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102-637: During the early 1990s, the university was placed under military control after receiving information that Shining Path and the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement were operating inside and indoctrinating the students. On July 18, 1992, a professor and nine students from the university " disappeared " in what would come to be known as the La Cantuta massacre . The bodies of the victims were eventually discovered, and members of Grupo Colina were jailed for their participation in

204-675: A car bomb exploded outside the US embassy in Lima just before a visit by President George W. Bush . Nine people were killed, and 30 were injured; the attack was suspected to be the work of the Shining Path. On 9 June 2003, a Shining Path group attacked a camp in Ayacucho and took 68 employees of the Argentinian company Techint and three police guards as hostages. They had been working on

306-566: A "popular war" and distanced himself from organizing workers. Beginning on 17 March 1980, the Shining Path held a series of clandestine meetings in Ayacucho, known as the Central Committee's second plenary. It formed a "Revolutionary Directorate" that was political and military in nature and ordered its militias to transfer to strategic areas in the provinces to start the "armed struggle". The group also held its "First Military School", where members were instructed in military tactics and

408-597: A 15% decrease from the 134 kidnappings and armed attacks in 2002. Also for the year, eight or nine people were killed by the Shining Path, and 6 senderistas were killed and 209 were captured. In January 2004, a man known as Comrade Artemio and identifying himself as one of the Shining Path's leaders, said in a media interview that the group would resume violent operations unless the Peruvian government granted amnesty to other top Shining Path leaders within 60 days. Peru's Interior Minister, Fernando Rospigliosi, said that

510-607: A birthday celebration for Guzmán in Lurigancho prison in December 1990. "Without President Gonzalo, we would have nothing." At the same time, the Shining Path suffered embarrassing military defeats to self-defense organizations of rural campesinos – supposedly its social base. When Guzmán called for peace talks with the Peruvian government, the organization fractured into splinter groups, with some Shining Path members in favor of such talks and others opposed. Guzmán's role as

612-683: A capitalist system. The new nations sought to develop trade. Latin America sold its natural resources and bought manufactured products from Europe, generating a system that mainly benefited the European nations. This system allowed development only to the Atlantic countries, since the distances were enormous for the countries that were on the Pacific coast, as in the case of Peru. Peru, on the other hand, began to trade with Asia , but did not achieve

714-579: A century. Between 1973 and 1975, Shining Path members gained control of the student councils at the Universities of Huancayo and La Cantuta , and they also developed a significant presence at the National University of Engineering in Lima and the National University of San Marcos . Sometime later, it lost many student elections in the universities, including Guzmán's San Cristóbal of Huamanga. Guzmán believed that communism required

816-639: A clash in which four guerrillas were killed and an officer was wounded. Officials said he took part in planning the kidnapping of the Techint pipeline workers. He was also thought to have led an ambush against an army helicopter in 1999 in which five soldiers died. In 2003, the Peruvian National Police broke up several Shining Path training camps and captured many members and leaders. By late October 2003, there were 96 attacks in Peru, projecting

918-457: A cliff". His prime minister, Yehude Simon , said these attacks were "desperate responses by the Shining Path in the face of advances by the armed forces" and expressed his belief that the area would soon be freed of "leftover terrorists". In the aftermath, a Sendero leader called this "the strongest [anti-government] blow   ... in quite a while". In November 2009, Defense Minister Rafael Rey announced that Shining Path militants had attacked

1020-488: A group of 11 others. Guzmán was heavily influenced by a trip to China and admired the teachings of Mao Zedong . His teachings created the foundation of its militant Maoist doctrine. It was an offshoot of the Peruvian Communist Party – Red Flag , which itself split from the original Peruvian Communist Party founded by José Carlos Mariátegui in 1928. Antonio Díaz Martínez , an agronomist who became

1122-473: A law in 1991 that gave the rondas a legal status, and from that time, they were officially called Comités de auto defensa ("Committees of Self-Defense"). They were officially armed, usually with 12-gauge shotguns, and trained by the Peruvian Army . According to the government, there were approximately 7,226 comités de auto defensa as of 2005; almost 4,000 are located in the central region of Peru,

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1224-581: A leader of the Shining Path, made several important contributions to the group's ideology. In his books Ayacucho, Hambre y Esperanza (1969) and China, La Revolución Agraria (1978), he expressed his own conviction of the necessity that revolutionary activity in Peru follow strictly the teachings of Mao Zedong. The Shining Path first established a foothold at San Cristóbal of Huamanga University , in Ayacucho , where Guzmán taught philosophy. The university had recently reopened after being closed for about half

1326-853: A major revival due to the rise of leftist governments all over South America, in particular in Bolivia, where in 2005 Evo Morales became the first indigenous president since the Conquest 500 years earlier (second in Latin America following Mexico's Benito Juárez ). The rise of popular indigenous movements in Ecuador and Peru have also sparked a renewed interest in Mariátegui's writings on the role of indigenous peoples in Latin American revolution. The ruling party in Peru from 2011 to 2016,

1428-599: A mere "reflection," but from the assessment of its revolutionary potentialities to generate counter-hegemony. Fruit of this notion was his theoretical magazine Amauta and the revolutionary organ Labor, which was closed by the Leguía regime. A tireless critic of the reformism of the Second International and of social democracy , Mariátegui is considered the first Marxist in Latin America , by emphasizing

1530-616: A military coup . On 29 December 1981, the government declared an "emergency zone" in the three Andean regions of Ayacucho, Huancavelica, and Apurímac and granted the military the power to arbitrarily detain any suspicious person. The military abused this power, arresting scores of innocent people, at times subjecting them to torture during interrogation as well as rape. Members of the Peruvian Armed Forces began to wear black ski-masks to hide their identities, in order to protect themselves and their families. In some areas,

1632-478: A military convoy with explosives and firearms, demonstrating their continued ability to strike and inflict casualties on military targets. The conflict resulted in the death of 12 soldiers and two to seven civilians. It came one day after a clash in the Vizcatan region, which left five rebels and one soldier dead. In November 2008, the rebels utilized hand grenades and automatic weapons in an assault that claimed

1734-445: A military outpost in southern Ayacucho province. One soldier was killed and three others wounded in the assault. On 28 April 2010, Shining Path rebels in Peru ambushed and killed a police officer and two civilians who were destroying coca plantations of Aucayacu, in the central region of Haunuco, Peru. The victims were gunned down by sniper fire coming from the thick forest as more than 200 workers were destroying coca plants. Following

1836-490: A new appreciation of national life and gave impetus to the indigenous movement in art and literature. Likewise, he collaborated assiduously in the Lima weekly magazines Variedades and Mundial . Mariátegui was imprisoned in 1927 during a trial against communists accused of conspiring against the Leguía government, but was later given house arrest. In 1928 he broke politically with Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, with whom he had collaborated between 1926 and 1928, when APRA

1938-511: A police patrol in the Huánuco region , killing eight. Later that day, they wounded an additional two police officers. In response, then President Alejandro Toledo declared a state of emergency in Huánuco and gave the police the power to search houses and arrest suspects without a warrant. On 19 February 2006, the Peruvian police killed Héctor Aponte, believed to be the commander responsible for

2040-595: A powerful bomb on Tarata Street in the Miraflores District , full of civilian adults and children, killing 25 people and injuring an additional 155. On 12 September 1992, El Grupo Especial de Inteligencia (GEIN) captured Guzmán and several Shining Path leaders in an apartment above a dance studio in the Surquillo district of Lima. GEIN had been monitoring the apartment since a number of suspected Shining Path militants had visited it. An inspection of

2142-556: A reference work for the intelligentsia of the continent. He was the founder of the Peruvian Socialist Party ( PSP ) and the General Confederation of Workers of Peru ( CGTP ) in 1927 and 1929 respectively. The PSP initially adhered to Mariateguism  [ es ] for a syndicalist -influenced socialism "without tracing or copying," but after Mariategui's death in 1928 it would be reformed as

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2244-498: A rejones (folder) and then as a linotypist 's assistant. Despite not having completed his school studies, he was trained in journalism and began to work as a columnist, first in La Prensa (1914-1916) and then in the newspaper El Tiempo (1916-1919), at the same time that he collaborated in the magazines Mundo Limeño , Lulú , El Turf and Colónida . Using the pseudonym Juan Croniqueur, he ridiculed Lima's frivolity and exhibited

2346-778: A sweep of Shining Path (Upper Huallaga Valley) supporters executed by the PNP in November 2010, prompted Comrade Artemio to declare in December 2011 to several international journalists that the guerrilla war against the Peruvian Government has been lost and that his only hope was to negotiate an amnesty agreement with the Government of Peru. Jos%C3%A9 Carlos Mari%C3%A1tegui José Carlos Mariátegui La Chira ( Spanish pronunciation: [xoˌse ˌkaɾ.loz maˌɾja.t̪e.ɣ̞i la ˈt͡ʃi.ɾa] ; June 14, 1894 – April 16, 1930)

2448-498: A vast self-taught culture, which brought him closer to the avant-garde intellectual and artistic nuclei. He became friends with the writer Abraham Valdelomar , with whom he formed a dilettante duo whose duels of wit they reproduced in their chronicles. Around that time (which he later contemptuously called his "stone age"), he enthusiastically cultivated poetry but never published his announced collection of poems, Sadness . In 1918 his interests turned to social problems. Together with

2550-520: Is a far-left political party and guerrilla group in Peru , following Marxism–Leninism–Maoism and Gonzalo Thought . Academics often refer to the group as the Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path ( Partido Comunista del Perú – Sendero Luminoso , abbr. PCP-SL) to distinguish it from other communist parties in Peru. When it first launched its " people's war " in 1980, the Shining Path's goal

2652-553: Is a piece in the structure of the centralized administration: he is the local head of one of the political parties with national influence and is the fundamental link in the chain of one of the many clients of the political system. The central power rewards the gamonal by allowing him to enjoy innumerable contracts and alcabalas and currently, by leaving in his hands the royalties produced by the exploitation of natural resources by multinationals and innumerable contracts to complement them. Under these conditions, any decentralization ends with

2754-413: Is the price a country must pay for the contradictions of the left. Mariátegui left Italy and traveled throughout Europe, hoping to be able to return to Peru. He visited Paris, Munich, Vienna, Budapest, Prague and Berlin. During this tour, he studied the revolutionary movements that convulsed Europe after the war. On March 17, 1923, Mariátegui returned to Lima, accompanied by his wife and his firstborn. At

2856-523: The 2016 Peruvian general election . They were ultimately prevented from participating in the elections. Within the United Front, the Shining Path instrumented multiple smaller "mass organizations", usually specified to a particular purpose or issue. Examples of these include: The Shining Path was founded in 1969 by Abimael Guzmán , a former university philosophy professor (his followers referred to him by his nom de guerre Presidente Gonzalo), and

2958-542: The Bayer industrial plant. That same year, it set off a powerful bomb in the offices of the governing party, Popular Action . Escalating its activities in Lima, in June 1985, it blew up electricity transmission towers in Lima, producing a blackout, and detonated car bombs near the government palace and the justice palace. It was believed to be responsible for bombing a shopping mall. At the time, President Fernando Belaúnde Terry

3060-532: The Camisea gas pipeline project that would take natural gas from Cusco to Lima. According to sources from Peru's Interior Ministry, the rebels asked for a sizable ransom to free the hostages. Two days later, after a rapid military response which involved a signals intelligence aircraft from the Brazilian Air Force , the rebels abandoned the hostages; according to government sources, no ransom

3162-649: The José Carlos Mariátegui House Museum . In October 1925, he founded the Editorial Minerva publishing house together with his brother Julius Caesar, which published his works and those of other Peruvian authors, beginning with his first compilation book of essays: The contemporary scene, on world politics. In 1926 he founded the magazine Amauta (wise or teacher in Quechua ), which united a broad generation of intellectuals around

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3264-517: The Lucanamarca massacre . Additional massacres of civilians by the Shining Path would occur throughout the conflict. The Shining Path's attacks were not limited to the countryside. It executed several attacks against the infrastructure in Lima , killing civilians in the process. In 1983, it sabotaged several electrical transmission towers, causing a citywide blackout , and set fire and destroyed

3366-586: The National Jury of Elections (JNE) in 2011, though the application was denied. The Peruvian government has accused MOVADEF of advocating terrorism. The Front for Unity and Defense of the Peruvian People (FUDEPP) was created in 2015. In association with MOVADEF, the group announced that it had 73 provincial committees and allegedly received 400,000 to 500,000 signatures for the JNE to participate in

3468-582: The Peruvian Communist Party to be in-line with the Communist International 's rigid party policy and Marxism-Leninism . In 1930 the party wing loyal to Mariategui would split and form the Socialist Party of Peru ( Spanish : Partido Socialista del Perú ). For the sociologist and philosopher Michael Löwy , Mariátegui is "undoubtedly the most vigorous and original Marxist thinker that Latin America has ever known." Along

3570-572: The Peruvian Nationalist Party , claims Mariátegui as one of its ideological founders. During his lifetime, Mariátegui published only two books ( The Contemporary Scene and the Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality ), leaving two more unfinished and unpublished ( The Morning Soul and Defense of Marxism published in 1950 and 1955, respectively, although much of them had already been published in

3672-437: The insurgency . For over a year, the government refused to declare a state of emergency in the region where the Shining Path was operating. The Interior Minister, José María de la Jara, believed the group could be easily defeated through police actions. Additionally, the president, Fernando Belaúnde Terry , who returned to power in 1980, was reluctant to cede authority to the armed forces since his first government had ended in

3774-547: The 25th anniversary of his death, he was transferred to a new mausoleum in the same cemetery (a granite mound by the Spanish sculptor Eduardo Gastelu Macho). The conquest not only split the history of Peru, but also its economy. Before the Spaniards arrived, there was a quite solid indigenous communal economy. Material well-being existed thanks to the collectivist organization of Inca society. This organization had enervated

3876-703: The Federation of Yanacones) and Carlos Saldías (textile leader). These approaches were questioned by the political bureau of the International in South America, generating a distance between Mariátegui and the Communist International . Ultimately, Mariátegui "did not agree to subordinate himself to the communist hierarchy." In February 1930, Eudocio Ravines was appointed General Secretary of the Socialist Party of Peru, replacing Mariátegui, who

3978-730: The Peruvian Consulate in Madrid. All of this appears corroborated in a letter from Mariategui to Victoria Ferrer, dated January 24, 1920. During this trip, his eldest daughter, Gloria María Mariátegui Ferrer, was born from his relationship with Victoria Ferrer González. Mariátegui said that it was in Europe that he did the most of his learning. He linked up with leading writers, studied languages, inquired about new intellectual and artistic concerns, and attended international conferences and meetings. In Italy , he married Anna Chiappe and

4080-592: The Peruvian National Electoral Council, severely injuring him and mortally wounding his driver. In 1988, Constantin (Gus) Gregory, an American citizen working for the United States Agency for International Development , was assassinated. Two French aid workers were killed on 4 December that same year. By 1990, the Shining Path had about 3,000 armed members at its greatest extent. The group had gained control of much of

4182-664: The Peruvian People (FUDEPP). The Movement for Amnesty and Fundamental Rights (MOVADEF) was created on 20 November 2009 when Alfredo Crespo, the defense lawyer of Abimael Guzmán, and fifteen others gathered. MOVADEF has three sub-branches; the Central Historical Committee, the Provisional Central Committee and the National Executive Committee (CEN). The branch filed to become a political party in Peru with

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4284-540: The Shining Path and established the Militarized Communist Party of Peru (MPCP), which consists of about 450 individuals who remained in the Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro (VRAEM) region. The group allegedly obtains its revenue from cocaine trafficking. The MPCP has attempted to recharacterize and distance itself from the original Shining Path groups that had attacked rural communities in

4386-420: The Shining Path declined in activity. The main remaining faction of the Shining Path, the Militarized Communist Party of Peru (MPCP), is active in the Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro (VRAEM) region of Peru, and it has since distanced itself from the Shining Path's legacy in 2018 in order to maintain the support of peasants previously persecuted by the Shining Path. The common name of this group,

4488-440: The Shining Path were not very effective or promising. Military units engaged in many human rights violations, which caused the Shining Path to appear in the eyes of many as the lesser of two evils. They used excessive force, tortured individuals accused of being sympathizers and killed many innocent civilians. Government forces destroyed villages and killed campesinos suspected of supporting the Shining Path. They eventually lessened

4590-449: The Shining Path won the war and 22 percent believed society would be equally just under the Shining Path as it was under the government. Polls have never been completely accurate since Peru has several anti-terrorism laws, including "apologia for terrorism", that makes it a punishable offense for anyone who does not condemn the Shining Path. In effect, the laws make it illegal to support the group in any way. Many peasants were unhappy with

4692-402: The Shining Path's rule for a variety of reasons, such as its disrespect for indigenous culture and institutions. However, they had also made agreements and alliances with some indigenous tribes. Some did not like the brutality of its "popular trials" that sometimes included "slitting throats, strangulation, stoning, and burning." Peasants were offended by the rebels' injunction against burying

4794-458: The Shining Path, distinguishes it from several other Peruvian communist parties with similar names (see Communism in Peru ) . The name is derived from a maxim of José Carlos Mariátegui , the founder of the original Peruvian Communist Party (from which the rest of communist parties split; now commonly known as the "PCP-Unidad") in the 1920s: " El Marxismo-Leninismo abrirá el sendero luminoso hacia la revolución " (" Marxism–Leninism will open

4896-587: The United Front in the outermost circle. This ensured the political party retained control of both its armed and social branches, contrasting itself with the more frequent foquismo model that swept through Latin American insurgencies after the Cuban Revolution . Non-state allies: The People's Guerrilla Army ( Ejército Guerrillero Popular , EGP) was created for the purposes of combat, mobilization and producing an income for Shining Path. The Army

4998-647: The Víctor and Jorge Quispe Palomino brothers, and a base committee in Mantaro Valley led by Netzel López. Although the organization's numbers had lessened by 2003, a militant faction of the Shining Path called Proseguir ("Onward") continued to be active. The group had allegedly made an alliance with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in the early 2000s, learning how to use rockets against aircraft. On 20 March 2002,

5100-477: The ambush. In December 2006, Peruvian troops were sent to counter renewed guerrilla activity, and according to high-level government officials, the Shining Path's strength has reached an estimated 300 members. In November 2007, police said they killed Artemio's second-in-command, a guerrilla known as JL. In September 2008, government forces announced the killing of five rebels in the Vizcatan region. This claim

5202-405: The appearance of commercial and banking capital. A capitalist class began to be constituted, whose origin was found in the old Peruvian aristocracy. These products also allowed the consolidation of the power of the coast, since until then, mining had shaped the Peruvian economy an Andean character. In short, guano and saltpeter allowed the transformation of the Peruvian economy from a feudal system to

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5304-461: The area, describing Abimael Guzman as a "traitor". The Shining Path primarily comprises two groups and their sub-branches; the People's Guerrilla Army ( Ejército Guerrillero Popular ) and United Front ( Frente Unido ). It followed a "concentric construction" model of structure with Communist Party organs as the complete center, followed by the People's Guerrilla Army surrounding it, and lastly

5406-766: The attack, the Shining Path faction, based in the Upper Huallaga Valley of Peru and headed by Florindo Eleuterio Flores Hala, alias Comrade Artemio, was operating in survival mode and lost 9 of their top 10 leaders to Peruvian National Police-led capture operations. Two of the eight leaders were killed by PNP personnel during the attempted captures. The nine arrested or killed Shining Path (Upper Huallaga Valley faction) leaders include Mono (Aug. 2009), Rubén (May 2010), Izula (Oct. 2010), Sergio (Dec. 2010), Yoli/Miguel/Jorge (Jun. 2011), Gato Larry (Jun. 2011), Oscar Tigre (Aug. 2011), Vicente Roger (Aug. 2011), and Dante/Delta (Jan. 2012). This loss of leadership, coupled with

5508-404: The bodies of Shining Path victims. The Shining Path followed Mao Zedong's dictum that guerrilla warfare should start in the countryside and gradually choke off the cities. According to multiple sources, the Shining Path received support from Gaddafi's Libya . When President Alberto Fujimori took office in 1990, he responded to Shining Path with repressive force. His government issued

5610-419: The central power, near which the influences of gamonalism are always omnipotent, acting directly or through parliament, both ways with the same efficiency. It is important to clarify the solidarity and commitment to which the regional gamonalismo and the central regime have gradually reached: "for all the defects, for all the vices of the central regime, the gamonalismo is responsible and supportive." The gamonal

5712-430: The commanders of the town of Lucanamarca . They took him to the town square, stoned him, stabbed him, set him on fire, and finally shot him. The Shining Path's retaliation to this was one of the worst attacks in the entire conflict, with a group of guerrilla members entering the town and going house by house, killing dozens of villagers, including babies, with guns, hatchets, and axes. This action has come to be known as

5814-447: The countryside of the center and south of Peru and had a large presence in the outskirts of Lima. The Shining Path began to fight against Peru's other major guerrilla group, the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), as well as campesino self-defense groups organized by the Peruvian armed forces. The Shining Path quickly seized control of large areas of Peru. The group had significant support among peasant communities, and it had

5916-590: The crisis. This contract consolidated the British predominance in Peru, by granting the railways in concession for a period of 66 years. Since his return from Europe , Mariátegui subscribed to Marxism, in the Leninist version of the Third International , finding remarkable similarities with the thought of Antonio Gramsci , especially with regard to the importance of the cultural superstructure not as

6018-671: The docks of the port, and in Germany with the Spartacist revolution , reaching the port of Le Havre in November and then Paris. The researcher Sylvers Malcolm claims that both traveled as "overseas propagandists" of the Leguía government; that both belonged to the Foreign Relations sector; and that they were paid and on scholarships, as was believed for a time. Mariátegui was assigned to the Peruvian Consulate in Rome and Falcón to

6120-569: The end of that same year he announced the publication of Vanguardia: Revista Semanal de Renovación Ideológica , co-directed with Félix del Valle, a project that was not carried out but later became the magazine Amauta. In 1924, due to his old injury, Mariátegui had to have his leg amputated. He continued his creative activity confined to a wheelchair. He spent a period of rest in Miraflores, moving on June 1, 1925, to his most symbolic residence on Washington Street, left, No. 544, today known as

6222-524: The essential result of an increase in the power of gamonalism. Guano and saltpeter played a fundamental role in the development of the Peruvian economy. These products quickly increased the wealth of the State, since industrial Europe needed these resources to maintain its agricultural productivity, products that Peru had a monopoly on. This wealth was squandered by the Peruvian State. But it allowed

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6324-483: The eve of his long-awaited trip to Buenos Aires. On May 20, the leadership of the Peruvian Socialist Party, with Eudocio Ravines as general secretary and Jean Braham Fuentes Cruz as general president, changed the name of the Socialist Party of Peru to the Peruvian Communist Party . Mariátegui was buried in the Presbítero Maestro Cemetery with a massive funeral procession. In 1955, commemorating

6426-419: The fascist state, conceived as a vertical authoritarian structure of corporations . Mariátegui glimpsed how the triumph of fascism was inevitably destined to exacerbate the European and world crisis. In different ways, organizations like Shining Path , and the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement , and the Peruvian Communist Party all look to Mariátegui and his writings. Mariátegui's ideas have recently seen

6528-575: The first time in twelve years in 1980, the Shining Path was one of the few leftist political groups that declined to take part. It chose instead to begin a guerrilla war in the highlands of the Ayacucho Region . On 17 May 1980, on the eve of the presidential elections, it burned ballot boxes in the town of Chuschi . It was the first "act of war" by the Shining Path. The perpetrators were quickly caught, and additional ballots were shipped to Chuschi. The elections proceeded without further problems, and

6630-432: The garbage of the apartment produced empty tubes of a skin cream used to treat psoriasis , a condition that Guzmán was known to have. Shortly after the raid that captured Guzmán, most of the remaining Shining Path leadership fell as well. The capture of Guzmán left a huge leadership vacuum for the Shining Path. "There is no No. 2. There is only Presidente Gonzalo and then the party," a Shining Path political officer said at

6732-409: The general public. The Shining Path is regarded as a terrorist organization by the government of Peru, along with Japan, the United States, the European Union , and Canada, all of whom consequently prohibit funding and other financial support to the group. Since the captures of Shining Path founder Abimael Guzmán in 1992 and his successors Óscar Ramírez in 1999 and Comrade Artemio in 2012,

6834-403: The government of President Augusto B. Leguía , officially for having expressed contempt for members of parliament, although it was most likely due to the growing popular demands that it encouraged. Mariátegui and Falcón traveled to Europe on a scholarship they received the Leguía government as a covert form of deportation. They passed through New York, coinciding with a strike of workers on

6936-416: The government would respond "drastically and swiftly" to any violent action. In September that same year, a comprehensive sweep by police in five cities found 17 suspected members. According to the interior minister, eight of the arrested were school teachers and high-level school administrators. Despite these arrests, the Shining Path continued to exist in Peru. On 22 December 2005, the Shining Path ambushed

7038-531: The incident received little attention in the Peruvian press. Throughout the 1980s, the Shining Path grew both in terms of the territory it controlled and in the number of militants in its organization, particularly in the Andean highlands. It gained support from local peasants by filling the political void left by the central government and providing what they called "popular justice", public trials that disregard any legal and human rights that deliver swift and brutal sentences including public executions. This caused

7140-456: The indigenous or peasant. Against the authority of the landowner sustained by environment and habit, the written law is powerless. The mayor or the municipal president, council or city council, the judge, the corregidor, the inspector, the commissioner, the collector, the police and the army are enfeudados to the great property. «The law cannot prevail against the gamonales. The official who persists in imposing it would be abandoned and sacrificed by

7242-433: The individual impulse and at the same time developed the habit of obedience to social duty. The conquest established a feudal economy. The Spanish did not seek to develop a solid economy but only to exploit natural resources . In other words, the Spaniards were not formed as a colonizing force (like the English in the United States ), but rather constituted themselves as a small court, a bureaucracy. This system determined

7344-572: The invitation of Haya de la Torre, the founder and rector, he gave lectures at the Universidad Popular González Prada on the world crisis resulting from the First World War . He was put in charge of the direction of Claridad magazine when its founder, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre , the future leader of APRA , was expelled to Mexico as an exile. He called for the realization of the United Front of Workers. At

7446-399: The journalist César Falcón and Félix del Valle, he founded the magazine Nuestra Época , in which he criticized militarism and traditional politics but of which only two issues came out. In 1919, also in collaboration with Falcón, he founded the newspaper La Razón , in which he supported university reform and workers' struggles. This newspaper did not have a long life either and was closed by

7548-511: The leader of the Shining Path was taken over by Óscar Ramírez , who himself was captured by Peruvian authorities in 1999. After Ramírez's capture, the group further splintered, guerrilla activity diminished sharply, and peace returned to the areas where the Shining Path had been active. The three remaining splinter groups were a collective in Huallaga Valley led by Comrade Artemio , the Militarized Communist Party of Peru (MPCP) led by

7650-445: The lives of 4 police officers. In April 2009, the Shining Path ambushed and killed 13 government soldiers in Ayacucho. Grenades and dynamite were used in the attack. The dead included eleven soldiers and one captain, and two soldiers were also injured, with one reported missing. Poor communications were said to have made relay of the news difficult. The country's Defense Minister, Antero Flores Aráoz , said many soldiers "plunged over

7752-427: The massacre. Former president Alberto Fujimori was convicted of murder for his role in the massacre. This Peruvian university, college, or tertiary institution related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Shining Path The Shining Path ( Spanish : Sendero Luminoso ), self-named the Communist Party of Peru ( Partido Comunista del Perú , abbr. PCP),

7854-625: The military trained peasants and organized them into anti-rebel militias, called " rondas ". They were generally poorly equipped, despite being provided arms by the state. The rondas would attack the Shining Path guerrillas, with the first such reported attack occurring in January 1983, near Huata . Ronderos would later kill 13 guerrilla fighters in February 1983, in Sacsamarca . In March 1983, ronderos brutally killed Olegario Curitomay, one of

7956-784: The pace at which the armed forces committed atrocities such as massacres. Additionally, the state began the widespread use of intelligence agencies in its fight against the Shining Path. However, atrocities were committed by the National Intelligence Service and the Army Intelligence Service , notably the La Cantuta massacre , the Santa massacre and the Barrios Altos massacre , which were committed by Grupo Colina . In one of its last attacks in Lima, on 16 July 1992, Shining Path detonated

8058-436: The peasantry of some Peruvian villages to express some sympathy for the Shining Path, especially in the impoverished and neglected regions of Ayacucho , Apurímac , and Huancavelica . At times, the civilian population of small, neglected towns participated in popular trials, especially when the victims of the trials were widely disliked. The Shining Path's credibility benefited from the government's initially tepid response to

8160-458: The press). These works and his abundant journalism (articles, conferences, essays, and a short novel) have been edited by his heirs (his wife and his children) into 20 volumes. Among these volumes are two biographies of Mariátegui (by María Wiesse and by Armando Bazán), a summary of the content of Amauta magazine by Alberto Tauro del Pino, and a poetic anthology of various authors inspired by Mariátegui's life and work. Mariátegui's own work fills 16 of

8262-437: The question. Among the poorest, however, only 58 percent stated disapproval of the Shining Path; 11 percent said they had a favorable opinion of the Shining Path, and some 31 percent would not answer the question." A September 1991 poll found that 21 percent of those polled in Lima believed that the Shining Path did not torture and kill innocent people. The same poll found that 13 percent believed that society would be more just if

8364-499: The republican economy. The economic policy of the Spanish Crown prevented the emergence of a bourgeoisie in the colonies. These saw independence necessary to ensure their development. Independence is then decided by the needs of capitalist development, in that sense, England played a fundamental role in supporting the nascent American nations. For Mariátegui, the gamonal inevitably invalidates any law or ordinance protecting

8466-464: The role of the indigenous masses as the continent's authentic "proletariat" and proclaiming the need for socialist revolution, influenced by the radical syndicalism of Georges Sorel . Mariátegui argued that fascism was not an "exception" in Italy or a "cataclysm", but an international phenomenon "possible within the logic of History" of the development of monopolies in imperialism and its need to defeat

8568-456: The same development as the Atlantic countries. In addition, with the War of the Pacific , Peru lost guano and saltpeter. But this war also meant the paralysis of all national production and trade, as well as the loss of foreign credit. Power temporarily fell into the hands of the military, but the Lima bourgeoisie soon regained its function. The Grace Contract was proposed as a measure to get out of

8670-668: The same lines, José Pablo Feinmann , Argentine philosopher and cultural critic, declared him the "greatest Latin American Marxist philosopher." Mariátegui was born in Moquegua in 1894. His parents were María Amalia La Chira Ballejos and Francisco Javier Mariátegui Requejo. Among his ancestors was the illustrious liberal thinker Francisco Javier Mariátegui y Tellería. He had two brothers: Guillermina and Julio César Mariátegui. In 1899, he moved with his mother and his brothers to Huacho and in 1902, after an accident at school, he

8772-530: The shining path to revolution"). This maxim was featured on the masthead of the newspaper of a Shining Path front group . The followers of this group are generally called senderistas . All documents, periodicals, and other materials produced by the organization are signed as the Communist Party of Peru (PCP). The Shining Path splintered into several groups following its collapse in support. In 1999, brothers Víctor and Jorge Quispe Palomino split from

8874-424: The stronghold of the Shining Path. The Peruvian government also cracked down on the Shining Path in other ways. Military personnel were dispatched to areas dominated by the Shining Path, especially Ayacucho , to fight the rebels. Ayacucho, Huancavelica , Apurímac and Huánuco were declared emergency zones, allowing for some constitutional rights to be suspended in those areas. Initial government efforts to fight

8976-402: The struggle of the proletariat. He saw fascism as big capital's response to a profound social crisis, an expression that the ruling class no longer felt sufficiently defended by its democratic institutions, for which it blames all the ills of the country before the masses, to the parliamentary system. And he bet on the revolutionary struggle, unleashing the cult of violence against the new order of

9078-455: The support of some slum dwellers in the capital and elsewhere. The Shining Path's interpretation of Maoism did not have the support of many city dwellers. According to opinion polls, only 15 percent of the population considered subversion to be justifiable in June 1988, while only 17 percent considered it justifiable in 1991. In June 1991, "the total sample disapproved of the Shining Path by an 83 to 7 percent margin, with 10 percent not answering

9180-552: The use of weapons. They also engaged in " Criticism and Self-criticism ", a Maoist practice intended to purge bad habits and avoid the repetition of mistakes. During the existence of the First Military School, members of the Central Committee came under heavy criticism. Guzmán did not, and he emerged from the First Military School as the clear leader of the Shining Path. By 1980, Shining Path had about 500 members. When Peru's military government allowed elections for

9282-410: Was a Peruvian writer , sociologist , historian , journalist , politician, and Marxist philosopher. A prolific author despite his early death, El Amauta (from Quechua : hamawt'a , "teacher," a name by which he is also known in his country) is considered one of the greatest scholars of Latin America. His Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality (1928), a synthesis of his thought, became

9384-473: Was admitted to the Maison de Santé clinic in Lima . After a long recovery he was left with ankylosis in his left leg for the rest of his life. Having become unable to partake in the recreations typical of his age, he began reading and reflecting. In 1907, his father Francisco Javier Mariátegui died in the port of Callao. In 1909, Mariátegui joined the newspaper La Prensa to perform auxiliary tasks, first as

9486-560: Was officially created on 3 December 1982. Recently the EGP has made money from selling cigarettes, clothes, candy, competitions and other methods. The EGP structure is made of the following: The United Front serves as the political and bureaucratic arm of the Shining Path. It has two main branches: the Movement for Amnesty and Fundamental Rights (MOVADEF) and the Front for Unity and Defense of

9588-458: Was paid. However, there were rumors that US$ 200,000 was paid to the rebels. Government forces have captured three leading Shining Path members. In April 2000, Commander José Arcela Chiroque , called "Ormeño", was captured, followed by another leader, Florentino Cerrón Cardozo, called "Marcelo", in July 2003. In November of the same year, Jaime Zuñiga, called "Cirilo" or "Dalton", was arrested after

9690-599: Was preparing a trip to Buenos Aires , where he could treat his illness and participate in the General Council of the Anti-Imperialist League. He also planned to give Amauta greater reach by moving its headquarters from Lima to Buenos Aires. At the end of March 1930, Mariátegui was admitted to an emergency hospital accompanied by his friends, including Diego San Román Zeballos (creator of the magazine El Poeta Hereje ). He died on April 16, almost on

9792-742: Was present during the occupation of the factories in Turin , as well as at the XVII National Congress of the Italian Socialist Party in Livorno, where the historic split took place and the Italian Communist Party (PCI) was formed. He was part of PSI study circles and took on Marxism as a method of study when Benito Mussolini was about to take power. According to his analysis, the victory of fascism

9894-752: Was put to the test in the Latin American Trade Union Congress in Montevideo (May 1929) and the Latin American Communist Conference (June 1929). They were attended by the Peruvian Socialist Party with five delegates who carry Mariátegui's approach: Hugo Pesce , Julio Portocarrero, José Bracamonte (pilot of the National Merchant Marine, founder of the Federation of Crewmen of Peru), Juan Peves (peasant leader of Ica, founder of

9996-463: Was receiving the Argentine president Raúl Alfonsín . During this period, the Shining Path assassinated specific individuals, notably leaders of other leftist groups, local political parties, labor unions , and peasant organizations, some of whom were anti-Shining Path Marxists . On 24 April 1985, in the midst of presidential elections, it tried to assassinate Domingo García Rada, the president of

10098-510: Was still only an alliance. "The discrepancies arise for reasons above all of political tactics rather than ideology." On October 7, 1928, he founded the Peruvian Socialist Party, becoming its general secretary a year later. During the same year, he founded the Marxist magazine Labor and published his Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality . In 1929 he founded the General Confederation of Workers of Peru . Mariátegui's political project

10200-525: Was subsequently challenged by the APRODEH , a Peruvian human rights group, which believed that those who were killed were in fact local farmers and not rebels. That same month, Artemio gave his first recorded interview since 2006. In it, he stated that the Shining Path would continue to fight despite escalating military pressure. In October 2008, in Huancavelica Region , the guerrillas engaged

10302-469: Was the vanguard of the world communist movement. The Shining Path's ideology and tactics have influenced other Maoist insurgent groups such as the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) and other Revolutionary Internationalist Movement -affiliated organizations. The Shining Path has been widely condemned for its excessive brutality, including violence deployed against peasants , trade union organizers, competing Marxist groups, elected officials and

10404-414: Was to overthrow the government through guerrilla warfare and replace it with a New Democracy . The Shining Path believed that by establishing a dictatorship of the proletariat , inducing a cultural revolution , and eventually sparking a world revolution , they could arrive at full communism . Their representatives stated that the then-existing socialist countries were revisionist , and the Shining Path

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