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118-486: Osmeña Boulevard is a major arterial thoroughfare in Cebu City , Philippines. It is the city's "main street" which travels in a generally northwest–southeast orientation linking the old downtown district of San Roque near the harbor with the modern uptown Capitol Site district. Beginning at M.J. Cuenco Avenue in the east, the boulevard heads northwest towards Fuente Osmeña circle and ends at Escario Street. At its north end,

236-515: A city charter, and through this charter, Congress confers on a city certain powers that regular municipalities or even other cities may not have. Despite differences in the powers accorded to each city, all cities, regardless of status, are given a larger share of the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) compared to regular municipalities, and are generally more autonomous than regular municipalities. A city's local government

354-446: A city, especially if the population has greatly increased and local economy has become more robust. On the other hand, due to the higher property taxes that would be imposed after cityhood, many citizens have become wary of their town's conversion into a city, even if the municipality had already achieved a high degree of urbanization and has an annual income that already exceeds that of many existing lower-income cities. This has been among

472-642: A city. Despite the passage of RA 9009, 16 municipalities not meeting the required locally generated income were converted into cities in 2007 by seeking exemption from the income requirement. This led to vocal opposition from the League of Cities of the Philippines against the cityhood of these municipalities, with the League arguing that by letting these municipalities become cities, Congress will set "a dangerous precedent" that would not prevent others from seeking

590-552: A city. Prior to 1979, all cities were just considered chartered cities, without any official category differentiating them aside from income levels. Though chartered cities were considered autonomous from the provinces from which they were created, the eligibility of their residents to vote for provincial officials was determined by their respective charters. Regarding participation in provincial affairs, there were three types of city charters: The 1951 Supreme Court decision on Teves, et al. v. Commission on Elections finally resolved

708-404: A component city's charter, prohibiting city residents to vote for provincial officials. In the last quarter of 2021, Samar 1st district congressman Edgar Mary Sarmiento proposed to convert the city of Calbayog from being a component city into an independent component city through the virtue of House Bill No. 10483. Since 1992, once a city reaches a population of 200,000 persons as certified by

826-499: A day after it lapsed into law without the signature of the president, President Rodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act No. 11683, which amended Section 450 of the Local Government Code, making the conversion of municipalities into cities easier. The amendments state that if a municipality generates at least ₱400 million for two consecutive years, it will be exempt from the land and population requirements. The League

944-657: A form of localized civil government to an area that is primarily urban, which, due to its compact nature and different demography and local economy, cannot be necessarily handled more efficiently by more rural-oriented provincial and municipal governments. However, not all cities are purely areas of dense urban settlement. To date there are still cities with huge expanses of rural or wilderness areas and considerable non-urban populations, such as Calbayog , Davao , Puerto Princesa and Zamboanga as they were deliberately incorporated with increased future resource needs and urban expansion, as well as strategic considerations, in mind. With

1062-487: A land area of 315 square kilometers (122 sq mi). To the northeast of the city is Mandaue City and the town of Consolacion ; to the west is Toledo City and the towns of Balamban and Asturias ; to the south is Talisay City and the town of Minglanilla . Across Mactan Strait to the east is Mactan island where Lapu-Lapu is located. Further east across the Cebu Strait is the island of Bohol . Cebu City

1180-592: A leading role in the subjugation of the Kingdoms of Tundun and Seludong in 1570. One year later, López de Legazpi departed Cebu to discuss a peace pact with the defeated Rajahs. An agreement between the conquistadors and the Rajahs to form a city council paved the way for the establishment of a new settlement and the construction of the Christian walled city of Intramuros on the razed remains of Islamic Manila, then

1298-492: A mansion and estate that they owned along the boulevard. It also historically formed part of Cebu Island's Highway 1 or Route 1 during the 20th century. An ordinance in 1978 then reinforced a change to the present Osmeña Boulevard . Osmeña Boulevard begins as a four-lane undivided road at the intersection with M.J. Cuenco Avenue near Plaza Independencia , San Roque area. The road goes for 0.8 kilometers (0.50 mi) west through Pari-an and Kalubihan passing narrow streets and

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1416-422: A portmanteau of "Cebu" and "boom", has been used to refer to the rapid economic development of both Cebu City and Cebu Province from the early 1990s to the early 2000s. Cebu City is considered to be the prime trading center of the southern Philippines. With Cebu City's proximity to many islands, beaches, hotel and resorts, diving locations, and heritage sites, high domestic and foreign tourist arrivals have fueled

1534-768: A prominent educational center for the Visayas and Mindanao regions, and new schools were established in Cebu's uptown areas, such as the Talamban campus of the University of San Carlos . Cebu became a key center of resistance against the Marcos dictatorship , first becoming apparent when the hastily put-together lineup of Pusyon Bisaya defeated the entire slate of Marcos' Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) in Region VII. Among

1652-485: A province. However, there are several sources of confusion: Congress is the lone legislative entity that can incorporate cities. Provincial and municipal councils can pass resolutions indicating a desire to have a certain area (usually an already-existing municipality or a cluster of barangays) declared a city after the requirements for becoming a city are met. As per Republic Act No. 9009, these requirements include: Republic Act No. 11683 further amended Section 450 of

1770-600: A reference to the island, and there was no mention of the so-called "Sri Lumay". Fr. Francisco Ignacio Alcina 's History of the Bisayan Islands does not even mention the epic or any reference to that person. Also, in the compilation of Spanish accounts by esteemed American historian specializing in Philippine history, William Henry Scott , there is no mention of any scorched earth tactics in Visayan warfare. It

1888-413: A regular component city. The Supreme Court on September 16, 1999, however ruled in favor of the city's mayor who contended that such a change in the status of the city required a plebiscite just like any other merger, division, abolition or alteration in boundaries of any political unit. And due to the lack of a plebiscite to affirm such a change, RA 8528 was therefore unconstitutional. On April 11, 2022,

2006-444: A settlement began sometime during the 10th century CE. Though there are artifacts detailing the settlement of the island as early as 2000 BCE, the exact date of when the village was settled and named " Sugbu" is unknown, since prior to colonization most Visayans were illiterate up until the later half of the 16th century . The city's only reliable historical record started with Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan 's landing in

2124-444: A status despite their small population and locally generated income, which do not meet current standards. The relatively low income standard between 1992 and 2001 (which was ₱ 20 million) also allowed several municipalities, such as Sipalay and Muñoz , to become cities despite not being able to meet the current ₱ 100 million local income standard. Before 1987, many cities were created without any plebiscites conducted for

2242-526: A total of six cities: Batas Pambansa Bilang 51 , approved on December 22, 1979, introduced two legal categories of cities: highly urbanized cities (HUCs) and component cities . COMELEC Resolution No. 1421, which was issued to implement the provisions of BP 51 prior to the January 30, 1980, local elections , stated that a total of 20 cities were not allowed to participate in the election of provincial officials: seven of these were "highly urbanized", while

2360-482: A total population of 3,165,799 as of the 2020 census. The current political boundaries of the city are an incorporation of the former municipalities of Cebu, San Nicolas, El Pardo, Mabolo, Talamban and Banilad in the Commonwealth period. The city has experienced rapid economic growth since the 1990s, a phenomenon also known as " Ceboom ". Owing to its economic importance and influence in modern times, Cebu City

2478-924: A vassal-state of the Sultanate of Brunei . In 1571, the Spanish carried over infantry from Mexico, to raise an army of Christian Visayan warriors from Cebu and Iloilo as well as mercenaries from the Tagalog region and assaulted the Sultanate of Brunei in what is known as the Castilian War . The war also started the Spanish–Moro Wars waged between the Christian Visayans and Muslim Mindanao, wherein Moros burned towns and conducted slave raids in

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2596-778: Is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Central Visayas region of the Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 964,169 people, making it the sixth-most populated city in the nation and the most populous in the Visayas and in Central Visayas Region. It serves as the capital of Cebu wherein it is geographically situated and grouped under the province by the Philippine Statistics Authority , but

2714-475: Is a non-profit organization and is not a government agency and was founded in 1988. As of July 8, 2023, the league has a membership of 149 cities. The organization was formed to help coordinate efforts to improve governance and local autonomy and to tackle issues such as preserving the environment and improving public works. As of July 8, 2023 , there are 149 cities in the Philippines . Carmona in Cavite

2832-707: Is also popularly referred to as the Queen City of the South . The word sugbú in Cebuano means "to dive into water", and also in Tagalog, Hiligaynon, Aklanon, and Mansaka languages with more or less the same meaning. The name is probably derived from the Proto-Philippine word * sug(e)bu meaning "to wade into water". As with most settlements in the Philippines whose common origin is either derived from an abundance of plants, for example, Manila and one of

2950-591: Is also understood by the populace through Filipino mass media . There are also a few speakers of Hiligaynon from nearby Hiligaynon-speaking provinces in Panay and in Soccsksargen region in Mindanao and other speakers of other Visayan languages from nearby regions. Minority speakers of other Philippine languages are also residents in the city, one of them are Ilocanos , a Luzon ethnic group whose native language

3068-548: Is considered the birthplace of Christianity in the Far East. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu is currently the largest archdiocese in the Philippines and in Asia. There are plans to divide the archdiocese, which covers the entire civil Province of Cebu , into three dioceses, of which two are suffragans of the archdiocese. Christianity in the form of Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion in Cebu for about 95% of

3186-567: Is entitled to at least one representative in the House of Representatives if its population reaches 250,000. Cities are allowed to use a common seal. As corporate entities, cities have the power to take, purchase, receive, hold, lease, convey, and dispose of real and personal property for their general interests; condemn private property for public use ( eminent domain ); contract and be contracted with; sue; and exercise all powers conferred on them by Congress. Only an act of Congress can create or amend

3304-473: Is headed by a mayor elected by popular vote. The vice mayor serves as the presiding officer of the Sangguniang Panlungsod (city council), which serves as the city's legislative body. Upon receiving their charters, cities also receive a full complement of executive departments to better serve their constituents. Some departments are established on a case-by-case basis, depending on the needs of

3422-459: Is likely then that the "legend" is an invention by Jovito Abellana. The supposed capital city, " Singhapala " , was also not mentioned as a capital city. Instead, Antonio Pigafetta , a chronicler in Magellan's crew, records "Cingapola" as a town , whose chiefs are Cilaton, Ciguibucan, Cimaninga, Cimaticat, and Cicanbul . If it were a rich city, it would be very unlikely to be ignored by

3540-524: Is no different from the enactment of a law, i.e., the cityhood laws specifically exempting a particular political subdivision from the criteria earlier mentioned. Congress, in enacting the exempting law/s, effectively decreased the already codified indicators." As such, the cityhood status of the said 16 LGUs was effectively restored. On August 24, 2010, in a 16-page resolution, the Supreme Court reinstated its November 18, 2008, decision striking down

3658-443: Is one of three cities (together with Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue ) that are administratively independent of the provincial government and also the largest city within that province. It also serves as the regional center of Central Visayas , and its metropolitan area exerts influence on commerce, trade, industry, education, culture, tourism, and healthcare beyond the region, over Central and Eastern Visayas and partly over Mindanao . It

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3776-468: Is politically subdivided into 80 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . These barangays are grouped into two congressional districts , with 46 barangays in the northern district and 34 in the southern district. As of the 2020 census, 58 barangays are classified as urban barangays where 888,481 (92.15%) of Cebu City's population lives, while the remaining 22 rural barangays are home to 75,668 residents, representing 7.85% of

3894-690: Is registered with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) and is funded by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation(JBIC). Traversing the property is a 12-kilometer (7.5 mi), four-lane highway known as the Cebu Coastal Road that provides the motorists with a good view of Cebu's south coast and the nearby island of Bohol. Cities of the Philippines#Legal classification A city

4012-573: Is scheduled to be finished by 2025. The Pasil Fish Market , located in Barangays Pasil and Suba, is a major fish wholesale market, sourcing fresh catch from different parts of the Visayas . The South Road Properties (SRP) is a 300-hectare (740-acre) prime property development project on a reclaimed land located a few metres off the coast of Cebu's central business district. It is a mixed-use development that will feature entertainment, leisure, residential and business-processing industries. It

4130-443: Is the Philippines' main domestic shipping port and is home to about 80% of the country's domestic shipping companies. Additionally, Cebu City is the prime trading center of the southern Philippines. Cebu City is bounded on the north by the town of Balamban and the city of Danao , on the west by the city of Toledo , on the east by the cities of Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue and the towns of Liloan , Consolacion and Compostela and to

4248-655: Is the eponymous Ilocano language ; Ilocanos form a minority in Cebu City, where they formed an organized association for Ilocano residents and their descendants there, including nearby cities and towns within Cebu Province. Chinese Filipinos also privately use Philippine Hokkien among fellow speakers of the language, while Mandarin ( Standard Chinese ) is also taught in Chinese class of Chinese Filipino schools and few other schools in Cebu. The term Ceboom ,

4366-458: Is the newest city, after the plebiscite held resulted in approval of ratification on July 8, 2023. The Supreme Court of the Philippines , by a highly divided vote of 6–5, on November 18, 2008, subsequently upheld with finality on May 6, 2009, declared unconstitutional cityhood laws converting 16 municipalities into cities. The 24-page judgment of Justice Antonio T. Carpio, adjudged that the following cityhood laws violate secs. 6 and 10, Article X of

4484-601: The Apparition of Saint Michael the Archangel , when the island was taken possession of on behalf of the Spanish King. The Treaty of Cebu was formalized on July 3, 1565. López de Legazpi's party named the new city "Villa de San Miguel de Cebú" (later renamed "Ciudad del Santísimo Nombre de Jesús)." In 1567 the Cebu garrison was reinforced with the arrival of 2,100 soldiers from New Spain (Mexico). The growing colony

4602-606: The Cebu Provincial Capitol serves as a prominent terminating vista . It is the location of many of Cebu's notable institutions such as the Cebu Normal University , Abellana National School and Cebu Doctors' University Hospital ; the Basilica of Santo Niño ; one of the city's tallest buildings, Crown Regency Hotel ; and shopping centers Robinsons Fuente and Gaisano Colon. Osmeña Boulevard

4720-519: The Philippine Statistics Authority and an income of ₱ 50 million (based on 1991 constant prices) as certified by the city treasurer, the city government can submit a request to the President to have their city declared as highly urbanized within 30 days. Upon the President's declaration, a plebiscite will be held within a specific timeframe to ratify this conversion. There are no limits as to

4838-409: The University of San Carlos and Cebu City Sports Complex . The boulevard continues north towards Fuente Osmeña circle, a large roundabout with a park and fountain in the middle, where many hotels are located such as Crown Regency , Cebu Midtown Hotel and Rajah Park Hotel. Fuente Osmeña is also the location of Robinsons Fuente Cebu and Robinsons Cybergate shopping malls. The road ends right in front of

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4956-629: The "Top 100 BPO Destinations Report" by global advisory firm Tholons. In 2012, the growth in IT-BPO revenues in Cebu grew 26.9 percent at $ 484 million, while nationally, the industry grew 18.2 percent at $ 13 billion. Aboitiz Equity Ventures , formerly known as Cebu Pan Asian Holdings, is the first holding company from Cebu City publicly listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange . Ayala Corporation , through its subsidiary Cebu Holdings, Inc. and Cebu Property, both publicly in

5074-400: The 16 towns into cities met all legal requirements. In March 2011, the League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP), while challenging a Supreme Court ruling that upheld the cityhood conversion of 16 municipalities, has expressed support for the cityhood bids of 21 towns that have fulfilled the requirements outlined in the Local Government Code. These towns have demonstrated their compliance with

5192-510: The Basilica of Santo Niño until it turns north at Colon Street , the city's old shopping district. At Sanciangko Street just past the University of Cebu main campus, the boulevard divides slightly and becomes three lanes each way. It intersects with Natalio Bacalso Avenue and traverses Santa Cruz and Sambag passing Cebu Normal University and Abellana National School . Also in the vicinity of Natalio Bacalso and Pantaleon del Rosario Street are

5310-675: The Cebu Provincial Capitol which creates a terminating vista for those looking north along the boulevard. Escario Street leads east towards Camputhaw and the Cebu Business Park . Towards the west, the boulevard connects to M. Velez Street, which leads towards Barangay Guadalupe, the largest barangay of Cebu City. The boulevard is officially part of Cebu North Road from its northern terminus at Cebu Provincial Capitol to Fuente Osmeña and of Natalio Bacalso Avenue from Fuente Osmeña to Pantaleon del Rosario Street;

5428-667: The Cebuanos immediately arrested by the Marcos dictatorship when Martial law was announced on September 23, 1972, were columnist and future National Artist Resil Mojares and human rights lawyer and Carcar Vice Mayor Democrito Barcenas, who were both detained at Camp Sergio Osmeña. One of the Marcos Martial Law desaparecidos from Cebu was Redemptorist priest Fr. Rudy Romano, a prominent Marcos critic and executive secretary of Cebu's Coalition against People's Persecution, who

5546-635: The Constitution of the Philippines: However, more than a year later, on December 22, 2009, acting on the appeal of the so-called League of 16 Cities (an informal group consisting of the sixteen local government units whose cityhood status had been reversed), the Supreme Court reversed its earlier ruling as it ruled that "at the end of the day, the passage of the amendatory law (regarding the criteria for cityhood as set by Congress)

5664-407: The Local Government Code in 2022, exempting a municipality qualified for cityhood from the land or population threshold if the municipality has a locally generated average annual income of 400 million pesos for the previous 2 years according to 2012 constant prices, though this amount "shall be increased by five percent" for every three years after the law's effectivity. Members of Congress (usually

5782-621: The PSE Index, developed the Cebu Park District where the mixed-used development zones of the Cebu Business Park and Cebu IT Park are located. Both master planned areas are host to regional headquarters for various companies in the banking, finance, IT and tourism sectors among others. Shipbuilding companies in Cebu have manufactured bulk carriers of up to 70,000 metric tons (69,000 long tons; 77,000 short tons) deadweight (DWT) and double-hulled fast craft as well. This industry made

5900-485: The Philippines the 4th largest shipbuilding country in the world. With a revenue growth rate of 18.8 percent in 2012, the real estate industry is the fastest growing sector in Cebu. With the strong economic indicators and high investors' confidence level, more condominium projects and hypermarkets are being developed in the locality. List of largest shopping malls in the Philippines Colon Street ,

6018-500: The Philippines, all of which are classified as either "Highly urbanized" or "Independent component" cities. A city classified as such: Currently, there are only four independent cities in two classes that can still participate in the election of provincial officials (governor, vice governor, and Sangguniang Panlalawigan members): Registered voters of the cities of Cotabato , Ormoc , Santiago , as well as all other highly urbanized cities, including those to be converted or created in

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6136-589: The Spanish Governor, General Montero, evacuated his troops to Zamboanga, turning over government property to Pablo Mejia. The next day, a provincial government was formed under Luis Flores as president, General Juan Climaco as military chief of staff, and Julio Llorente as mayor. The signing of the Treaty of Paris at the end of the Spanish–American War provided for the cession of Cebu along with

6254-734: The Visayas islands and selling the slaves to the Sultanates of the Malay Archipelago and the Visayans fought back by establishing Christian fort-cities in Mindanao, cities such as Zamboanga City . On August 14, 1595, Pope Clement VIII created the diocese of Cebu as a suffragan to the Archdiocese of Manila . The years: 1603, 1636, 1670, and 1672; saw the deployment of 86, 50, 135, and 135; Latin-American soldiers from Mexico at Cebu . In 1608, Muslim Moros from Magindanao raided

6372-413: The ambiguity surrounding the third category of cities, by confirming that the residents of cities with such charters (such as Dumaguete and Davao City ) are ineligible to participate in provincial elections. Altering the right of city residents to participate in provincial elections was a power solely determined by the national legislature. Before 1979, this power was exercised in seven cases, affecting

6490-457: The cases made against the cityhood bids of many high-income and populous municipalities surrounding Metro Manila, most notably Bacoor and Dasmariñas (which finally became cities in June 2012 and November 2009 respectively), which for many years have been more qualified to become cities than others. In response to the rapid increase in the number of municipalities being converted into cities since

6608-530: The center of a dense and compact area in downtown Cebu City, becoming home to many shopping and business activities, including the city's most fashionable shops, restaurants, and movie houses. In 1962, construction of the Cebu City North Reclamation Area commenced, finishing eventually in 1969, which expanded the port of Cebu and provided the city with more developable land close to the city center. During this time, Cebu also became

6726-492: The chronicler, and also by the absence of Indian stone structures were not found nor erected before the late 16th to the 17th century. Despite the smallness of the polity of Cebu it borrowed a considerable degree of Indo–Malay culture as its more well-developed advanced neighbors like Butuan in Southeast Asia which it had dynastic links to, as Rajah Siagu of Butuan was the cousin of Rajah Humabon, and also proven by

6844-536: The cities of Bais and Canlaon ( Negros Oriental ), and Ozamiz ( Misamis Occidental ). Despite the charter of the city of Cotabato being silent on the matter of electing provincial officials, the city was not legislated to be part of any of the successor provinces of the old undivided Cotabato province. Voters of the city therefore were still not eligible to vote in the provincial elections of either Maguindanao or North Cotabato and therefore remained independent from any province. The period between ratification of

6962-464: The city having met the requirement. The cities of Angeles (October 13, 1986), Bacolod (September 27, 1984), Butuan (February 7, 1985), Cagayan de Oro, Iligan (both November 22, 1983), Olongapo (December 7, 1983), and Zamboanga (November 22, 1983) became HUCs in this manner. The residents in most of these cities lost their right to participate in provincial elections for the first time. The two exceptions are: Iloilo City , which had already been deprived of

7080-604: The city is the Cebu Taoist Temple , a Taoist temple located in the Beverly Hills subdivision of Lahug. The most recent census data on ethnicity and language (from the 2010 census) shows that the vast majority of the city's population speaks Cebuano as the primary casual vernacular language. English is also used as the primary formal medium of instruction in schools, besides Filipino class which teaches Filipino ( Tagalog ) across schools in Cebu and

7198-495: The city under the province's control, to bring in more votes against the Sugbuak , the proposed partition of Cebu Province. A congressional amendment to the city charter enabling city residents to vote for provincial officials is required, followed by a plebiscite. Santiago 's status as an independent component city was briefly in question after the enactment of Republic Act No. 8528 on February 14, 1998, which sought to make it

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7316-418: The city's tourism industry. Due to its geographic location in the middle of the country, accessibility by air, land and sea transportation, Cebu City has become the tourist gateway to central and southern Philippines. Its port, Port of Cebu , is the country's second largest seaport. The city is a major hub for the business process outsourcing industry of the Philippines. In 2013, Cebu ranked 8th worldwide in

7434-758: The city. Source: Local Government Code of 1991. Cities, like municipalities , are composed of barangays , which can range from urban neighborhoods (such as Barangay 9, Santa Angela in Laoag ), to rural communities (such as Barangay Iwahig in Puerto Princesa ). Barangays are sometimes grouped into officially defined administrative (geographical) districts. Examples of such are the cities of Manila ( 16 districts ), Davao ( 11 districts ), Iloilo ( seven districts ), and Samal (three districts: Babak, Kaputian and Peñaplata). Some cities such as Caloocan , Manila, and Pasay even have an intermediate level between

7552-549: The city. In 2002, the South Road Properties (SRP) was completed, initially with the intention of being a hub for light industries but gradually shifted to be a hub for mixed-use developments . The Cebu South Coastal Road, which traverses through SRP, has helped alleviate the city's traffic by serving as an alternative to the Natalio Bacalso Avenue . SM Seaside City Cebu opened in 2015, and

7670-458: The cityhood laws, reducing once more the sixteen LGUs to the status of regular municipalities. The most recent development in the legal battles surrounding the League of 16 came on February 15, 2011. Voting 7–6, the Supreme Court (SC) ruled that 16 towns that became cities in 2007 can stay as cities. This was the fourth time the SC has ruled on the case, and the third reversal. It said the conversion of

7788-584: The command of Captain Juan de Chavez. In the 1700s, Cebu housed 625 Spanish Filipino families and 28,112 native families On April 3, 1898, local revolutionaries led by the Negrense Leon Kilat rose up against the Spanish colonial authorities and took control of the urban center after three days of fighting. The uprising was only ended by the treacherous murder of Leon Kilat and the arrival of soldiers from Iloilo and Manila. On December 26, 1898,

7906-418: The decade, it was experiencing rapid economic growth, dubbed Ceboom . The economic growth of the city also spread economic growth to its neighboring cities and municipalities , which spreads from Danao from the north all the way to Carcar to the south. Within the city, economic growth was observed in other areas as well, and much of the business activity shifted from the old and derelict downtown area to

8024-517: The district and barangay levels, called a zone. However, geographic districts and zones are not political units; there are no elected city government officials in these city-specific administrative levels. Rather, they only serve to make city planning, statistics-gathering, and other administrative tasks easier and more convenient. Republic Act No. 11964, or the Automatic Income Classification of Local Government Units Act,

8142-472: The electorate of component cities shall be entitled to vote in the election for provincial officials of the province of which it is a part." This provision therefore overrides the 1951 Supreme Court decision on Teves, et al. v. Commission on Elections by providing voters in component cities whose charters are silent on the matter of electing provincial officials the right to again participate in provincial elections. BP 881 therefore again enfranchised voters in

8260-449: The eligibility criteria required for cityhood were endorsed by the LCP for cityhood conversion: Note: This section only lists attempts that reached the stage where a Republic Act was enacted for the purpose of achieving cityhood. Note: This section only lists name changes made upon or since cityhood. The following municipalities with pending bills for conversion into cities as filed in

8378-413: The enactment of the 1991 Local Government Code, municipalities and cities have both become more empowered to deal with local issues. Regular municipalities now share many of the same powers and responsibilities as chartered cities, but its citizens and/or leaders may feel that it might be to their best interest to get a larger share of internal revenue allotment (IRA) and acquire additional powers by becoming

8496-541: The enactment of the Local Government Code in 1991, Senator Aquilino Pimentel authored what became Republic Act No. 9009 in June 2001 which sought to establish a more appropriate benchmark by which municipalities that wished to become cities were to be measured. The income requirement was increased sharply from ₱ 20 million to ₱ 100 million in a bid to curb the spate of conversions into cities of municipalities that were perceived to have not become urbanized or economically developed enough to be able to properly function as

8614-464: The expedition visited Leyte , Cabalian , Mazaua, Camiguin and Bohol where the famous Sandugo or blood compact was performed between López de Legazpi and Datu Sikatuna , the chieftain of Bohol on March 16, 1565. The Spanish arrived in Cebu on April 15, 1565. They then attempted to parley with the local ruler, Rajah Tupas, but found that he and the local population had abandoned the town. Rajah Tupas presented himself at their camp on May 8, feast of

8732-905: The first provincial governor. Juan Climaco was elected to that office in January 1904. With its city status granted by the King of Spain in 1594 invalidated by the change of colonial administration, in 1934 the neighboring municipalities of El Pardo, Mabolo, Talamban, Banilad, and San Nicolas were dissolved and merged to become the revived City of Cebu, which received its renewed official Charter on February 24, 1937. These former towns were broken up into several barangays, including their town centers which assumed their names (in contrast, Manila and Iloilo preserved their incorporated towns as geo-political districts) resulting this in expansion of its territory. Many other Philippine cities such as Dansalan (now Marawi ), Iloilo City , and Bacolod were also incorporated at

8850-402: The future, cannot participate in provincial elections. In addition to the eligibility of some independent cities to vote in provincial elections, a few other situations become sources of confusion regarding the complete autonomy of independent cities from provinces: A component city, while enjoying relative autonomy on some matters compared to a regular municipality, is still considered part of

8968-458: The infrastructure of the city and province. The typhoon cut off many of the city's communication lines, and was virtually cut from the outside, causing delays for aid from the national government in Manila . This forced local authorities to rethink governmental priorities, and enforced some radical measures, such as food, water, and fuel rations. However, the city quickly recovered, and by the end of

9086-612: The involving representative of the congressional district to which the proposed city belongs) then draft the legislation that will convert or create the city. After the bill passes through both the House of Representatives and the Senate and becomes an Act of Congress, the President signs the Act into law. If the Act goes unsigned after 30 days it still becomes law despite the absence of the President's signature. The creation of cities before 1983

9204-583: The island in 1521 CE and then after the Battle of Mactan , it is then followed by a brief period of silence and almost nihility, and back again in 1565 CE when Miguel López de Legazpi led an expedition back to the island. When Magellan and crew arrived in 1521 CE, the Europeans did not mention or state a thriving city in a European or Chinese sense and nor it was ever been described as a "kingdom" as there were no kingdoms in pre-colonial Philippines other than it

9322-575: The island known to the Ming dynasty as sokbu (束務), a Hokkien pronunciation of the name (in Mandarin Chinese " suwu" ), in the early 17th century. Very little is known about when the site was first settled prior to colonization, but artifacts have been discovered near the city, if not exactly at the site in what is now Cebu City dating back to at least the 14th to 15th centuries CE. Other geological and archaeological studies revealed that Cebu as

9440-453: The latter season. Average temperatures show little variance during the year with average daily temps ranging from 27 °C (81 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F). The city on averages experiences roughly 1,700 millimeters (67 in) of precipitation annually. The city's population reached 799,762 people in 2007, and at the time of the 2010 census, the population had grown to 866,171 people, who formed at least 161,151 households. The city

9558-797: The legal status of any local government unit requires the ratification by the residents that would be affected by such changes. Therefore, all cities created after 1987 – after meeting the requirements for cityhood as laid out in the Local Government Code of 1991 and Republic Act No. 9009 of 2001 – only acquired their corporate status after the majority of their voting residents approved their respective charters. Although some early cities were given charters because of their advantageous ( Baguio , Tagaytay ) or strategic ( Angeles City and Olongapo , Cotabato , Zamboanga ) locations or to especially establish new government centers in otherwise sparsely populated areas ( Palayan , Trece Martires , Quezon City ), most Philippine cities were originally incorporated to provide

9676-548: The more modern and more diverse business districts located in other areas of the city, including areas around Fuente Osmeña (colloquially known as "Uptown Cebu"), the Cebu Business Park , and the Cebu IT Park , among other areas. The opening of the aforementioned Ayala Mall and SM City Cebu had also shifted significant retail activities away from Colon, though it remained to serve as an important transit point for public utility jeepneys (PUJ) covering arterial routes within

9794-426: The most common names of cities in the Philippines, Talisay and settlements near a body of water, for example, Iloilo and the island of Mindanao . Early iterations of the name include Çubu, and Zubu, and then eventually "Cebu". Thus, the modern name is either probably a 16th–17th century Spanish pronunciation of the native name or as how it was heard by early chroniclers in that time period. The Selden map records

9912-654: The nearby Visayan province of Carigara in Leyte . Cebu under Commander Salgado led an expedition of 70 Spanish and 60 Pampango marines that had intercepted and destroyed them. On January 6, 1635; under orders by Juan de Alcarazo the Alcalde-Mayor of Cebu, a force of 50 Spanish and 1,000 Visayan troops, battled rebels who had uprisings at and settled in Bohol. At April 5, 1635: Cebu sent a force of 300 Spanish and 1,000 Visayan troops to settle and colonize Zamboanga City under

10030-413: The new Constitution (February 1987) and the effectivity of the Local Government Code of 1991 (January 1992) was one of transition. During this time, BP 51 , BP 337 and BP 881 were still in force: the only legal classes of cities during this period were still "highly urbanized" and "component" cities. Altering the right of city residents to participate in provincial elections was once again exercised by

10148-442: The newly restored Congress in this period. A total of three cities were affected: Republic Acts Nos. 6641 (in 1987), 6726 (in 1989) and 6843 (in 1990), once again allowed the residents of Mandaue , Oroquieta and San Carlos to vote for provincial officials of Cebu , Misamis Occidental and Pangasinan respectively. Since BP 51 —which only considered cities as being either "highly urbanized" or "component"—was still in force at

10266-495: The number of times a component city can attempt to become a highly urbanized city, should previous tries be unsuccessful. Reclassifying an HUC as a component city likely involves not only amending the concerned city's charter, but also the Local Government Code, as currently there is no provision in the LGC that allows this, nor are there any precedents. Some Cebu City politicians have previously indicated that they wish to bring back

10384-437: The oldest national road in the Philippines, as well as its neighboring streets and surrounding areas, collectively known as Downtown Cebu, is an important center of commerce for the city. It is home to many malls, stores, and stalls selling various goods and services. Carbon Market is the city's oldest and largest farmer's market, and is set to be redeveloped to include other lifestyle and mixed-use developments. The redevelopment

10502-682: The opposition forces relaunched a civil disobedience campaign against the Marcos regime and its cronies on February 22, 1986. After that, the Carmelite Monastery in Barangay Mabolo, Cebu City, served as a refuge for opposition candidates Aquino and Laurel during the first day of the People Power revolution, because it was not yet safe to go back to Manila. In 1990, Typhoon Ruping (international name Mike ) hit Visayas and Cebu in particular, causing considerable damage to

10620-664: The population, making it the 2nd most Roman Catholic affiliated city among the already majority Roman Catholic nation. The remainder of the religious population includes various Protestant faiths ( Baptists , Methodists , and Presbyterians ), Non-denominational groups, the Philippine Independent Church , Iglesia ni Cristo , the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Jehovah's Witnesses , Seventh-day Adventist and other Christian groups. Other religions include Islam , Hinduism and Buddhism . Within

10738-472: The provinces of Bulacan and Rizal and made independent units in 1975, were converted to highly urbanized cities, beginning in 1994 with Mandaluyong . The most recent, Navotas , became an HUC in 2007. Only Pateros , which does not currently meet the population requirement of 200,000 inhabitants, remains the only independent municipality in Metro Manila. All that is needed is a congressional amendment to

10856-911: The ratification of the Constitution (February 11, 1987) but before the effectivity of the Local Government Code of 1991 (January 1, 1992), their residents were allowed to continue to participate in the election of provincial officials as per their respective charters (as amended), by virtue of Section 452-c of the LGC. Residents of General Santos were already excluded from voting for provincial officials of South Cotabato since achieving cityhood in 1968; they were therefore unaffected by this exemption. The Local Government Code of 1991 came into effect on January 1, 1992, and has remained in force ever since, though some amendments have been made. New requirements for creating cities, and upgrading cities to highly urbanized status, were instituted under this Act. The LGC of 1991

10974-482: The remaining 13 were "component" cities. Batas Pambansa Bilang 337 (Local Government Code of 1983), approved on February 10, 1983, further refined the criteria by which cities can be classified as highly urbanized cities. Under BP 337 a city that had at least 150,000 inhabitants and an income of at least ₱ 30 million was to be declared highly urbanized by the Minister of Local Government within thirty days of

11092-466: The residents to ratify the city charter, most notable of which were cities that were incorporated during the early American colonial period ( Manila and Baguio ), and during the Commonwealth Era (1935–1946) such as Cavite City , Dansalan (now Marawi ), Iloilo City , Bacolod , San Pablo and Zamboanga City . Only since 1987 has it been mandated under the Constitution that any change to

11210-728: The rest of the Philippine Islands to the United States until the formation of the Commonwealth Era (1935–46) . On February 21, 1899, the USS Petrel (PG-2) deployed a landing party of 40 marines on the shores of Cebu. Cebu's transfer to the American government was signed by Luis Flores although others, most notably General Arcadio Maxilom and Juan Climaco, offered resistance until 1901. Governor W. H. Taft visited Cebu on April 17, 1901, and appointed Julio Llorente as

11328-566: The revenues collected by the Bureau of Internal Revenue . The resulting legal battles resulted in the nullification of the city charters of the 16 municipalities by the Supreme Court in August 2010. ( See #"League of 16" and legal battles ) Throughout the years there have been instances of changes to the city's status with regard to eligibility for provincial elections, as a result of the passage of laws, both of general effectivity and specific to

11446-439: The right to vote for provincial officials in 1959 by virtue of Section 2 of RA 2259, and Zamboanga City , which had been autonomously governed since its creation by virtue of Section 47 of its city charter ( Commonwealth Act No. 39 ). By virtue of Section 30 of Batas Pambansa Bilang 881 ( Omnibus Election Code of the Philippines ), approved on December 3, 1985, provided that: "unless their respective charters provide otherwise,

11564-461: The same "special treatment". More importantly, the LCP argued that with the recent surge in the conversion of towns that did not meet the requirements set by RA 9009 for becoming cities, the allocation received by existing cities would only drastically decrease because more cities will have to share the amount allotted by the national government, which is equal to 23% of the IRA, which in turn is 40% of all

11682-518: The same as those of Boni. They produce sheng agarwood, lakawood, beeswax, and tortoiseshell. Merchants can trade for these with white porcelain ware, wine, rice, coarse salt, white spun silk, and trade-quality gold." There is a popular myth that the city was supposedly founded by "Sri Lumay" and that the place was once "Kang Sri Lumayng Sugbo". However, the authenticity of this source is highly debatable and should not be taken seriously. There are no existing documents predating Spanish chroniclers that made

11800-524: The same time (see Cities of the Philippines ). Alfredo V. Jacinto was then serving as mayor when the city's status was restored by law. Along with the rest of the country, Cebu came under Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II . The Japanese encountered opposition from guerrillas and irregular forces led by Col. James Cushing and the Cebu Area Command. A Japanese businessman established Cebu's first "comfort station" during

11918-519: The section circumscribing Fuente Osmeña is also called Fuente Osmeña. The aforementioned sections are classified as primary national roads, signed as N8 of the Philippine highway network . The remaining section of the boulevard up to M.J. Cuenco Avenue is classified as an unsigned, tertiary national road. Cebu City Cebu City , officially the City of Cebu ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Sugbo ),

12036-492: The service of the Spanish Crown and leader of the first expedition to circumnavigate the world, Ferdinand Magellan , landed in Cebu. He was welcomed by Rajah Humabon . Magellan, however, was killed in the Battle of Mactan , and the remaining members of his expedition left Cebu soon after several of them were poisoned by Humabon, who was fearful of foreign occupation. The last ruler of Sugbo, prior to Spanish colonization,

12154-407: The south by the city of Talisay . Located at the center of the eastern seaboard of Cebu Island , it is the core city of Metro Cebu , the second largest metropolitan area in the Philippines, which includes the cities of Carcar , Danao, Lapu-Lapu, Mandaue, Naga and Talisay and the municipalities (towns) of Compostela, Consolacion, Cordova , Liloan, Minglanilla and San Fernando . Metro Cebu had

12272-677: The time, the changes were not considered as switching between legal categories, but rather a simple change within the "component city" classification that did not require a plebiscite. The "independent component city" legal classification was only introduced through the Local Government Code in 1992. Under the same criteria set in BP 337 (Local Government Code of 1983), a total of three cities became highly urbanized: General Santos (September 5, 1988), Lucena (July 1, 1991) and Mandaue (February 15, 1991). Lucena and Mandaue were special cases, in that because their re-classification into HUC status took place after

12390-748: The titles of native Cebuano nobility, wherein Chief Humabon (mistakenly referred as a "king" in Pigafetta's writings) was addressed in the Sanskrit title of " Rajah ". Tupas, also known as Rajah Tupas who was the chief of Cebu in 1565, descended from the brother of Rajah Humabon who was a "Bendara" which means "Treasurer" or "Vizier" in Sanskritized Malay and is a shortening of the word "Bendahara" (भाण्डार) which means "Storage house" in Sanskrit. On April 7, 1521, Portuguese explorer at

12508-474: The total population. The most populous barangays in the city, as of the 2020 census, are Guadalupe (70,039), Tisa (47,364), and Lahug (45,853), while Kalubihan is the least populous barangay with only 663 residents. Cebu City has a tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification . The city has a lengthy wet season and a short dry season , with only the months of March and April falling into

12626-663: The war, where Japanese soldiers routinely gang-raped, humiliated, and murdered kidnapped girls and teenagers who they forced into sexual slavery under the brutal " comfort women " system. It was finally liberated with the Battle for Cebu City in March and April 1945. The military general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and 8th Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary, active from January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946,

12744-454: Was Rajah Humabon's nephew, Rajah Tupas (d. 1565). On February 13, 1565, Spanish and (probably some) Mexican conquistadors led by Miguel López de Legazpi together with Augustinian friars whose prior was Andrés de Urdaneta , left New Spain (modern Mexico) and arrived in Samar, taking possession of the island thereafter. They Christianized some natives and Spanish remnants in Cebu. Afterwards,

12862-541: Was accosted by armed men in Tisa, Labangon, Cebu City, on June 11, 1985, and never seen again. Levi Ybañez, Romano's colleague in the Coalition against People's Persecution, was abducted on the same day as Fr. Romano, and was also never heard from again. Later, Cebu would play a key role in the days leading up to the 1986 People Power revolution and the ouster of Marcos. It was from Fuente Osmeña circle in Cebu City that

12980-401: Was also the first time the independent component city (ICC) category was introduced. These cities are those non-highly urbanized cities whose charters explicitly prohibited city residents to vote in provincial elections. They were finally made completely independent of the province from fiscal, administrative and legal standpoints. The municipalities of Metro Manila , having been severed from

13098-553: Was developed during the American period to connect the old Spanish colonial town of Cebu to outlying areas being opened up by the American government as its new city. It was formerly named Jones Avenue , after American congressman William Atkinson Jones who sponsored Jones Law or Philippine Autonomy Law of 1916. It was renamed Doña Pepang Avenue on March 29, 1960 by virtue of City Ordinance No. 284, in honor of Sergio Osmeña 's first wife Estefania Veloso Osmeña, who died in 1918 at

13216-503: Was merely a simple fishing and trading village. However, this notion is challenged by a new translation of ancient Chinese Annals, a kingdom called Suwu was mentioned in the 1225 Chinese Annals, the Zhufan Zhi (諸蕃志), and during the 17th Century this was the same name used for Cebu among Chinese traders to the Philippines, thus, it is presumed to be the same location. Cebu was referenced in association with Boni ( Brunei ) wherein it

13334-764: Was one of the largest shopping malls in the Philippines upon opening. The opening of the Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway in 2022, which links the city to Cordova in Mactan, is poised to unlock the SRP's potential as the city's next economic hub. Other infrastructure projects, such as the Metro Cebu Expressway and the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System , are also in place to help facilitate the city's future growth. Cebu City has

13452-446: Was signed by President Bongbong Marcos on October 26, 2023. The law classifies cities into five classes according to their income ranges, based on the average annual regular income for three fiscal years preceding a general income reclassification. The classification are as follows: The Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160) classifies all cities into one of three legal categories: There are 38 independent cities in

13570-420: Was solely at the discretion of the national legislature; there were no requirements for achieving 'city' status other than an approved city charter. No income, population or land area requirements had to be met to incorporate cities before Batas Pambansa Bilang 337 (Local Government Code of 1983) became law. This is what made it possible for several current cities such as Tangub or Canlaon to be conferred such

13688-407: Was stationed in Cebu City during World War II. The war virtually razed Cebu City to the ground. Reconstruction, however, was rapid. The city's central business district, which had been confined largely to the coast and the area around the port before the war, had expanded inland. Colon Street , the oldest national road in the Philippines, which was once a residential area in the pre-war years, became

13806-425: Was then fortified by Fort San Pedro . Aside from these Mexican soldiers, the city of Cebu was founded by 80 Spanish colonists from Spain. By 1569, the Spanish settlement in Cebu had become important as a safe port for ships from Mexico and as a jumping-off point for further exploration of the archipelago. Small expeditions led by Juan de Salcedo went to Mindoro and Luzon , where he and Martín de Goiti played

13924-400: Was written: "The countries of Xilonggong (Sailunggung/Sailengkeng, possibly Selingaan Island ), Shimiao (Simmiu/Simbio), Rili (Jatlai/Jitleh, possibly Jelai ), Hulumantou (Wulomantau/Holobantau), Suwu (Somat/Sobut), Lima (Leima/Libeh), Danyu (Damjyu/Tamu), and Manuo (Manok/Belok) are located on islands in the sea. Their people travel to and fro in small boats, and their clothing and diet are

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