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141-561: José María Teclo Morelos Pérez y Pavón ( Spanish: [xoˈse maˈɾi.a ˈteklo moˈɾelos ˈpeɾes i paˈβon] ) (30 September 1765 – 22 December 1815) was a Mexican Catholic priest , statesman and military leader who led the Mexican War of Independence movement, assuming its leadership after the execution of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in 1811. Born in Valladolid , Michoacán , Morelos studied at Colegio de San Nicolás and

282-486: A consecrated life or monasticism include both the ordained and unordained. Institutes of consecrated life , or monks , can be deacons, priests, bishops, or non-ordained members of a religious order . The non-ordained in these orders are not to be considered laypersons in a strict sense—they take certain vows and are not free to marry once they have made solemn profession of vows. All female religious are non-ordained; they may be sisters living to some degree of activity in

423-643: A revolt by Spanish troops first and, subsequently, an uprising in Madrid , This was followed by further revolts across Spain. In August 1808, a British army landed in Portugal. Britain and France then went to war against each other in Portugal and Spain. The war and instability in Spain affected Mexico and other parts of New Spain . In 1803, aged 50, Hidalgo arrived in Dolores accompanied by his family that included

564-563: A Catholic priest, the church had jurisdiction for his imprisonment and trial; he was jailed in the Inquisition building in Mexico City. Although Morelos was a huge prize for the royal government, the viceroy decided not to make a public spectacle of his journey of incarceration, but rather slipped him into the capital before dawn. The royal government had experience with the trial and execution of Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, which

705-663: A Republic. After a series of defeats, Morelos was captured by the royalist army in Temalaca, Puebla . He was tried by the Inquisition , defrocked as a cleric, and executed by civil authorities in San Cristóbal Ecatepec on 22 December 1815. Morelos is considered a national hero in Mexico, who despite not having a military background became a successful insurgency leader, credited with organizing and bolstering

846-549: A believing wife in his ministry (1 Cor 9:5). In I Corinthians 7, Paul makes it clear that celibacy is superior to the married state: "Now to the unmarried and the widows I say: It is good for them to stay unmarried, as I do... I would like you to be free from concern. An unmarried man is concerned about the Lord’s affairs—how he can please the Lord. But a married man is concerned about the affairs of this world... An unmarried woman or virgin

987-515: A black baldric also embroidered with gold. There was also a large image of the Virgin of Guadalupe in gold on his chest. Hidalgo and his forces took Valladolid with little opposition on 17 October 1810. There, Hidalgo issued proclamations against the peninsulares, whom he accused of arrogance and despotism, as well as enslaving those in the Americas for almost 300 years. Hidalgo argued that

1128-469: A communal state, or nuns living in cloister or some other type of isolation. The male members of religious orders, whether living in monastic communities or cloistered in isolation, and who are ordained priests or deacons constitute what is called the religious or regular clergy , distinct from the diocesan or secular clergy . Those ordained priests or deacons who are not members of some sort of religious order ( secular priests ) most often serve as clergy to

1269-464: A daughter. His first born was Juan Nepomuceno Almonte , who played a significant role in Mexican military history. Lucas Alamán , a fierce nineteenth-century opponent of the insurgency and after independence a conservative politician and historian, asserted that Morelos "fathered various children with anonymous women of the people." This charge of promiscuity might simply be a slur without foundation on

1410-600: A destination of Guadalajara . After turning back, many insurgents deserted. By the time he got to Aculco, just north of Toluca, his army had shrunk to 40,000 men. New Spain General Felix Calleja attacked Hidalgo's forces, defeating them on 7 November 1810. Allende decided to take the troops under his command to Guanajuato, instead of Guadalajara. Hidalgo arrived in Guadalajara on 26 November with more than 7,000 poorly armed troops. He initially occupied

1551-420: A famine in the Dolores area, and rather than releasing stored grain to market, Spanish merchants blocked its release, speculating on price increases. Hidalgo lobbied against these practices but was not successful. Fearing arrest, Hidalgo ordered his brother Mauricio, as well as Ignacio Allende and Mariano Abasolo , to go with a number of other armed men to make the sheriff release prison inmates in Dolores on

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1692-469: A friend of Hidalgo, but he was adamantly opposed to Hidalgo's tactics and the resultant disruptions, alleged "sacrileges" and purported ill-treatment of priests. The Inquisition pronounced an edict against Hidalgo, charging him with denying that God punishes sins in this world, doubting the authenticity of the Bible, denouncing the popes and Church government, allowing Jews not to convert to Christianity, denying

1833-436: A lance to adopt it as his banner. He inscribed the following slogans to his troops' flags: "Long live religion! Long live our most Holy Mother of Guadalupe! Long live America and death to bad government!" For the insurgents as a whole, the Virgin represented an intense and highly localized religious sensibility, invoked more to identify allies rather than create ideological alliances or a sense of nationalism. The extent and

1974-488: A layperson if that is impractical and the arrangements are supported by the conference of bishops and the Holy See, and in an emergency a couple can perform the ceremony themselves as long as there are two witnesses. Church doctrine says it is the couple actually conferring marriage upon each other, and the minister is merely assisting and witnessing that it has been done properly. The Catholic Church has different rules for

2115-590: A muleteer ( arriero ) in the area where he fought in the insurgency, on the ground experience of the terrain that would be valuable. He is also said to have worked on a ranch rented by his uncle for nearly ten years. Morelos had ambitions for something more than working with his hands, and assiduously studied; his maternal grandfather was a school teacher. In 1789, he enrolled in the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo in Valladolid, where Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

2256-466: A person dies before the baptism ceremony is performed, the Catholic Church also recognizes baptism of desire , where a person desired to be baptized, and baptism of blood, when a person is martyred for their faith. According to canon law, a parish priest or bishop, or another priest or deacon delegated by them, ordinarily performs ("assists") Holy Matrimony , but the role can be delegated to

2397-608: A powerful legislature, the opposite of what Morelos had called for. He nevertheless conceded that it was the best he could hope for under the circumstances. Shortly thereafter, Morelos began his fourth military campaign, a series of defeats beginning at Valladolid in late 1813. While escorting the new insurgent Congress in November 1815, he was defeated in Temalaca by royalist forces. Morelos and his guard were surrounded; rather than have all taken prisoner, Morelos told his men to each save himself. This left Morelos to be captured alone. As

2538-567: A profession (which is a reason for, and symbolized by, the state of celibacy). There are programs of formation and studies which aim to enable the future priest to effectively serve his ministry. These programs are demanded by canon law (in the Latin Church, canons 232–264) which also refers to the Bishops' Conferences for local more detailed regulation. As a general rule, education is extensive and lasts at least five or six years, depending on

2679-515: A resistance group which, among other things, passed on plans and production sites for V-2 rockets , Tiger tanks , Messerschmitt Bf 109 , Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft to the Allies, which were crucial for the war. The Group informed very early about the mass murder of Jews. Like Maier, many priests were brutally tortured by the Gestapo and in the concentration camps. In 1965,

2820-637: A sacrament, as per example the Church of Norway and Denmark who keep their respective Monarchs as Pontifexes , sovereign heads of the church-hierarchy. There are different requirements for the performance of the Eucharistic ceremony to be valid among different kinds of Christian denominations, in regard of who are to oversee the sanctity of the Eucharist and stand as guarantor that the Holy Service

2961-503: A seditionary, apostate , and heretic . The insurgents stayed in the city preparing to march to the capital of New Spain, Mexico City . The canon of the cathedral met Hidalgo and made him promise that the atrocities of San Miguel, Celaya and Guanajuato would not be repeated in Valladolid. Wholesale destruction of the city was not repeated. However, Hidalgo was furious when he found the cathedral locked to him, which led him to jail Spaniards, replace city officials with his own and looting

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3102-408: A small core of fighters. He sought allies in the region, and obtained cannons and other war materiel. Morelos's objectives for the rebellion called for the creation of a republican government that "all Mexican people would participate, the abolition of slavery , and the elimination of divisions between races and ethnicities." Morelos soon showed himself to be a talented strategist, and became one of

3243-580: A specific church or in an office of a specific diocese or in Rome . Catholic priests are ordained by bishops through the sacrament of holy orders . Catholic bishops are ordained in an unbroken line of apostolic succession back to the Twelve Apostles depicted in the Catholic Bible . The ceremony of Eucharist , which can only be confected by priests, in particular derives from the story of

3384-684: A stand at the Calderón Bridge ( Puente de Calderón ) just outside the city. Hidalgo had between 80,000 and 100,000 men and 95 cannons, but the better trained royalists decisively defeated the insurgent army, forcing Hidalgo to flee towards Aguascalientes. At Hacienda de Pabellón, on 25 January 1811, near the city of Aguascalientes , Allende and other insurgent leaders took military command away from Hidalgo, blaming him for their defeats. Hidalgo remained as head politically but with military command going to Allende. The insurgent Army moved north towards Zacatecas and Saltillo with

3525-640: A surrender without bloodshed. He entered Oaxaca in triumph on 25 November 1812. Acapulco fell on 12 April 1813, forcing the Spanish army to take refuge in the Fort of San Diego . In 1813, Morelos called the National Constituent Congress of Chilpancingo , composed of representatives of the provinces under his control, to consider a political and social program which he outlined in a document entitled Sentimientos de la Nación (Sentiments of

3666-423: A theology professor. Beginning in 1787, he was named treasurer, vice-rector and secretary, becoming dean of the school in 1790 when he was 39. As rector , Hidalgo continued studying the liberal ideas that were coming from France and other parts of Europe. Authorities ousted him in 1792 for revising traditional teaching methods there, but also for "irregular handling of some funds." The Church sent him to work at

3807-620: A worldwide shortage of Catholic priests . In 2014, 49,153 Catholic parishes had no resident priest pastor. The number of priests is increasing in Africa and Asia, but not keeping pace with growth in Catholic populations there. The number of priests is falling in Europe and the Americas faster than the number of local Catholics is declining. This has resulted in some African and Asian priests being recruited to European and American churches, reversing

3948-518: A younger brother, a cousin, two half sisters, as well as María and their two children. He obtained this parish in spite of his hearing before the Inquisition, which did not stop his secular practices. After Hidalgo settled in Dolores, he turned over most of the clerical duties to one of his vicars, Francisco Iglesias, and devoted himself almost exclusively to commerce, intellectual pursuits and humanitarian activities. He spent much of his time studying literature, scientific works, grape cultivation , and

4089-436: Is a pastor is responsible for the administration of a Catholic parish , typically with a single church building dedicated for worship (and usually a nearby residence), and for seeing to the spiritual needs of Catholics who belong to the parish. This involves performing ceremonies for the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church , and counseling people. He may be assisted by other diocesan priests and deacons, and serves under

4230-842: Is an Old Catholic Congregation not in communion with the Roman Catholic Church, or any other, except from their trace of Apostolic Succession with the Old Catholics of the Netherlands, yet part of is a communion of Old Catholic churches established in 2008 by the Polish National Catholic Church (PNCC) of the United States, after the Union of Utrecht began ordaining women and blessing same-sex unions. Since then, it has expanded to include

4371-498: Is concerned about the Lord’s affairs; [b]ut a married woman is concerned about the affairs of this world[.] I am saying this for your own good, not to restrict you, but that you may live in a right way in undivided devotion to the Lord. ...So then, he who marries the virgin does right, but he who does not marry her does better." From its beginnings, the idea of clerical celibacy has been contested in canon courts, in theology, and in religious practices. Celibacy for Roman Catholic priests

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4512-463: Is due to a balancing of large growth in Africa and Asia and a significant decrease in North America and Europe. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Don Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla Gallaga Mandarte y Villaseñor (8 May 1753 – 30 July 1811), commonly known as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla or Miguel Hidalgo ( Spanish pronunciation: [miˈɣel iˈðalɣo] ),

4653-665: Is made present in the offering of each Eucharistic sacrifice which is called the Eucharist . The Catholic Church teaches the doctrine of transubstantiation , which states that the substances, or underlying reality, of the bread and wine is supernaturally changed by the Words of Consecration of the priest in the ritual of the Mass . At the same time, the accidents (that is, the outward appearances and attributes) remain that of bread and wine: i.e. under normal circumstances, scientific analysis of

4794-404: Is my body " and " Drink from this all of you, for this is my blood, the blood of the covenant, poured out for the forgiveness of sins ." (Matthew 26:26–28 Jerusalem Bible ). The next day Christ's body and blood were visibly sacrificed on the cross. Catholics believe that it is this same body, sacrificed on the cross and risen on the third day and united with Christ's divinity, soul and blood which

4935-685: Is not in communion with either the Oriental Orthodox Congregation in full communion with the Roman or the Eastern Orthodox Church. In contrast to the Evangelical-Lutheran religion of Denmark and Norway, the Church of Sweden practices Apostolic Succession, and holds Ordination as a sacrament. Recognition of the ordination of Anglican Church priests was denied in 1896 by Pope Leo XIII through

5076-636: Is open only to men; women are excluded. The Catholic Church teaches that when a man participates in priesthood after the Sacrament of Holy Orders , he acts in persona Christi Capitis , representing the person of Christ. Unlike usage in English, "the Latin words sacerdos and sacerdotium are used to refer in general to the ministerial priesthood shared by bishops and presbyters. The words presbyter , presbyterium and presbyteratus refer to priests in

5217-601: Is properly performed. There are significant differences particularly regarding the strictness/liberality of whom are welcome to receive the sacraments. Through the principle of church economy , the Catholic Church Norms at the same time recognizes as valid the Holy Service of denominations practicing the Symbolum Nicaenum , also known as the Nicene Creed, and deem illicit and therefore find

5358-573: The Bajío area, through Atotonilco , San Miguel el Grande (present-day San Miguel de Allende ), Chamucuero, Celaya , Salamanca , Irapuato and Silao , to Guanajuato . From Guanajuato, Hidalgo directed his troops to Valladolid, Michoacán . They remained here for a while and eventually marched towards Mexico City. From Valladolid, they marched through the State of Mexico , through the cities of Maravatio, Ixtlahuaca, Toluca coming as close to Mexico City as

5499-466: The Battle of Calderón Bridge and were defeated. After the battle, Hidalgo and his remaining troops fled north, but Hidalgo was betrayed, captured and executed. Hidalgo was the second-born child of Cristóbal Hidalgo y Costilla Espinoza de los Monteros and Ana María Gallaga Mandarte Villaseñor, both criollos . On his maternal side, he was of Basque ancestry. His most recent identifiable Spanish ancestor

5640-514: The Cry of Dolores ( El Grito de Dolores , now celebrated every year on 15 September at 11:00 p.m.) that called for armed revolt after the Spanish colonial authorities had discovered the Conspiracy of Querétaro , a clandestine movement seeking Mexican independence. Like Allende and Aldama, Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez , popularly known as La Corregidora , was one of the famous initial supporters of

5781-597: The Eastern Orthodox Church which is now entirely separate). The issue of mandatory celibacy in the Latin Church continues to be debated. Bishops, priests, and deacons who want to become priests are also required to recite the principal and minor offices of the Liturgy of the Hours , or Divine Office , daily, a practice which is also followed by non-ordained people in some religious orders. A priest who

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5922-467: The Eucharist , take confession , and perform Anointing of the Sick . Deacons may distribute Holy Communion after a priest or bishop has consecrated the bread and wine, and, in extraordinary circumstances, lay people, called "Extraordinary Ministers of Holy Communion", may do so as well. Priests and deacons ordinarily perform Baptism , but any Catholic can baptize in emergency circumstances. In cases where

6063-548: The Last Supper , when Jesus Christ distributed bread and wine in the presence of the Twelve Apostles , in some versions of the Gospel of Luke commanding them to "do this in memory of me". (Some Protestant critics have challenged the historical accuracy of the claim of unbroken succession. ) Catholic tradition says the apostles in turn selected other men to succeed them as the bishops ( episkopoi , Greek for "overseers") of

6204-546: The Pope . The theology of the Catholic priesthood is rooted in the priesthood of Christ and to some degree shares elements of the ancient Hebraic priesthood as well, since the Catholic priesthood is considered the fulfillment of the priesthood of the Old Covenant . A priest is one who presides over a sacrifice and offers that sacrifice and prayers to God on behalf of believers. Jewish priesthood which functioned at

6345-496: The Second Vatican Council released Presbyterorum Ordinis on the ministry and life of priests, and Optatam Totius on the training of priests. Since 1970, the number of Catholic priests in the world has decreased by about 5,000, to 414,313 priests as of 2012. but the worldwide Catholic population has nearly doubled, growing from 653.6 million in 1970 to 1.229 billion in 2012. This has resulted in

6486-732: The Union of Utrecht and the Polish-Catholic Church of the Republic of Poland . In AD2008 the Old Catholics of the Union of Scranton broke away from the Union of Utrecht after the Union of Utrecht began ordaining women and blessing same-sex unions. It is after this it has expanded to include the Nordic Catholic Church . The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Congregation of the East holds apostolic succession, but

6627-677: The 50 years ending in 2009, between 1.5% and 5% of Catholic priests had a sexual encounter with a minor, and Thomas Plante estimated a figure of 4%. Public anger was fueled by the revelation that many accused priests were transferred to another parish rather than being removed from ministry or reported to police. The scandal caused some Catholics to leave the church, made recruitment of new priests more difficult, and resulted in billions of dollars in lawsuit settlements and bankruptcies that increased financial pressure to close parishes with declining membership. In February 2019, clerical abuse of nuns , including sexual slavery , has been acknowledged by

6768-553: The Americas and Australia, this tension led to bans on married Eastern Catholic priests, all of which were overturned by Pope Francis in 2014. Within the lands of the Eastern Christendom , priests' children often became priests and married within their social group, establishing a tightly-knit hereditary caste among some Eastern Christian communities. Worldwide, the number of priests has remained fairly steady since 1970, decreasing by about 5,000. This stagnation

6909-745: The Catholic Church The church has different rules for priests in the Latin Church –the largest Catholic particular church –and in the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches . Notably, priests in the Latin Church must take a vow of celibacy , whereas most Eastern Catholic Churches permit married men to be ordained. Deacons are male and usually belong to the diocesan clergy, but, unlike almost all Latin Church (Western Catholic) priests and all bishops from Eastern or Western Catholicism, they may marry as laymen before their ordination as clergy. Priesthood

7050-669: The Catholic Church in 424), the Oriental Orthodoxy (split in 451) and the Eastern Orthodox Church (split with the East–West Schism of 1054). During the Protestant Reformation , Martin Luther and William Tyndale advocated the priesthood of all believers , the idea that all baptized Christians are equally part of the sacred priesthood and that ministerial priesthood has no real authority beyond that of

7191-484: The Christian communities, with whom were associated presbyters ( presbyteroi , Greek for "elders") and deacons ( diakonoi , Greek for "servants"). As communities multiplied and grew in size, the bishops appointed more and more presbyters to preside at the Eucharist in place of the bishop in the multiple communities in each region. The diaconate evolved as the liturgical assistants of the bishop and his delegate for

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7332-687: The Eastern Churches are 23 Eastern Christian sui iuris (autonomous) particular churches of the Catholic Church, in full communion with the Bishop of Rome . Although they are distinct theologically, liturgically, and historically from the Latin Church, they are all in full communion with it and with each other. The Coptic Catholic Church among these 23 is not identical with the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria . The US-based expatriate Polish National Catholic Church

7473-474: The English use of the word or presbyters." According to the Annuario Pontificio 2016, as of December 31, 2014, there were 415,792 Catholic priests worldwide, including both diocesan priests and priests in the religious orders . A priest of the regular clergy is commonly addressed with the title "Father" (contracted to Fr, in the Catholic and some other Christian churches). Catholics living

7614-492: The Enlightenment current in Europe but, at the same time, forbidden by the Catholic church in Mexico. Hidalgo was ordained as a priest in 1778 when he was 25 years old. From 1779 to 1792, he dedicated himself to teaching at the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo in Valladolid (now Morelia ); it was "one of the most important educational centers of the viceroyalty." He was a professor of Latin grammar and arts, as well as

7755-492: The Eucharist. The earliest Christians were Jews and Jewish tradition has always deemed the married state as more spiritual than the celibate state. However, some Christian traditions place a higher spiritual value on chastity. According to the Bible, the Apostle Peter had a spouse from Gospel stories of Peter's mother-in-law sick with fever (Matt 8:14, Mark 1:29, Luke 4:38) and from Paul's mention that Peter took along

7896-535: The Eucharist. An unmarried person, once ordained, could not marry. Additionally, the Christian East required that, before becoming a bishop, a priest separate from his wife (she was permitted to object), with her typically becoming a nun. In the East, more normally, bishops are chosen from those priests who are monks and are thus unmarried. In the West, the law of celibacy became mandatory by Pope Gregory VII at

8037-525: The Eucharistic elements would indicate the physical-material properties of wine and bread. Thus Catholic priests, in celebrating the Eucharist, join each offering of the Eucharistic elements in union with the sacrifice of Christ. Through their celebration of the Holy Eucharist, they make present the one eternal sacrifice of Christ on the cross. The Catholic Church teaches that the Sacrifice of

8178-472: The European-born Spaniards who had overthrown the Spanish Viceroy José de Iturrigaray . Hidalgo marched across Mexico and gathered an army of nearly 90,000 poor farmers and Mexican civilians who attacked Spanish Peninsular and Criollo elites. Hidalgo's insurgent army accumulated initial victories on its way to Mexico City, but his troops ultimately lacked training and were poorly armed. These troops ran into an army of well-trained and armed Spanish troops in

8319-402: The Mass and the sacrifice of Christ on the Cross are one and the same sacrifice (as decrees in the Council of Trent affirmed); " The sacrifice of Christ and the sacrifice of the Eucharist are one single sacrifice ," whereas the Jewish concept of memorial states ".. the memorial is not merely a recollection of past events....these events become in a certain way present and real " and thus "...

8460-401: The Monte de las Cruces, between the Valley of Toluca and the Valley of Mexico . Through numbers, Hidalgo's army had some early victories. Hidalgo first went through the economically important and densely populated province of Guanajuato. One of the first stops was at the Sanctuary of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe in Atotonilco , where Hidalgo affixed an image of the Virgin of Guadalupe to

8601-399: The Nation). On 6 November 1813, the Congress declared independence in the Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America . After several military defeats, the Congress organized a meeting in Apatzingán , and on 22 October promulgated the "Decreto Constitucional para la Libertad de la América Mexicana" ( Constitution of Apatzingán ). This established a limited executive and

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8742-415: The Nation). The Congress called itself the Congress of Anáhuac, in reference to the Aztecs . On 31 September 1813, the Congress, with Morelos present, endorsed Sentiments of the Nation. This document declared Mexican independence from Spain, established Catholicism as official religion and created the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government. It declared respect for property and confiscated

8883-407: The Nordic Catholic Church (NCC), begun by people who had separated from the Church of Norway, a Lutheran-Evangelical church under sovereignty of the King of the , in opposition to similar practices and has developed a more Catholic theology. The Nordic Catholic Church includes the Christ-Catholic Church of German in Germany as a daughter-church, which traces its history through the Old Catholics of

9024-399: The Roman Synod of 1074. This law mandated that, in order to become a candidate for ordination, a man could not be married. The law remains in effect in the Latin Church, although not for those who are priests of the Eastern Catholic Churches , who remain under their own discipline. (These churches either remained in or returned to full communion with Rome after the schism, unlike for example

9165-431: The Spanish army under general Félix María Calleja del Rey . On 2 May 1812, after 58 days, Morelos broke through the siege, and started his third campaign. Major victories on this third campaign were at Citlalli on 8 June 1812, Tehuacán on 10 August 1812, Orizaba , Oaxaca and Acapulco. Morelos arrived at Orizaba with 10,000 soldiers on 28 October 1812. The city was defended by 600 Spanish soldiers. Negotiation led to

9306-436: The Spanish people were upset by the presence of the French troops as a result of the numerous excesses that the French committed against the Spanish people, such as occupation of the territory, numerous looting, pillaging, murder of civilians, and the kidnappings of King Charles IV and Prince Ferdinand VII . Also, Napoleon forced both to abdicate and installed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte , as King of Spain. This triggered

9447-454: The United States for education. He was tried and sentenced to death for treason. Morelos was executed by firing squad on 22 December 1815, in San Cristóbal Ecatepec, north of Mexico City in order that his execution not provoke a dangerous public reaction. He was later judged to be reconciled to the church, lifting his excommunication, as he was seen praying on his way to his execution. After his death, his lieutenant, Vicente Guerrero , continued

9588-419: The War of Independence. The Mexican state of Morelos and city of Morelia are named after him. Morelos was born in Valladolid, since renamed Morelia . Although often portrayed as being of "mixed" or "indigenous" descent, Morelos was classified as a Spaniard ( español ) in his baptismal register, a system in which the Catholic Church kept separate registers for ethnic affiliation. Although ethnic affiliation

9729-448: The administration of church funds and programmes for the poor. Today, the rank of "presbyter" is typically what one thinks of as a priest, although church catechism considers both a bishop and a presbyter as "priests". The Pentarchic Church of the three first Holy Synods share the tradition of the sacrament of ordination by which the grace of apostolic succession is secured; this includes the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (split from

9870-502: The assembly, the candidates are interrogated. Each promises to diligently perform the duties of the Priesthood and to respect and obey his ordinary (bishop or religious superior). Then the candidates lie prostrate before the altar, while the assembled faithful kneel and pray for the help of all the saints in the singing of the Litany of the Saints . The essential part of the rite is when the bishop silently lays his hands upon each candidate (followed by all priests present), before offering

10011-440: The capital, but Hidalgo disagreed. Hidalgo's reasoning for this decision is unclear and has been debated by historians. One explanation is that Hidalgo's forces were undisciplined and had suffered heavy losses whenever they encountered trained troops. As the capital was guarded by some of the most trained soldiers in New Spain, Hidalgo decided to turn away from Mexico City and move to the north through Toluca and Ixtlahuaca with

10152-412: The capture of San Miguel in late September 1810. When rioting ran through the city, Allende tried to break up violence by striking insurgents with the flat of his sword, which brought him a rebuke from Hidalgo. On 28 September 1810 , Hidalgo arrived at the city of Guanajuato with rebels who were mostly armed with sticks, stones, and machetes. The town's peninsular and criollo populations took refuge in

10293-466: The city treasury before marching off toward Mexico City. On 19 October, Hidalgo left Valladolid for Mexico City after taking 400,000 pesos from the cathedral to pay expenses. Hidalgo and his troops left the state of Michoacán and marched through the towns of Maravatio, Ixtlahuaca, and Toluca before stopping in the forested mountain area of Monte de las Cruces. Here, insurgent forces engaged Torcuato Trujillo's royalist forces. Hidalgo's troops led

10434-467: The city with lower-class support because Hidalgo promised to end slavery , tribute payment and taxes on alcohol and tobacco. Hidalgo established an alternative government in Guadalajara with himself at the head and appointed two ministers. On 6 December 1810, Hidalgo issued a decree abolishing slavery, threatening those who did not comply with death. He abolished tribute payments that indigenous peoples had to pay to criollo and peninsular lords. He ordered

10575-563: The congregation. This was a complex and controversial matter, contributing to further schisms within the Reformation movement of the Church . The Lutheran-Evangelical Swedish Church maintains the sacrament of ordination and the doctrine of Apostolic Succession, as does the Anglican Church . The doctrine is interpreted in various ways by different Protestant denominations, with some dropping apostolic succession and holy orders as

10716-591: The consecratory prayer, addressed to God the Father , invoking the power of the Holy Spirit upon those being ordained. After the consecratory prayer, the newly ordained is vested with the stole and chasuble of those belonging to the Ministerial Priesthood and then the bishop anoints his hands with chrism before presenting him with the chalice and paten which he will use when presiding at

10857-439: The day to celebrate it varied between 16 September, the day of Hidalgo's Grito de Dolores, and 27 September, when Iturbide's forces captured Mexico City, ending the war. Later, political movements would favor the more liberal Hidalgo over the conservative Iturbide, and 16 September 1810 became officially recognized as the day of Mexican independence. The reason for this is that Hidalgo is considered to be "precursor and creator of

10998-411: The fortified Alhóndiga de Granaditas commanded by Juan Antonio de Riaño. The insurgents overwhelmed the defenses after two days and killed an estimated 400 – 600 people. Allende strongly protested these events and while Hidalgo agreed that they were heinous, he also stated that he understood the historical patterns that shaped such responses. The attacks prompted criollos and peninsulares to ally against

11139-585: The four corners of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato . The heads remained there for ten years until the end of the Mexican War of Independence to demoralize insurgents. Hidalgo's headless body was first displayed outside the prison and then buried in the Church of St Francis in Chihuahua . The remains were transferred to Mexico City in 1824. Hidalgo's death resulted in a political vacuum on

11280-488: The goal of making connections in the United States for support. Hidalgo reached Saltillo, where he publicly resigned his military post and rejected a pardon offered by General José de la Cruz in the name of Venegas in return for Hidalgo's surrender. A short time later, they were betrayed and captured by royalist Ignacio Elizondo at the Wells of Baján ( Norias de Baján ) on 21 March 1811 and taken to Chihuahua . Hidalgo

11421-456: The greatest revolutionary military commanders of the war. In his first nine months, he won 22 victories, defeating the armies of three Spanish royalist leaders and capturing almost all of what is now the state of Guerrero . In December, he captured Acapulco for the first time, except for the Fort of San Diego . Spanish reinforcements forced him to raise the siege in January. By quick marches, he

11562-433: The historical practice of Catholic missionaries being sent from Western countries to the rest of the world. Only men are allowed to receive holy orders, and the church does not allow any transgender people to do so. In the 1990s and 2000s, the cases of sexual abuse by Catholic priests gained worldwide attention, with thousands of accused priests and tens of thousands of alleged victims. The church estimated that over

11703-637: The insurgent movement a supernatural aspect. Many villagers that joined the insurgent army came to believe that Fernando VII himself commanded their loyalty to Hidalgo and the monarch was in New Spain personally directing the rebellion against the Viceroyalty. Historian Eric Van Young believes that such ideas gave the movement supernatural and religious legitimacy that went as far as messianic expectation. Hidalgo and Allende left Dolores with about 800 men, half of whom were on horseback. They marched through

11844-424: The insurgent side until 1812. The royalist military commander, General Félix Calleja , continued to pursue rebel troops. Insurgent fighting evolved into guerrilla warfare , and eventually the next major insurgent leader, José María Morelos Pérez y Pavón , who had led rebel movements with Hidalgo, became head of the insurgents, until Morelos himself was captured and executed in 1815. "Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla had

11985-455: The insurgent-priest. At Morelos's trial, the Inquisition accused him of sending his son to the United States. He testified at his trial that "while he had not been completely pristine for a priest, he had not acted in a scandalous manner" and that he had sent his son away for education and for his safety, acknowledging his paternity. The former rector of the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo (where Morelos attended seminary), Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

12126-447: The insurgents and caused Hidalgo to lose support from liberal criollos. From Guanajuato, Hidalgo set off for Valladolid on 10 October 1810 with 15,000 men. When he arrived at Acámbaro , he was promoted to generalissimo and given the title of His Most Serene Highness, with power to legislate. With his new rank he had a blue uniform with a clerical collar and red lapels embroidered with silver and gold. His uniform also included

12267-482: The intensity of the movement took colonial authorities by surprise. San Miguel and Celaya were captured with little resistance. On 21 September 1810, Hidalgo was proclaimed general and supreme commander after arriving to Celaya. At this point, Hidalgo's army numbered about 5,000. However, because of the lack of discipline, the insurgents soon fell into robbing, looting, ransacking towns and executing prisoners. This caused friction between Allende and Hidalgo as early as

12408-642: The leadership of Viceroy Francisco Venegas , prepared psychological and military defenses. An intensive propaganda campaign had advertised insurgent violence in the Bajío region and stressed the insurgents' threat against social stability. Hidalgo's insurgency also faced opposition from sedentary natives and castes of the Valley of Mexico. Hidalgo's forces came as close as what is now the Cuajimalpa borough of Mexico City. Allende wanted to press forward and attack

12549-408: The local diocesan bishop , who is in charge of the many parishes in the territory of the diocese or archdiocese. In some cases due to the shortage of priests and the expense of a full-time priest for depopulated parishes, a team of priests in solidum may share the management of several parishes. According to Catholic doctrine, a priest or bishop is necessary in order to perform the ceremony of

12690-430: The name of their King, Ferdinand VII . Hidalgo's Grito did not condemn the notion of monarchy or criticize the current social order in detail, but his opposition to the events in Spain and the current viceregal government was clearly expressed in his reference to bad government. The Grito also emphasized loyalty to the Catholic religion, a sentiment with which both Creoles and Peninsulares could sympathize. Hidalgo

12831-401: The national Programme of Priestly Formation. Regardless of where a person prepares for ordination, the process includes not only academic but also human, social, spiritual and pastoral formation. The purpose of seminary education is ultimately to prepare men to be pastors of souls. In the end, however, each individual Ordinary (such as a bishop or Superior General ) is responsible for

12972-468: The night of 15 September 1810, setting eighty free. On the morning of 16 September 1810, Hidalgo celebrated Mass , which was attended by about 300 people, including hacienda owners, local politicians, and Spaniards. There he gave what is now known as the Grito de Dolores (Cry of Dolores), calling the people of his parish to leave their homes and join with him in a rebellion against the current government, in

13113-501: The objective of the war was "to send the gachupines back to the motherland", accusing their greed and tyranny as leading to the temporal and spiritual degradation of Mexicans. Hidalgo forced the Bishop-elect of Michoacan, Manuel Abad y Queipo , to rescind the excommunication order he had circulated against him on 24 September 1810. Later, the Inquisition issued an excommunication edict on 13 October 1810 condemning Hidalgo as

13254-455: The official call to priesthood, and only a bishop may ordain. Any ordinations done before the normally scheduled time (before study completion) must have the explicit approval of the bishop. The Rite of Ordination is what makes one a priest, having already been a deacon and with the minister of Holy Orders being a validly ordained bishop. The Rite of Ordination occurs within the context of Holy Mass. After being called forward and presented to

13395-608: The ordination of priests "objectively sacrilegious" in denominations separated from the one, holy, apostolic and catholic (i.e. universal) Church . holding an unbroken apostolic succession. With the Eastern Catholic Churches it shares and defines the so-called First seven ecumenical councils . The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also called the Eastern-rite Catholic Churches, Eastern Rite Catholicism, or simply

13536-467: The papal bull Apostolicae curae , over a dispute in the wording of the Anglican ceremony starting in the 1500s. In the time of National Socialism there were countless priests who offered resistance. In many cases they acted against the instructions of their church superiors. Many were executed or sent to concentration camps. The Austrian priest Heinrich Maier , who saw himself as Miles Christi, headed

13677-433: The parish church of Cuitzeo de los Naranjos. Hidalgo's parents had three other sons; José Joaquín, Manuel Mariano, and José María, before their mother died when Hildalgo was nine years old. A step brother named Mariano was born later. In 1759, Charles III ascended the Spanish throne; he soon sent out a visitor-general with the power to investigate and reform all parts of colonial government. During this period, Cristóbal

13818-416: The parishes of Colima and San Felipe Torres Mochas until he became the parish priest in Dolores, Guanajuato, succeeding his brother José Joaquín a few weeks after his death on 19 September 1802. Although Hidalgo had a traditional education for the priesthood, as an educator at the Colegio de San Nicolás he had innovated in teaching methods and curriculum. In his personal life, he did not advocate or live

13959-442: The people's response meant he would lead and not Allende. Allende had acquired military training when New Spain established a colonial militia whereas Hidalgo had none. The insurgents who followed Hidalgo also had no military training, experience or equipment. Many of these people were poor who were angry after many years of hunger and oppression. Consequently, Hidalgo was the leader of undisciplined rebels. Hidalgo's leadership gave

14100-475: The perpetual virginity of Mary, preaching that there was no hell, and adopting Lutheran doctrine with regard to the Eucharist . Hidalgo responded that he had never departed from Church doctrine in the slightest degree. Royalist forces marched to Guadalajara, arriving in January 1811 with nearly 6,000 men. Allende and Abasolo wanted to concentrate their forces in the city and plan an escape route should they be defeated, but Hidalgo rejected this, deciding to make

14241-534: The poor by showing them how to grow olives and grapes, but in New Spain (modern Mexico) growing these crops was discouraged or prohibited by colonial authorities to prevent competition with imports from Spain. On 16 September 1810 he gave the Cry of Dolores , a speech calling upon the people to protect the interest of their King Ferdinand VII , held captive during the Peninsular War , by revolting against

14382-514: The priesthood in the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches than those in the Latin Church. The chief difference is that most of the Eastern Catholic Churches ordain married men , whereas the Latin Church, with very few exceptions, enforces mandatory clerical celibacy . This issue has caused tension among Catholics in some situations where Eastern churches established parishes in countries with established Latin Catholic populations. In

14523-493: The priesthood was traditional, with subjects in Latin , rhetoric and logic . Like many priests in Mexico, he studied indigenous languages, such as Nahuatl , Otomi , and Purépecha . He also studied Italian and French, which were not commonly studied in Mexico at this time. He earned the nickname " El Zorro " ("The Fox") for his reputation for cleverness at school. Hidalgo's study of French allowed him to read and study works of

14664-404: The productions of the Spanish colonial government. It abolished slavery and racial categories in favor of the title "American" for all native-born individuals. Torture, colonial monopolies and the system of tributes were also abolished. Morelos was offered the title "Generalissimo" with the style of address "Your Highness", but he refused these and asked to be called "Siervo de la Nación" (Servant of

14805-513: The publication of a newspaper called Despertador Americano ( American Wake Up Call ). He named Pascacio Ortiz de Letona as representative of the insurgent government and sent him to the United States to seek support, but Ortiz de Letona was apprehended by the Spanish army and executed. During this time, insurgent violence mounted in Guadalajara . Citizens loyal to the viceregal government were seized and executed. While indiscriminate looting

14946-408: The raising of silkworms . He used the knowledge that he gained to promote economic activities for the poor and rural people in his area. He established factories to make bricks and pottery and trained indigenous people in the making of leather. He promoted beekeeping . He was interested in promoting activities of commercial value to use the natural resources of the area to help the poor. His goal

15087-477: The rebels captured the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in battle, killing at least 400 Spaniards who had taken shelter. Among the dead was the crown's highest official in Guanajuato, Intendant Juan Antonio Riaño , an old friend of Hidalgo y Costilla. The bishop of Michoacán , Manuel Abad y Queipo , excommunicated the insurgents. Hidalgo y Costilla and his army marched on to Valladolid, where the locals feared that

15228-501: The rest of the heroes of the (Mexican War of) Independence." Diego Rivera painted Hidalgo's image in half a dozen murals. José Clemente Orozco depicted him with a flaming torch of liberty and considered the painting among his best work. David Alfaro Siqueiros was commissioned by San Nicolas McGinty University in Morelia to paint a mural for a celebration commemorating the 200th anniversary of Hidalgo's birth. The town of his parish

15369-577: The revolt in October 1810 and determined to join it. Hidalgo asked his former student to recruit troops in the south of the colony and capture the port of Acapulco , the west coast port for the Pacific trade to the Philippines , also a Spanish colony. Unlike Hidalgo, who was a poor tactician leading a huge and undisciplined following, Morelos quickly demonstrated military skills, gathering and training

15510-510: The revolt. Miguel Hidalgo and his followers rose in open rebellion against the Spanish colonial authorities launching what became the Mexican War of Independence . With the imperial government taken by surprise, operatives took important cities of the Bajío region without an organized response. The insurgency proclaimed Hidalgo captain general of Mexico in Celaya on 21 September. Hidalgo y Costilla advanced to Guanajuato ; and on 28 September,

15651-615: The royalist army's main rival. In 1813, Morelos wrote Sentimientos de la Nación , a document influenced by the Constitution of Cádiz where he outlined his program for the Mexican nation. Under his leadership, the Congress of Anáhuac was installed in Chilpancingo , and on 6 November 1813 declared the independence of Mexico. On 22 October 1814, the Constitution of Apatzingán drafted by Congress declared that Mexico would be

15792-399: The royalist troops to retreat, but the insurgents suffered heavy casualties, as they had when they engaged royalist soldiers in Guanajuato. After the Battle of Monte de las Cruces on 30 October 1810, Hidalgo had some 100,000 insurgents and was in a strategic position to attack Mexico City. Numerically, his forces outnumbered royalist forces. The royalist government in Mexico City, under

15933-446: The sacrifice Christ offered once and for all on the cross remains ever present ." Properly speaking, in Catholic theology, as expressed by Saint Thomas Aquinas , "Only Christ is the true priest, the others being only his ministers." Thus, Catholic clergy share in the one, unique, Priesthood of Christ as his instruments. The canon law of the Catholic Church holds that the priesthood is a sacred and perpetual vocational state, not just

16074-509: The slaughter of Guanajuato would be repeated, prompting many people to abandon the region, particularly elites. Valladolid was taken peacefully on 17 October 1810. In Tacámbaro, Hidalgo y Costilla was proclaimed general, and Allende captain general. Hidalgo ordered a rest for his troops in Indaparapeo , where a few minutes before their departure, Morelos, who had read about his excommunication and his triumphs, found him. Morelos had heard of

16215-582: The temple in Jerusalem offered animal sacrifices at various times throughout the year for a variety of reasons. In Christian theology, Jesus is the Lamb provided by God himself as the sacrifice for the sins of the world. Before his death on the cross , Jesus celebrated the Passover with his disciples (the Last Supper ) and offered blessings over the bread and wine respectively, saying: " Take and eat. This

16356-546: The unique distinction of being a father in three senses of the word: a priestly father in the Roman Catholic Church, a biological father who produced illegitimate children in violation of his clerical vows, and the father of his country." He has been hailed as the Father of the Nation even though it was Agustín de Iturbide and not Hidalgo who became the first head of state of Mexico in 1821. Shortly after gaining independence,

16497-645: The war for independence. Morelos is considered a national hero of Mexico; the state of Morelos and city of Morelia are named after him. Morelos has been portrayed on the 50-peso note since 1997, and on 1-peso coins during the 1940s, 1970s and 1980s. The Estadio Morelos in Morelia, Puerto Morelos in the state of Quintana Roo , the Morelos Station on the Mexico City Metro , the city of Ecatepec de Morelos in Mexico State where he

16638-590: The way expected of 18th-century Mexican priests. Instead, his studies of Enlightenment-era ideas caused him to challenge traditional political and religious views. He questioned the absolute authority of the Spanish king and challenged numerous ideas presented by the Church, including the power of the popes, the virgin birth , and clerical celibacy . As a secular cleric, he was not bound by a vow of poverty, so he, like many other secular priests, pursued business activities, including owning three haciendas; but contrary to his vow of chastity, he formed liaisons with women. One

16779-625: Was a Catholic priest , leader of the Mexican War of Independence and recognized as the Father of the Nation . A professor at the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo in Valladolid , Hidalgo was influenced by Enlightenment ideas, which contributed to his ouster in 1792. He served in a church in Colima and then in Dolores . After his arrival, he was shocked by the rich soil he had found. He tried to help

16920-433: Was able to capture most of the Spanish possessions on the Pacific coast of what are now Michoacán and Guerrero. On 24 May 1811, he occupied Chilpancingo and on 26 May he took Tixtla . In his second campaign, Morelos divided his army into three groups. The most important engagement of this campaign was at Cuautla . On Christmas Eve 1811 the townspeople welcomed Morelos to the town. The next year his forces were besieged by

17061-403: Was an egalitarian. As parish priest in both San Felipe and Dolores, he opened his house to natives and mestizos as well as criollos. Meanwhile, in the city of Querétaro , a conspiracy was brewing, organized by the mayor Miguel Domínguez and his wife Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez ; members of the military, such as Ignacio Allende , Juan Aldama and Mariano Abasolo , also participated. Allende

17202-594: Was appointed priest of Carácuaro in 1799. He joined Miguel Hidalgo's Cry of Dolores , soon becoming an insurgency leader. Aided by local peoples, along with revolutionary leaders Mariano Matamoros and Ignacio López Rayón , Morelos occupied territories in southern and central New Spain , leading the Siege of Cuautla and capturing Acapulco , New Spain's main port in the Pacific Ocean. His campaigns galvanized regional insurgencies against Spanish rule, which made him

17343-626: Was avoided, insurgents targeted properties of criollos and Spaniards, regardless of political affiliation. In the meantime, the royalist army had retaken Guanajuato, forcing Allende to flee to Guadalajara. After he arrived at the city, Allende again objected to Hidalgo concerning the insurgent violence. However, Hidalgo knew the royalist army was on its way to Guadalajara and wanted to stay on good terms with his own army. After Guanajuato had been retaken by royalist forces, Bishop Manuel Abad y Queipo excommunicated Hidalgo and those following or helping him on 24 December 1810. Abad y Queipo had formerly been

17484-400: Was determined that Miguel and his younger brother Joaquín should both enter the priesthood and hierarchy of the Catholic Church. Being of significant means he paid for all of his sons to receive the best education the region had to offer. After receiving private instruction, likely from the priest of the neighboring parish, Hidalgo was ready for further education. At the age of fifteen Hidalgo

17625-476: Was done far from the capital and in rushed fashion; but Morelos's trial was conducted in the capital with the highest officials presiding, with the outcome of a guilty verdict and execution by civil officials. Inquisition officials drew up 23 charges against Morelos, and following proper procedure, Morelos had a defense attorney, José Quiles. He was charged with treason, disloyalty to the crown, and transgressions in his personal life, namely, sending his natural sons to

17766-743: Was executed, Insurgente José María Morelos y Pavón National Park in Michoacán, and the Morelos Satellite from the Communications company Satmex are also named after him. His remains were transferred to the Monument to Independence El Ángel in Mexico City, along with those of other heroes of the insurgency. The Presidential aircraft Boeing 787 TP-01 was named José María Morelos y Pavón. [REDACTED] Media related to José María Morelos at Wikimedia Commons Priesthood in

17907-491: Was fluid in colonial Spanish America, his family was considered as Spaniard according to the social categories of the time. His paternal family had both Spaniards and Mestizos (Indigenous and African) whereas his maternal family was fully Spanish. His father was José Manuel Morelos y Robles, a carpenter originally from Zindurio, a village west of Valladolid. His mother was Juana María Guadalupe Pérez Pavón, originally from San Juan Bautista de Apaseo, also near Valladolid. Valladolid

18048-402: Was his maternal great-grandfather, who was from Durango, Biscay . On his paternal side, he descended from criollo families native to Tejupilco , which were well-respected within the criollo community. Hidalgo's father was an hacienda manager in Valladolid , Michoacán , where Hidalgo spent the majority of his life. Eight days after his birth, Hidalgo was baptized into the Catholic faith in

18189-588: Was in charge of convincing Hidalgo to join his movement, since the priest of Dolores had very influential friends from all over the Bajío and even New Spain, such as Juan Antonio Riaño, mayor of Guanajuato , and Manuel Abad y Queipo , Bishop of Michoacán . In 1807, France and Spain signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau to invade Portugal , an ally of the United Kingdom . The French troops that were supposed to go through Spain to Portugal remained in Spain and

18330-410: Was killed by firing squad in the morning of 30 July. Before his execution, he thanked his jailers, two soldiers, Ortega and Melchor, for their humane treatment. At his execution, Hidalgo stated "Though I may die, I shall be remembered forever; you all will soon be forgotten." His body and the bodies of Allende, Aldama and José Mariano Jiménez were decapitated, and the heads were put on display in

18471-495: Was met with an outpouring of support. Intellectuals, liberal priests and many poor people followed Hidalgo with enthusiasm. His movement was joined by mestizos and the indigenous in such numbers that the original motives of the Querétaro group were obscured. Ignacio Allende, Hidalgo's main co-conspirator in Querétaro, remained more loyal to the Querétaro group's original, criollo centered objectives. However, Hidalgo's actions and

18612-596: Was not mandated under canon law for the universal church until the Second Lateran Council in 1139. The Council of Elvira in Spain ( c.  305–306 ) was the first council to call for clerical celibacy. In February 385, Pope Siricius wrote the Directa decretal , which was a long letter to Spanish bishop Himerius of Tarragona , replying to the bishop's requests on various subjects, which had been sent several months earlier to Pope Damasus I . It

18753-436: Was planning with others for the independence of New Spain from the Spanish empire. About 6:00 a.m. on 16 September 1810, Hidalgo, then the parish priest of Dolores , Guanajuato (since renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor), ordered the church bells to be rung, and gathered his congregation. Flanked by Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama , Hidalgo addressed the people in front of his church, urging them to take up arms, with

18894-424: Was rector. When he was ordained a priest, he, as with many others without connections, had no benefice to guarantee any income as a priest. However, as a secular cleric, he took no vow of poverty and could freely pursue business activities to make a living. As a priest, he could not marry, but he did form a relationship with at least one woman, Brígida Almonte. He is known to have fathered three children: two sons and

19035-517: Was renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor and the state of Hidalgo was created in 1869. Every year on the night of 15–16 September, the president of Mexico re-enacts the Grito from the balcony of the National Palace . This scene is repeated by the heads of cities and towns all over Mexico. He is also the namesake of Hidalgo County, Texas , in the United States. The remains of Hidalgo lie in

19176-672: Was sent to Valladolid (now Morelia ), Michoacán , to study at the Colegio de San Francisco Javier with the Jesuits , along with his brothers. When the Jesuits were expelled from Mexico in 1767, he entered the Colegio de San Nicolás , where he studied for the priesthood. He completed his preparatory education in 1770. After this, he went to the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico in Mexico City for further study, earning his degree in philosophy and theology in 1773. His education for

19317-597: Was the first of a series of documents published by the church's magisterium that claimed apostolic origin for clerical celibacy . Within a century of the Great Schism of 1054, the Churches of the East and West arrived at different disciplines as to abstaining from sexual contact during marriage. In the East, candidates for the priesthood could be married with permission to have regular sexual relations with their wives, but were required to abstain before celebrating

19458-546: Was the seat of a bishop and of the government of the colonial Intendency of Valladolid. It was known as the "Garden of the Viceroyalty of New Spain " because of its prosperity. Through his paternal line, Morelos was related to Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla . Both insurgents shared a common ancestor, Diego Ruiz de Cortés, who was a descendant of the conquistador Hernán Cortés . Hidalgo was the descendant of Ruiz de Cortés through his mother, Ana María Gallaga. Morelos worked as

19599-642: Was to make the indigenous and mestizos more self-reliant. However, these activities violated mercantilist policies designed to protect agriculture and industry in Spain, and Hidalgo was ordered to stop them. These policies as well as exploitation of mixed race castas fostered animosity in Hidalgo towards the Peninsular-born Spaniards in Mexico. In addition to restricting economic activities in New Spain, Spanish mercantile practices caused misery for native peoples. A drought in 1807–1808 caused

19740-422: Was turned over to Durango, where Bishop Francisco Gabriel de Olivares had him officially defrocked and excommunicated on 27 July 1811. He was subsequently declared guilty of treason by a military court. He was tortured through the flaying of his hands, symbolically removing the chrism placed upon them at his priestly ordination and executed. There are many theories about how he was killed, the most popular that he

19881-475: Was with Manuela Ramos Pichardo, with whom he had two children, as well as a child with Bibiana Lucero. He later lived with a woman named María Manuela Herrera, fathering two daughters out of wedlock with her, and later fathered three other children with a woman named Josefa Quintana. These actions resulted in his appearance before the Court of the Inquisition , although the court did not find him guilty. Hidalgo

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