, dating mainly from the 1920s and 1930s. The style was especially popular in commercial architecture, like factories and offices. Often, Art Deco style ornaments and elements were applied onto otherwise typical shophouses or bungalows. In other cases, Art Deco
9744-422: The same illness suffered by his Spanish allies. There was suspicion that the legitimist sultan could have been poisoned by the ruling sultan. Seri Lela's daughter, a Bruneian princess, "Putri", had left with the Spanish, she abandoned her claim to the crown and then she married a Christian Tagalog , named Agustín de Legazpi de Tondo. Agustin de Legaspi along with his family and associates were soon implicated in
9856-526: The throne usurped by his brother, Saiful Rijal. The Spanish agreed that if they succeeded in conquering Brunei, Pengiran Seri Lela would be appointed as the sultan, while Pengiran Seri Ratna would be the new Bendahara . In March 1578, a fresh Spanish fleet had arrived from Mexico and settled at the Philippines. They were led by De Sande , acting as Capitán-General . He organized an expedition from Manila for Brunei, consisting of 400 Spaniards and Mexicans, 1,500 Filipino natives, and 300 Borneans. The campaign
9968-548: The time. This was based in part on the assistance of two Bruneian noblemen , Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna. The former had travelled to Manila , then the centre of the Spanish colony. Manila itself was captured from Brunei, Christianised and made a territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain which was centered in Mexico City. Pengiran Seri Lela came to offer Brunei as a tributary to Spain for help to recover
10080-681: The town and Kuala Belait, but missed Kampong Ayer . On 10 June 1945, the Australian 9th Division landed at Muara under Operation Oboe Six to recapture Borneo from the Japanese. They were supported by American air and naval units. Brunei town was bombed extensively and recaptured after three days of heavy fighting. Many buildings were destroyed, including the Mosque. The Japanese forces in Brunei, Borneo, and Sarawak, under Lieutenant-General Masao Baba, formally surrendered at Labuan on 10 September 1945. The British Military Administration took over from
10192-428: The umbrella of North Borneo Federation . Brunei gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984. The official National Day, which celebrates the country's independence, is held by tradition on 23 February. In July 1953, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III formed a seven-member committee named Tujuh Serangkai , to determine the citizens' views regarding a written constitution for Brunei. In May 1954,
10304-577: The use of flagpoles. Quite apart from the aesthetics of this style, the Art Deco period also marked the introduction of modern construction technologies like reinforced concrete in Singapore. Following the Neoclassical and Art Deco phases, Singaporean architecture moved in a decidedly modernist direction after the war. Post-war austerity encouraged the use of clean, stark and simple modernist forms and surfaces devoid of ornament. Modernist architecture
10416-603: The world travel there to have their memorable photo shoot with the Peranakan conserved houses. It carries a rich historical Peranakan colonial architecture and is infused with rich Peranakan culture, as it has the most historical Peranakan buildings in the Katong district. In 2011, the vicinity surrounding Joo Chiat Road was declared Singapore's first Heritage Town. It is chosen, in part, because of strong efforts to promote its Peranakan culture. Currently, Joo Chiat has become one of
10528-505: Was also equally racially diverse. In addition to the native Malay warriors, the Ottomans had repeatedly sent military expeditions to nearby Aceh . The expeditions were composed mainly of Turks , Egyptians , Swahilis , Somalis , Sindhis , Gujaratis and Malabars . These expeditionary forces had also spread to other nearby Sultanates such as Brunei and had taught new fighting tactics and techniques on how to forge cannons. Eventually,
10640-547: Was also formerly part of Majapahit, had successfully rebelled and then attacked Boni, and had invaded the Northeast Coast of Borneo and afterwards had looted the capital of its treasure and gold including sacking two sacred pearls. A fleet from Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulus, but Boni was left weaker after the attack. A Chinese report from 1371 described Boni as poor and totally controlled by Majapahit. When
10752-504: Was also preferred for the many 'cookie-cutter' or standardised design public buildings being built at the time, such as schools, clinics, factories and especially public housing. Public housing architecture in Singapore dates back to the 1930s with the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT), a colonial government agency, embarked on a building programme to address a shortage of affordable housing in Singapore. Initially,
10864-741: Was applied to newly emergent types of buildings, like Kallang Airport (by the Public Works Department), the Ford Factory (by Emile Brizay), or the Cathay Building (by Frank Brewer) and the Asia Insurance Building (by Ng Keng Siang). Features of this style in the local context included a penchant for inscribing the date of the erection of the building prominently on its facade, the use of projecting horizontal fins as sun shading devices over windows and
10976-826: Was approved by the Brunei State Council for the plan. E.R. Bevington, from the Colonial Office in Fiji , was appointed to implement it. A US$ 14 million Gas Plant was built under the plan. In 1954, survey and exploration work were undertaken by the Brunei Shell Petroleum on both offshore and onshore fields. By 1956, production reached 114,700 bpd . The plan also aided the development of public education. By 1958, expenditure on education totalled at $ 4 million. Communications were improved, as new roads were built and reconstruction at Berakas Airport
11088-519: Was at more than six million barrels. The British Malayan Petroleum Company (now Brunei Shell Petroleum Company) was formed on 22 July 1922. The first offshore well was drilled in 1957. Oil and natural gas have been the basis of Brunei's development and wealth since the late 20th century. The Japanese invaded Brunei on 16 December 1941, eight days after their attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States Navy. They landed 10,000 troops of
11200-691: Was built 1957. Katong Apartments was built in 1996 and located in 28 Mangis Road (S)424965 in District 15 which is in Joo Chiat-Katong precinct. After world war 2, East Coast Road (Katong) became an active retail and entertainment hub in the 1950s and 1960s, with popular supermarket Tay Buan Guan, Red House Katong Bakery and food specialties such as Katong Laksa. Changi Market (now Joo Chiat Complex) at Joo Chiat Road became an important trading centre for Malays from Malaysia , Brunei and Indonesia . They traded in food, flowers and spices, which remain
11312-403: Was completed in 1954. The second National Development Plan was launched in 1962. A major oil and gas field was discovered in 1963. Developments in the oil and gas sector have continued, and oil production has steadily increased since then. The plan also promoted the production of meat and eggs for consumption by citizens. The fishing industry increased its output by 25% throughout the course of
11424-419: Was erected around a skeletal structure of tropical hardwood posts and beams, usually chengal . Medium hardwoods, like meranti , were used as floor boards, roof rafters and door and window frames. The roof itself was made of layers of palm frond thatch, while the walls were either made of woven bamboo strips or meranti planks. The basic form of the house was simple, but additional rooms could be added according to
11536-551: Was extensively damaged by the Japanese during their occupation. They also had to put out the fires on the wells of Seria, which had been set by the Japanese prior to their defeat. Before 1941, the Governor of the Straits Settlements, based in Singapore, was responsible for the duties of British High Commissioner for Brunei, Sarawak , and North Borneo (now Sabah ). The first British High Commissioner for Brunei
11648-514: Was firmly rooted in Brunei, and the country had built one of its biggest mosques. In 1578, Alonso Beltrán, a Spanish traveller, described it as being five stories tall and built on the water. Brunei briefly rose to prominence in Southeast Asia when the Portuguese occupied Malacca and thereby forced the wealthy and powerful but displaced Muslim refugees there to relocate to nearby Sultanates such as Brunei. The Bruneian Sultan then intervened in
11760-536: Was founded by Awang Alak Betatar, later to be Sultan Muhammad Shah , reigning around AD 1400. He moved from Garang in the Temburong District to the Brunei River estuary, discovering Brunei. According to legend, upon landing he exclaimed, Baru nah (loosely translated as "that's it!" or "there"), from which the name "Brunei" was derived. He was the first Muslim ruler of Brunei. Before the rise of
11872-455: Was given the legal tools and financial resources needed to make great progress in speeding up the building of public housing. Architecturally, this resulted in a relatively homogenous suburban landscape, where satellite new towns (modelled after the British), were built with seemingly endless stacks of slab blocks housing tens of thousands of peoples in small two and three-bedroom flats. From
11984-509: Was known as King of Katong after his death on 5 February 1926. Madam Chew Quee Neo, who was the daughter of Chew Joo Chiat donated a piece of land to build a Theravada Buddhist temple known as "Mangala Vihara" in 1959 which is cater for the Peranakan Buddhist community. Joo Chiat was never an independent area, it was always a road in the Katong district. It houses a recent historical church called Katong Presbyterian Church which
12096-527: Was one of many, which also included action in Mindanao and Sulu . The racial make-up of the Christian side was diverse since it were usually made up of Mestizos , Mulattoes and Amerindians ( Aztecs , Mayans and Incans ) who were gathered and sent from Mexico and were led by Spanish officers who had worked together with native Filipinos in military campaigns across the Southeast Asia. The Muslim side
12208-538: Was popular and praised for spacious and green communal areas as well as attractively designed blocks, the rate of construction was slow in relation to the scale of the housing shortage in Singapore. After the People's Action Party came to power in 1959, it embarked on a massive public housing programme, which was one of its signature campaign promises. It replaced the SIT with the Housing and Development Board (HDB). The HDB
12320-466: Was popular from the 1950s to the 1970s, especially in the public housing apartment blocks. The Brutalist style of architecture was also popular in the 1970s. These styles coincided with the great urban renewal and building boom periods in Singapore history, and consequently these are the most common architectural styles seen on the island. Some of the more architecturally significant works of this period include Pearl Bank Apartments by Tan Cheng Siong, and
12432-498: Was the Governor of Sarawak, Sir Charles Ardon Clarke. The Barisan Pemuda ("Youth Front"; abbreviated as BARIP) was the first political party to be formed in Brunei, on 12 April 1946. The party intended to "preserve the sovereignty of the Sultan and the country, and to defend the rights of the Malays ". BARIP also contributed to the composition of the country's national anthem. The party was dissolved in 1948 due to inactivity. In 1959,
12544-610: Was then under the jurisdiction of the Rural Board. When the Municipal Limit extended into Joo Chiat Road, the Municipality wanted to construct a road for motor vehicles from Geylang Serai to the beach and offered to buy the stretch of Chew's land (the Confederate Estate Road) to construct a road for motor vehicles. Chew saw the benefit of a transport infrastructure going through his land, and bequeathed
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