The Oneida Institute ( / oʊ ˈ n aɪ d ə / oh- NYE -də ) was a short-lived (1827–1843) but highly influential school that was a national leader in the emerging abolitionist movement. It was the most radical school in the country, the first at which black men were just as welcome as whites. "Oneida was the seed of Lane Seminary , Western Reserve College , Oberlin and Knox colleges."
142-672: The Oneida Institute was located near Utica , in the village of Whitesboro , town of Whitestown , Oneida County, New York . It was founded in 1827 by George Washington Gale as the Oneida Institute of Science and Industry . His former teacher (in the Addison County Grammar School, Middlebury, Vermont , 1807–1808) John Frost, now a Presbyterian minister in Whitesboro with Harriet Lavinia (Gold) Frost his wife — daughter of Thomas Ruggles Gold , — who
284-562: A 30-year average from 1981 to 2010) is 45.7 in (116 cm), falling on an average of 175 days. The city's growth during the 19th century is indicated by the increase in its population; in 1845 the United States Census ranked Utica as the 29th-largest in the country, with 20,000 residents, more than the populations of Chicago , Detroit or Cleveland . As of 2014 , the city is the tenth-most populous in New York and
426-492: A certain reputation of singularity which could not fail to be in many ways disastrous." Finally, the treating of black and white students equally, and its "iconoclastic zeal for the overthrow of social institutions and interests", led to "much popular odium". According to Bigelow, this was a factor in fundraiser Frost's departure. "Oneida was the seed of Lane Theological Seminary [ c. 1830], Western Reserve University [1826], Oberlin [1833] and Knox College [1837]." Through
568-603: A cult process since the revivalist movements tend to rise and fall. Others study it as minority discontent with the status quo or, after the revivalists gain wide acceptance, as a majority that tends to impose its own standards. The Grundtvigian and Home Mission revival movements arose in Denmark after 1860 and reshaped religion in that country, and among immigrants to America. Norway saw several prominent revival movements within Orthodox Lutheranism stemming from
710-549: A debate on colonization led to the formation of a colonization and an anti-slavery society. Student dissatisfaction led to a mass walk-out in 1832, with about 24 students leaving for Lane, then Oberlin. Gale soon desired to be replaced; he went to Illinois, where he began Galesburg, Illinois , and the Knox Manual Labor College, which in 1857 became Knox College . Gale left the institute with "fiscal problems", saddled with "numerous financial obligations". It
852-510: A factory, a funeral home, and some residences. Green's policy was to accept any qualified student that applied. As a result, student Grinnell described the student body as "a motley company", consisting of: emancipators' boys from Cuba; mulattoes; a Spanish student [from Minorca ]; an Indian named Kunkapot; black men who had served as sailors, or as city hackmen [drivers], also the purest Africans escaped from slavery; sons of American radicals; Bible students scanning Hebrew verse with ease, in
994-465: A figure who reinstituted temple worship of Yahweh while destroying pagan worship. Within modern church history, church historians have identified and debated the effects of various national revivals within the history of the US and other countries. During the 18th and 19th centuries, American society experienced a number of " Awakenings " around the years 1727, 1792, 1830, 1857 and 1882. More recent revivals in
1136-577: A greater outpouring of the Holy Spirit . In 1902 the American evangelists Reuben Archer Torrey and Charles McCallon Alexander conducted meetings in Melbourne, Australia, resulting in more than 8,000 converts. News of this revival travelled fast, igniting a passion for prayer and an expectation that God would work in similar ways elsewhere. Torrey and Alexander were involved in the beginnings of
1278-585: A group of Anglican clergymen led by John Henry Newman and John Keble began the Oxford Movement . However its objective was to renew the Church of England by reviving certain Roman Catholic doctrines and rituals, thus distancing themselves as far as possible from evangelical enthusiasm. Many say that Australia has never been visited by a genuine religious revival as in other countries, but that
1420-459: A high rate of poverty and a shrunken tax base, adversely affecting schools and public services. Local, regional and statewide economic efforts have been proposed to revitalize the area economy. In 2010 the city developed its first comprehensive master plan in more than a half-century. After a decade of delays and false starts, plans to create a nanotechnology center in the area came to fruition when semiconductor manufacturer Wolfspeed opened
1562-503: A lecture series for blacks on history. The Canterbury Female Boarding School , in Canterbury, Connecticut , was forced to close after it admitted one African-American girl in 1832, and the school for "young ladies and little misses of color" which replaced it was met with such escalating violence from the townspeople that director Prudence Crandall was forced to close it out of concern for the students' safety. New-York Central College
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#17327649160861704-426: A letter seeking funds gives the "Course of Study" as "Greek, Hebrew, arithmetic, bookkeeping, algebra, anatomy, physiology, geometry, natural philosophy [studying nature, forerunner of science], natural theology , evidences of Christianity , political economy , science of government , exercises in declamation and composition." For admittance to the school, Green stated: It is expected of those who would enjoy
1846-407: A list, taken from History of Oneida County, 1667—1878 by Everets and Farriss, see [1] . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Wilson, J. G. ; Fiske, J. , eds. (1887). "Green, Beriah" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography . New York: D. Appleton. Utica, New York Utica ( / ˈ juː t ɪ k ə / )
1988-582: A million people were converted in Britain. Missionaries subsequently carried the movement abroad; it was especially influential on the Pentecostal movement emerging in California . Unlike earlier religious revivals that pivoted on powerful preaching, the revival of 1904–05 relied primarily on music and on paranormal phenomena as exemplified by the visions of Evan Roberts. The intellectual emphasis of
2130-452: A part of the national life; while others are still on debatable ground. There was a heavy brain at its head; and there were great men back of it. After a search, the trustees settled on abolitionist firebrand Beriah Green , who started in 1833, and "for whom Gale had nothing but scorn". The school was dominated by Green's personality and was known as "President Green's school". Green "revamped Oneida's curriculum by giving greater attention to
2272-600: A period of moral decline. Within Christian studies the concept of revival is derived from biblical narratives of national decline and restoration during the history of the Israelites. In particular, narrative accounts of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emphasise periods of national decline and revival associated with the rule of respectively wicked or righteous kings. Josiah is notable within this biblical narrative as
2414-565: A pilot project. Theodore Weld , who would become the leader of the students, was among them, as was evangelist and future Oberlin president Charles Grandison Finney . Enrollment soon grew to 100, and by 1830, 500 applicants were turned away for lack of space. It was chartered in 1829 as the Oneida Institute of Science and Industry. Through Frost, it was "intimately connected" with the Presbyterian church of Whitesboro. Oneida
2556-576: A plant in Marcy just north of Utica in 2022. In October 2023, a new hospital in downtown Utica opened, replacing Utica's two existing hospitals. According to the United States Census Bureau , Utica has a total area of 17.02 sq mi (44.1 km )—16.76 sq mi (43.4 km ) of land and 0.26 sq mi (0.67 km ) (1.52 percent) of water. The city is located at New York's geographic center, adjacent to
2698-517: A politically conservative Methodism forestalled revolution among the largely uneducated working class by redirecting its energies toward spiritual rather than temporal affairs. The thesis has engendered strong debate among historians, and several have adopted and modified Halévy's thesis. Some historians, such as Robert Wearmouth, suggest that evangelical revivalism directed working-class attention toward moral regeneration, not social radicalism. Others, including E. P. Thompson , claim that Methodism, though
2840-540: A printing and publishing center, with many newspapers. During the 1850s, Utica aided more than 650 fugitive slaves ; it played a major role as a station in the Underground Railroad . The city was on a slave escape route from the Southern Tier to Canada by way of Albany, Syracuse, or Rochester . The route, used by Harriet Tubman to travel to Buffalo , guided slaves to pass through Utica on
2982-740: A proto-Romanticism that mixed with Christian worship to produce a tertium quid. The Methodist revival of John Wesley , Charles Wesley and George Whitefield in England and Daniel Rowland , Howel Harris and William Williams Pantycelyn in Wales and the Great Awakening in America prior to the Revolution. A similar (but smaller scale) revival in Scotland took place at Cambuslang (then
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#17327649160863124-517: A result, "Green and his school [were left] with fewer and fewer friends"; he could no longer turn to churches for funding. The Oneida Institute ceased operations in 1843. One factor was the New York Anti-Slavery Society 's failure to pay the institute $ 2000 for the printing costs of their paper Friend of Man , but even if it had, there was no way to make the institute financially viable. According to Dana Bigelow, "Green left
3266-417: A revival that was led primarily by uneducated laymen, the so-called "peasant prophets". During the 18th century, England saw a series of Methodist revivalist campaigns that stressed the tenets of faith set forth by John Wesley and that were conducted in accordance with a careful strategy. In addition to stressing the evangelist combination of "Bible, cross, conversion, and activism," the revivalist movement of
3408-574: A series of prayer meetings in New York. By the beginning of 1858 the congregation was crowded, often with a majority of businessmen. Newspapers reported that over 6,000 were attending various prayer meetings in New York, and 6,000 in Pittsburgh. Daily prayer meetings were held in Washington, D.C. at 5 different times to accommodate the crowds. Other cities followed the pattern. Soon, a common mid-day sign on business premises read, "We will re-open at
3550-511: A small movement, had a politically regressive effect on efforts for reform. Some historians question the Halévy thesis. Eric Hobsbawm claims that Methodism was not a large enough movement to have been able to prevent revolution. Alan Gilbert suggests that Methodism's supposed antiradicalism has been misunderstood by historians, suggesting that it was seen as a socially deviant movement and the majority of Methodists were moderate radicals. Early in
3692-664: A strong hold in the churches on the continent of Europe. In German-speaking Europe, Lutheran Johann Georg Hamann (1730–88) was a leader in the new wave of evangelicalism, the Erweckung , which spread across the land, cross-fertilizing with British movements. The movement began in the Francophone world in connection with a circle of pastors and seminarians at French-speaking Protestant theological seminaries in Geneva , Switzerland and Montauban , France, influenced inter alia by
3834-399: A student of Gale prior to Oneida, and Gale sought at Oneida to train students "as emissaries of the new revivalism". "The result was a large crop of crusaders and reformers, who were later turned loose to fulminate against drink, slavery, Sabbath breaking, [and] irreligion, some of whom became famous in their proseletyzing fields." Gale "lacked the qualities of a leader". In the summer of 1833
3976-456: A tax rate per thousand of $ 25.24. According to the city's police department, there were six murders, 125 robberies, 22 rapes, and 237 assaults in 2014 (an increase from the previous year, representing a violent-crime rate of 0.6 percent). There were 432 burglaries, 1,845 larcenies and 107 motor-vehicle thefts (a decrease from 2013, representing a property-crime rate of 3.8 percent). Compared to other cities in New York, Utica's crime rate
4118-601: A village), and is known as the Cambuslang Work . In the American colonies the First Great Awakening was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants that swept the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American religion. It resulted from powerful preaching that deeply affected listeners (already church members) with a deep sense of personal guilt and salvation by Christ. Pulling away from ancient ritual and ceremony,
4260-606: A worn footpath with a paved road. The village became a rest and supply area along the Mohawk River for goods and the many people moving through Western New York to and from the Great Lakes. The boundaries of the village of Utica were defined in an act passed by the New York State Legislature on April 3, 1798. Utica expanded its borders in subsequent 1805 and 1817 charters . On April 5, 1805,
4402-548: A year, but in that period 100,000 converts were made. Begun as an effort to kindle nondenominational, nonsectarian spirituality, the Welsh revival of 1904–05 coincided with the rise of the labor movement, socialism, and a general disaffection with religion among the working class and youths. Placed in context, the short-lived revival appears as both a climax for Nonconformism and a flashpoint of change in Welsh religious life. The movement spread to Scotland and England, with estimates that
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4544-721: Is a city in the Mohawk Valley and the county seat of Oneida County, New York , United States. The tenth-most-populous city in New York State , its population was 65,283 in the 2020 U.S. Census . Located on the Mohawk River at the foot of the Adirondack Mountains , it is approximately 95 mi (153 km) west-northwest of Albany , 55 mi (89 km) east of Syracuse and 240 mi (386 km) northwest of New York City . Utica and
4686-554: Is a relative balance between the Democratic and Republican parties, a change from the predominantly single-party politics of the 20th century. Throughout the 1950s, Democrats held the mayor's office and a majority on the city council, under the control of Rufus Elefante 's political machine . Utica is in New York's 22nd congressional district , which has been represented by Republican Brandon Williams since 2023. The city
4828-619: Is also present in other Rust Belt cities such as Buffalo, Elmira and Erie, Pennsylvania ). Utica shares a cuisine with the mid-Atlantic states , with local and regional influences. Its melting pot of immigrant and refugee cuisines, including Dutch , Italian , German , Irish and Bosnian , have introduced dishes such as ćevapi and pasticciotti to the community. Utica staple foods include chicken riggies , Utica greens , half-moons , Italian mushroom stew, and tomato pie . Other popular dishes are pierogi , penne alla vodka , and sausage and peppers . Utica has long had ties to
4970-785: Is generally low. The Utica Police Department patrols the city, and law enforcement is also under the jurisdiction of the Oneida County Sheriff's Office and the New York State Police . The Utica Fire Department coordinates four engines, two truck companies, and rescue, HAZMAT and medical operations with a 123-person crew. Utica's position in the northeastern United States has allowed the blending of cultures and traditions. It shares characteristics with other cities in Central New York including its dialect group ( Inland Northern American English , which
5112-543: Is in USDA plant hardiness zone 5b, and native vegetation can tolerate temperatures from −10 to −15 °F (−23 to −26 °C). Winters are cold and snowy; Utica receives lake-effect snow from Lake Erie and Lake Ontario . Utica is colder on average than other Great Lakes cities because of its location in a valley and susceptibility to north winds; temperatures in the single digits or below zero Fahrenheit are not uncommon on winter nights. Annual precipitation (based on
5254-404: Is increased spiritual interest or renewal in the life of a Christian church, congregation or society with a local, national or global effect. This should be distinguished from the use of the term "revival" to refer to an evangelistic meeting or series of meetings (see revival meeting ). Proponents view revivals as the restoration of the church to a vital and fervent relationship with God after
5396-786: Is not entirely true. The effect of the Great Awakening of 1858–59 was also felt in Australia fostered mainly by the Methodist Church. Records show that the Methodist Church grew by a staggering 72% between 1857 and 1864, while the Baptists, Anglicans, Presbyterians and other evangelicals also benefited. Evangelical fervor was its height during the 1920s with visiting evangelists, R. A. Torrey, Wilbur J. Chapman, Charles M. Alexander and others winning many converts in their Crusades. The Crusades of American evangelist Billy Graham in
5538-728: Is served by the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York , with offices in the Alexander Pirnie Federal Building. According to the comptroller's office, Utica's governmental expenses totaled $ 79.3 million (~$ 101 million in 2023) in 2014 (a net increase of $ 940,000 from the previous year). The 2015–16 budget proposes general-fund spending of $ 66.3 million (~$ 83.3 million in 2023). City taxes collected in 2014 were $ 25,972,930, with
5680-549: Is specified as "Agent, Oneida Institute". By 1835 Frost had left Whitesboro for a pulpit in Elmira (which he helped make an Underground Railroad center). His replacement, David Ogden, was not an abolitionist. This led to a withdrawal from the Whitesboro Presbyterian Church of "seventy-one communicant members, including most of the elders", to form a new Congregational church under Green's direction. As
5822-520: Is the city's tallest. Streets laid out when Utica was a village had more irregularities than those built later in the 19th and 20th centuries. As a result of the city's location (adjacent to the Mohawk River), many streets parallel the river, so they do not run strictly east–west or north–south. Remnants of Utica's early electric-rail systems can be seen in the West and South neighborhoods, where
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5964-766: The Apalachin meeting of American Mafia leaders in 1957. The New York Journal American dubbed Utica the "Sin City of the East", and reporting from sources like the Journal American and Newsweek gave Utica a national reputation for Mafia activities. Local business interests, as well as other media sources such as Look magazine, asserted that these reports were exaggerated, and corruption and crime in Utica were no worse than that in similar American cities. In 1959,
6106-706: The Bosnian War , and the Karen people of Myanmar , with about 4,000 resettled. Utica also has sizable communities of refugees from the former Soviet Union , Southeast Asia , Africa , the Middle East , and elsewhere. Between 2005 and 2010, Utica's population increased for the first time in decades, largely because of refugee resettlement. In 2015, about one quarter of the population of Utica were refugees, and 43 languages were spoken in city schools. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees described Utica as
6248-748: The CONMED Corporation (a surgical-device and orthotics manufacturer) and the Mohawk Valley Health System , the city's primary health care system. Construction, such as the North-South Arterial Highway project, supports the public-sector job market. Although passenger and commercial traffic on the Erie Canal has declined greatly since the 19th century, the barge canal still allows heavy cargo to travel through Utica at low cost, bypassing
6390-568: The Embargo Act of 1807 and local investment enabled further expansion of the textile industry. In addition to the canals, transport in Utica was bolstered by railroads running through the city. The first was the Mohawk and Hudson Rail Road , which became the Utica and Schenectady Railroad in 1833. Its 78 mi (126 km) connection between Schenectady and Utica was developed in 1836 from
6532-564: The Erie and Chenango Canals and the New York Central Railroad . During the 19th and 20th centuries, the city's infrastructure contributed to its success as a manufacturing center and defined its role as a worldwide hub for the textile industry . Like other Rust Belt cities, Utica underwent an economic downturn throughout the mid-20th century. The downturn consisted of industrial decline due to offshoring and
6674-872: The Le Reveil movement. In North America the Third Great Awakening began in 1857 onwards in Canada and spread throughout the English-speaking world including America and Australia. Significant names include Dwight L. Moody , Ira D. Sankey , William Booth and Catherine Booth (founders of the Salvation Army ), Charles Spurgeon and James Caughey . Hudson Taylor began the China Inland Mission and Thomas John Barnardo founded his famous orphanages. One representative
6816-603: The Republican political machine in Utica declined and was replaced by a Democratic machine headed by Rufus Elefante with the support of Governor (and later, President) Franklin D. Roosevelt . Democratic political leaders cooperated with local business interests to draw modern industry to Utica. General Electric , Chicago Pneumatic , Bendix Aviation , and Univac among others established factories in Utica. Utica College and Mohawk Valley Community College were founded to provide skilled workers, and Oneida County Airport
6958-568: The Second Great Awakening that began about 1800 and which reached out to non-believers, the First Great Awakening focused on people who were already church members. It changed their rituals, their piety, and their self-awareness. The Hungarian Baptist Church sprung out of revival with the perceived liberalism of the Hungarian Reformed Church during the late 1800s. Many thousands of people were baptized in
7100-611: The Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement . It also introduced a new form of religious expression to America: the Scottish camp meeting . A movement in Swiss, eastern French, German, and Dutch Protestant history known as le Réveil (German: die Erweckung , Dutch: Het Reveil ). Le Réveil was a revival of Protestant Christianity along conservative evangelical lines at a time when rationalism had taken
7242-513: The brewing industry. The family-owned Matt Brewing Company (Saranac Brewery) resisted the bankruptcies and plant closings that came with the industry consolidation under a few national brands. As of 2012, it was ranked the 15th-largest brewery by sales in the United States. The Brewers Association named the brewery among America's top 35 craft breweries in 2019. Christian revival#United States 1800–1850 Christian revivalism
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#17327649160867384-457: The rails were set into the streets . Utica's neighborhoods have historically been defined by their residents, allowing them to develop their own individuality. Racial and ethnic groups, social and economic separation and the development of infrastructure and new means of transportation have shaped neighborhoods, with groups shifting between them as a result. West Utica (or the West Side)
7526-685: The right-of-way previously used by the Mohawk and Hudson railroad. Later lines, such as the Syracuse and Utica Railroad , merged with the Utica and Schenectady to form the New York Central Railroad , which originated as a 19th-century forest railway of the Adirondacks . In the early 1800s, William Williams and his partner published Utica's first newspaper, The Utica Club , from their printing shop on Genesee Street. In 1817 Williams also published Utica's first directory. Utica went on to become
7668-453: The "town that loves refugees" in 2005, although discrimination problems have arisen. In 2016, the Utica City School District settled lawsuits alleging refugee students were excluded from attending high school. In 2024, 13-year-old Karen refugee Nyah Mway was shot and killed by police, making national news and tarnishing Utica's refugee-friendly reputation. Despite the reinvigorating effects of immigration, Utica continues to struggle with
7810-565: The 1850s, plank roads were built through the marshland surrounding the city. Utica's suburbs have more hills and cliffs than the city. Located where the Mohawk Valley forms a wide floodplain, the city has a generally sloping, flat topography. Utica's architecture features many styles that are also visible in comparable areas of Buffalo, Rochester and Syracuse, including Greek Revival , Italianate , French Renaissance , Gothic Revival and Neoclassical . The modernist 1972 Utica State Office Building, at 17 floors and 227 ft (69 m),
7952-401: The 1950s had significant impact on Australian Churches. Stuart Piggin (1988) explores the development and tenacity of the evangelical movement in Australia, and its impact on Australian society. Evangelicalism arrived from Britain as an already mature movement characterized by commonly shared attitudes toward doctrine, spiritual life, and sacred history. Any attempt to periodize the history of
8094-406: The 1990s. New immigrants and refugees have included Bosnians displaced by the Bosnian War , Burmese , Karens , Latin Americans , Russians and Vietnamese . More than 42 languages are spoken in the city. Utica's population halted a forty-year decline in 2010, influenced by this influx of refugees and immigrants. In the 2020 United States Census , Utica's population was 65,283. According to
8236-454: The 19th century made efforts toward a universal appeal – rich and poor, urban and rural, and men and women. Special efforts were made to attract children and to generate literature to spread the revivalist message. Gobbett (1997) discusses the usefulness of historian Elie Halévy 's thesis explaining why England did not undergo a social revolution in the period 1790–1832, a time that appeared ripe for violent social upheaval. Halévy suggested that
8378-404: The 19th century the Scottish minister Thomas Chalmers had an important influence on the evangelical revival movement. Chalmers began life as a moderate in the Church of Scotland and an opponent of evangelicalism. During the winter of 1803–04, he presented a series of lectures that outlined a reconciliation of the apparent incompatibility between the Genesis account of creation and the findings of
8520-595: The 2013 American Community Survey , the Italian American population has declined since its peak by more than 40%. Italian Americans however remain the most prominent ethnic group, constituting 20% of the city population. Utica is historically one of the most Italian cities in the country. Throughout the 20th century, the city had a higher concentration of Italian immigrants than other cities with notable levels of Italian immigration, such as New York City , Chicago , and Philadelphia . Italian immigrants from Basilicata were first to arrive, but most later immigrants came from
8662-436: The 20th century include the 1904–1905 Welsh Revival , 1906 ( Azusa Street Revival ), 1930s ( Balokole ), 1970s ( Jesus people ), 1971 Bario Revival and 1909 Chile Revival which spread in the Americas, Africa, and Asia among Protestants and Catholics. Many Christian revivals drew inspiration from the missionary work of early monks, from the 16th-century Protestant Reformation (and Catholic Counter-Reformation ) and from
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#17327649160868804-453: The 29th-largest in the country (with 20,000 residents, more than the populations of Chicago , Detroit or Cleveland . ) Utica's location on the Erie and Chenango canals encouraged industrial development, allowing the transport of anthracite coal from northeastern Pennsylvania for local manufacturing and distribution. Utica's economy centered around the manufacture of furniture, heavy machinery, textiles and lumber. The combined effects of
8946-460: The Bible. Finney also conducted revival meetings in England, first in 1849 and later to England and Scotland in 1858–59. In New England , the renewed interest in religion inspired a wave of social activism, including abolitionism . In the West (now upper South), especially in Cane Ridge, Kentucky and Tennessee , the revival strengthened the Methodists and Baptists . The Churches of Christ and Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) arose from
9088-498: The Great Awakening made religion intensely emotive to the average person by creating a deep sense of spiritual guilt and redemption. Historian Sydney E. Ahlstrom sees it as part of a "great international Protestant upheaval" that also created Pietism in Germany, the Evangelical Revival and Methodism in England. It brought Christianity to enslaved Americans and was a ground-breaking event in New England that challenged established authority. It incited rancor and division between
9230-430: The Johnsonian Revivals, largely expanded the pietistic emphases of Hauge via the Inner Mission Society as spearheaded by Gisle Johnson, which revolved around lay preaching and Bible study, increased spiritual literacy via the distribution of Christian literature, and the alleviation of the impoverished conditions of the quickly-industrializing Norway of the nineteenth century. The Johnsonian Revivals would go on to influence
9372-543: The Netherlands the movement was taken forward by Willem Bilderdijk , with Isaäc da Costa , Abraham Capadose , Samuel Iperusz Wiselius , Willem de Clercq and Groen van Prinsterer as his pupils. The movement was politically influential and actively involved in improving society, and – at the end of the 19th century – brought about anti-revolutionary and Christian historical parties. At the same time in Britain figures such as William Wilberforce and Thomas Chalmers were active, although they are not considered to be part of
9514-545: The New York Central Railroad right-of-way en route to Canada. Utica was the locus for Methodist preacher Orange Scott 's antislavery sermons during the 1830s and 1840s, and Scott formed an abolitionist group there in 1843. Beriah Green organized the 1835 initial meeting of the New York State Anti-Slavery Society in Utica, which was disrupted by an anti-abolitionist mob led by local congressman Samuel Beardsley and other "prominent citizens". (It adjourned to Gerrit Smith 's home in nearby Peterboro, New York . ) This mob
9656-557: The New York State Thruway and providing intermodal freight transport with the railroads. Republican Michael P. Galime was elected to a four-year term as mayor in 2023, and took office at the start of 2024. The common council consists of 10 members, six of whom are elected from single-member districts . The other four, including its president, are elected at-large . Utica has a Strong mayor-council form of government. The council has eight standing committees for issues including transportation, education, finance and public safety. There
9798-515: The Norwegian church mission societies abroad, spanning Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In the U.S. the Second Great Awakening (1800–30s) was the second great religious revival in United States history and consisted of renewed personal salvation experienced in revival meetings. Major leaders included Asahel Nettleton , James Brainerd Taylor , Charles Grandison Finney , Lyman Beecher , Barton Stone , Alexander Campbell , Peter Cartwright and James B. Finley . Rev. Charles Finney (1792–1875)
9940-477: The Pietistic preaching of Hans Nielsen Hauge and dogmatician Gisle Johnson , the latter of which started the movement known as the Johnsonian Revivals. The lasting importance of Hauge's revivals was threefold: 1. the introduction of revivalism as a prominent feature of Norwegian spiritual life, 2. the introduction of lay preaching as a common practice, and 3. institution of conventicles, or non-sanctioned congregational gatherings. The second wave of revivals, called
10082-493: The South. The 1954 opening of the New York State Thruway (which bypassed the city) and declines in activity on the Erie Canal and railroads throughout the United States also contributed to a poor local economy. During the 1980s and 1990s, major employers such as General Electric and Lockheed Martin closed plants in Utica and Syracuse. Some Utica businesses relocated to nearby Syracuse, with its larger and more educated workforce. Utica's population fell while population in
10224-539: The Whitestown Seminary it is also a predecessor of Bates College (1855). A graduate, William G. Allen , became the second African-American professor in the country at nearby New-York Central College , which also admitted African-American students and was also short-lived. Theodore Dwight Weld , who had studied at Oneida from 1827 to 1830, was dissatisfied with Gale's leadership. He led a 1833 exodus of "Oneida boys...disenchanted with Gale's leadership and
10366-469: The Whitestown Seminary was the school of H. H. Kellogg, in Clinton . Elizabeth, "lady principal", daughter of Robert Everett, two of whose brothers attended the Oneida Institute, married John Jay Butler . According to Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography , in 1845 Green founded a Manual Labor School in Whitesboro. The school buildings are no longer standing, and the campus land has been reused for
10508-577: The academy building to a corner of the Common, leaving it "shattered, mutilated, inwardly beyond reparation almost." Four of its students then enrolled at Oneida. The city of New Haven in 1831 unexpectedly and decisively prevented the setting up of "a new college for the instruction of colored youth", of which there was none in United States. (See Simeon Jocelyn .) In New York, the American Colonization Society would not allow even
10650-529: The advantages offered at the Oneida Institute, that they furnish trustworthy testimonials of good mental and moral character, be competent to teach a common English school, and able to recite the Greek Grammar, and profess the design of pursuing our course of study fully. These advantages we do not confine to those who may expect ultimately to enter the ministry. The curriculum was in line with Green's goal of training abolitionist activists, which he believed
10792-562: The aftermath of the war, numerous colonial settlers migrated into the region of New York from New England, especially Connecticut . In 1794 a state road, Genesee Road , was built from Utica west to the Genesee River . That year a contract was awarded to the Mohawk Turnpike and Bridge Company to extend the road northeast to Albany, and in 1798 it was extended. The Seneca Turnpike was key to Utica's development, replacing
10934-582: The bend Unundadages ("around the hill"), a name that now appears on the city's seal. During the American Revolutionary War , border raids from British -allied Iroquois tribes harried the settlers on the frontier. George Washington ordered Sullivan's Expedition , Rangers , to enter Central New York and suppress the Iroquois threat. More than 40 Iroquois villages were destroyed along with their winter stores, causing starvation. In
11076-545: The brutal fighting. The land housing Old Fort Schuyler was part of a 20,000-acre (81 km ) portion of marshland granted by King George II to New York governor William Cosby on January 2, 1734. Since the fort was located near several trails (including the Great Indian Warpath ), its position—on a bend at a shallow portion of the Mohawk River—made it an important fording point. The Mohawk call
11218-409: The city during a general restructuring in older industrial cities. New industries to rise in the city were electronics manufacturing (led by companies such as General Electric, which produced transistor radios ), machinery and equipment, and food processing . The city struggled to make a transition to new industries. During the second half of the 20th century, the city's recessions were longer than
11360-535: The city prospered as one of the wealthiest per capita in the United States. In the early 20th century, the local textile industry began to decline, which had a significant impact on the local economy. The boll weevil adversely affected southern cotton crops in this period. During the late 1940s, air-conditioned mills opened in the southern United States , and jobs were lost as factories were moved south, where labor costs were lower because " right to work " laws weakened unions. Other industries also moved out of
11502-403: The city's industries in the early part of the 20th century. Like many other industrial centers, labor unrest affected Utica in the 1910s; on April 5 1912 martial law was proclaimed to stop riots in Utica, Yorkville , and New York Mills , while on October 28 during the strike wave of 1919 , city police shot six or more striking textile workers. In 1919, two-thirds of employed Uticans worked in
11644-412: The close of the prayer meeting". By May, 50,000 of New York's 800,000 people were new converts. Finney wrote of this revival, "This winter of 1857–58 will be remembered as the time when a great revival prevailed. It swept across the land with such power that at the time it was estimated that not less than 50,000 conversions occurred weekly." In 1857, four young Irishmen began a weekly prayer meeting in
11786-431: The closure of textile mills, population loss caused by the relocation of jobs and businesses to suburbs and to Syracuse, and poverty associated with socioeconomic stress and a depressed tax base. With its low cost of living, the city has become a melting pot for refugees from war-torn countries around the world, encouraging growth for its colleges and universities , cultural institutions and economy. The first Utica
11928-473: The county increased, reflecting a statewide trend of decreasing urban populations outside New York City . Eccentric populist mayor Ed Hanna , who served from 1974 to 1978 and from 1996 to 2000, brought himself national media attention but was unable to stem Utica's decline. The low cost of living in Utica has attracted immigrants and refugees from around the world. The largest refugee groups in Utica are Bosnians , with 4,500 refugees resettled following
12070-545: The developing science of geology. However, by 1810 he had become an evangelical and would eventually lead the Disruption of 1843 that resulted in the formation of the Free Church of Scotland . The Plymouth Brethren started with John Nelson Darby at this time, a result of disillusionment with denominationalism and clerical hierarchy. The established churches too, were influenced by the evangelical revival. In 1833
12212-431: The earlier revivals had left a dearth of religious imagery that the visions supplied. They also challenged the denial of the spiritual and miraculous element of scripture by opponents of the revival, who held liberal and critical theological positions. The structure and content of the visions not only repeated those of Scripture and earlier Christian mystical tradition but also illuminated the personal and social tensions that
12354-525: The early 21st century, the Mohawk Valley economy is based on logistics , industrial processes , machinery, and industrial services . In Rome, the former Griffiss Air Force Base has remained a regional employer as a technology center. The Turning Stone Resort & Casino in Verona is a tourist destination, with a number of expansions during the 1990s and 2000s. Utica's larger employers include
12496-529: The explosively emerging topic of the abolition of slavery . The institute opened in May 1827 with 2 instructors, Gale and Pelatiah Rawson (sometimes spelled Peletiah), the latter a Hamilton College graduate and engineer that had worked on the just-completed Erie Canal . There were initially 20 students, including most of the 7 that had been working in exchange for instruction on Gale's farm in Western, New York ,
12638-448: The first college in the country to admit them without restrictions. According to alumnus Alexander Crummell , there was "perfect equality" between the black and white students. There were generally 10–14 "colored students". In 1840, "including Indian blood", there were 20. When Green became president, the institute was in debt. American abolitionists, including Gerrit Smith , pledged $ 65,000 (equivalent to $ 1,860,000 in 2023) towards
12780-721: The great Welsh revival (1904). In 1906 the modern Pentecostal movement was born in Azusa Street , in Los Angeles. The rebaibal , as it is known in Tok Pisin , had begun in the Solomon Islands and reached the Urapmin people by 1977. The Urapmin were particularly zealous in rejecting their traditional beliefs, and adopted a form of Charismatic Christianity based on Baptist Christianity . The Urapmin innovated
12922-532: The hill") refers to a bend in the Mohawk River that flows around the city's elevated position as seen from the Deerfield Hills in the north. The Erie Canal and Mohawk River pass through northern Utica; northwest of downtown is the Utica Marsh, a group of cattail wetlands between the Erie Canal and Mohawk River (partially in the town of Marcy ) with a variety of animals, plants and birds. During
13064-628: The historically Welsh neighborhood of Corn Hill. Bagg Commemorative Park and Bagg's Square West (Utica's historic centers) are in the northeastern portion of downtown, with Genesee Street on the west and Oriskany Street on the south. The following are listed on the National Register of Historic Places : Utica has a humid continental climate (or warm-summer climate: Köppen Dfb ) with four distinct seasons, characterized by cold winters and temperate summers. Summer high temperatures range from 77–81 °F (25–27 °C). The city
13206-826: The indigenous Geneva Evangelical Society . The Réveil also inspired the International Committee of the Red Cross , which was established in Geneva in 1863 by a group of young professional followers of the movement. As well as supporting existing Protestant denominations, in France and Germany the movement led to the creation of Free Evangelical Church groupings: the Union des Églises évangéliques libres and Bund Freier evangelischer Gemeinden in Deutschland . In
13348-477: The institution a wreck". He identifies the causes of its failure as three: first, the manual labor scheme; "unskilled labor was found to be unprofitable". (The $ 1000 mentioned above, received from crops, did not cover the costs of their production.) Second, replacing the classics with the Bible: "this did much to disconnect the institution with the general theory and habit of culture in the country and to stamp it with
13490-513: The instructors relinquished nearly all of their salaries", and enrollment was cut to 25; the following year, 50–75. Just before closure, counting the president there were four professors, "and an able financier". The school's transformation into a "hotbed of abolition" was not well received by authorities. Milton Sernett called it, under Green, "far too radical for its time". "[T]he education societies withdrew their aid from its students, because its course of study substituted Hebrew for Latin, and it
13632-683: The interest in the American movement that in 1858 the Presbyterian General Assembly meeting in Derry appointed two of their ministers, Dr. William Gibson and Rev. William McClure to visit North America. Upon their return the two deputies had many public opportunities to bear testimony to what they had witnessed of the remarkable outpouring of the Spirit across the Atlantic, and to fan the flames in their homeland yet further. Such
13774-620: The lack of regular theological courses"; they rafted down the French and Allegheny rivers to Cincinnati, and constituted 24 of the 40 members of the Lane Seminary 's original student body. To satisfy debts its facilities were sold to the Free Will Baptists , who created the Whitestown Seminary in 1844. A condition of the sale was that the new seminary admit students of "all colors". Several Oneida Institute students enrolled. It
13916-702: The largest and most powerful nation in the eastern and lower Mohawk Valley. Colonists had a long-standing fur trade with the Mohawk, in exchange for firearms and rum. The Iroquois nations' dominating presence in the region prevented the Province of New York from expanding past the middle of the Mohawk Valley until after the American victory in the Revolutionary War. Following the war several Iroquois nations were forced to cede lands to New York: British allies due to defeat and American allies in exchange for post-war shelter and supplies which were necessary following
14058-536: The movement in Australia should examine the role of revivalism and the oscillations between emphases on personal holiness and social concerns. Historians have examined the revival movements in Scandinavia, with special attention to the growth of organizations, church history, missionary history, social class and religion, women in religious movements, religious geography, the lay movements as counter culture, ethnology, and social force. Some historians approach it as
14200-574: The national average. The exodus of defense companies (such as Lockheed Martin, formed from the merger of the Lockheed Corporation and Martin Marietta in 1995) and the electrical-manufacturing industry played a major role in Utica's recent economic distress. From 1975 to 2001, the city's economic growth rate was similar to that of Buffalo, while other upstate New York cities such as Rochester and Binghamton outperformed both. In
14342-726: The nearby city of Rome anchor the Utica–Rome Metropolitan Statistical Area comprising all of Oneida and Herkimer Counties. Formerly a river settlement inhabited by the Mohawk Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy, Utica attracted European-American settlers from New England during and after the American Revolution . In the 19th century, immigrants strengthened its position as a layover city between Albany and Syracuse on
14484-655: The place of Latin odes; enthusiasts, plowboys and printers; also real students of elegant tastes, captured by the genius of President Green. Listed in bold are students who were at the Noyes Institute before it was destroyed, in August 1835. No Black students from Oneida enrolled at Lane. Listed in bold are those students who, under the influence of Theodore D. Weld , left Oneida for the Lane Theological Seminary . All of them were white. For
14626-434: The practices of spirit possession (known as the "spirit disko") and ritualized confessions, the latter being especially atypical for Protestantism . The Welsh revival was not an isolated religious movement but very much a part of Britain's modernization. The revival began in the fall of 1904 under the leadership of Evan Roberts (1878–1951), a 26-year-old former collier and minister-in-training. The revival lasted less than
14768-879: The regions of Apulia , Lazio , Calabria , and Abruzzo , with an unusually large number from the village of Alberobello in Apulia. A smaller number came from Sicily than is typical for most Italian-American communities. The remainder of sizable ethnic groups include, as approximations: Slavs (18%) broken down as Poles (8.3%), Bosnians (7%) and Eastern Slavs at a combined (2.7%). Irish (11.3%), African Americans (10.5%), German (10.3%), ethnically English or American residents (8%), Puerto Ricans (6.8%). Burmese (3.5%), French and French-Canadians (2.7%), Arabs and Lebanese (2%), (non-Hispanic) Caribbean West Indies (1.8%), Dominicans (1.5%), Vietnamese (1.5%) and Cambodians (.7%). Iroquois or other (non-Hispanic) Amerindians (.3%). Median income per Utica household
14910-576: The revitalized interest of men and women in Christian perfection. Caughey successfully bridged the gap between the style of earlier camp meetings and the needs of more sophisticated Methodist congregations in the emerging cities. In England the Keswick Convention movement began out of the British Holiness movement , encouraging a lifestyle of holiness , unity and prayer. On 21 September 1857 businessman Jeremiah Lanphier began
15052-434: The scandals culminated in criminal investigations of city employees and officials: many were arrested on charges related to prostitution , gambling , fraud , and conspiracy , and others were forced to resign. The Utica Daily Press and Utica Observer-Dispatch were awarded the 1959 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for their investigations of local corruption. Elefante's machine lost dominance. Organized crime in Utica
15194-706: The site of Old Fort Schuyler , built by American colonists for defense in 1758 during the French and Indian War , the North American front of the Seven Years' War against France . Prior to construction of the fort, the Mohawk , Onondaga and Oneida nations of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy had controlled this area southeast of the Great Lakes region as early as 4000 BC. The Mohawk were
15336-503: The sixth-most populous metro region in New York. It is the seat of Oneida County, and a focal point of the six-county Mohawk Valley region. According to a U.S. Census estimate, the Utica–Rome Metropolitan Statistical Area decreased in population from 299,397 in 2010 to 296,615 on July 1, 2014, and its population density was about 3,818 people per square mile (1,474 people/km ). Utica's population has remained ethnically diverse and has received many new influxes of immigrants since
15478-465: The study of ethics or moral philosophy than was the case during Gale's tenure, or indeed at most American colleges in the 1830s." He replaced the study of Latin and classical Greek with Hebrew and New Testament Greek . In 1836 (another source says 1838), in the "juvenile department", William Whipple Warren studied arithmetic, English grammar, geography, and " the Greek of Matthew's gospel" . In 1843,
15620-520: The support of the institute, although because of the Panic of 1837 not all were able to fulfill their pledges. The Panic left the institute $ 9,000 in debt. In 1839 Green and the other faculty published in The Colored American an appeal for donations. Before 1840, there was an average of 100 students. After incurring the large debt ( Charles Stuart called it "embarrassments"), "in 1841
15762-603: The textile industry. The textile industry in the Northern United States declined rapidly following World War I , as mills relocated to the Southern United States . Textiles remained the leading industry in Utica through 1947, employing a little less than a quarter of workers at the few remaining mills. As early as 1928, the area Chamber of Commerce sought to diversify Utica's industrial base. Prompted by local labor issues and national trends,
15904-635: The traditionalists who argued for ritual and doctrine and the revivalists who ignored or sometimes avidly contradicted doctrine, e.g. George Whitfield 's being denied a pulpit in Anglican Churches after denying Anglican Doctrine. Its democratic features had a major impact in shaping the Congregational , Presbyterian , Dutch Reformed , and German Reformed denominations, and strengthened the small Baptist and Methodist denominations. It had little impact on Anglicans and Quakers . Unlike
16046-728: The uncompromising stance of the Covenanters in 17th-century Scotland and Ulster that came to Virginia and Pennsylvania with Presbyterians and other non-conformists. Its character formed part of the mental framework that led to the American War of Independence and the Civil War. The 18th-century Age of Enlightenment had two camps: those who identified humans as only intellectual beings, Rationalists , and those who believed humans to be only passionate beings, followers of Romanticism . The philosophy of Earl of Shaftesbury III led to
16188-402: The village of Connor near Ballymena . See also Ahoghill . This meeting is generally regarded as the origin of the 1859 Ulster Revival that swept through most of the towns and villages throughout Ulster and in due course brought 100,000 converts into the churches. It was also ignited by a young preacher, Henry Grattan Guinness , who drew thousands at a time to hear his preaching. So great was
16330-422: The village's eastern and western boundaries were expanded, and on April 7, 1817, Utica separated from Whitestown on its west. After completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, the city's growth was stimulated again. Utica became a printing and publishing center, with many newspapers. The municipal charter was passed by the state legislature on February 13, 1832. In 1845 the United States Census ranked Utica as
16472-658: The visit of Scottish Christian Robert Haldane in 1816–17. The circle included such figures as Merle D'Aubigne , César Malan , Felix Neff , and the Monod brothers. As these men traveled, the movement spread to Lyon and Paris in France, Berlin and Eberfeld in Germany, and the Netherlands. Several missionary societies were founded to support this work, such as the British-based Continental society and
16614-622: The western border of Herkimer County , and at the southwestern base of the Adirondack Mountains . Utica and its suburbs are bound by the Allegheny Plateau in the south and the Adirondack Mountains in the north, and the city is 456 ft (139 m) above sea level; this region is known as the Mohawk Valley . The city is 90 mi (145 km) west-northwest of Albany and 45 mi (72 km) east of Syracuse . The city's Mohawk name, Unundadages ("around
16756-473: Was "back to Africa", e.g. Liberia . In his inaugural address, Green called for "immediate, unconditional, and uncompensated emancipation". Compensated emancipation meant that owners of released slaves would be compensated for the loss of their "property", as they were, in part, when the District of Columbia's slaves were emancipated in 1862 . In this environment Oneida admitted African-American students,
16898-515: Was $ 30,818. Per capita income was $ 17,653, and 29.6% of the population were below the poverty threshold . During the mid-19th century, Utica's canals and railroads supported industries producing furniture , locomotive headlights, steam gauges, firearms , textiles and lumber . World War I sparked the growth of Savage Arms , which produced the Lewis gun for the British Army , and
17040-623: Was Rev. James Caughey, an American sent by the Wesleyan Methodist Church to Canada from the 1840s through 1864. He brought in converts by the score, most notably in the revivals in Canada West 1851–53. His technique combined restrained emotionalism with a clear call for personal commitment, coupled with follow-up action to organize support from converts. It was a time when the Holiness Movement caught fire, with
17182-492: Was a former city in modern-day Tunisia . Many central New York locations have the names of ancient cities or people ( Rome , Syracuse , Ithaca , Troy , Homer , Cicero , Ovid , and a number of others). The reuse of the name of ancient Utica for a modern village, then city, owes a great deal to classically trained surveyor Robert Harpur (1731–1825), for many years a professor in King's College (today Columbia University ). It
17324-458: Was a key leader of the evangelical revival movement in America. From 1821 onward he conducted revival meetings across many north-eastern states and won many converts. For him, a revival was not a miracle but a change of mindset that was ultimately a matter of an individual's free will. His revival meetings created anxiety in a penitent's mind that their soul could only be saved by submission to the will of God, as illustrated by Finney's quotations from
17466-529: Was also trying to make education more affordable. "Students worked on the farm, or in the carpenter, trunk and harness-making shops"; a printing shop was added later. The first year, floods destroyed the crops, but the second year, students produced fifty cords of wood, thirty barrels of cider, seven hundred bushels of corn, four hundred of potatoes, one hundred of oats, twenty-five of beans, thirty tons of hay, and eighty bushels of onions—the whole valued at $ 1000 [equivalent to $ 28,613 in 2023]. "Religious fervor
17608-408: Was an heroic age — an age in which principles of truth were striving for recognition in the lives of those bold enough to be right, rather than popular. Among the few institutions that dared to risk their success upon the carrying out of ideas hostile in their time, was the Oneida Institute, at Whitesboro, New York. It was the hot-bed of radicalism as it existed at that day. Many of its ideas have become
17750-425: Was built to provide transport. The city also underwent residential redevelopment, including slum clearance and modernizing streets and neighborhoods to accommodate the automobile . The period of Utica history through the 1940s and 1950s is sometimes called the "loom to boom" era. While it led to growth of the suburbs of New Hartford and Whitestown , Utica's population remained flat during this era, and unemployment
17892-574: Was called an Institute, not an Academy, College, or Theological School. And the charges that have been sung among the pro-slavery influences of church and state around it, on the 'nigger school' cannot well be numbered." According to Sernett, the Presbyterian Education Society and the American Education Society "struck Oneida Institute from its list of approved schools" in 1834. Another source says this
18034-771: Was consolidated in 1845 with the Clinton Seminary. Whitestown Seminary merged with the Cobb Divinity School to form the Free Will Baptist Bible School , which moved to the New Hampton Institute in 1854 before moving to Bates College in 1870 and eventually merging with the school's religion department. However, the Whitestown Seminary in Whitestown was publishing a catalog as late as 1878. A predecessor of
18176-482: Was controversial at best, and aroused bitter, even violent opposition. (Even schools for black students only could be the object of violence.) While there had been one African-American graduate each from Amherst , Bowdoin , and Middlebury , these were exceptional cases. The Noyes Academy in New Hampshire was destroyed in 1835 after it admitted African-American students; farmers with ninety yoke of oxen dragged
18318-501: Was curtailed, but resurged in the late 1970s. The local Mafia, present since the 1930s, ended with the indictment of local associates of the Buffalo crime family in 1989. Strongly affected by the deindustrialization that took place in other Rust Belt cities, Utica suffered a major reduction in manufacturing activity during the second half of the 20th century. The remaining textile mills continued to be undercut by competitors in
18460-425: Was forced to close in part because of local hostility to education of African Americans, and even more so to African-American professors. A month before Green's arrival in August 1832, 35 students formed an antislavery society on immediatist principles, the first in New York State. 34 students formed a colonization society; colonization was not in favor of full emancipation, and thought the best place for free blacks
18602-411: Was he who gave out the central New York State Classical names, and he stated that he named the village of Utica. However, another theory involves a 1798 meeting at Bagg's Tavern (a resting place for travelers passing through the village) where the name was picked from a hat holding 13 suggestions. How Utica came to be among them, if not due ultimately to Harpur, is unknown. Utica was established on
18744-702: Was historically home to German , Irish and Polish immigrants. The Corn Hill neighborhood in the city center had a significant Jewish population. East Utica (or the East Side) is a cultural and political center dominated by Italian immigrants. North of downtown is the Triangle neighborhood, formerly home to the city's African-American and Jewish populations. Neighborhoods formerly dominated by one or more groups saw other groups arrive, such as Bosnians and Latin Americans in former Italian neighborhoods and
18886-801: Was in 1839. In 1836, the New York Senate passed a resolution "directing the Committee on Literature [schools] to inquire into the propriety of denying the Oneida Institute all participation in the Benefits of the Literature Fund." This was because it was "regarded as the hot-bed of sedition, [and] that Beriah Green, the principal, had been active and successful in propagating the doctrines of abolitionism." The Legislature took no action after more than 150 people met to protest and to demand academic freedom . During 1833–1834 Frost's employment
19028-561: Was kept at a white heat. Studies were interrupted to hold protracted revival meetings." Gale replaced the study of Latin and Classical Greek with Hebrew and Biblical Greek. This change, especially regarding Latin, was vigorously opposed by the Presbyterian Presbytery, with financial consequences. According to a modern scholar, studying at Oneida at this time "required substantial emotional stability." The charismatic, influential Christian revivalist Charles Finney had been
19170-450: Was not just an evil, it was a crime and a sin. Green accepted the job on two conditions: that he be allowed to preach "immediatism", the immediate emancipation of slaves, and that it be allowed to admit African-American students. These were agreed to. Prior to Green, there had not been any Black students at Oneida; so far as is known, none had applied. In 1833, allowing African-American students into educational institutions alongside whites
19312-578: Was part of a national campaign of anti-abolitionist violence in the 1830s . The early 20th century brought rail advances to Utica, with the New York Central electrifying 49 mi (79 km) of track from the city to Syracuse in 1907 for its West Shore interurban line. In 1902, the Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway connected Rome to Little Falls with a 37.5 mi (60.4 km) electrified line through Utica. Waves of Lebanese Maronite , Italian, Irish, and Polish immigrants worked in
19454-432: Was persistently elevated. As in some other US cities during the decade, scandals involving political corruption , vice , and organized crime tarnished Utica's reputation. It remains unclear whether Elefante and his inner circle were actively involved in organized crime or simply turned a blind eye to it. Organized crime in Utica received national attention after three Utican mafiosos were reported to have attended
19596-494: Was the first and leading American example of the manual labor college , which Gale thought he had originated, although there were earlier examples, and Weld had proposed a manual labor program unsuccessfully to Hamilton College . Gale's goal was to supplement study with the physical and spiritual or psychological benefits of exercise; for the time this was an innovative and informed position. By "unit[ing] classical education with agricultural, horticultural, and mechanical labor," Gale
19738-419: Was the primary partner in setting up the institute, bringing her considerable wealth to the enterprise. They raised $ 20,000, a significant part of which was from the philanthropist and abolitionist brothers Arthur and Lewis Tappan ; Arthur had helped various "western" institutions, to the extent of tens of thousands of dollars, "but his favorite among them was Oneida Institute". (In the early 19th century, Utica
19880-410: Was the strength of emotion generated by the preachers' oratory that many made spontaneous confessions seeking to be relieved of their burdens of sin. Others suffered complete nervous breakdown. The most recent Great Awakening (1904 onwards) had its roots in the holiness movement which had developed in the late 19th century. The Pentecostal revival movement began, out of a passion for more power and
20022-823: Was western, the gateway to western New York.) With this they bought 115 acres of land and began construction of the buildings. The institute occupied "more than 100 acres (40 ha) bordered by Main Street and the Mohawk River and by Ellis and Ablett Avenues in Whitesboro village." The first student movement in the country, the Lane Rebels , began at Oneida. A contingent of about 24, with an acknowledged leader ( Theodore Dwight Weld ), left Oneida for Lane and then, more publicly, soon left Lane for Oberlin. Oneida's first president, Gale, founded Knox Manual Labor Institute, later Knox College , in Galesburg, Illinois . Oneida hired its second president, Beriah Green , from Oberlin's competitor in northeast Ohio, Western Reserve College . All of these institutions and people are very much linked to
20164-494: Was what Christianity mandated. Abolitionism was a "sacred vocation". The institute under Green was "an abolition college", "a hotbed of anti-slavery activity," "abolitionist to the core, more so than any other American college." As put in a hostile letter to the editor of 1837, "young men are taught to despise the arrangements of society." National abolitionist leader Gerrit Smith was made a trustee . Oneida and Whitestown Anti-Slavery Societies were soon formed, declaring that slavery
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