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154-627: Lecter first appeared in a small role as a villain in Harris' 1981 thriller novel Red Dragon , which was adapted into the film Manhunter (1986), with Brian Cox as Lecter (spelled "Lecktor"). Lecter had a larger role in The Silence of the Lambs (1988); the 1991 film adaptation starred Anthony Hopkins as Lecter, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor . Hopkins reprised

308-424: A Nazi Stuka bomber attacks a Soviet tank in front of their forest hideaway. Shortly thereafter, he and Mischa are captured by a band of Nazi collaborators , who murder and cannibalize Mischa before her brother's eyes; Lecter later learns that the collaborators also fed him Mischa's remains. Irreparably traumatized, Lecter escapes from the deserters and wanders through the forest, dazed and unable to speak. He

462-418: A melodramatic manner, with mustache-twirling, eye-rolling , leering , cackling , and hand-rubbing . In 1895, Thomas Edison and Alfred Clark made The Execution of Mary Stuart depicting Mary, Queen of Scots being decapitated. It describes neither Mary nor her executioner as villains (though at the time, it was deemed so realistic that audience members believed an actual woman had been beheaded in

616-528: A profile of the killer and his modus operandi in exchange for details about her unhappy childhood. Lecter had previously met Gumb, the former lover of his patient (and eventual victim) Benjamin Raspail. He does not reveal this information directly, instead giving Starling vague clues to help her figure it out for herself. In return for Lecter's assistance, the FBI and Chilton arrange for him to be transferred to

770-618: A widow's peak . He also has a keen sense of smell; in Red Dragon , he immediately recognizes Will Graham by his brand of aftershave, and in The Silence of the Lambs , he is able to identify through a plexiglass window with small holes the brand of perfume that Starling wore the day before. He has an eidetic memory with which he has constructed in his mind an elaborate " memory palace " to relive memories and sensations in rich detail. According to The Guardian , before The Silence of

924-463: A "peculiar understanding of the criminal mind". Salazar is believed to be Alfredo Ballí Treviño, the last criminal to be condemned to death in Mexico, in 1959. Ballí was a surgeon and physician from an upper-class family who had murdered his colleague and lover, Jesus Castillo Rangel. Ballí had held a towel soaked in chloroform over Rangel’s face, causing him to lose consciousness; Ballí then transferred

1078-413: A "small, lithe man with dark red hair" who "stood very still" with "a certain elegance about him"; their interview eventually took a dark turn, Harris said, when Salazar started talking about “the nature of torment”. A prison guard later informed Harris that Salazar was, in fact, a convicted murderer who could "package his victim in a surprisingly small box". Salazar inspired Harris to create a character with

1232-553: A Latin formula gente Lithuanus, natione Polonus ( Lithuanian by birth, Polish by nationality ) was common in Lithuania Proper and the former Samogitian Eldership . With Polish culture developing into one of the primary centers of resistance to the Russian Empire, Polonization in some regions actually strengthened in response to official policies of Russification . An even larger percentage of Lithuanian nobility

1386-518: A child in Lithuania in 1944 when he witnessed his beloved sister, Mischa, being murdered and cannibalized by a group of deserting Lithuanian Hilfswillige , one of whom claimed that Lecter unwittingly ate his sister as well. All media in which Lecter appears portray him as intellectually brilliant, cultured and sophisticated, with refined tastes in art , music and cuisine . He is frequently depicted preparing gourmet meals from his victims' flesh,

1540-537: A common entity of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , which had one of the largest percentages of nobility in Europe, with szlachta constituting close to 10% of the population, but in some constituent regions, like Duchy of Samogitia, it was closer to 12%. However, the high nobility was extremely limited in number, consisting of the magnates and later, within the Russian Empire, of princes. Families of

1694-460: A convincing villain must be given a characterization that provides a motive for doing wrong, as well as being a worthy adversary to the hero. As put by film critic Roger Ebert : "Each film is only as good as its villain. Since the heroes and the gimmicks tend to repeat from film to film, only a great villain can transform a good try into a triumph." The actor Tod Slaughter typically portrayed villainous characters on both stage and screen in

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1848-419: A cultural icon. In 2001, Hannibal was adapted to film, with Hopkins reprising his role. In the film adaptation , the ending is revised: Starling attempts to apprehend Lecter, who escapes after cutting off his own hand to free himself from her handcuffs. In 2002, Red Dragon was adapted again, this time under its original title , with Hopkins again as Lecter and Edward Norton as Will Graham . Hopkins wrote

2002-409: A federal institution with better living conditions. Lecter escapes while in transit, however, killing and mutilating his guards and using one of their faces as a mask to fool police and paramedics before killing the latter and escaping. While in hiding, he writes one letter to Starling wishing her well, a second to Barney (his primary orderly at the asylum), thanking him for his courteous treatment, and

2156-534: A hideous monster who destroyed his family out of spite . Shakespeare also ensured that Iago in Othello and Antonio in The Tempest were completely void of redeeming traits. In an analysis of Russian fairy tales , Vladimir Propp concluded that the majority of stories had only eight " dramatis personae ", one being the villain. This analysis has been widely applied to non-Russian tales. The actions within

2310-405: A historical narrative or one of literary fiction . Random House Unabridged Dictionary defines such a character as "a cruelly malicious person who is involved in or devoted to wickedness or crime ; scoundrel; or a character in a play , novel , or the like, who constitutes an important evil agency in the plot". The antonym of a villain is a hero . The villain's structural purpose

2464-480: A historiographer of Greater Lithuania at that time, wrote that the Lithuanian language previously used by some citizens of Grand Duchy of Lithuania was used by peasants , while the nobility widely adopted Polish . However, it should be mentioned that this process took place without orders or prohibitions, without coercion, mainly under the influence of civilizational domination and administrative influence (there

2618-581: A horrifically disfigured quadriplegic —offers a huge reward for anyone who apprehends Lecter, whom he intends to feed to wild boars specially bred for the purpose. Verger enlists the help of Rinaldo Pazzi, a disgraced Italian police inspector, and Paul Krendler, a corrupt Justice Department official and Starling's boss. Lecter kills Pazzi and returns to the United States to escape Verger's Sardinian henchmen, only to be captured. Starling follows them, intent on apprehending Lecter personally, and

2772-479: A journalist for Argosy magazine in the 1960s, Thomas Harris traveled to Mexico to interview an American mental patient, Dykes Askew Simmons, who was being detained at Nuevo León State Prison in Monterrey for three murders. While jailed, Simmons had been shot by a prison guard, once in each calf, and he was treated by a skilled "prison-doctor" whom Harris had referred to as "Dr. Salazar". Harris described him as

2926-524: A legally privileged hereditary elite class in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth (including during period of foreign rule 1795–1918) consisting of Lithuanians from Lithuania Proper ; Samogitians from Duchy of Samogitia ; following Lithuania's eastward expansion into what is now Belarus, Ukraine and Russia, many ethnically Ruthenian noble families ( boyars ); and, later on, predominantly Baltic German families from

3080-484: A member by virtue of holding the relevant office. Possession of the princely title gave the right to participate in wider councils, called Sejm ( сеймь , сoймь ) a term borrowed from Polish. Their position grew especially during the period when the Grand Duke was also King of Poland and was away from the country for long periods. Crucial to this was the privilege of 1492, which gave the council enormous influence over

3234-426: A mohawk, and her nails painted bright red. Her goal throughout the film is to become queen and disrupt the coupling of Ariel and Prince Eric , both of which connect villainy to drag queens , suggesting that there is inherent evil in those who do drag. Villains in fiction commonly function in the dual role of adversary and foil to a story's heroes. In their role as an adversary, the villain serves as an obstacle

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3388-488: A more direct way than live-action villains. That their character design is based on caricatures of racist, antisemitic, and/or homophobic stereotypes with exaggerated features. That female animated villains are portrayed in ways that feed into misogynistic ideas and traditional gender roles. Sattar Sharmin and Sanyat Tania have argued that animated villains frequently fall into two categories: women who exhibit societally undesirable traits, or men displaying feminine traits. In

3542-409: A natural continuation of Greater Lithuanian national thought . Despite the term, Lithuanian nobility doesn’t mean the same as the nobility of todays Lithuania , as the terms "Lithuanians" and "Lithuanian" have changed over the centuries . As cultural homogenization and linguistic Polonization of the nobility progressed, the concept of Lithuanian began to mean simply regional difference within

3696-423: A pure villain. Folklore and fairy tale villains can also play a myriad of roles that can influence or propel a story forward. In fairy tales villains can perform an influential role; for example, a witch who fought the hero and ran away, and who lets the hero follow her, is also performing the task of "guidance" and thus acting as a helper. Propp also proposed another two archetypes of the villain's role within

3850-404: A real person. Trump at times associates migrants coming into the United States with the fictional character, saying that they are being let out of "insane asylums" similar to that in which Lecter was detained, and thereafter fleeing to America. Villain A villain (also known as a " black hat " or " bad guy "; the feminine form is villainess ) is a stock character , whether based on

4004-433: A really interesting kink to the series. It was slightly different than anything that's been done before and it also gives it a slightly more epic quality if you watch the show through the prism of, 'This is Satan at work, tempting someone with the apple of their psyche'. It appealed to all of those genre things that get me excited about any sort of entertainment. CBS later developed the television series Clarice , based on

4158-606: A regimen of behavioral conditioning and psychoactive drugs to make her believe that she is his long-dead younger sister Mischa. One day, he invites her to a formal dinner where the guest and first course is Krendler, whose brain they consume together. On this night, Starling refuses to let her personality be subsumed, telling Lecter that Mischa's memory can live within him. She then offers him her breast, and they become lovers. Three years later, former orderly Barney, on vacation in Buenos Aires , sees Lecter and Starling entering

4312-476: A reputation for being one-dimensional. In modern animation, animated villains that are more significant and fleshed out have become increasingly common as cartoons have begun to be favored by adults. Shows such as Adventure Time , Gravity Falls , and Rick and Morty range from child to adult cartoons, but are all watched by a largely older audience. It is sometimes alleged that villains in animated works, such as Disney movies, often embody stereotypes in

4466-453: A screenplay for another sequel, ending with Starling killing Lecter. In 2016, Hopkins said, "I made the mistake of doing two more [Hannibal Lecter movies] and I should have only done one." In late 2006, the novel Hannibal Rising was adapted into a film , which portrayed Lecter's development into a serial killer. In the film, which was finished by 2007, eight-year-old Lecter is portrayed by Aaran Thomas, while Gaspard Ulliel portrays him as

4620-485: A short film adaptation of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . In 1914, Lois Weber made a film of The Merchant of Venice with Phillips Smalley as a villainous Shylock . The 1915 film The Birth of a Nation has "Northern carpetbaggers" inciting black violence as its villains. The 1916 film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea has a man named Charles Denver as its villain. In the same year, Snow White had Queen Brongomar as

4774-467: A third to Chilton, promising gruesome revenge; Chilton disappears soon afterward. In the third novel, 1999's Hannibal , Lecter lives in a palazzo in Florence , Italy , and works as a museum curator under the alias "Dr. Fell". One of Lecter's two surviving victims, Mason Verger —a wealthy, sadistic pedophile whom Lecter had brutalized during a court-ordered therapy session, leaving him

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4928-416: A villain's game, but for a noble cause in a way that the audience or other characters can sympathize with. They may be more noble or heroic than an antihero, but the means to achieve their ends are often considered exploitative, immoral, unjust, or simply evil. Characters who fall into this category are often created with the intention of humanizing them, making them more relatable to the reader/viewer by posing

5082-523: A villain's sphere were: When a character displays these traits, it is not necessarily tropes specific to the fairy tale genre, but it does imply that the one who performs certain acts to be the villain. The villain, therefore, can appear twice in a story to fulfill certain roles: once in the opening of the story, and a second time as the person sought out by the hero. When a character has only performed actions or displayed traits that coincide with Vladimir Propp's analysis, that character can be identified as

5236-659: A villain. There were also villains in 1960s children's film. For instance, 101 Dalmatians and the 1966 Batman both had villains. The former having Cruella de Vil and the latter being the first time comic book supervillains were adapted to film. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the Star Wars films introduced Darth Vader and Emperor Palpatine . 1980s films had villains like Khan in Star Trek , John Kreese in The Karate Kid and its sequels, Skynet in

5390-793: A villain. The 1923 film The Ten Commandments has the main character's brother be a villain due to his commitment to breaking all of the Ten Commandments . In 1937, Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs had the Evil Queen as a villain. In 1939, The Wizard of Oz had Wicked Witch of the West as its villain. In the 1940s, serial films about superheroes introduced supervillains as characters like Dr. Dana in Batman . The 1949 film Samson and Delilah has Hedy Lamarr as

5544-590: A young age and distinguishing himself. Despite his seemingly comfortable life, Lecter is consumed by a savage obsession with avenging Mischa's death. He kills for the first time as a teenager, using a katana sword beheading a racist fishmonger who insulted Murasaki. He then methodically tracks down, tortures , and murders each of the men who had killed his sister. In the process of taking his revenge, he forsakes his relationship with Murasaki and seemingly loses all traces of his humanity. The novel ends with Lecter being accepted to Johns Hopkins Hospital . Red Dragon

5698-459: A young man. Both the novel and film, as well as Ulliel's performance as Lecter, received generally negative reviews. In an interview Hopkins stated that he was approached about a narrative role in the film but declined the offer. In February 2012, NBC gave a series order to Hannibal , a television adaptation of Red Dragon to be written and executive-produced by Bryan Fuller . Mads Mikkelsen plays Lecter, opposite Hugh Dancy as Will Graham. In

5852-459: Is a character who relies on their instincts and ability to cause destruction to achieve their ends. The evil intentions of their actions are often easily identified, as they act without concern for others (or their wellbeing ) or subtlety . The rampaging villain can take the form of a very powerful individual or a rampaging beast but is still one of the more dangerous villain archetypes due to their affinity for destruction. The authority figure

6006-411: Is also no evidence of administrative coercion). Polonization processes led to the fact that already in the 17th century, Lithuanian landowners called themselves gente Lithuani, natione Poloni ( Latin : Lithuanians by birth, Poles by nationality ). In 1697, in the entire Grand Duchy of Lithuania, at the request of the local Lithuanian nobility, Polish was introduced as the official language instead of

6160-470: Is defeated by their own greed, pride, or arrogance. The traitor is a villain who emphasizes the traits of trickery, manipulation and deception to achieve their goals, which is often to offer or supply information to the protagonist's opposition to halt them on their journey; often in exchange for their own freedom or safety. The traitor's goals are not always evil but the actions they commit to reach their goal can be considered inherently evil. Animation

6314-414: Is driven by an ambiguous motivation or is not driven by an intent to cause evil. Their intentions may coincide with the ideals of a greater good, or even a desire to make the world a better place , but their actions are inherently evil in nature. An anti-villain is the opposite of an antihero. While the antihero often fights on the side of good, but with questionable or selfish motives, the anti-villain plays

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6468-434: Is effeminate men, sometimes referred to by subject experts as "sissy villains," where their mannerisms represent stereotypes relating to gay men. Another example is the depiction of masculine women, which emulates drag queens or butch lesbians. Adelia Brown makes a similar allegation about Ursula from The Little Mermaid . Ursula is closely modelled after the famous drag queen " Divine " with her heavy makeup, hair styled in

6622-547: Is firmly located in the East. In the Second Polish Republic , Lithuanians lived mainly in the counties on the border with Lithuania: Święciany , Vilnius - Trakai and Suwałki , and almost all of them were rural people engaged in agriculture . At the beginning of the 20th century, descendants of former noble Lithuanians were most likely to call themselves Poles. Only a part of the nobility, openly referring to

6776-507: Is found and taken back to his family's old castle, which had been converted into a Soviet orphanage , where he is bullied by the other children and abused by the dean. He is adopted by his uncle Robert and Robert's Japanese wife, Lady Murasaki, who nurses him back to health and teaches him to speak again. Robert dies shortly after adopting Lecter, who forms a close, pseudo-romantic relationship with Murasaki. During this time he also shows great intellectual aptitude, entering medical school at

6930-633: Is home to several different villains. Winsor McCay in How a Mosquito Operates had a cartoon mosquito torment a human being and in 1925, Walt Disney created Pete as an antagonist for the Alice Comedies with Pete later becoming an antagonist of Mickey Mouse and his friends and the first Disney villain. Fleischer Studios later had Bluto as the antagonist of the Popeye cartoons. Hanna-Barbera created Tom as an antagonist of Jerry . Likewise,

7084-458: Is injured in a gunfight with Verger's henchmen. Lecter escapes, thanks to Starling's help, and persuades Verger's younger sister Margot—his former patient, whom Verger had molested and raped years earlier—to kill her brother, promising to take the blame. Lecter rescues the wounded Starling and takes her to his rented house on the Chesapeake shore to treat her, subjecting her to

7238-432: Is not always the case. As seen often in animated films, female villains are portrayed with "ugly" appearances to contrast the beauty of the protagonist, in turn associating unattractiveness with evil. This paints female villains in a negative light compared to their heroine counterparts, and showcases the duality of the female villain character. The ethical dimension of history poses the problem of judging those who acted in

7392-413: Is one that has already attained a level of command and power but always craves more. They are often driven by their desire for material wealth , distinguished stature or great power and appear as a monarch , corporate climber or other powerful individual. Their end goal is often the total domination of their corporation, nation, or world through mystical means or political manipulation. Often this villain

7546-437: Is the smartest person in the movie... He bears comparison, indeed, with such other movie monsters as Nosferatu , Frankenstein ... King Kong and Norman Bates . They have two things in common: They behave according to their natures, and they are misunderstood. Nothing that these monsters do is "evil" in any conventional moral sense, because they lack any moral sense. They are hard-wired to do what they do. They have no choice. In

7700-414: Is the universal term for characters who pose as catalysts for certain ideals that readers or observers find immoral, but the term "villainess" is often used to highlight specific traits that come with their female identity—separating them, in some aspects, from their male counterparts. The use of the female villain (or villainess) is often to highlight the traits that come specifically with the character and

7854-453: Is to serve as the opposite to the hero character, and their motives or evil actions drive a plot along. In contrast to the hero, who is defined by feats of ingenuity and bravery and the pursuit of justice and the greater good, a villain is often defined by their acts of selfishness, evilness, arrogance, cruelty, and cunning , displaying immoral behavior that can oppose or pervert justice. The term villain first came into English from

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8008-513: Is unambiguously evil. William Shakespeare modelled his archetypical villains as three-dimensional characters and acknowledged the complex nature that villains display in modern literature. For instance, he made Shylock a sympathetic character. However, Shakespeare's incarnations of historical figures were influenced by the propaganda pieces coming from Tudor sources, and his works often showed this bias and discredited their reputation. For example, Shakespeare famously portrayed Richard III as

8162-1142: The Terminator films, Biff Tannen in the Back to the Future films, The Joker in Batman and Dark Helmet in Spaceballs . 1990s films had villains like General Mandible in Antz , Dennis Nedry in Jurassic Park , Edgar in Men in Black , Van Pelt in Jumanji , Rameses in The Prince of Egypt , Carrigan in Casper and Shan-Yu in Mulan . The Star Wars prequels also introduced several villains in addition to those

8316-734: The Anglo-French and Old French vilain , which in turn derives from the Late Latin word villanus ,. This refers to those bound to the soil of the villa , who worked on the equivalent of a modern estate in Late Antiquity , in Italy or Gaul . Vilain later shifted to villein , which referred to a person of less than knightly status, implying a lack of chivalry and courtesy . All actions that were unchivalrous or evil (such as treachery or rape ) eventually became part of

8470-645: The Duchy of Livonia and Inflanty Voivodeship . Initially, the privileged social group of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was called boyars . Boyars became part of the szlachta (nobility) during the Union of Horodło on October 2, 1413, initiating nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania following the Western European model (with a hereditary system of heraldic identification), as well as an increase in

8624-647: The January Uprising , imperial officials announced that "Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism" and banned press in the Lithuanian language and started the Program of Restoration of Russian Beginnings . Over the course of time, the Lithuanian nobility increasingly developed a sense of belonging to the Polish nation. During the 19th century, a self-designation, often represented using

8778-434: The Lithuanian language was just a morphed Latin language. By that time, the upper nobility and the ducal court already used Polish as their first language. The last Grand Duke known to have spoken Lithuanian was Casimir IV Jagiellon (1440-1492). In 1595 Mikalojus Daukša addressed Lithuanian nobility calling for the Lithuanian language to play a more important role in state life. The usage of Lithuanian declined, and

8932-643: The Looney Tunes had villains like Elmer Fudd , Yosemite Sam , Marvin the Martian and Blacque Jacque Shellacque . In 1937, Disney made the movie Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and it had the Evil Queen as its antagonist. Since then, Disney made a lot of animated movies with villains based on fairy tale villains. Disney Villains became a major part of that franchise. Saturday-morning cartoons also had villains like Dick Dastardly , Muttley and Snidely Whiplash . Since then cartoon villains have had

9086-487: The Teatro Colón opera house together. Fearing for his life, Barney leaves Buenos Aires immediately, never to return. The reader then learns that Lecter and Starling live together in an "exquisite" Beaux Arts mansion, where they have a “splendid structure” of a sex life and build their own respective memory palaces . Harris wrote a 2006 prequel, Hannibal Rising , after film producer Dino De Laurentiis (who owned

9240-612: The Union of Horodło (1413) forty-five Polish families adopted forty-seven Lithuanian Catholic families, lending them their coats of arms. It is assumed that the representatives of Lithuanian nobility gathered in Horodło constituted the elite of that time on which Vytautas based his authority. The adoption of Polish coats of arms, an important marker of nobility with a well-established tradition in Western Europe, elevated this narrow group above other privileged population groups. Despite

9394-461: The evil queen and Lady Tremaine , are influenced by jealousy/vanity whereas only 4% of male villains are driven by these same factors. Rather the men, such as Hades and Captain Hook , have motives grounded in wealth and power, giving in to masculine stereotypes and signifying an attachment to the patriarchy . Additionally, in animation there is a history of mothers and grandmothers being posed as

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9548-418: The other criteria traditionally associated with sociopathy. Asked how he himself would describe Lecter, Graham responded, "he's a monster. I think of him as one of those pitiful things that are born in hospitals from time to time. They feed it, and keep it warm, but they don't put it on the machines and it dies. Lecter is the same way in his head, but he looks normal and nobody could tell." In The Silence of

9702-413: The "how" and "why" behind their motivations rather than simply creating a one-dimensional character. Because of their motives, many of these types of villains are commonly nicknamed "anti-villains". Lithuanian nobility The Lithuanian nobility or szlachta of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ( Lithuanian : bajorija, šlėkta , Polish : szlachta Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego ) was historically

9856-678: The Criminally Insane under the care of Dr. Frederick Chilton , a pompous, incompetent psychologist whom he despises, and who subjects him to a series of petty cruelties. Some years later, Graham comes out of retirement and consults Lecter in order to catch another serial killer, Francis Dolarhyde , known by the nickname "the Tooth Fairy". Through the classifieds of a tabloid called The National Tattler , Lecter provides Dolarhyde with Graham's home address; Dolarhyde later uses this information to break into Graham's home, stab him in

10010-564: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and safeguarded its sovereignty vis-à-vis the Kingdom of Poland. Gradually Polonization spread to a broader population, and for the most part, the Lithuanian nobility became part of both nations’ szlachta . The middle nobility adopted the Polish language in the 17th century, while the minor rural nobles remained bilingual up to the period when the question of language related-nationality appeared. The Lithuanian nobles did preserve their national awareness as members of

10164-507: The Grand Duchy, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots; their leaders would continue to represent the interests of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the General sejm and in the royal court . Lithuanian language was used during Kościuszko Uprising in the proclamations calling to rise up For our freedom and yours . And Lithuanian nobles did rise to fight for the independence of their nation. In Lithuania proper ,

10318-479: The Holshansky played a significant role on the side of the grand dukes, starting from Jogaila and Vytautas, being in the strict power elite. Apart from them, these were the families descended from Gediminas family: Olelkovich , Belsky , Kobryński and Zasławski. The princes of ethnically Ruthenian origin were excluded from the strict power elite and found their place in it only at the end of the 15th century. Then

10472-470: The Lambs , Lecter's keeper, Dr. Frederick Chilton , claims that Lecter is a "pure sociopath" ("pure psychopath " in the film adaptation). In the film adaptation of The Silence of the Lambs , protagonist Clarice Starling says of Lecter, "They don't have a name for what he is". Lecter's pathology is explored in greater detail in Hannibal and Hannibal Rising , which explains that he was traumatized as

10626-425: The Lambs , films portrayed psychopathic killers as "claw-handed bogeymen with melty faces and rubber masks. By contrast, Lecter was highly intelligent with impeccable manners." Anthony Hopkins , the actor most closely identified with Lecter, said he played him as "ultra sane, very still ... He has such terrifying physical power, and he doesn't waste an ounce of energy. He's so contained. He's all brain." His performance

10780-1068: The Lithuanian language, subsequent to the partitions of the Commonwealth left most of the former Grand Duchy under control of the Russian Empire . The situation worsened during the years of tsar Nicholas I of Russia 's rule. After the November uprising imperial officials wanted to minimize the social base for another potential uprising and thus decided to reduce the noble class. During the period 1833–1860, 25,692 people in Vilna Governorate and 17,032 people in Kovno Governorate lost their noble status. They could not prove their status with monarchs' privileges or land ownership. They did not lose personal freedom, but were assigned as one steaders Russian : однодворцы in rural areas and as citizens in towns. In view of

10934-403: The Lithuanian nobility during the interbellum and after World War II emigrated to Poland, many were deported to Siberia during the years 1945–53 of Soviet occupation, many manors were destroyed. The Association of Lithuanian Nobility was established in 1994. Lithuanian and Samogitian families possessed heraldry predating formal Christianization. The most archaic type of post-1413 heraldry has

11088-672: The Lithuanian nobility gather in their ranks representatives of the minor nobility, most often descending from their families on the distaff side . Prior to the baptism by Mindaugas , lesser members of the nobility were called bajorai (singular - bajoras ) and greater nobles, kunigai (singular - kunigas ), related to the Old German : kunig , meaning "king", or Lithuanian : kunigaikštis , usually translated as duke , Latin : dux . These positions evolved from tribal leaders and were chiefly responsible for waging wars and organizing raids operations into enemy territories. Following

11242-466: The Polish language became the predominant administrative language in the 16th century, eventually replacing Ruthenian as the official language of the Grand Duchy in 1697. Nonetheless, spoken Lithuanian was still common in the Grand Duchy courts during the 17th century. At first, only Lithuanian magnate families were affected by Polonization, although many of them like the Radziwiłłs remained loyal to

11396-576: The Polish language, including the Radziwiłł , Czartoryski , Tyszkiewicz , Sanguszko , Sapieha , Giedroyć , Piłsudski , Puzyna , Woroniecki and Romer families. The president of the Genealogical and Heraldic Society of Lithuania , Czesław Malewski, commented that currently there are no famous families left in Lithuania, and the functioning and competing associations of

11550-419: The Polish nobility . The process accelerated after the Union of Lublin (1569), resulting in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Lithuanian nobility polonised , replacing Lithuanian and Ruthenian languages with Polish although the process took centuries. In the 16th century, a newly established theory amongst Lithuanian nobility was popular, claiming that Lithuanian nobility was of Roman extraction, and

11704-643: The Polish title "książę", which in Ruthenian texts was translated as "knyazhe". As a result, the poorer prince families that still used the title of knyaz fell completely into insignificance, and the Lithuanian magnate elite consisted of "princes and lords" ( Polish : "książąt i panów" ). Following his distribution of state land, the Grand Duke became dependent on powerful landowners, who began demanding greater liberties and privileges. The nobles were granted administrative and judicial power in their domains and increasing rights in state politics. The legal status of

11858-602: The Polonization of the nobility, gentry and townspeople was practically complete by the early 19th century, relegating the Lithuanian language to the status of a peasant's tongue. The processes of Polonization and russification were partially reversed with the Lithuanian National Revival . Despite origins from mostly the non-noble classes, a number of nobles re-embraced their Lithuanian roots. The lesser Lithuanian nobility, still partially preserving

12012-596: The TV series, which depicts Lecter prior to his capture, he consults with Graham to help him profile and catch serial killers. He is fascinated with Graham’s ability to empathize with psychopaths, and subtly manipulates his fragile sanity in an attempt to turn him into a killer himself. The series also portrays a love triangle between Lecter, Graham, and Dr. Alana Bloom, one of Lecter’s former students, and his ongoing battle of wits with Mason Verger. Fuller commented on Mikkelsen's version of Lecter: What I love about Mads' approach to

12166-444: The abilities they possess that are exclusive to them. For example, one of the female villain's greatest weapons is her alluring beauty, sexuality or emotional intelligence. The perversion of inherently female traits in storytelling also alludes to the demonic display of the succubus and their affinity for utilizing their beauty as a weapon—a trait utilized by many female villains throughout modern fiction and mythology. However, this

12320-415: The ages". Another opportunity to prove nobility were the military musterings, the first one organised in 1528, where a register of those capable to fight was prepared. A listing in such a register was legal proof of nobility. Initially, a group distinguished by prestige were the princely families, which members bore the title of knyaz . These were mostly, at least according to tradition, the descendants of

12474-467: The areas where they do have choice, they try to do the right thing. In the backstory of the 1981 novel Red Dragon , FBI profiler Will Graham interviews Lecter about one of his patients who was murdered by a serial killer, before intuiting that Lecter is the culprit; he sees the antique medical diagram " Wound Man " in Lecter's office, and remembers that the victim suffered the same injuries depicted in

12628-562: The belief in the identity of both elements became almost a patriotic axiom. Additionally, in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, the process of linguistic Polonization of the rural population accelerated rapidly, especially in the Vilnius region . In the consciousness of the general Polish society at that time, the multi-ethnic heritage of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

12782-451: The body to an adjacent bathroom where he slit Rangel’s throat and drained his body completely of blood before dismembering his corpse. Ballí is suspected of killing and dismembering several hitchhikers in the countryside during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Harris incorporated some of these details into Buffalo Bill 's development as a killer in The Silence of the Lambs . In her book Evil Serial Killers , Charlotte Greig asserts Lecter

12936-433: The case of men with feminine traits, this may stem from both a homophobic and misogynistic point of view which is further discussed below. As for female villains who are portrayed with "displeasing" characteristics, not only are they crafted to look unattractive, but their motivations for becoming evil are rooted in very trivial matters. Debra Bradley's survey on Disney films discovered that 28% of female villains, such as

13090-644: The character Clarice Starling (from the novels and films) after her graduation from the FBI academy, as a sequel to The Silence of the Lambs set in 1993, starring Rebecca Breeds as Starling. The show does not acknowledge or feature Hannibal Lecter due to complicated rights issues of franchise characters between Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and the Dino de Laurentiis Company ; it premiered in 2021. Donald Trump has repeatedly mentioned Lecter at rallies during his 2024 presidential campaign , referring to him as "The late, great Hannibal Lecter", and then speaking of him as if he were

13244-584: The character is that, in our first meeting, he was adamant that he didn't want to do Hopkins or Cox. He talked about the character not so much as 'Hannibal Lecter the cannibal psychiatrist', but as Satan – this fallen angel who's enamoured with mankind and had an affinity for who we are as people, but was definitely not among us – he was other . I thought that was a really cool, interesting approach, because I love science fiction and horror and – not that we'd ever do anything deliberately to suggest this – but having it subtextually play as him being Lucifer felt like

13398-412: The cinematic rights to the Lecter character) announced an intended film project depicting Lecter's childhood and development into a serial killer with or without Harris' help. Harris would also write the film's screenplay. The novel chronicles Lecter's early life, from his birth into a family of the Lithuanian nobility in 1933, to being orphaned, along with his beloved younger sister Mischa, in 1944 when

13552-666: The connotations worsened, so that the modern word villain is no unpolished villager, but is instead (among other things) a deliberate scoundrel or criminal. At the same time, the mediaeval expression "vilein" or "vilain" is closely influenced by the word "vile", referring to something wicked or worthless. As from the late 13th century, vile meant "morally repugnant; morally flawed, corrupt, wicked; of no value; of inferior quality; disgusting, foul, ugly; degrading, humiliating; of low estate, without worldly honor or esteem", from Anglo-French ville , Old French vil , from Latin vilis "cheap, worthless, of low value". In classical literature,

13706-402: The conscious classes and the popular masses, who began to identify with Polishness through their religion. The January Uprising of 1863-1864 and the wave of post-uprising repressions were a great shock for the people of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, under the influence of painful experiences, the sense of community between Lithuanianness and Polishness became even stronger, and

13860-501: The course of the 15th century, it changed its meaning to refer to the masses of ordinary nobility who could stand up to fight when called upon. There were also social groups that were personally free but had no military commitments. Such a group were, for example, putnie boyars, who served as grand-ducal envoys and were in charge of road maintenance. A significant group of boyars were service boyars who did not own allodial land, but only service estates, which they received and owned only by

14014-655: The course of wars in the 15th and 16th centuries. Some families became extinct, and with the restriction of the circle of inheritance, their estates were incorporated into the grand-ducal domain. In 1499 Alexander regulated the legal system of the few remaining appanages, the magnates ruling them were given the full ius ducale . This was of little political significance since the princes as a political class were of little importance. Regarding Lithuania proper, not counting descendants of Gediminas seven princely families are known: Borowski , Dowgowd, Giedraitis/ Giedrojć , Jamontowicz, Holshansky , Sudemund, Świrski . They also used

14168-481: The drawing. Realizing that Graham is on to him, Lecter creeps up behind Graham and stabs him with a linoleum knife , nearly disemboweling him. Graham survives, but is so traumatized by the incident that he takes early retirement from the FBI. Lecter is charged with a series of nine murders, but is found not guilty by reason of insanity . He is institutionalized in the Baltimore State Hospital for

14322-460: The dynasties who accepted the authority of Gediminids. However, only those who owned land in Lithuania proper, who were of Lithuanian origin and who had accepted Catholicism in 1386, had any influence on central state policy. The Ruthenian princes had influence only on the local situation in their lands. They varied considerably in terms of wealth and importance, some of them wielding huge estates, while others possessed their land on service tenure from

14476-502: The embodiment of national political cultures that may collude or collide against one another. The usage of villain to describe a historical figure dates back to Tudor propaganda, pieces of which ended up influencing William Shakespeare 's portrayal of Richard III as a spiteful and hunchback tyrant . The sympathetic villain or anti-villain is one with the typical traits of a villainous character but differs in their motivations . Their intention to cause chaos or commit evil actions

14630-610: The establishment of a unified state, they gradually became subordinates to greater Dukes, and later to the King of Lithuania . After Mindaugas' death, all Lithuanian rulers held the title Grand Duke ( Lithuanian : Didysis kunigaikštis ), or king , which was the title sometimes used by Gediminas and several others. Ethnic Lithuanian nobility had different names than common people, as their names consisted of two stems . Greater noble families generally used their predecessor's Lithuanian pagan given names as their family names ; this

14784-527: The exclusive right to this term. According to Professor Grzegorz Błaszczyk , the heritage of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania belongs primarily to the descendants of old Greater Lithuanian families, most of whom were Polonized and still live in Poland today. The last representative of the great Lithuanian families living in today's Lithuania, Stefania Maria Romer, died in 2012. Meanwhile, in Poland, about 2,000 Polish families with Lithuanian origins live and use

14938-471: The face, and threaten his family before Graham's wife Molly shoots him dead. At the end of the novel, Lecter sends Graham a letter, saying that he hopes Graham "won't be very ugly". In the 1988 sequel The Silence of the Lambs , Lecter assists FBI agent-in-training Clarice Starling in catching a serial killer, Jame Gumb, known by the nickname " Buffalo Bill ". Lecter is fascinated by Starling, and they form an unusual relationship in which he provides her with

15092-448: The fact that some of them abandoned the Horodło coats of arms and replaced them with others, the political significance of this gesture did not lose its significance. In the system built by Vytautas, central offices were restricted to Catholics only, which excluded nobles of Ruthenian origin. The basis of the Grand Duke's power was the lands of Lithuania proper, basically the provinces of Trakai and Vilnius. Nobles from this region constituted

15246-400: The false donor will pose as a benevolent figure or influence on the protagonist (or those associated with them) to present them with a deal. The deal will present a short-term solution or benefit for whoever accepts it and, in return, benefit the villain in the long term. During the story's climax, the hero often has to find a way to rectify the agreement in order to defeat the villain or achieve

15400-417: The film Spartacus had Marcus Licinius Crassus as its villain. In the same year, the film Psycho had Norman Bates as a villainous protagonist. The 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird , like the book, had Bob Ewell as its villain. Other 1960s films like The Guns of Navarone and The Great Escape had Nazis as their villains. Beginning with Dr. No in 1962, every James Bond film has had

15554-775: The franchise already had. Early 2000s films like the Spider-Man trilogy , The Dark Knight Trilogy , the Harry Potter films, The Lord of the Rings films and Avatar all had villains like, Green Goblin , Two-Face , Lord Voldemort , Saruman and Miles Quaritch . In the 2010s, the Marvel Cinematic Universe and the DC Extended Universe have had several notable supervillains such as Thanos and General Zod . The term villain

15708-400: The grace of the Grand Duke. As the role and wealth of the great magnates increased, the service boyars put themselves at the service of the lords and princes in exchange for tenures. The process of the formation of the noble estate in Lithuania accelerated after the union with Poland when there arose a desire to equalize the legal system of both countries. Nobility, or szlachta , in Poland

15862-419: The grand duke or another prince (so-called 'service princes' - князя слчжбовiе ). The most powerful princes retained almost total power in their lands, recognising the supremacy of the grand dukes. Vytautas began a policy of limiting the power of the princes and incorporating their appanages into the domain. Many princes died in civil wars after his death. Many appanages, lying in the east, were lost to Moscow in

16016-401: The happy ending. Similarly, the devil archetype is one that also makes an offer to the protagonist (or someone associated with them) and appeals to their needs and desires. However, the devil archetype does not hide their intentions from the protagonist. The subsequent story often follows the protagonist's journey to try and annul the agreement before any damage can be done. The beast

16170-424: The hero must struggle to overcome. In their role as a foil, they exemplify characteristics that are diametrically opposed to those of the hero, creating a contrast distinguishing heroic traits from villainous ones. Other have pointed out that many acts of villains have a hint of wish-fulfillment, which makes some readers or viewers identify with them as characters more strongly than with the heroes. Because of this,

16324-528: The history of the "peoples" inhabiting the eastern lands of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth constituted an integral part of the history of Poles. The local "peoples" (especially Lithuanians and Belarusians ) were perceived at best as "younger brothers", naturally subordinated to the Polish national interest. It was therefore necessary to educate them and guide them in the right direction, because they were not yet mature enough to make independent decisions. "Our Polish paternalism - writes Roman Wapiński -

16478-538: The identity of a villain in the modern sense of the word. Additionally, villein came into use as a term of abuse and eventually took on its modern meaning. The landed aristocracy of mediaeval Europe used politically and linguistically the Middle English descendant of villanus meaning "villager" (styled as vilain or vilein ) with the meaning "a person of uncouth mind and manners". As the common equating of manners with morals gained in strength and currency,

16632-655: The intelligentsia. The fall of the First Polish Republic and unsuccessful armed uprisings led to the strengthening of the Polonization processes of the small nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, identifying spiritually and culturally with Polish traditions. Post-uprising repression resulted in the Catholic Church becoming the mainstay of Polishness. Because the Catholic Church had a Polish character, it became an element integrating both

16786-491: The largest percentages of nobility in Europe, with szlachta (nobility) constituting close to 10% of the population, but in some constituent regions, like Duchy of Samogitia , it was closer to 12%. However, the high nobility was extremely limited in number, consisting of the magnates and later, within the Russian Empire, of princes. Over time, the vast majority of the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania voluntarily became Polonized and recognized Polish national thought as

16940-517: The making of that film.) In 1896, Georges Méliès made a horror film titled The House of the Devil which had The Devil as an antagonist. Edison's The Great Train Robbery , released in 1903 had the bandits who rob the train as its villains. In 1909, there was a feature length adaptation of Les Misérables with Javert as a villain and in 1910, Otis Turner had a Wicked Witch as the villain of

17094-524: The modern national movements of Lithuania and Belarus and fought for Poland in 1918-1920. The landowning nobles in the new Lithuanian state saw themselves predominately as Poles of Lithuanian background. During the interbellum years the government of Lithuania issued land reform limiting manors with 150 hectares of land while confiscating land from those nobles who were fighting alongside the Polish in Polish-Lithuanian War . Many members of

17248-543: The most famous example being his admission that he once ate a census taker's liver "with some fava beans and a nice Chianti " (a "big Amarone " in the novel). Prior to his capture and imprisonment, he was a member of Baltimore, Maryland 's social elite, and a sitting member of the Baltimore Philharmonic Orchestra's Board of Directors. In the novel The Silence of the Lambs , Lecter is described through Starling's eyes: "She could see that he

17402-772: The motherly stereotypes in their villains. Other female villains are portrayed as hyper-sexual and powerful beings that are used to juxtapose the beauty or physical characteristics of the heroine ; for example, the Lady Tremaine and stepsisters in Cinderella . Male villains also hold several traits that are characteristically feminine. Characters like Jafar ( Aladdin ) and Hades ( Hercules ) have features such as shaded eyelids and accentuated facial features, similar to those typically associated with femininity. Zachary Doiron has argued that animated villains are based on homophobic stereotypes. As an example, he brings up

17556-425: The narrative forward and influence the hero's journey. These, while not as rounded as those that appear in other forms of literature, are what is known as archetypes . The archetypal villain is a common occurrence within the genre and come under different categories that have different influences on the protagonist and the narrative. The false donor is a villain who utilises trickery to achieve their ends. Often

17710-434: The narrative through another character. The legacy of the villain is often transferred through that of bloodlines (family) or a devoted follower. For example, if a dragon played the role of a villain but was killed by the hero, another character (such as the dragon's sister) might take on the legacy of the previous villain and pursue the hero out of revenge. The fairy tale genre utilises villains as key components to push

17864-544: The narrative, in which they can portray themselves as villainous in a more general sense. The first is the false hero : This character is always villainous, presenting a false claim to be the hero that must be rebutted for the happy ending . Examples of characters who display this trait, and interfere with the success of a tale's hero, are the Ugly Sisters in Cinderella who chopped off parts of their feet to fit in

18018-445: The nobility grew and the burdens and freedoms of the peasantry were reduced, these linguistic differences began to gain importance. Around the beginning of the 16th century, groups of boyars spared no effort to prove their noble status. The grand ducal council resolved that nobility had to be attested by the testimony of two neighbours, of undoubtedly noble lineage, saying that the applicant's family had been "boyars and shliakhta through

18172-559: The nobility was almost all Lithuanian or Samogitian, with territorial expansion more Ruthenian families joined the nobility. As early as the 16th century, several Ruthenian noble families began to call themselves gente Ruthenus, natione Lithuanus . A good example is the Chodkiewicz family, which attributed its ancestry to the House of Gediminas . The term boyar , boiarstvo ( bajorai ) originally denoted all those who fought. Over

18326-613: The nobility was based on several privileges, granted by the Grand Dukes: Most of the nobility rights were retained even after the third partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795. The nobility was particularly numerous in the ethnically Lithuanian lands and is estimated to have constituted about 10-11%, while in the Ruthenian lands of the Grand Duchy only about 3-4%. The nobility in Samogitia

18480-426: The nobility were responsible for military mobilization and enjoyed Golden Liberty ; some were rewarded with additional privileges for success on the battlefield. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ducal titles were mostly inherited by descendants of old dynasties while the relatively few hereditary noble titles in the Kingdom of Poland were bestowed by foreign monarchs. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had one of

18634-478: The novel Hannibal , he "prefers to eat the rude". Hopkins described Lecter as the " Robin Hood of killers", who kills "the terminally rude". In the novel Red Dragon , the protagonist, Will Graham , says that psychologists refer to Lecter as a sociopath "because they don't know what else to call him". Graham says "he has no remorse or guilt at all", and tortured animals as a child, but he does not exhibit any of

18788-741: The past, and at times, tempts scholars and historians to construct a world of black and white in which the terms "hero" and "villain" are used arbitrary and with the pass of time become interchangeable. These binaries of course are reflected to varying degrees in endless movies, novels, and other fictional and non-fictional narratives. As processes of globalization connect the world, cultures with different historical trajectories and political traditions will need to find ways to work together not only economically, but also politically. In this evolving framework of globalization, tradition, according to political theorists like Edmund Burke , historical figures perceived and evaluated as either positive or negative become

18942-477: The political elite of the country. New terms emerged for all those of noble birth: shliakhta (from Polish : szlachta ; Lithuanian : šlėkta ) in Ruthenian and nobiles in Latin. The term zemianin  [ pl ] ( Lithuanian : ziemionys ) began to denote the nobles who possessed land. Szlachta itself was stratified into several categories . As the privileges and political importance of

19096-476: The politics of the Grand Duchy. Practically giving it full control over the actions of the ruler. While in Poland at that time the limitation of royal power was associated with an increase in the role of the ordinary nobility, in the Grand Duchy, where nobility assemblies ( sejmiks ) did not exist, full power passed into the hands of the great lords. Grand Duchy of Lithuania offices were held almost exclusively by magnates. Potent Radziwiłł family (Radvila) received

19250-452: The population lived in the lands directly under the Grand Duke's rule, by 1528 this figure had fallen to 30%. It is estimated that 5% of the land was owned by the Church, while as much as 65% of the land was then in the hands of 13 thousand of noble families (6 thousand of them were of Lithuanian origin). Most of it was owned by a small group of several dozen families of lords, which constituted

19404-587: The position of the Greater Lithuanian nobility. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania adopted Polish institutions of castellans and voivodes , and 47 selected boyars of Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the Catholic faith were adopted by Polish noble families and received Polish coats of arms . With the Union of Lublin , nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the nobility of the Kingdom of Poland became

19558-428: The previously existing Ruthenian language . In the 18th century, the Polonization of the lands within the borders of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was a completed process, and the Polonization of Vilnius was a state of affairs. Despite the lack of their own state, the conviction of the permanent nature of Lithuania's relationship with Poles and the territorial integrity of their common, although enslaved, homeland

19712-518: The representatives of powerful Volhynian families: Sanguszko , Czartoryski , Ostrogski and Zasławski found their place in the power elite. Since the reign of Vytautas, documents began to distinguish a group of great lords, calling them in Latin baro (pl. barones ), dominus (pl. domini ) or, in Ruthenian texts, "great boyars" ( боярe великie ). Soon, the borrowed from Polish term "pan" (plural "pany", пан ; ponai or didikai ), literally meaning "lord" gained popularity. This new elite

19866-443: The rights of landowners to pass on their estates. Although allodial land ownership was previously known in the Grand Duchy, its prevalence increased significantly in the following period. Similarly, the new law of inheritance led to a decline in the importance, outside Kaunas district and Samogitia, of clan kinships, in favour of more nuclear families. This led to a rapid change in the structure of land ownership. While in 1386 80% of

20020-503: The role for the 2001 adaptation of the 1999 novel Hannibal , which sees Lecter evading recapture, and for a second adaptation of Red Dragon in 2002. The fourth novel, Hannibal Rising (2006), explores Lecter's childhood and development into a serial killer. He was played in the 2007 film adaptation by Gaspard Ulliel . In the NBC television series Hannibal (2013 – 2015), which focuses on Lecter's relationship with Graham, Lecter

20174-439: The ruling elite. The situation began to change in the 1430s when nobility privileges began to be extended to the Ruthenian nobility. The cementing of the new elite was strengthened by the emergence of the institution of the council. Initially, it had no institutionalized form but gathered the ruler's closest associates. However, from 1430 onwards, it began to take shape as a permanent institution, to which one automatically became

20328-434: The shoe. Another role for the villain would be the dispatcher, who sends the hero on their quest . At the beginning of the story, their request may appear benevolent or innocent, but the dispatcher's real intentions might be to send the hero on a journey in the hopes of being rid of them. The roles and influence that villains can have over a narrative can also be transferred to other characters – to continue their role in

20482-426: The state or ethnic sense. The Lithuanian nobility felt united with the Polish nobility as part of one political nation of the Commonwealth, enjoying privileges, freedom and equality. In this sense, they often referred to themselves as "Polish nobility" or outright "Poles". At the same time, separatism and the defense of Lithuanian national separateness within the federation state were very strong. The Lithuanian nobility

20636-473: The title knyaz, which is probably a rendering of the Lithuanian kunigas , which in pagan times probably belonged to every person of noble status. It is not clear whether they owed their princely dignity to their former status as sovereigns or to their connection and affinity with the ruling family established in the 14th century (this is confirmed at least for the Gedraitis and Holshanskys). Among them, only

20790-738: The title of the prince ( German : Reichsfürst ; Polish : książę ) from the Holy Roman Emperor in 1518, similarly some other families received titles of counts ( Goštautai /Gasztołd in 1529/30; Ilinicz in 1553; Chodkiewicz in 1568; possibly Kęsgailos /Kieżgajło in 1547) from the Emperor. The elevation of the Radziwiłł family resulted in the abandonment of the title of "knyaz" by those Ruthenian families that still retained significant power, wealth and often appanages (for example Wiśniowiecki , Ostrogski , Zbaraski ). They adopted instead

20944-525: The traditions of historical Lithuania, trying to reconcile Lithuanianness with Polishness, called themselves " old Lithuanians ", " historical Lithuanians " or " The Mickiewicz's " (i.e. - such as in Adam Mickiewicz , from the first words of the invocation from the poem Pan Tadeusz: "O Lithuania, my country ... " ). In turn, the representatives of the former " Semigalian people ", now "nationalized", called themselves Lithuanians , additionally reserving

21098-616: The uniform political nation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . The main Polonizing factors, as in other areas of the First Republic of Poland , were the church , the manor and the city , where the lower social classes adopted and thereby took over the cultural patterns of the higher classes. Already in 1576, seven years after the conclusion of the Union of Lublin , Augustyn Rotundus ,

21252-400: The villain character is not always the same as those that appear in modern and postmodern incarnations, as the lines of morality are often blurred to imply a sense of ambiguity or affected by historical context and cultural ideas. Often the delineation of heroes and villains in such literature is left unclear. Nevertheless, there are some exceptions to this such as Grendel from Beowulf who

21406-502: The villainous Delilah and George Sanders as the villainous Prince of Gaza . In 1953, Byron Haskin made a film of The War of the Worlds . Like the book, it has Martians as villains. Cecil B. DeMille 's 1956 remake of The Ten Commandments had two main villains. Ramesses II , played by Yul Brynner and Dathan played by Edward G. Robinson . (It also had Nefertari be a Lady Macbeth figure egging Ramesses on.) In 1960,

21560-489: The villains of many stories. Neil Gaiman 's Coraline presents this phenomenon through the idea of the other-mother. In Coraline , the Other Mother is a loving, caring parent who welcomes Coraline to a new life, helping in the face of troubles back home. By glorifying this other mother, the story paints Coraline's real mother as negligent, in turn causing her to be the villain of the story. Disney films also take on

21714-420: Was Polonised and adopted Polish identity by the late 19th century. A Russian census in 1897 showed that 27.7% of nobility living within modern Lithuania's borders recognized Lithuanian as the mother language. This number was even higher in Kovno Governorate , where 36.6% of nobility identified the Lithuanian language as their mother language. Most descendants of the Lithuanian nobility remained ill-disposed to

21868-505: Was already a well-established estate, its legal position was consolidated in the 14th century. At this point, it was basically impossible to enter the noble status otherwise than by birth. The development of the idea of corona regni aroused among the nobility a notion of being the main unifying force of the kingdom and responsible for its rule. Lithuanian nobles aspired to this position. Privileges of 1387 and 1413 gave legal security of tenure to holders of allodial land and recognized in law

22022-530: Was first adapted to film in 1986 as the Michael Mann film Manhunter , although the spelling of Lecter's name was changed to " Lecktor ". He was played by actor Brian Cox . Cox based his performance on Scottish serial killer Peter Manuel . In 1991, Orion Pictures produced a Jonathan Demme -directed adaptation of The Silence of the Lambs , in which Lecter was played by actor Anthony Hopkins . Hopkins' Academy Award-winning performance made Lecter into

22176-407: Was increasingly identified simply with Polish heritage. Such views were held by the most active and opinion-forming layer of the emerging nation. The intelligentsia grew up in an atmosphere of supremacy of nobility culture, so they easily identified with it. It adopted the nobility's way of perceiving the world, even if it came from other social groups. According to a commonly accepted interpretation,

22330-477: Was inspired at least in part by the serial killer Albert Fish . Greig also states that, to explain Lecter's pathology, Harris borrowed the possibly apocryphal story of serial killer and cannibal Andrei Chikatilo 's brother Stepan being kidnapped and eaten by starving neighbors. The location of the book Hannibal was inspired by the Monster of Florence and, while preparing the book, Harris traveled to Italy and

22484-494: Was inspired by HAL 9000 from Stanley Kubrick 's 2001: A Space Odyssey . The critic Roger Ebert elaborated on this comparison: "He is a dispassionate, brilliant machine, superb at logic, deficient in emotions." In the same essay, Ebert wrote: One key to the film's appeal is that audiences like Hannibal Lecter...He may be a cannibal, but as a dinner party guest he would give value for money (if he didn't eat you). He does not bore, he likes to amuse, he has his standards, and he

22638-410: Was only partly descended from the old princely families that ruled Lithuania in pagan times. To a large extent, these were new families that appeared during the reigns of Jogaila and Vytautas and whose representatives were among the signatories of the Union of Horodło (1413). They owed their position to the generosity of the grand dukes, who rewarded them with offices and land granted in allodium. In

22792-514: Was particularly numerous, but usually, it was a poor nobility living in gentry villages. In the right-bank part of Kaunas county the nobility accounted for as much as 25% of the hearths in the late 18th century. In 1777 there were 16,534 noble houses registered (5.2% of the total) in the whole Grand Duchy. In 1790 the register showed 100 palaces, 9,331 manors, 494 noblemen's houses in towns, and 13,890 houses of noblemen without subjects. Linguistic Polonization did not always mean full Polonization in

22946-672: Was played by Mads Mikkelsen , who won the Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television for his performance. In 2003, Lecter, as portrayed by Hopkins, was named the greatest villain in American cinema by the American Film Institute . In 2010, Entertainment Weekly named him one of the 100 greatest characters of the preceding 20 years. In 2019, Lecter, as portrayed by Mikkelsen, was named the 18th greatest villain in television history by Rolling Stone . Working as

23100-458: Was present at the trial of the main suspect, Pietro Pacciani . Hannibal Lecter is a child of Lithuanian nobility and of the Visconti and Sforza families of Italy , and he is also a cannibalistic serial killer . He is highly intelligent and cultured, with refined tastes and impeccable manners. He is deeply offended by rudeness, and often kills people who exhibit bad manners; according to

23254-469: Was small, sleek; in his hands and arms she saw wiry strength like her own." The novel also reveals that Lecter's left hand has a rare condition called mid-ray duplication polydactyly , i.e. a duplicated middle finger. In Hannibal , he performs plastic surgery on his own face on several occasions, and removes his extra digit. Lecter's eyes are a shade of maroon, and reflect the light in "pinpoints of red". He has small white teeth and dark, slicked-back hair with

23408-399: Was strengthening in the minds of all Poles. In the lands of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the cultural unity of inhabitants was strengthening, and many traditionally understood Lithuanians discovered a modern national identity - they became Poles . It should be noted, however, that the described processes took place almost exclusively within the nobility and landed gentry and among

23562-410: Was the case with Goštautai , Radvilos , Astikai , Kęsgailos and others. Those families acquired great wealth, eventually becoming magnates . Their representatives are respectively Jonas Goštautas , Radvila Astikas , Kristinas Astikas and Mykolas Kęsgaila . The aforementioned families were granted corresponding Polish coats of arms under the Union of Horodlo in 1413. While at the beginning

23716-442: Was warmly attached to the laws, traditions and symbols of the Grand Duchy. Moreover, the Lithuanian separateness was also defended by the members of ethnically Polish families settling in Lithuania. Following the Union of Horodło (1413), the Lithuanian nobility's rights were equalized with those of the ruling class of the Kingdom of Poland ( szlachta ). During the following centuries, the Lithuanian nobility began to merge with

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