141-406: OFV may refer to: Offenburger FV Orchid fleck virus Opplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken Austrian Fencing Federation ( Österreichischer Fechtverband ) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title OFV . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
282-560: A great deal to do with the way the German government chose to subsidize industry and to pay the costs of passive resistance to the occupation [of the Ruhr] by extravagant use of the printing press". Bell also writes that hyperinflation was not an inevitable consequence of the Treaty of Versailles, but was among the actual results. According to historian Claude Campbell, John Maynard Keynes "set
423-642: A larger share of the reparations for the British Empire . Wilson opposed these positions and was adamant that no indemnity should be imposed upon Germany. Damages in France and Belgium included the complete demolition of more than 300,000 houses in German-occupied France, the stripping of more than 6,000 factories of their machinery and the smashing of textile industry in Lille and Sedan,
564-608: A lasting peace between the Allied and Central Powers. Demanding compensation from the defeated party was a common feature of peace treaties, including the Treaty of Versailles that Germany had imposed on France in 1871. However, the financial terms of treaties signed during the peace conference were labelled reparations to distinguish them from punitive settlements usually known as indemnities . Reparations were intended for reconstruction and compensating families who had been bereaved by
705-547: A new payment plan, resulting in the Young Plan that established the German reparation requirements at 112 billion marks ( US$ 26.3 billion ) and created a schedule of payments that would see Germany complete payments by 1988. As a result of the severe impact of the Great Depression on the German economy, reparations were suspended for a year in 1931, and after the failure to implement the agreement reached in
846-522: A new settlement on the various debts they owed each other. During January 1932, Brüning said he would seek the complete cancellation of reparations. His position was supported by the British and Italians, and opposed by the French. Because of the political differences between countries on the subject and impending elections in France and Germany, a conference could not be established until June. On 16 June,
987-469: A substantial peace dividend for Weimar's non-revanchist budget politicians." They conclude that, "The fact that [these politicians] did not make sufficient use of this imposed gift supports the hypothesis that the Weimar Republic suffered from home-made political failure". Historians and economists differ on the subject of whether, and to what extent, reparations were a cause of hyper-inflation in
1128-660: A top-five finish in the 1977–78 season. The OFV missed this goal by a point and finished in sixth place, but the club was fortunate, because the 1. FC Nürnberg won promotion to the Bundesliga, which meant an additional place in the 2. Bundesliga Süd became available, which was taken up by the SC Freiburg. In turn, the Offenburger FV received Freiburg's place in the Oberliga. In the new Oberliga Baden-Württemberg,
1269-646: A year to the Serb-Croat-Slovene State in restitution for destroyed mines. These shipments would not be credited against Bulgaria's reparation sum. Germany, Austria, and Hungary all had commitments to handover timber, ore, and livestock to the Allied Powers. They would, however, be credited for these goods. In January 1921, the Allied Powers grew impatient and established the reparation sum at 226 billion gold marks. The Germans countered with an offer of 30 billion. On 24 April 1921,
1410-412: Is because until now she has not been convinced of her defeat ... We are also certain that Germany, as a nation, resigns herself to keep her pledged word only under the impact of necessity. The occupation proved marginally profitable; the occupying powers received 900 million gold marks, and much of this merely covered the military costs of occupation. However, the real issue behind the occupation
1551-480: Is no doubt that British and French suspicions late in 1922 were sound". Marks also writes that the "astronomic inflation which ensued was a result of German policy", whereby the government paid for passive resistance in the Ruhr "from an empty exchequer" and paid off its domestic and war debts with worthless marks. Bell agrees and writes that "inflation had little direct connection with reparation payments themselves, but
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#17328025452591692-638: The Bank for International Settlements . The bank was established to provide cooperation among central banks and to receive and disburse reparation payments. A further loan of US$ 300 million was to be raised and given to Germany. As a result of the plan, German payments were half the sum required under the Dawes Plan. The implementation of the Young Plan required the Anglo-French withdrawal from
1833-645: The Central Powers agreed to pay war reparations to the Allied Powers . Each defeated power was required to make payments in either cash or kind. Because of the financial situation in Austria , Hungary , and Turkey after the war, few to no reparations were paid and the requirements for reparations were cancelled. Bulgaria , having paid only a fraction of what was required, saw its reparation figure reduced and then cancelled. Historians have recognized
1974-518: The FC Konstanz , but lost the decider for the championship 0–3. Another championship followed in 1957–58, with another repeat of the club's failure in the promotion round. The season after, the club was without debt for the first time in a decade but could only finish fourth in the Amateurliga. The fifth title followed in 1960 and promotion was now only narrowly missed by a point, the closest
2115-564: The French countryside and Belgian countryside being heavily scarred in the fighting. Furthermore, in 1918 during the German retreat, German troops devastated France's most industrialized region in the north-east ( Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin ) as well as Belgium. Extensive looting took place as German forces removed whatever material they could use and destroyed the rest. Hundreds of mines were destroyed along with railways, bridges, and entire villages. Prime Minister of France Georges Clemenceau
2256-583: The German requirement to pay reparations as the "chief battleground of the post-war era" and "the focus of the power struggle between France and Germany over whether the Versailles Treaty was to be enforced or revised." The Treaty of Versailles (signed in 1919) and the 1921 London Schedule of Payments required the Central Powers to pay 132 billion gold marks ( US$ 33 billion at
2397-583: The Locarno Treaties . The subsequent "spirit of Locarno" saw an apparent reconciliation between the European Powers. The implementation of the Dawes Plan also saw a positive economic impact in Europe, largely funded by American loans. Under the Dawes Plan, Germany always met her obligations. However, German long-term goals remained the same despite the apparent reconciliation: the revision of
2538-644: The Second World War , West Germany took up payments. The 1953 London Agreement on German External Debts resulted in an agreement to pay 50 percent of the remaining balance. The final payment was made on 3 October 2010, settling German loan debts in regard to reparations. In 1914, following the assassination of Archduke Franz-Ferdinand by a Serb nationalist, the First World War broke out, with Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia, and Germany declaring war on and invading France and Belgium. For
2679-543: The Wehrmacht and being unavailable for most league games. The OFV continued its existence in the second-tier Bezirksliga Freiburg from 1940, playing local and military sides in ever increasing difficulties, caused by the war. By late 1944, the club was unable to continue regular football games. The town of Offenburg became part of the French occupation zone after the Second World War and this meant, like for
2820-484: The Weimar National Assembly that Germany would have to pay reparations for the devastation caused by the war, but would not pay for actual war costs. After the drafting of the Treaty of Versailles on 7 May that year, the German and Allied delegations met and the treaty was handed over to be translated and for a response to be issued. At this meeting Brockdorff-Rantzau stated, "We know the intensity of
2961-561: The "surrender of the coal will destroy German industry" but conceding that without coal shipments as reparations, the French and Italian industries damaged directly by the war or indirectly by damage to coal mines would be affected. He writes that this is "not yet the whole problem". The repercussions would also affect Central and Northern Europe, and neutral states such as Switzerland and Sweden, which made up for their own coal deficiencies by trading with Germany. Likewise, Keynes said Austria would now be consigned to "industrial ruin" as "nearly all
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#17328025452593102-514: The 1932 Lausanne Conference , no additional reparations payments were made. Between 1919 and 1932, Germany paid less than 21 billion marks in reparations, mostly funded by foreign loans that Adolf Hitler reneged on in 1939. Many Germans saw reparations as a national humiliation; the German Government worked to undermine the validity of the Treaty of Versailles and the requirement to pay. British economist John Maynard Keynes called
3243-590: The American proposal. However, on 13 July, the German Darmstädter Bank collapsed, leading to further bankruptcies and a rise in unemployment further exacerbating Germany's financial crisis. With the Great Depression now exerting its influence, the Bank for International Settlements reported that the Young Plan was unrealistic in light of the economic crisis and urged the world governments to reach
3384-646: The British ambassador to France. During 1931, a financial crisis began in Germany. In May, Creditanstalt —the largest bank in Austria—collapsed, sparking a banking crisis in Germany and Austria. In response, Brüning announced that Germany was suspending reparation payments. This resulted in a massive withdrawal of domestic and foreign funds from German banks. By mid-July, all German banks had closed. Until this point, France's policy had been to provide Germany with financial support to help Brüning's Government stabilize
3525-584: The British and French then used to "cover their long-term interest obligations and to retire their wartime debts with the United States." Germany's payment of reparations during the 1920s was funded mostly through foreign loans. In 1933, as well as stopping all reparations payments, the new German Chancellor Adolf Hitler in large part repudiated payment of these loans, including a default on all of debt owed in US Dollar bonds. In June 1953, an agreement
3666-528: The Bulgarian reparation sum was revised downwards to 550 million gold francs, "plus a lump sum payment of 25 million francs for occupation costs". Towards this figure, Bulgaria paid 41 million gold francs between 1925 and 1929. In 1932, the Bulgarian reparation obligation was abandoned following the Lausanne Conference . Because Austria was "so impoverished" after the war, and because of
3807-611: The French ambassador in London: Judging others by themselves, the English, who are blinded by their loyalty, have always thought that the Germans did not abide by their pledges inscribed in the Versailles Treaty because they had not frankly agreed to them ... We, on the contrary, believe that if Germany, far from making the slightest effort to carry out the treaty of peace, has always tried to escape her obligations, it
3948-486: The French authorities, the club's participation in football games was severely handicapped and most of its home games had to be played away. Despite this, the club finished fifth in its league in 1923–24. The French troops left Offenburg soon after in 1924 and football was able to be played under more regular circumstances again. This showed in the club's performance, winning the Kreisliga Südbaden and earning
4089-468: The Gauliga Baden. The club had a flying start to the new Gauliga season but then injuries once more ruined its season and a last place finish was all it could archive. Relegation could only be avoided due to the outbreak of the Second World War. The Gauliga Baden was split into four regional groups in the 1939–40 season and play was hardly representative with a large number of players having to join
4230-564: The German government of Constantin Fehrenbach , finding itself unable to reach agreement on the issue, had resigned on 4 May. The government of the new chancellor, Joseph Wirth , accepted the ultimatum on 11 May and began the "policy of fulfillment" – by attempting to meet the demands, it tried to show the impossibility of complying with the scheduled payments. Between the signing of the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine and April 1922, Bulgaria paid 173 million gold francs in reparations. In 1923,
4371-430: The German Government with an opportunity to be heard on the subject, and decide on the final reparation figure that Germany would be required to pay. In the interim, Germany was required to pay an equivalent of 20 billion gold marks ( US$ 5 billion ) in gold, commodities, ships, securities, or other forms. The money would be used to pay Allied occupation costs and to buy food and raw materials for Germany. Article 121 of
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4512-521: The German Government wrote to the American Government expressing "her readiness to acknowledge for reparation purposes a total liability of 50 billion gold marks", but was also prepared "to pay the equivalent of this sum in annuities adapted to her economic capacity totalling 200 billion gold marks". In addition, the German Government stated that "to accelerate the redemption of the balance" and "to combat misery and hatred created by
4653-536: The German defaults on payments had grown so serious and regular that a crisis engulfed the Reparations Commission. French and Belgian delegates urged the seizure of the Ruhr to encourage the Germans to make more effort to pay, while the British supported postponing payments to facilitate the financial reconstruction of Germany. On 26 December 1922, Germany defaulted on timber deliveries. The timber quota
4794-791: The German fleet at Scapa Flow , state property lost in lands ceded to other countries, and the loss of colonial territories. The Reparation Commission and the Bank for International Settlements state that 20.598 billion gold marks was paid by Germany in reparations, of which 7.595 billion was paid before the implementation of the London Schedule of Payments. Niall Ferguson provides a slightly lower figure. He estimates that Germany paid no more than 19 billion gold marks. Ferguson further estimates that this sum amounted to 2.4 per cent of Germany's national income between 1919 and 1932. Stephen Schuker, in his comprehensive econometric study, concedes that Germany transferred 16.8 billion marks over
4935-569: The German military was decisively defeated on the Western Front , and the German navy mutinied , all of which prompted domestic uprisings that became known as the German Revolution . Germany signed an armistice with the allies on 11 November 1918. The armistice agreement included an agreement to pay "reparation for damage done" to the Allied countries. Most of the war's major battles occurred in France and Belgium, with both
5076-522: The Germans being informed that they would not be expected to pay them under realistic conditions. They were "a political bargaining chip" that served the domestic policies of France and the United Kingdom. The figure was completely unreal; its primary function was to mislead public opinion "into believing that the 132-billion-mark figure was being maintained". Furthermore, "Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay 132 billion marks and that
5217-708: The Kreisliga A Offenburg, Staffel Nord. The Under-19 side of the club (German: A-Jugend) competet in the Under 19 Bundesliga South-Southwest in 2007–08, having gained promotion from the Oberliga the year before. The team finished thirteen out of fourteen teams and was relegated, Nevertheless, it is a strong performance when one considers that almost all other sides at this level are youth teams of professional clubs, like VfB Stuttgart and Bayern Munich . World War I reparations Following their defeat in World War I ,
5358-556: The Lausanne Conference opened. However, discussions were complicated by the ongoing World Disarmament Conference . At the latter conference, the US informed the British and French that they would not be allowed to default on their war debts. In turn, they recommended that war debts be tied into German reparation payments, to which the Germans objected. On 9 July, an agreement was reached and signed. The Lausanne Conference annulled
5499-587: The Nazis in the club with the chairman Otto Eichin being replaced by the local Nazi propaganda leader (German: Kreispopagandaleiter) Philipp Nünlist. Starting as favorites in the 1936–37 season, the club was haunted by injuries all year and in the end only finished second, to the Kehler FV once more. The season after, the club fulfilled its potential, took out the Bezirksliga championship and gained promotion to
5640-623: The Netherlands. In January 1923, despite quota reductions, the German Government defaulted on coal deliveries for the 34th time in three years. On 9 January 1923, the Reparation Commission declared Germany to be in default of her coal deliveries and voted to occupy the Ruhr to enforce the country's reparation commitments. Britain was the lone dissenting voice to both measures. On 11 January, French and Belgian soldiers—supported by engineers including an Italian contingent—entered
5781-466: The OFV finished second and failed in the promotion relegation once more. However, the club's troubles continued, having to withdraw its reserve team from competition for the first time, due to a lack of players. The year 1997 became something of a turning point for the struggling club. In a general meeting of the Offenburger FV on 15 August 1997, a one-off payment from every club member was approved, to pay off
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5922-575: The OFV line-up. The club won its local division in 1933–34 but lost to the FC 08 Villingen in the deciders for the Oberbaden championship. The following season went under similar circumstances, local champions but failing in the regional championship. The 1935–36 season was not a success for the club and a fourth place was below the standards of the OFV, with the Kehler FV taking out the championship instead. The year 1936 also saw an increase in influence for
6063-550: The OFV remained victorious against Kehl and qualified for the promotion round. Having archived Bezirksliga qualification already, the club was nevertheless forced to play a decider against the last-placed team of the Bezirksliga, the Freiburger FC. While the first game ended in a draw, the replay was won by the FFC and Offenburg had to remain in the second division. In 1931–32, the club finally succeeded in its attempt to return to
6204-564: The OFV. The club also scored 114 goals that season. In the promotion round , now to the 2. Bundesliga Süd , the club finished second to the SSV Reutlingen and missed out on promotion again. With the decision in autumn 1976, to establish the Amateur Oberliga Baden-Württemberg as the united third division for the state of Baden-Württemberg from 1978, the club began aiming for this goal, which required
6345-467: The Oberliga for a third time in 1987, this time being only one point behind the SV Sandhausen . In the amateur championship, the club got knocked out in the semi-finals. It was somewhat of an end to an era; from then on, the club declined. In the 1987–88 season, Offenburg hosted Borussia Dortmund in a first-round cup match and archived an amazing three-all draw, coming from behind three times. In
6486-534: The Oberliga, which now was only the fifth division in German football. OFV had a disappointing season there, finishing last and being relegated back to the Verbandsliga. After two seasons at this level, OFV returned to the Oberliga in 2011, where it lasted until 2013, when the club was relegated back to the Verbandsliga Südbaden again. Another Verbandsliga title in 2015–16 took the club back to
6627-424: The Oberliga. The following former internationals have played for the OFV in the later stages of their career: The Offenburger FV II, in its better days, spent six seasons in the Verbandsliga Südbaden, which it finally got relegated from in 1990. After a time, were the club had no reserve side at all, the team has returned to some success, winning the Kreisliga B Offenburg, Staffel IV in 2008 and gaining promotion to
6768-610: The Offenburger FV, which was now permitted to return to its old name since May 1950. The SC 1929 Offenburg became independent again in October 1950. The OFV was to remain in the Amateurliga Südbaden for the remainder of the league's existence until 1978 and then continued on in the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg until its relegation in 1991, making it 41 seasons as a third division outfit. In 1952,
6909-467: The Reich's budget". They say, "though politically a humiliation", the limitation on the military "was beneficial in fiscal terms" and that their economic models show that "the restriction of the size of the army was clearly beneficial for the Reich budget". Additionally, their economic scenarios indicate that while the Treaty of Versailles was "overall clearly a burden on the German economy", it "also offered
7050-422: The Reparation Commission was a tool that could "be employed to destroy Germany's commercial and economic organization as well as to exact payment". Writing of his proposed US$ 10 billion figure, fixing reparations "well within Germany's capacity to pay" would "make possible the renewal of hope and enterprise within her territory" and "avoid the perpetual friction and opportunity of improper pressure arising out of
7191-635: The Rhineland within months. Despite the reduction, there was increasing German hostility to the plan. For example, the Law against the Enslavement of the German People, or Freedom Law, was proposed by the nationalist politician Alfred Hugenberg . Hugenberg's proposed law called for the end of the Ruhr occupation, the official renouncement of Article 231 (the "war guilt" clause) and the rejection of
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#17328025452597332-453: The Rhineland. The French, aware of their weakening political and financial position, acquiesced. On 16 September 1928, a joint Entente-German statement acknowledging the need for a new reparation plan was issued. In February 1929, a new committee was formed to re-examine reparations. It was chaired by the American banker Owen D. Young and presented its findings in June 1929. The " Young Plan "
7473-405: The Ruhr occupation, the Germans had wrecked their economy by funding passive resistance and brought about hyperinflation . Under Anglo-American pressure and simultaneous decline in the value of the franc, France was increasingly isolated and her diplomatic position was weakened. In October 1923, a committee consisting of American, Belgian, British, French, German, and Italian experts and chaired by
7614-410: The Ruhr, and a bank independent of the German Government, with a ruling body at least 50 per cent non-German , was to be established and the German currency was to be stabilized. The payment of reparations was also reorganized. In the first year following the implementation of the plan, Germany would have to pay 1 billion marks. This figure would rise to 2.5 billion marks per year by the fifth year of
7755-555: The Treaty clauses". Keynes identified reparations as the "main excursion into the economic field" by the Treaty of Versailles, but said that the treaty excluded provisions for rehabilitating Europe's economies, for improving relations between the Allies and the defeated Central Powers, for stabilizing Europe's new nations, for "reclaim[ing] Russia", or for promoting economic solidarity between the Allies. Coal provides an example of these destabilizing effects in Germany and beyond. Keynes said
7896-419: The Treaty of Neuilly acknowledged that "the resources of Bulgaria are not sufficient to enable her to make complete reparation". Therefore, the treaty required Bulgaria to pay a sum equivalent of 2.250 billion Gold francs in reparations. The treaties of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Trianon, and Sèvres acknowledged that Austria , Hungary , and Turkey did not have the resources to pay reparations, and delayed
8037-478: The Treaty of Versailles to end reparations. The Dawes Plan was seen only a temporary measure, with expected future revisions. In late 1927, the Agent-General for Reparations "called for a more permanent scheme" for payments and in 1928 the Germans followed suit. German Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann called for a final reparation plan to be established alongside an early withdrawal of Allied troops from
8178-445: The U.S. furnished to West Germany under the post-1948 Marshall Plan. According to Gerhard Weinberg , reparations were paid, towns were rebuilt, orchards replanted, mines reopened and pensions paid. However, the burden of repairs was shifted away from the German economy and onto the damaged economies of the war's victors. Hans Mommsen wrote "Germany financed its reparation payments to Western creditor nations with American loans", which
8319-446: The US. The objective of both the politicians and historians was to prove that Germany was not solely guilty for causing the war; this was with the idea that, if that guilt could be disproved, the legal requirement to pay reparations would disappear. The Treaty of Versailles stated that a Reparation Commission would be established in 1921. This commission would consider the resources available to Germany and her capacity to pay, provide
8460-541: The Weimar Republic's eventual ability to pay, as was to be assessed at some future point by an Allied committee. Due to the lack of reparation payments by Germany, France occupied the Ruhr in 1923 to enforce payments, causing an international crisis that resulted in the implementation of the Dawes Plan in 1924. This plan outlined a new payment method and raised international loans to help Germany to meet its reparation commitments. Despite this, by 1928 Germany called for
8601-477: The Weimar republic. Amongst those stating that it was a cause, Erik Goldstein wrote that in 1921, the payment of reparations caused a crisis and that the occupation of the Ruhr had a disastrous effect on the German economy, resulting in the German Government printing more money as the currency collapsed. Hyperinflation began and printing presses worked overtime to print Reichsbank notes; by November 1923 one US dollar
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#17328025452598742-464: The Young Plan and required Germany to pay a final, single installment of 3 billion marks. The Lausanne Treaty was to become effective as soon as a corresponding agreement had been reached with the United States on the repayment of the loans it had made to the Allied powers during World War I. Due to the failure to come to such an agreement, the Lausanne Treaty was not ratified by any of
8883-573: The Young Plan. While politicians rejected it, it attracted enough support from voters in order to be put up for a referendum. The plebiscite was held in December 1929, resulting in 5.8 million people out of 6.3 million voters voting in favor of the law. This fell below the required 21 million votes (50% of eligible voters) in order for it to take effect. While this was a political defeat for Hugenberg, it did result in significant national attention for Adolf Hitler , who had worked with Hugenberg to promote
9024-416: The championship in this league in its first season. In the following promotion round, the club finished second and moved up a level. In the strong Kreisliga Südwest , the club was unable to succeed against clubs like Freiburger FC and Phönix Karlsruhe and was immediately relegated again. Despite this reverse, the club opened a new grandstand at its home ground in October 1922. Due to a reorganisation of
9165-402: The city of Offenburg , Baden-Württemberg . The club was formed on 20 July 1907 under the name of FC 1907 Offenburg in what was then the Grand duchy of Baden . In its first couple of seasons, the club played mostly against teams from the other side of the river Rhine . The Alsace (German: Elsaß ) region was then part of Imperial Germany . The FK Neudorf, now the Racing Club Strasbourg ,
9306-404: The club had come to it so far. In 1960–61 the OFV became the first team to win the Südbaden cup and league in the same year. The promotion round to the 2. Oberliga was again a failure but the club was almost offered a second chance when the DFB initially refused a licence to the better placed teams and the OFV had the opportunity to win promotion in a decider played with the second placed team from
9447-444: The club was elevated to the Bezirksliga Württemberg-Baden thanks to another reorganisation of the league system, whereby the league was split into a Baden and a Württemberg division. Back in first division football, the OFV fared quite well and finished fourth out of eight teams in the league. In 1928, the club hired Fritz Kläger as its long-term manager, he would coach the OFV uninterrupted until 1944 and again, after returning from
9588-429: The club won its first of nine titles in the Amateurliga. While the team would have earned the right to compete in the qualification round to the 2. Oberliga, the club decided the financial strain was too much and declined. The next season, the club won its league again and this time competed in the promotion round. However, it was not clear whether it would accept promotion if achieved and this may have negatively influenced
9729-407: The collapse of the Bank of Vienna, the country paid no reparations "beyond credits for transferred property". Likewise, Hungary paid no reparations beyond coal deliveries because of the collapse of the Hungarian economy. Turkish reparations had been "sharply limited in view of the magnitude of Turkish territorial losses". However, the Treaty of Sèvres was never ratified. When the Treaty of Lausanne
9870-458: The country. Brüning, now under considerable political pressure from the far-right and President Paul von Hindenburg , was unable to make any concessions or reverse policy. As a result, Brüning was unable to borrow money from foreign or domestic sources. Further attempts to enlist British support to end reparations failed; the British said it was a joint issue with France and the United States. In early July, Brüning announced "his intention to seek
10011-422: The currency stabilized, and the German economy fixed to ease reparation payments. Max Winkler wrote that from 1924 onward, German officials were "virtually flooded with loan offers by foreigners". Overall, the German economy performed reasonably well until the foreign investments funding the economy and the loans funding reparations payments were suddenly withdrawn after the 1929 Stock Market Crash . This collapse
10152-454: The debt, which was achieved by 1999. The 1997–98 team saw itself mostly made up from local players who came up through the youth ranks. The club continued to aim for promotion but failed, largely due to the fact that it had no reserve team to back up the first eleven when players were injured. In 2001, another Landesliga runners-up finish saw the club for once succeeding in promotion matches and it won its first post-Second World War promotion. In
10293-619: The destruction of nearly 2,000 breweries, the blowing up of 112 mineshafts in Roubaix and Tourcoing , the flooding or blocking-off of more 1,000 miles of mine galleries, the ripping up of more than 1,000 miles of railway, the dropping of more than 1,000 bridges, as well as the looting of churches. German wartime requisitions of farm animals imposed on the civilian population within occupied France and Belgium included roughly 500,000 head of cattle, approximately 500,000 head of sheep, and more than 300,000 head of horses and donkeys. In cleaning up after
10434-616: The draft Terms of Peace" due to the "policy of the Conference towards the economic problems of Europe". In 1919, Keynes wrote The Economic Consequences of the Peace based on his objections to the Versailles treaty. He wrote that he believed "that the campaign for securing out of Germany the general costs of the war was one of the most serious acts of political unwisdom for which our statesmen have ever been responsible", and called
10575-475: The establishment of a final figure until the Reparation Commission was established. In addition, Bulgaria was required to hand over thousands of livestock to Greece , Romania , and the Serb-Croat-Slovene State "in restitution for animals taken away by Bulgaria during the war". This would not be credited towards the reparation figure. Likewise, Bulgaria had to dispatch 50,000 tons of coal
10716-470: The fashion for critics of the economic aspects of the treaty" and "made probably the severest and most sweeping indictment of its economic provisions". Keynes was temporarily attached to the British Treasury during the war and was their official representative at the peace conference. He later resigned "when it became evident that hope could no longer be entertained of substantial modifications in
10857-430: The favorite for the 1983–84 season, but finished second to the Freiburger FC in the end. This earned them another shot at the amateur championship, which they finally won at home on 16 June 1984, when SC Eintracht Hamm was defeated 4–1 in front of 10,000 spectators. The season after, the club came only fourth and in 1985–86, it even had to struggle against relegation, finishing tenth in the end. The OFV finished second in
10998-632: The former Director of the US Bureau of the Budget Charles G. Dawes was formed, to consider "from a purely technical standpoint", how to balance the German budget, stabilize the economy and set an achievable level of reparations. In April 1924, the Dawes Plan was accepted and it replaced the London schedule of payment. While the "C" Bonds were omitted from the plan's framework, they were not formally rescinded. French troops were to withdraw from
11139-414: The hatred which meets us, and we have heard the victors' passionate demand that as the vanquished we shall be made to pay, and as the guilty we shall be punished". However, he proceeded to deny that Germany was solely responsible for the war. Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles was not correctly translated. Instead of stating "... Germany accepts responsibility of Germany and her allies causing all
11280-486: The help of local soldiers. In 1916, the club won its first local title, winning the Oberrheingau championship. As the war continued, young students took the place of the soldiers who were sent to the front line and eventually, football ceased to be played completely. The club suffered losses during the war with 22 of its members not returning from the battlefields. Late in the year 1918, the club reformed its team and
11421-636: The highest league in Baden. After winning the Kreisliga once more, the OFV also finished on top of the six-team promotion round. In the Bezirksliga Baden, the club found live much harder and immediate relegation followed with a last-place finish. With the Nazis ' rise to power, football was once more reorganised in Germany. In place of the Bezirksliga Baden, the Gauliga Baden was established as
11562-403: The highest local football competition. The OFV was not part of this league in 1933, instead it entered the new Bezirksliga Oberbaden, the local second division. The Nazis outlawed all sport and football clubs with connections to the workers movement or other organisations they saw as a thread and the local clubs SC 1929 Offenburg and DJK Offenburg were disbanded, adding a number of good players to
11703-401: The inflation long predated reparations" and the way "inflation mushroomed" between mid-1921 and the end of 1922 "when Germany was actually paying very little in reparations" and have failed to explain why "the period of least inflation coincided with the period of largest reparation payments ... or why Germans claimed after 1930 that reparations were causing deflation". She writes "there
11844-454: The league system, no amateur team could be promoted that season. The club won its last Amateurliga Südbaden title in 1975; it was also the last time to date for the OFV to have won a third division title. It was also the hardest earned title for the club, having to play in a league with all the great names of Südbaden football, SC Freiburg , FC Rastatt 04 , FC 08 Villingen , FC Konstanz and Freiburger FC , which finished in this order behind
11985-455: The league system, the OFV found itself in a new league, the tier-II Befähigungsliga Baden, for the 1922–23 season. Above it was now the Bezirksliga Baden as the highest tier of football in the state. The club finished second-last in its first season and narrowly avoided relegation. In January 1923, the region was occupied by France, following Germany's failure and inability to meet reparation payments . Due to heavy restrictions on local travel by
12126-424: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OFV&oldid=933025834 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Offenburger FV Offenburger FV is a German association football club based in
12267-472: The loss and damage ...", the German Government's edition reads, "Germany admits it, that Germany and her allies, as authors of the war, are responsible for all losses and damages ...". This resulted in a prevailing belief of humiliation among Germans; the article was seen as an injustice and there was a view that Germany had signed "away her honor". Despite the public outrage, German government officials were aware "that Germany's position on this matter
12408-474: The lower figure the British supported—that "represented an assessment of the lowest amount that public opinion ... would tolerate". This figure was divided into three series of bonds : "A" and "B" Bonds together had a nominal value of 50 billion gold marks ( US$ 12.5 billion) —less than the sum Germany had previously offered to pay. "C" Bonds, comprising the remainder of the reparation figure, "were deliberately designed to be chimerical ", with
12549-399: The mark, particular on the grounds that reparations payments, and particularly hard-cash payments, were in large part not made during the period of hyper-inflation and so could not be the cause of it. Gerhard Weinberg writes that Germany refused to pay by, and that doing so destroyed their own currency. Anthony Lentin agrees and writes that inflation was "a consequence of the war rather than of
12690-411: The mid-to-late 1920s, trade between France and Germany grew rapidly. French imports of German goods "increased by 60 per cent", highlighting the close links between French industrial growth and German production, and the increase in cooperation between the countries. Max Hantke and Mark Spoerer provide a different perspective on the effect of reparations on the German economy. They wrote that focusing on
12831-421: The need to pay war debts and the demands of voters for more social services. Ferguson argued that these problems were aggravated by a trade deficit and a weak exchange rate for the mark during 1920. Afterwards, as the value of the mark rose, inflation became a problem. None of these were the result of reparations. According to Ferguson, even without reparations total public spending in Germany between 1920 and 1923
12972-705: The next four years fighting raged across Europe , the Middle East , Africa , and Asia . On 8 January 1918, United States President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement that became known as the Fourteen Points . In part, this speech called for Germany to withdraw from the territory it had occupied and for the formation of a League of Nations . During the fourth quarter of 1918, the Central Powers began to collapse. In particular, Austria-Hungary collapsed putting southern Germany at risk of invasion, Turkey surrendered freeing up Allied troops for action elsewhere,
13113-420: The next seven Verbandsliga seasons, the club finished in the top six every year, coming second in 2004 and 2007 but failing in the promotion round both years. It is doubtful, however, whether the club would have been ready for the Oberliga, as it continued to struggle financially. The 2007–08 season did finally bring back long missing success to the club, the first Südbaden league title since 1975 and promotion to
13254-463: The number of teams in the league from 12 to 16 saved the club from relegation. The year 1949 also saw the old grandstand burning down, which also caused the loss of many documents related to the early years of the club. The 1949–50 season, the last for the club as a first division outfit, saw it struggle again. Only when the former Polish and German international Ernst Willimowski joined the side did things improve but again only an eleventh-place finish
13395-571: The other Central Powers could pay little. Thus, the A and B Bonds, which were genuine, represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay." Taking into account the sum already paid between 1919 and 1921, Germany's immediate obligation was 41 billion gold marks. To pay towards this sum, Germany could pay in kind or in cash. Commodities paid in kind included coal, timber, chemical dyes, pharmaceuticals, livestock, agricultural machines, construction materials, and factory machinery. The gold value of these would be deducted from what Germany
13536-601: The other group, which it lost. The club also took part in the DFB-Pokal , the German Cup, where it lost 0–4 to VfB Stuttgart . The 1961–62 season was the worst for the club in the Amateurliga so far, only finishing ninth. The following season saw a return to better times with a second place in the league. At the end of the 1962–63 season, German football was reorganised and the Bundesliga was established. Below it, in
13677-465: The outright revision of the Young Plan". In light of the crisis and with the prospect of Germany being unable to repay her debts, United States President Herbert Hoover intervened. In June, Hoover publicly proposed a one-year moratorium to reparation and war debts. By July, the " Hoover Moratorium " had been accepted. The moratorium was widely supported in both Germany and the United Kingdom. The French, initially hesitant, eventually agreed to support
13818-529: The peace" and that hyperinflation was a result of the "German government's reckless issue of paper money" during the Allied occupation of the Ruhr. Contemporary British and French experts believed that the Mark was being sabotaged to avoid budgetary and currency reform and to evade reparations, a view supported by Reich Chancellery records. Historian Sally Marks endorsed that view, writing that historians who say reparations caused hyperinflation have overlooked "that
13959-411: The period of reparations, Germany received between 27 and 38 billion marks in loans. By 1931, German foreign debt stood at 21.514 billion marks; the main sources of aid were the United States, Britain, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. Detlev Peukert argued the financial problems that arose in the early 1920s, were a result of post-war loans and the way Germany funded her war effort, and not
14100-407: The plan. A Reparations Agency was established with Allied representatives to organize the payment of reparations. Furthermore, a loan of 800 million marks was to be raised—over 50 per cent coming from the United States, 25 per cent from Britain, and the balance from other European nations—to back the German currency and to aid in the payment of reparations. The adoption of the plan was followed by
14241-399: The players, a fourth-place finish being the result. The club remained in the Amateurliga. A third title in a row was won in 1954 but in the promotion round the OFV failed again, with another fourth-place finish. The 1954–55 season saw a rebuilding of the team with a sixth-place finish and the retirement of long-time manager Fritz Kläger. In 1957, the club stood on top again, equal on points to
14382-595: The primarily-German U-boat campaign had also been severe, particularly for Britain. Nearly 8 million tons of British civilian shipping had been sunk by German U-boats, with many civilian crew killed. France, Italy, and the United States of America had lost another 2 million tons of merchant shipping, again with heavy losses amongst crew. Another 1.2 million tons of neutral Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish shipping had also been sunk. The sinking of five British hospital ships also caused considerable bitterness. The Paris Peace Conference opened on 18 January 1919, aiming to establish
14523-492: The referendum, and subsequently in valuable right-wing financing. In March 1930, the German Government collapsed and was replaced by a new coalition led by Chancellor Heinrich Brüning . In June, Allied troops withdrew from near Mainz —the last occupation zone in the Rhineland—and Brüning's Government broached the subject of demanding further refinement to reparations, but this demand was refused by William Tyrrell ,
14664-508: The region, initiating the Occupation of the Ruhr . The French Premier Raymond Poincaré was deeply reluctant to order the occupation and had only taken this step after the British had rejected his proposals for more moderate sanctions against Germany. By December 1922, Poincaré was faced with Anglo-American-German hostility; coal supplies for French steel production were running low. Exasperated with Britain's failure to act, he wrote to
14805-409: The relegation zone, never left it and found itself dropping down to the Verbandsliga Südbaden at the end of it. It was the first relegation in the post-Second World War era and 42 years as a third division outfit came to an end. The club struggled to establish itself in the fourth division, archiving moderate ninth places in its first two seasons. The decline was partly to blame on a lack of interest on
14946-488: The rematch in Dortmund , the club lost 0–5, not unexpectedly. The league season 1987–88 was a disappointment, however, with the club having to successfully fight of relegation. The two seasons after, it managed to finish in the top six once more. The 1990–91 season was the expected hard ride, with many of the best players having left the club and no real adequate replacement having been found. The club struggled all season in
15087-402: The reparations and inflation ignores "the fact that the restriction of the German military to 115,000 men relieved the German central budget considerably". Hantke and Spoerer argue that their findings show "that even under quite rigorous assumptions the net economic burden of the Treaty of Versailles was much less heavy than has been hitherto thought, in particular if we confine our perspective to
15228-685: The result of reparations. During the First World War, Germany did not raise taxes or create new ones to pay for war-time expenses. Rather, loans were taken out, placing Germany in an economically precarious position as more money entered circulation, destroying the link between paper money and the gold reserve that had been maintained before the war. With its defeat, Germany could not impose reparations and pay off her war debts now, which were now colossal. Historian Niall Ferguson partially supports this analysis: had reparations not been imposed, Germany would still have had significant problems caused by
15369-407: The right to participate in the promotion round, where the club finished last. The following season, the club came second in its league, behind the relegated SC Freiburg. In the 1926–27 season, the league was split and the OFV did not have to compete with the stronger clubs from Freiburg and the league championship could be won once more. Despite an average performance in the following promotion round,
15510-458: The side of the spectators and financial difficulties on the side of the club. The club fell deeper into debt, was close to folding at some stage and instead of achieving the hoped for return to the Oberliga, it fell a level lower to the Landesliga, in 1994. The Offenburger FV spent seven seasons in the Landesliga, a league it found difficult to get promoted from, despite good results. In 1996,
15651-652: The south of Germany, the Regionalliga Süd replaced the 2. Oberliga. For the OFV, this meant no change, it remained in the Amateurliga. The new era began for the club with top-four finishes but no championship; only in 1967 did the club win another Südbaden title. The club came close to gaining promotion to the Regionalliga, too, having to play a decider in Pforzheim against the TSG Backnang , which
15792-465: The south western championship. Offenburg still qualified to play the TuS Neuendorf for a place in the German championship but lost both games. The club was led once more by its manager Fritz Kläger, who had just returned from the war. The following season saw a loss of many of the club's best players and its coach. Not surprisingly, the team came second-last in 1948–49 and only the upsizing of
15933-468: The southern group of the tier-one Oberliga Südwest . Players from the former local rival, Kehler FV, joined the Offenburg side because the town of Kehl was under direct French administration and had to be evacuated. The 1947–48 season became the to-date most successful one for the club, a second place in its group, one point behind Fortuna Rastatt , who qualified to play the 1. FC Kaiserslautern for
16074-505: The states involved and therefore never became legally valid. Germany still paid interest on bonds created under the Dawes and Young plans until 1939, but did not resume paying reparations until after 1945. The precise figure Germany paid is a matter of dispute. The German Government estimated it had paid the equivalent of 67.8 billion gold marks in reparations. The German figure included—other than gold or goods in kind—the scuttling of
16215-514: The team earned respectable results, finishing in the top six in the first four seasons. In 1982–83, the club finished runners-up to the SSV Ulm 1846 and qualified for the German amateur championship. The club had no success there but due to a regional Cup win were qualified to play in the first round of the DFB-Pokal, where they lost 1–4 to Werder Bremen . With Ulm promoted, the OFV was seen as
16356-409: The team lost 0–1 in front of 10,000 spectators. The club continued to archive top-four finishes in the next three seasons but dropped to eleventh place in 1971, something of a disgrace for the otherwise so successful amateur side. The following two seasons, the club was back in the top five again. Another championship was won in 1974, but it did not allow the OFV to play for promotion; due to changes in
16497-441: The time which is US$ 1052 billion in 2024 ) in reparations to cover civilian damage caused during the war. This figure was divided into three categories of bonds : A, B, and C. Of these, Germany was required to pay towards 'A' and 'B' bonds totaling 50 billion marks ( US$ 12.5 billion ) unconditionally. The payment of the remaining 'C' bonds was interest-free and without any specific schedule for payment, instead being contingent on
16638-647: The treaty a Carthaginian peace that would economically destroy Germany. His arguments had a profound effect on historians, politicians, and the public at large. The consensus of contemporary historians is that reparations were not as intolerable as the Germans or Keynes had suggested and were within Germany's capacity to pay had there been the political will to do so. Reparations played a significant role in Nazi propaganda, and after coming to power in 1933, Hitler ceased payment of reparations, although Germany still paid interest to holders of reparation bonds until 1939. Following
16779-451: The treaty a " Carthaginian peace " that would economically affect all of Europe. Keynes said that the figures being bandied about by politicians at the time of the signing of the treaty, such as US$ 25 billion or even US$ 50 billion , as "not within the limits of reasonable possibility". He instead calculated that US$ 10 billion was the "safe maximum figure", but though he also "not believe that [Germany could] pay as much". He predicted that
16920-423: The war", Germany was willing to provide the resources needed and "to undertake herself the rebuilding of townships, villages, and hamlets". The London Schedule of Payments of 5 May 1921 established "the full liability of all the Central Powers combined, not just Germany alone," at 132 billion gold marks. This sum was a compromise promoted by Belgium—against higher figures demanded by the French and Italians and
17061-419: The war, for another five years. The following season, however, was a disaster, with the Offenburger FV coming last and being relegated once more. The club entered the 1929–30 season with a severely reorganised team and was in contention for the Kreisliga championship all season, eventually only falling to the local rival Kehler FV in a decider. 1930–31 saw almost a repeat of the previous season, only this time
17202-421: The war, the French authorities had to remove over 3 hundred million metres of barbed wire and fill in more than a quarter of a billion cubic metres of trenches, with much farmland rendered essentially useless for years after the war due to unexploded ordinance and contamination by poison gas that continued to leak from buried gas-cylinders which had to be removed. Allied losses of civilian shipping at sea due to
17343-451: The war. Despite domestic pressure for a harsh settlement, British Prime Minister David Lloyd George opposed overbearing reparations. He argued for a smaller sum, which would be less damaging to the German economy with a long-term goal of ensuring Germany would remain a viable economic power and trading partner. He also argued that reparations should include war pensions for disabled veterans and allowances for war widows, which would reserve
17484-453: The war. The opening article of the reparation section of the Treaty of Versailles , Article 231 , served as a legal basis for the following articles, which obliged Germany to pay compensation and limited German responsibility to civilian damages. The same article, with the signatory's name changed, was also included in the treaties signed by Germany's allies. In February 1919, Foreign Minister Count Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau informed
17625-568: The whole Südbaden region, a separation from the northern half of the state, which was part of the US zone. The players of the former Offenburger FV slowly reformed its football team in 1945. The club itself was reformed in March 1946 but, due to an order issued by the French authorities in the previous month, could not play under its old name. Instead, the Offenburger Spiel Vereinigung was formed in June 1945 and took part in
17766-413: The whole period, but points out that this sum was vastly offset by the devaluation of Allied paper-mark deposits up to 1923, and by loans that Germany subsequently repudiated after 1924. The net capital transfer into Germany amounted to 17.75 billion marks, or 2.1% of Germany's entire national income over the period 1919–1931. In effect, America paid Germany four times more, in price-adjusted terms, than
17907-411: Was 33 per cent of total net national product. A.J.P. Taylor wrote "Germany was a net gainer by the financial transactions of the nineteen-twenties: she borrowed far more from private American investors ... than she paid in reparations". P.M.H. Bell stated the creation of a multi-national committee, which resulted in the Dawes Plan, was done to consider ways the German budget could be balanced,
18048-565: Was able to reenter competitive football in early 1919. The OFV played in the A-Klasse Oberrheingau, the second tier of football in the region. The club played an epic decider for promotion on 28 March 1920, losing to SC Freiburg 1–2 after a game that lasted for 204 minutes, until Freiburg scored the winning goal. For the 1920–21 season, the club entered the A-Klasse Schwarzwaldgau for the first time and won
18189-505: Was accepted and was ratified by the German Government on 12 March 1930. The plan established a theoretical final reparation figure at 112 billion gold marks ( US$ 26.35 billion ) , with a new payment schedule that would see reparations completed by 1988—the first time a final date had been set. In addition, foreign oversight of German finances was to end with the withdrawal of the Reparations Agency, which would be replaced by
18330-582: Was based upon a German proposal and the default was massive. The Allies were unanimous that the default was in bad faith. Whilst Germany had lost important coal-fields in Silesia when these were transferred to Poland under the Versailles treaty, the required coal-quota had also been reduced. Exporting of German coal to Austria and Switzerland continued until December 1921 when the Reparations Committee banned all exports of German coal except to
18471-416: Was determined, for these reasons, that any just peace required Germany to pay reparations for the damage it had caused. Clemenceau viewed reparations as a way of weakening Germany to ensure it could never threaten France again. His position was shared by the French electorate. Reparations would also go towards the reconstruction costs in other countries, including Belgium, which were also directly affected by
18612-417: Was magnified by the volume of loans provided to German companies by US lenders. Even the reduced payments of the Dawes Plan were mainly financed through a large volume of international loans. While Germany initially had a trade deficit, British policy during the early 1920s was to reintegrate Germany into European trade as soon as possible. Likewise, France attempted to secure trade deals with Germany. During
18753-501: Was not German defaults on coal and timber deliveries, but the forcing of Germany "to acknowledge her defeat in World War I and to accept the Versailles Treaty". Poincaré recognized that if Germany could get away with defying Versailles in regard to the reparations, a precedent would be created and inevitably the Germans would proceed to dismantle the rest of the Versailles treaty. Although the French succeeded in their objective during
18894-456: Was not nearly so favorable as the imperial government had led the German public to believe during the war". Politicians seeking international sympathy would continue to use the article for its propaganda value, persuading many who had not read the treaties that the article implied full war guilt. German revisionist historians who later tried to ignore the validity of the clause found a ready audience among revisionist writers in France, Britain, and
19035-504: Was one of those teams. It merged in February 1913 with the FV 1910 Offenburg to form the current Ofenburger FV 1907. In October of the same year, the club moved to its new home ground Stegermatt which it would remain at until completion of its current stadium in 1958. With the beginning of the First World War, the club had to cease playing games for the time but re-formed a team in 1915 with
19176-553: Was possible. The league system in the south of Baden was heavily reorganised after this season and all clubs now fell under the Southern German football association again. The southern group of the Oberliga Südwest was disbanded, its top teams either entered the tier-one Oberliga Süd or tier-two 2. Oberliga Süd . For the majority of clubs however, it meant a drop to the tier-three Amateurliga Südbaden , including
19317-450: Was reached on this existing debt with West Germany. Germany agreed to repay 50 per cent of the loan amounts that had been defaulted on in the 1920s, but deferred some of the debt until West and East Germany were unified . In 1995, following reunification, Germany began making the final payments towards the loans. A final installment of US$ 94 million was made on 3 October 2010, settling German loan debts in regard to reparations. During
19458-446: Was required to pay. Germany's assistance with the restoration of the university library of Louvain , which was destroyed by the Germans on 25 August 1914, was also credited towards the sum, as were some of the territorial changes the treaty imposed upon Germany. The payment schedule required US$ 250 million within twenty-five days and then US$ 500 million annually, plus 26 per cent of the value of German exports. The German Government
19599-587: Was signed in 1923, Turkish reparations were "eliminated altogether". From the initiation of reparations, German coal deliveries were below the level agreed. In an attempt to rectify this situation, the Spa Conference was held in July 1920. At this conference it was decided that Germany would be paid five marks per coal ton delivered to facilitate coal shipments and help feed the miners. Despite this, Germany continued to default on her obligations. By late 1922,
19740-499: Was to issue bonds at five per cent interest and set up a sinking fund of one per cent to support the payment of reparations. In the London ultimatum of 5 May, Germany was given six days to recognize the Schedule of Payments and to comply with the Treaty of Versailles' demands for disarmament and the extradition of German "war criminals". If it did not, the Allies threatened to occupy the Ruhr . In anticipation of such an ultimatum,
19881-500: Was worth 4,200,000,000,000 marks. Ferguson writes that the policy of the Economics Minister Robert Schmidt led Germany to avoid economic collapse from 1919 to 1920, but that reparations accounted for most of Germany's budget deficit in 1921 and 1922 and that reparations were the cause of the hyperinflation. Several historians counter the argument that reparations caused the inflation and collapse of
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