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103-523: Lamitan , officially the City of Lamitan ( Chavacano : Ciudad de Lamitan ; Yakan : Siyudad Lamitanin ; Tausūg : Dāira sin Lamitan ; Filipino : Lungsod ng Lamitan ), is a 6th class component city and de jure capital of the province of Basilan , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 100,150 people. The city is bounded on the east by the municipality of Tuburan , on

206-566: A Cold War context, Marcos retained the support of the United States through Marcos's promise to stamp out communism in the Philippines and by assuring the United States of its continued use of military and naval bases in the Philippines. On November 27, 1977, a military tribunal sentenced Aquino and two co-accused, NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno (Commander Dante) and Lt. Victor Corpuz, to death by firing squad. In 1978, while still

309-700: A "D" type of climate and rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year. Poverty Incidence of Lamitan Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Lamitan is home to one state college and three private colleges. The Basilan State College is an extension college of the main SUC in Isabela. The three HEIs are the Mindanao Autonomous College, the Mariam School of Nursing and Furigay Colleges, Inc. (FCI). The Mariam School of Nursing

412-502: A "parallel-development" theory proposed by Frake in 1971. According to the monogenetic theory or one-way theory advanced by Whinnom, all varieties of Chavacano result from a single source, and all such varieties are related to each other. The parallel development theory or two-way theory as advocated by Frake in 1971, the variants found in Luzon and Mindanao had evolved autonomously from each other. On 23 June 1635, Zamboanga City , which

515-698: A Spanish-based creole. In 2000, The Instituto Cervantes in Manila hosted a conference entitled "Shedding Light on the Chavacano Language" at the Ateneo de Manila University . Starting school year 2012–13, the Zamboangueño variant has also been taught at schools following the implementation of the Department of Education's policy of Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE). It serves as

618-504: A candidate in case of contingencies or any sudden announcements of changes. It was then on November 3, 1985, after pressure from the US government, that Marcos suddenly announced a snap presidential election would take place the following year, one year ahead of the regular presidential election schedule, to legitimize his control over the country. The snap election was legalized with the passage of Batas Pambansa Blg. 883 (National Law No. 883) by

721-413: A chartered city on July 1, 1948, as a result of Republic Act No. 288 , which was sponsored by Congressman Juan S. Alano. On December 27, 1973, His Excellency President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 356 , which established Basilan Province out of Basilan City and included three municipalities: Lamitan, Isabela and Maluso . The decree reduced Basilan City's territory to less than

824-504: A friend of Ninoy Aquino, did not agree with this choice and wanted to run against Aquino and Marcos. UNIDO overwhelmed Laurel's vote and encouraged him to become Cory Aquino's vice-president instead. Once Cory Aquino became the main candidate, Laurel eventually ran as Cory Aquino's running mate for vice-president under the United Opposition (UNIDO) party. Marcos ran for re-election, with Arturo Tolentino as his running mate under

927-526: A future senator in Teofisto Guingona Jr. , and a technocrat who once served as Marcos's executive secretary named Rafael Salas . After the vetting of nominees, as men such as Sen. Diokno vehemently opposed to run for president, the remaining potential candidates who openly wished to earn the opposition's nomination were Salonga, Laurel, and Estrada-Kalaw. United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO) members Estrada-Kalaw and Laurel were

1030-426: A majority of the lexicon of the different Chavacano varieties derive from Spanish , their grammatical structures are generally similar to other Philippine languages . Among Philippine languages , it is the only one that is not an Austronesian language , but like Malayo-Polynesian languages , it uses reduplication . The word Chabacano is derived from Spanish, roughly meaning "poor taste" or "vulgar", though

1133-406: A medium of instruction from kindergarten to grade 3 and as a separate subject (Mother Tongue) from grades 1 to 3. Because of the grammatical structures, Castilian usage, and archaic Spanish words and phrases that Chavacano (especially Zamboangueño) uses, between speakers of both contemporary Spanish and Chavacano who are uninitiated, both languages appear to be non-intelligible to a large extent. For

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1236-789: A nuestros héroes; que estamos preparados también a sacrificarnos por el pueblo. ¿Cómo lo haremos? ¿Hay que escribir también novelas como José Rizal? English : We can say what great sacrifices our heroes have done to achieve our independence. We should therefore not forget them. How do we do that? We should do things to let it be known that we appreciate the heroes; that we are prepared to make sacrifices for our people. How? Should we write novels like José Rizal? People Power Revolution [REDACTED] Opposition Political parties: Military defectors: Others: Religious groups: Militant groups: [REDACTED] Government Military loyalists: Government parties: Others: [REDACTED] Corazon Aquino (Leader of

1339-586: A passport in Washington and New York, Ninoy got two passports with the help of Rashid Lucman  – one bearing his real name, and the other with the alias Marcial Bonifacio . On August 21, 1983, after three years, Aquino was murdered by the military, as he disembarked from a China Airlines plane at Manila International Airport (later renamed in Aquino's honor). His assassination shocked and outraged most Filipinos, who had lost confidence in

1442-542: A point of reference. Language speakers in Ternate also use the term Bahra to refer to their language and their city. Chavacano varieties usually have their area name attached to the language. In Zamboanga City, most people are using the V in spelling the language as Chavacano. In the three-day Chavacano Orthography Congress held on Nov 19–21, 2014, wherein it included the presentation by researchers on Chavacano, mostly results from surveys conducted among selected respondents in

1545-646: A result of Spanish colonization, according to a genetic study written by Maxmilian Larena, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, the Philippine ethnic groups with the highest amount of Spanish/European descent are the Chavacanos, with 4 out of 10 Chavacanos having detectable Spanish descent, followed by Bicolanos , with 1–2 out of 10, while most of

1648-462: A square kilometer. On December 2, 1974, Presidential No. 593 revised 356 to increase the territory of Basilan City to nearly three square kilometers and divide the province into ten municipalities: Lamitan, Isabela , Maluso , Sumisip , Lantawan , Tuburan , Tipo-Tipo , Tapiantana, Malamawi, and Pilas. Col. Tomas G. Naquil, commander of the 2/1 Brigade stationed in Basilan at the time, was named

1751-531: A word of its own in different spellings with no negative connotation, but to simply being the name of the language itself (Banquicio, 2021). During the Spanish colonial period, what is today called Chavacano was also called by the Spanish-speaking population as the " lenguaje de la calle ", " lenguaje de parian " (language of the street), or " lenguaje de cocina " (language of the kitchen) to refer to

1854-762: Is called Ternate after the island of Ternate in the Moluccas, and the descendants of the Merdicas continue to use their Spanish creole (with Portuguese influence), which has come to be known as Caviteño or Ternateño Chavacano. The following is a sample of Ermitaño taken from the April 1917 publication of The Philippine Review . The poem was written by the Filipino Spanish-language writer Jesús Balmori (who also wrote other texts in Ermitaño), and it

1957-585: Is entitled "Na Maldito Arena": Ta sumí el sol na fondo del mar, y el mar, callao el boca. Ta jugá con su mana marejadas com'un muchacha nerviosa con su mana pulseras. El viento no mas el que ta alborota, el viento y el pecho de Felisa que ta lleno de sampaguitas na fuera y lleno de suspiros na dentro... According to Keith Whinnom's "Spanish contact vernaculars in the Philippine Islands" (1956), there were reportedly still an estimated 12,000 speakers in 1942 of Ermitaño. After World War II, much of Manila

2060-657: Is not included on the Spanish East Indies area as stated on the Protocol and control by the United Kingdom , Chavacano has still a little impact in Semporna. From then on, constant Spanish military reinforcements as well as increased presence of Spanish religious and educational institutions have fostered the Spanish creole. The Merdicas (also spelled Mardicas or Mardikas) were Catholic natives of

2163-416: Is relatively plain along the coastal areas and hilly in some areas. The urban area is 2.5 meters (8 ft 2 in) above sea level and gently sloping to 300 meters (980 ft) toward the hinterlands. Lamitan is politically subdivided into 45 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios . The climatic condition is the same with other areas in the entire Basilan Island. It has

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2266-561: Is the nephew of former mayor Wilfredo C. Furigay. Roderick H. Furigay was elected as the Local Chief Executive and served for two terms. He revived the Lamiteños' desire of converting the municipality into a component city. On June 18, 2007, electorates in Lamitan ratified Republic Act No. 9393 which seeks to convert the town into a component city. There were a total of 26,636 votes voted yes while only 177 voted against

2369-746: The Filipino diaspora . All the same, Zamboangueño is the variety with the most number of speakers, being the official language of Zamboanga City whose population is now believed to be over a million; is also an official language in Basilan. Chavacano speakers are also found in Semporna and elsewhere in Sabah via immigration to Sabah during the Spanish colonial period and via Filipino refugees who escaped from Zamboanga Peninsula and predominantly Muslim areas of Mindanao like Sulu Archipelago . A small number of Zamboanga's indigenous peoples and of Basilan, such as

2472-651: The Philippines , mostly in Metro Manila , from February 22 to 25, 1986. There was a sustained campaign of civil resistance against regime violence and electoral fraud. The nonviolent revolution led to the departure of Ferdinand Marcos , the end of his 20-year dictatorship and the restoration of democracy in the Philippines. It is also referred to as the Yellow Revolution due to the presence of yellow ribbons during demonstrations (in reference to

2575-1193: The Tausugs , the Samals , and the Yakans , majority of those people are Sunni Muslims , also speak the language. In the close provinces of Sulu and Tawi-Tawi areas, there are Muslim speakers of the Chavacano de Zamboanga , all of them are neighbors of Christians. Speakers of the Chavacano de Zamboanga , both Christians and Muslims, also live in Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur . Christians and Muslims in Maguindanao , Sultan Kudarat , Cotabato , South Cotabato , Cotabato City , and Saranggani speak Chavacano de Zamboanga . Take note that Zamboanga Peninsula , Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-tawi, Maguindanao , Cotabato City , Soccsksargen (region that composed of Sultan Kudarat , Cotabato , South Cotabato , and Saranggani ) and Davao Region became part of short-lived Republic of Zamboanga , which chose Chavacano as official language . As

2678-584: The Tony Orlando and Dawn song " Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree ") as a symbol of protest following the assassination of Filipino senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. in August 1983 upon his return to the Philippines from exile. It was widely seen as a victory of the people against two decades of presidential rule by President Marcos, and made news headlines as "the revolution that surprised

2781-611: The Yakan group. Yakan's home base was in the area that would become known as Lamitan. During the Spanish , American , and Japanese occupations, the town was designated as one of Basilan 's municipal districts, which were then part of Zamboanga . Pedro " Datu Kalun " Javier Cuevas is regarded as the founding father of Lamitan. His parents, Sebastian Cuevas and Gregoria Javier, gave birth to him on May 6, 1845, in Bacoor , Cavite . Pedro

2884-404: The civil unrest that arose after the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis as a justification for the proclamation . Through this decree and through a controversial referendum in which citizen assemblies voted through a show of hands , Marcos seized emergency powers giving him full control of the Philippines' military and the authority to suppress and abolish the freedom of speech ,

2987-498: The eleventh President of the Philippines . Senate President Ferdinand Marcos was elected president in 1965 , defeating incumbent President Diosdado Macapagal by a margin of 52 to 43 percent. During this time, Marcos was very active in the initiation of public works projects and the intensification of tax collections. Marcos and his government claimed that they "built more roads than all his predecessors combined and more schools than any previous administration". Amidst charges from

3090-594: The freedom of the press , and many other civil liberties . President Marcos also dissolved the Philippine Congress and shut down media establishments critical of the Marcos Administration. He also ordered the immediate arrest of his political opponents and critics. Among those arrested were Senate President Jovito Salonga , and the leaders Senator Jose W. Diokno and Senator Ninoy Aquino — whom Marcos sent to Laur, Nueva Ecija — and

3193-408: The 1883 work of German linguist Hugo Schuchardt Uber das Malaiospanische der Philippinen , he presents fragments of texts and comments of what he calls "Malayo-Spanish". However, the first to give a general study and investigation of the varieties of Chavacano as a group was by Keith Whinnom in his 1956 work The Spanish Contact Vernaculars in the Philippine Islands . Whinnom gives an overall view of

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3296-554: The 1973 plebiscite through the simple counting of hands raised by children and adults that involved questions such as the option for more rice in lieu of constitutional affirmation. With practically all of his political opponents arrested, out of office, and in exile, President Marcos's pre-emptive declaration of martial law in 1972 and the ratification of his new constitution by more than 95% of voters enabled Marcos to effectively legitimize his government and hold on to power for another 14 years beyond his first two terms as president. In

3399-530: The 19th century. When Caviteño officers recruited workers and technicians from Iloilo to man their sugar plantations and rice fields to reduce the local population's dependence on the Donativo de Zamboanga, the Spanish colonial government levied taxes on the islanders to support the fort's operations. With the subsequent migration of Ilonggo traders to Zamboanga, the Zamboangueño Chavacano

3502-551: The Chabacano spoken by the people of Manila, particularly in Ermita) to distinguish it from the Spanish language spoken by those of the upper class, which consisted of Spaniards and educated Natives. Linguists use the term Philippine Creole Spanish which can be further divided into two geographic classifications: Manila Bay Creoles (which includes Ternateño and Caviteño) and Mindanao Creole (including Zamboangueño). The varieties of

3605-629: The JAJA coalition, as a means to unite the businessmen, communists, and other groups. Most of the KOMPIL members were led by the AMA leaders. Meanwhile, Diokno, Lorenzo M. Tañada of MABINI, Butz and Corazon Aquino, and a few others were elected the overall presiding leaders in a search to find the opposition candidate. The main issue was whether to accept the CAMEL or Call for Meaningful Elections or, as Diokno and

3708-623: The Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) party. Thus within a matter of only a few weeks the candidates were fixed and the campaign period was set for the 1986 snap election. The election was held on February 7, 1986. The official election canvasser, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), declared that Marcos was the winner. The final tally of the COMELEC had Marcos winning with 10,807,197 votes against Aquino's 9,291,761 votes. On

3811-578: The Marcos family's first term in the 1960s, the Philippines was left vulnerable when the US economy went into recession in the third quarter of 1981, forcing the Reagan administration to increase interest rates. The Philippine government plunged further into debt and the economy began going into decline in 1981, continuing to do so by the time of the Benigno Aquino Jr. assassination in 1983. By

3914-546: The Marcos-controlled unicameral congress called the Regular Batasang Pambansa . To select a leader, the convenor's group of opposition leaders formed underlying principles. These principles, mainly proposed and edited by Diokno, discussed matters that involved anti-foreign domination in the economy, especially American intervention and military bases. After the principles were agreed upon by

4017-568: The Marcoses. The event led to more suspicions about the government, triggering non-cooperation among Filipinos that eventually led to outright civil disobedience . It also shook the Marcos Administration, which was by then deteriorating due in part to Marcos's blatant illness (turned out to be the fatal lupus erythematosus ). In 1984, Marcos appointed a commission, first led by Chief Justice Enrique Fernando and later Corazon Agrava , to launch an investigation into Aquino's assassination. Despite

4120-561: The Moluccas to the Dutch in doing so). A number of Merdicas volunteered to help, eventually being resettled in a sandbar near the mouth of the Maragondon river (known as the Barra de Maragondon ) and Tanza , Cavite , Manila. The invasion did not occur as Koxinga fell ill and died. The Merdicas' community eventually integrated into the local population. Today, the location of the community

4223-543: The Native American languages Nahuatl , Taino , Quechua , etc. as can be evidenced by the words chongo ("monkey", instead of Spanish mono ), tiange ("mini markets"), etc. In contrast with the Luzon-based dialects, the Zamboangueño variety has the most borrowings and/or influence from other Philippine Austronesian languages including Hiligaynon and Tagalog . Words of Malay origin are present in

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4326-622: The Opposition) [REDACTED] Ferdinand Marcos ( President of the Philippines ) Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts Presidency Family Unexplained wealth Legacy Related [REDACTED] The People Power Revolution , also known as the EDSA Revolution or the February Revolution , were a series of popular demonstrations in

4429-645: The Philippines President Cardinal Ricardo Vidal , the Archbishop of Cebu . It is rightfully remembered as a “ Rosary miracle ” in the peaceful victory. The protests, fueled by the resistance and opposition after years of governance by President Marcos and his cronies , ended with the ruler, his family, and some of their supporters fleeing to exile in Hawaii ; and Ninoy Aquino 's widow, Corazon Aquino , inaugurated as

4532-599: The Philippines are creoles based on Mexican Spanish , southern peninsular Spanish and possibly, Portuguese . In some Chavacano languages, most words are common with Andalusian Spanish , but there are many words borrowed from Nahuatl , a language native to Central Mexico, which aren't found in Andalusian Spanish. Although the vocabulary is largely Mexican, its grammar is mostly based on other Philippine languages , primarily Ilonggo , Tagalog and Bisaya . By way of Spanish, its vocabulary also has influences from

4635-413: The Philippines, Estadismos de las Islas Filipinas , notes that "In Cavite and in its suburb of San Roque, a very corrupted Spanish is spoken, whose phraseology is entirely taken from the language of the country". Mentions of a vernacular referred to as "kitchen Spanish" and "language of the market" (referring to the Manila variety), or other terms are found in a number of texts of the 19th century. However,

4738-527: The Philippines, a major difficulty in tracing the development of Chabacano is the confusion attributed to in accounts of travelers to the Philippines between a coherent creole language, `broken Spanish', and fluent Spanish. The earliest believed attestation of a coherent creole language spoken in Cavite City comes from the Augustinian priest Martínez de Zúñiga who in his 1803 accounts of his travels in

4841-981: The Southwestern Mindanao and Basilan Islands communities. Its influence has spread to other islands in the west, such as the Jolo Islands, as well as to Cotabato and Davao in Mindanao. The other varieties of Chavacano with Cebuano as their primary substrate language are the Mindanao -based creoles of which are Castellano Abakay or Chavacano Davaoeño (spoken in some areas of Davao ), influenced by Hokkien Chinese and Japanese , and divided into two varieties, Castellano Abakay Chino and Castellano Abakay Japón , and Cotabateño (spoken in Cotabato City ). Both Cotabateño and Davaoeño are very similar to Zamboangueño. The Chavacano languages in

4944-726: The Sulu Sultanate only recognised partial Spanish sovereignty to Sulu and Tawi-tawi), Spanish settlers and soldiers brought the language to the region until Spain, Germany , and United Kingdom signed an agreement named the Madrid Protocol of 1885 that recognised Spanish rule of Sulu Archipelago. Chavacano becomes a lingua franca of Sulu Archipelago (composing of Sulu, Tawi-tawi, Basilan), as these were formerly part of Western Mindanao (presently named Zamboanga Peninsula) , only Isabela City (Basilan's capital) remained part of Zamboanga Peninsula; although North Borneo (now Sabah)

5047-492: The United States. In 1972, the Moro National Liberation Front , a militant Muslim separatist group, formed in the southern island of Mindanao . Marcos soon used the rise of militant and civil unrest as justification for declaring martial law. Barred from running for a third term as president in 1973, Marcos announced Proclamation No. 1081 on September 23, 1972, declaring martial law , using

5150-632: The Visayas as well as the current migration from other Visayan-speaking areas of the Zamboanga Peninsula. Zamboangueño (Chavacano) is spoken in Zamboanga City , Basilan , parts of Sulu and Tawi-Tawi , and Zamboanga del Sur , Zamboanga Sibugay and Zamboanga del Norte . Zamboangueño Chavacano is the most dynamically spoken language of Philippine Creole Spanish. It is used as a lingua franca between both Muslim and Christians in

5253-406: The Zamboangueño variety; the latter is included because although not local in Philippines, it was the lingua franca of maritime Southeast Asia and is still spoken in Muslim areas of Mindanao. As the Zamboangueño variety is also spoken by Muslims, the variety has some Arabic loanwords, most commonly Islamic terms . In spite of this, it's difficult to trace whether these words have their origin in

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5356-430: The campaign. In 1980, Ninoy Aquino suffered a heart attack, and was compassionately released from prison to undergo a heart bypass surgery in the United States. Aquino stayed with his wife Corazon, and children in Boston College as a fellow for numerous American universities such as Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Because the Marcos administration's spending had relied so heavily on debt since

5459-453: The city, the newly organized Chavacano Orthography Council met with the officials of the Department of Education and agreed among others that the language is to be spelled with the V. Most people in support of this move would like to distance their language Chavacano to the word Chabacano which also means ‘vulgar” in Spanish. There is no definite conclusion on the precise history of how these different varieties of Chavacano developed. Prior to

5562-418: The cityhood of Lamitan and 15 other cities. In July 2016, the Basilan provincial government broke ground for the construction of the new provincial capitol inside the defunct 4,000-hectare (9,900-acre) University of the Philippines (UP) Land Grant in Barangay Santa Clara. In July 2022, Lamitan gained national attention when former mayor Rose Furigay, who had served as the city's mayor from 2013 to June 2022,

5665-419: The coalitions tended to pursue Diokno's philosophy of pressure politics or mass actions to influence and sway the Marcos dictatorship. Parliamentarians of the streets, as they were called, applied pressure politics, and soon other coalitions were formed, culminating in the first call for elections for the opposition in the Kongreso ng Mamamayang Pilipino or KOMPIL. KOMPIL was organized by Aquino's ATOM from

5768-528: The colonial government. The military authorities decided to import labour from Luzon and the Visayas. Thus, the construction workforce eventually consisted of Spanish, Mexican and Peruvian soldiers, masons from Cavite (who comprised the majority), sacadas from Cebu and Iloilo, and those from the various local tribes of Zamboanga like the Samals and Subanons. Language differences made it difficult for one ethnic group to communicate with another. To add to this, work instructions were issued in Spanish. The majority of

5871-408: The commission's conclusions, Cardinal Jaime Sin , the Archbishop of Manila, declined an offer to join the commission and rejected the government's views on the assassination. This began a period of coalitions, first led by the nationalist liberal democrats under Jose W. Diokno called Kilusan sa Kapangyarihan at Karapatan ng Bayan or KAAKBAY , an umbrella organization founded in 1983, which headed

5974-409: The court reinstated its ruling on November 18, 2008, causing Lamitan and 15 cities to become regular municipalities. Finally, on February 15, 2011, Lamitan becomes a city again including the 15 municipalities declaring that the conversion to cityhood met all legal requirements. After six years of legal battle, in its board resolution, the League of Cities of the Philippines acknowledged and recognized

6077-413: The end of that year, the economy contracted by 6.8%. The economic and political instability combined to produce the worst recession in Philippine history in 1984 and 1985, with the economy contracting by 7.3% for two successive years. Despite threats from First Lady Imelda Marcos , Ninoy Aquino was determined to return home, saying that "the Filipino is worth dying for". After failing to apply for

6180-413: The first Military Governor. After nearly two years, Rear Admiral Romulo Espaldon, commander of the South West Command (SOWESCOM), took over as Military Governor, but the affairs of government were managed by a military caretaker, Col. Florencio E. Magsino, who was succeeded by Col. Alfeo Rillera, all Brigade Commanders. This was the situation before His Excellency President Marcos appointed Hon. Asan Camlian,

6283-405: The first grand liberal coalition called JAJA, or the Justice for Aquino, Justice for All movement. JAJA consisted of organizations such as the social democrat -based August Twenty One Movement (ATOM) led by Butz Aquino , KAAKBAY, MABINI, the Makati-based Alliance of Makati Associations or AMA, and others. This was before the division of the center-left and national democratic /Marxist left, when

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6386-410: The formation of what is today the Philippines, what existed were a collection of various islands and different ethnolinguistic groups inhabiting them. The Spanish colonisation of the Philippine islands had led to the presence of the Spanish language in the islands. Though Spanish was the language of the government, the various languages originating and found in the islands remained the mother tongue of

6489-436: The history and grammar of what he calls "Ermitaño" of Ermita in Manila, "Caviteño" of Cavite and "Zamboangueño" of Zamboanga. In it, he also postulates his monogenetic theory on the origin of these vernaculars. Linguists are unsettled about how these vernaculars formed and how they connect to one another, if any. There are many theories, but the two main theories of the origin of Chavacano are Whinnom's "monogenetic theory" and

6592-491: The increasing disparity of wealth between the very wealthy and the very poor that made up the majority of the Philippines' population led to a rise in crime and civil unrest around the country. In March 1969, the New People's Army (NPA) was formed as the military wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines , initiating the still-ongoing CPP–NPA–NDF rebellion. Marcos quickly denounced the movement, hoping to gain monetary and political support from anti-Communist administrators in

6695-429: The initiated speakers, Chavacano can be intelligible to some Spanish speakers, and while most Spanish words can easily be understood by Chavacano speakers, many would struggle to understand a complete Spanish sentence. The term Chavacano or Chabacano originated from the Spanish word chabacano which literally means "poor taste", "vulgar", "common", "of low quality", or "coarse". Chavacano has since evolved into

6798-471: The islands of Ternate and Tidore of the Moluccas in the vicinity of New Guinea , converted during the Portuguese occupation of the islands by Jesuit missionaries. The islands were later captured by the Spanish who vied for their control with the Dutch . In 1663, the Spanish garrison in Ternate was forced to pull out to defend Manila against an impending invasion by Koxinga , the new ruler of Kingdom of Tungning in Formosa ( Taiwan ) (sacrificing

6901-927: The kind of vernacular referred to by these terms are imprecise and these terms may refer to a fully fledged creole or to a Spanish-pidgin spoken by Chinese and Filipino merchants. The manner of formation of this type of speech found in a number of communities around the Philippines remains unclear today. A sample of what is today called Chabacano may be found in dialogues contained in chapters 18 ( Supercherías ) and 28 ( Tatakut ) of Filipino writer José Rizal 's 1891 work El Filibusterismo . The dialogue found in chapter 18 is: ¿Porque ba no di podí nisós entrá? preguntaba una voz de mujer. ― Abá, ñora, porque ‘tallá el maná prailes y el maná empleau , contestó un hombre; ‘ta jasí solo para ilós el cabesa de espinge . ― ¡Curioso también el maná prailes! dijo la voz de mujer alejándose; ¡no quiere pa que di sabé nisos cuando ilos ta sali ingañau! ¡Cosa! ¡Querida be de praile el cabesa! In

7004-472: The language are geographically related. The Manila Bay Creoles have Tagalog as their substrate language while The Mindanao Creoles have Visayan (mostly Cebuano , Tausug , and Hiligaynon ), Subanon , and Sama as their substrate language(s). Chavacano/Chabacano speakers themselves have different preferences on whether to spell the language with a V or a B. They emphasise the difference between their variety and others using their own geographical location as

7107-405: The last opposition leader yet to be released from prison at Fort Bonifacio, Aquino founded his political party , Lakas ng Bayan (abbreviated "LABAN"; English: People's Power ) to run for office in the Interim Batasang Pambansa (Parliament). All LABAN candidates lost, including Aquino himself. He appeared in a television interview with Ronnie Nathanielsz to freely criticize the regime during

7210-489: The local government, there have been few literary work written in Zamboangueño and access to these resources by the general public isn't readily available; Bibles of Protestant Christians are also written in standard Chavacano. As Chavacano is spoken by Muslims as second language not only in Zamboanga City and Basilan but even in Sulu and Tawi-tawi, a number of Qur'an books are published in Chavacano. The Zamboangueño variety has been constantly evolving especially during half of

7313-493: The local population or in Spanish itself, given that Spanish has about 6,000 words of Arabic origin. Chavacano also contains loanwords of Persian origin which enter Chavacano via Malay and Arabic; both Persian and Spanish are Indo-European languages . The highest number of Chavacano speakers are found in Zamboanga City and in the island province of Basilan . A significant number of Chavacano speakers are found in Cavite City and Ternate. There are also speakers in some areas in

7416-417: The lowland urbanized Christian ethnic groups have some Spanish descent. Chavacano has been primarily and practically a spoken language. In the past, its use in literature was limited and chiefly local to the geographical location where the particular variety of the language was spoken. Its use as a spoken language far exceeds its use in literary work in comparison to the use of Spanish in the Philippines which

7519-569: The man who was groomed by the opposition to succeed President Marcos after the 1973 elections. A constitutional convention , which had been called for in 1970 to replace the Commonwealth-era 1935 Constitution , continued the work of framing a new constitution after the declaration of martial law. The new constitution went into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary and allowing President Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973. The constitution

7622-541: The more liberal JAJA members preferred, to boycott the event which might be another fixed election. JAJA was later replaced by the Coalition of Organizations for the Restoration of Democracy (CORD) in the middle of 1984, which retained most of JAJA's features and membership. A year later CORD was replaced by Bagong Alyansang Makabayan or BAYAN, which was to be a platform for Diokno should he run for president, and

7725-451: The move. The Supreme Court declared the cityhood law of Lamitan and 15 other cities unconstitutional after a petition filed by the League of Cities of the Philippines in its ruling on November 18, 2008. On December 22, 2009, the cityhood law of Lamitan and 15 other municipalities regain its status as cities again after the court reversed its ruling on November 18, 2008. On August 23, 2010,

7828-572: The native chieftains and founded the settlement of Lamitan. The settlement grew into a town with political boundaries that included the Guiong River in the southeast and the Balagtasan River in the northwest. With the passage of time, an influx of Christian settlers arrived, who, along with their Muslim neighbors, paved the path for agricultural development in the region. In 1937, Lamitan became part of Zamboanga City . Basilan became

7931-627: The old district of Ermita in Manila and is now extinct). of households (2020 census) There are a number of theories on how these different varieties of Chavacano have evolved and how they are related to one another. According to some linguists, Zamboangueño Chavacano is believed to have been influenced by Caviteño Chabacano as evidenced by prominent Zamboangueño families who descended from Spanish Army officers (from Spain and Latin America ), primarily Caviteño mestizos, stationed at Fort Pilar in

8034-431: The only two not to sign the declaration of unity or the underlying principles. Eventually Estrada-Kalaw withdrew after being overwhelmed by the multiple candidates in the selection process and campaigned to become the vice-presidential candidate. Between 64 year old Salonga, who with 64 year old Estrada-Kalaw represented the two largest Liberal Party factions, and Laurel, who was son of former president Jose P. Laurel , it

8137-566: The opposition leaders, as Lorenzo M. Tañada quipped, it became almost automatic and completely expeditious in agreeing unanimously on one candidate to face Marcos. For the initial step in nominating a candidate, the selection process started out with a pooled list among the opposition leaders themselves. The list of candidates for president were mostly including former senators: Jose W. Diokno, Butz Aquino, Jovito Salonga , Eva Estrada-Kalaw , Salvador "Doy" Laurel , Ambrosio Padilla , Aquilino Pimentel , Raul Manglapus , and Ramon Mitra , as well as

8240-489: The opposition party of vote-buying and a fraudulent election, President Marcos was reelected in the 1969 Philippine presidential election , this time defeating Sergio Osmeña Jr. by 61 to 39 percent. President Marcos's second term for the presidency was marred by allegations by the opposition Liberal Party of widespread graft and corruption. According to leftists who rioted during the First Quarter Storm ,

8343-420: The past century until the present. Zamboangueño has been experiencing an infusion of English and more Tagalog words and from other languages worldwide in its vocabulary and there have been debates and discussions among older Chavacano speakers, new generation of Chavacano speakers, scholars, linguists, sociologists, historians, and educators regarding its preservation, cultivation, standardization, and its future as

8446-640: The place; the Yakans assumed they were asking about the merrymaking and explained that it was the Lami-Lamihan celebration; the Spaniards misunderstood their response and later referred to the location as Lamitan . According to the city's earliest recorded historical source, the Tagihamas , also known as the Land Dyaks of Sarawak , were the first known settlers to Basilan , later evolving into

8549-507: The provinces of Zamboanga del Sur , Zamboanga Sibugay , Zamboanga del Norte , Davao, and in Cotabato City. According to the official 2000 Philippine census, there were altogether 607,200 Chavacano speakers in the Philippines in that same year. The exact figure could be higher as the 2000 population of Zamboanga City, whose main language is Chavacano, far exceeded that census figure. Also, the figure doesn't include Chavacano speakers of

8652-773: The relationship with the individual being the speaker as well as the listener. This includes polite as well as casual foundations of speech, for example, yo (casual) versus (éle). Caviteño Chavacano : Puede nisós hablá: que grande nga palá el sacrificio del mga héroes para niso independencia. Debe nga palá no niso ulvida con ilos. Ansina ya ba numa? Debe hací niso mga cosa para dale sabí que ta aprecia niso con el mga héroes. Que preparáo din niso hací sacrificio para el pueblo. ¿Qué laya? ¿Escribí mga novela como José Rizal? Spanish : Nosotros podemos decir qué grandes sacrificios ofrecieron nuestros héroes para obtener nuestra independencia. Entonces, no nos olvidemos de ellos. ¿Cómo lo logramos? Necesitamos hacer cosas para que sepan que apreciamos

8755-406: The south by Tipo-Tipo , on the west by Isabela and on the north by Basilan Strait . Lamitan is derived from the word Lami-Lamihan , which signifies a combination of Merrymaking and Conference. The town was named after the first Spaniards from Isabela who blew up the area. When the Spaniards arrived, the Yakans were celebrating their national holiday. The explorers asked for the name of

8858-680: The term itself carries no negative connotations to contemporary speakers. Linguists have identified at least six Spanish creole varieties in the Philippines. Their classification is based on their substrate languages and the regions where they are commonly spoken. The three known varieties of Chavacano with Tagalog as their substrate language are the Luzon -based creoles of which are Caviteño (spoken in Cavite City ), Bahra or Ternateño (spoken in Ternate, Cavite ) and Ermiteño (once spoken in

8961-517: The then-vice governor, was appointed Governor of Basilan Province. Basilan City was disbanded on December 11, 1975, by virtue of the Presidential Decree No. 840 reduced the number of municipalities of Basilan Province from ten to seven, removing Tapiantana, Pilas, and Malamawi. Pedro C. Pamaran, a member of the provincial board was appointed in 1975, as Municipal Mayor of Lamitan. Furigay succeeded Pamaran in 1980. Wilfredo C. Furigay

9064-430: The various inhabitants. Instead of using Spanish to spread Christianity, Spanish missionaries preferred to learn the various local languages. With over 300 years of Spanish colonial rule, the Spanish language came to influence the various Philippine languages to varying degrees by way of aspects like new loanwords and expressions. Creole languages (such as French-based creoles ) have formed at various points in time around

9167-693: The workers were unschooled and therefore did not understand Spanish but needed to communicate with each other and the Spaniards. A pidgin developed and became a full-fledged creole language still in use today as a lingua franca and/or as an official language , mainly in Zamboanga City . When the Sultanate of Sulu gave up its territories in Sulu Archipelago to Spain within late 1700s (Sulu Sultanate gave up Basilan to Spain in 1762, while Sulu and Tawi-tawi were not given up by sultanate because

9270-491: The world due to colonialism. As a result of contact between speakers of two mutually non-intelligible languages, creole languages have evolved in some cases to facilitate communication. This usually involves taking the vocabulary of another language and grammatical features of the native language. In contrast to the numerous French-based creole languages, only three creole languages have been found to be Spanish-based or heavily influenced: Papiamento , Palenquero , and Chavacano. In

9373-430: The world". The majority of the demonstrations took place on a long stretch of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue , more commonly known by its acronym EDSA , in Metro Manila from February 22 to 25, 1986. They involved over two million Filipino civilians, as well as several political and military groups, and religious groups led by Cardinal Jaime Sin , the Archbishop of Manila , along with Catholic Bishops' Conference of

9476-574: Was assassinated in a mass shooting at the Ateneo de Manila University where two others were killed. On June 18, 2024, during the celebration of the city's 17th anniversary, mayor Roderick Furigay highlighted and declared the city free from the dreaded Abu Sayyaf in his State of the City Report (SOCR). However, several hours after the declaration, a bomb explosion occurred at a gas station located in Barangay Matibay. The terrain

9579-594: Was Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera , then governor of Panama, who was also responsible for settling Zamboanga City by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists. There was an Asian-American route, which led to traders and adventurers carrying silver from Peru through Panama to reach Acapulco , Mexico before sailing to Manila , Philippines using the famed Manila galleons . The different varieties of Chavacano differ in certain aspects like vocabulary but they are generally mutually intelligible by speakers of these varieties, especially between neighboring varieties. While

9682-617: Was a passionate young man who cherished his hometown and was pious. He was sentenced to death at the age of 27 for his anti-Spanish efforts during the Cavite Uprising of 1872 , along with two other comrades. They were accused of causing the death of a Spanish Guardia Civil officer. His sentence was reduced to life in prison due to his indirect involvement in the killing. In June 1886, a man named Pedro Javier Cuevas, also known as Datu Kalun in Basilan history, took over leadership from

9785-499: Was approved by 95% of the voters in the Philippine constitutional plebiscite . The constitution was part of the landmark Javellana v. Executive Secretary case (G.R. No. 36142) that led to the resignation of Chief Justice Roberto Concepcion . Part of the plot of the regime involved legitimizing the military rule through the new constitution providing legislative and executive powers to the president. Simultaneously Marcos conducted

9888-420: Was considered the first elected mayor of the municipality of Lamitan. In 1986, during the EDSA Revolution , Ramon F. Garcia Jr. was appointed as Mayor during the interim government. By 1988, Wilfredo C. Furigay had taken the position of mayor by way of election and was succeeded by Inocente J. Ramos in 1995 for three consecutive terms. In 2004, Roderick H. Furigay, a youthful visionary and dynamic entrepreneur,

9991-526: Was decided by men such as Chino Roces that both candidates might lack the popularity needed to win. This was because Salonga had spent much time in exile in the United States while Laurel, the founder and main head of UNIDO, was deemed "too lightweight". UNIDO and the other coalitions agreed to choose Aquino's wife Cory Aquino instead of Doy Laurel or Estrada-Kalaw and began the Cory Aquino for President Movement or CAPM, led by Roces, et al. Only Laurel,

10094-565: Was destroyed and its citizens displaced. This variety is considered to be virtually extinct. Ternateño follows a pronominal system of three different pronouns, including subjects, objects and possession. The system follows the same pattern as Spanish, including both singular and plural conjugations based on what the speaker is explaining. For example yo (Spanish singular) becomes bo (Ternateño), whereas nosotros (Spanish plural) becomes mihótro ( Ternateño). Additionally Ternateño incorporates alternate language forms for different participles to denote

10197-931: Was established in 2004 as part of its Chairwoman's educational outreach program and was named Mariam or Mother Mary - a unifying and guiding figure among the Christians and Muslims. Also offers 11 Tesda Qualifications for National Certificates. Lamitan has Seven Secondary Schools: one Private Secondary School; The Claret School of Lamitan, one Laboratory School of Basilan State College and five National High Schools i.e. Lamitan National High School, Look National High School,Colony National High School,Ubit National High School and Parangbasak National High School. There are five districts that composed of thirty nine elementary schools namely; Lamitan East District, South District, Central District, West I District and West II District. There are four private elementary schools. Chavacano language The one responsible for this Spanish creole

10300-464: Was infused with Hiligaynon words as the previous migrant community was assimilated. Most of what appears to be Bisaya words in Zamboangueño Chavacano are actually Hiligaynon. Although Zamboangueño Chavacano's contact with Bisaya began much earlier when Bisaya soldiers were stationed at Fort Pilar during the Spanish colonial period, it was not until closer to the middle of the 20th century that borrowings from Bisaya accelerated from more migration from

10403-495: Was led by Tañada and student leader Lean Alejandro of the University of the Philippines . However the socialists/national democrats took control of the coalition so Diokno, Ambrosio Padilla , and the liberal democrats as well as Butz Aquino, ATOM, and the social democrats left BAYAN to the present national democratic coalition that it has become in the 21st century. Eventually the top leaders decided to convene to select

10506-466: Was more successful as a written language than a spoken language. In recent years, there have been efforts to encourage the use of Chavacano as a written language, but the attempts were mostly minor attempts in folklore and religious literature and few pieces of written materials by the print media. In Zamboanga City, while the language is used by the mass media, the Catholic Church, education, and

10609-561: Was part of the Subanon people 's ancestral land, became a permanent foothold of the Spanish government with the construction of the San José Fortress . Bombardment and harassment from pirates and raiders of the sultans of Mindanao and Jolo and the determination to spread Christianity further south (as Zamboanga was a crucial strategic location) of the Philippines forced the Spanish missionary friars to request reinforcements from

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