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104-794: The Amundsen Glacier was discovered by Richard E. Byrd on the South Pole flight in November 1929. The name was proposed for Roald Amundsen by Laurence Gould, leader of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (Byrd AE) geological party which sledged past the mouth of the glacier in December 1929. According to Sailing Directions for Antarctica (1960), "Lying eastward of the Bowman Glacier is the Amundsen Glacier,

208-550: A Norwegian diplomat. 85°37′S 164°40′W  /  85.617°S 164.667°W  / -85.617; -164.667 . A pyramidal mountain, 3,515 metres (11,532 ft) high, standing 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) northeast of Mount Wedel-Jarlsberg in the Quarles Range. Discovered in November 1911 by Capt. Roald Amundsen, and named by him for one of the daughters of the Norwegian minister to Brazil,

312-634: A letter from Nuku Hiva (the largest of the Marquesas Islands in French Polynesia ) to Chambers, the ship's commanding officer, commending him and his crew "for the courage and efficiency" displayed following the explosion that made Byrd "feel proud to be an American. Great heroism was displayed, especially by the men who lost their lives rescuing the wounded." Byrd completed the Special Mission in December and participated in

416-562: A mountain range, the Ames Range , after her father. They had four children – Richard Evelyn Byrd III , Evelyn Bolling Byrd Clarke, Katharine Agnes Byrd Breyer, and Helen Byrd Stabler. By late 1924, the Byrd family moved into a large brownstone house at 9 Brimmer Street in Boston's fashionable Beacon Hill neighborhood that had been purchased by Marie's father, a wealthy industrialist. Byrd

520-556: A number of mountain peaks in this general vicinity were observed and rudely positioned by the South Pole Party under Roald Amundsen. He named peaks in the massif for members of his South Pole Party. The peaks were mapped by USGS from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photography in 1960–64. For the sake of historical continuity and to commemorate the Norwegian exploration in this area, the US-ACAN assigned Amundsen's chosen names to

624-587: A parade in New York City, and Congress passed a special act on December 21, 1926, promoting him to the rank of commander and awarding both Floyd Bennett and him the Medal of Honor . The Josephine Ford was flown around the country in celebration. Bennett was promoted to the warrant officer rank of machinist. Byrd and Bennett were presented with Tiffany Cross versions of the Medal of Honor on March 5, 1927, at

728-476: A portion of the west slope of Nilsen Plateau . It flows northwest along the northeast side of Hansen Spur to join Amundsen Glacier. The name was used by both the 1963-64 and 1970-71 Ohio State University field parties at Nilsen Plateau; all the rock walls surrounding this glacier are black in appearance. 85°52′S 158°40′W  /  85.867°S 158.667°W  / -85.867; -158.667 . A glacier 11 nautical miles (20 km; 13 mi) long in

832-461: A privately financed expedition, where he headed the inaugural aircraft crew that successfully flew over the South Pole. Byrd strongly advocated for ski-equipped aircraft, despite the considerable operational, logistical, and maintenance challenges they posed, necessitating the establishment of significant onshore bases to address these issues. As a result of his achievement, Byrd was promoted to

936-819: A sharp peak, 3,280 metres (10,760 ft) high, standing at the southernmost point of Rawson Plateau. Discovered by Capt. Roald Amundsen while enroute to the South Pole in November 1911, and named by him for Helmer Hanssen, deputy leader of the South Pole Party. 85°53′S 161°40′W  /  85.883°S 161.667°W  / -85.883; -161.667 . A prominent spur extending eastward from Rawson Plateau between Moffett and Tate Glaciers. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named by US-ACAN for Harry F. Thomas, meteorologist, South Pole Station winter party, 1960. 85°45′S 163°40′W  /  85.750°S 163.667°W  / -85.750; -163.667 . A mainly ice-covered mountain over 3,400 metres (11,200 ft) high, marking

1040-618: A strong supporter of Amundsen. According to Sailing Directions for Antarctica (1960), "Mount Ruth Gade, [is] a striking rounded pyramidal massif, completely snow-clad, rising to about 11,960 feet. The Isaiah Bowman Glacier (85°30' S., 160° W.) lies southeastward of Mount Ruth Gade, and is about 5 miles wide and 30 miles long trending in a northeast-southwest direction. 85°34′S 164°00′W  /  85.567°S 164.000°W  / -85.567; -164.000 . A mountain, 2,550 metres (8,370 ft) high, standing 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) northeast of Mount Ruth Gade in

1144-622: A time as Honorary National President (1931–1935) of Pi Gamma Mu , the international honor society in the social sciences. He carried the society's flag during his first Antarctic expedition to dramatize the spirit of adventure into the unknown, characterizing both the natural and social sciences. To finance and gain both political and public support for his expeditions, Byrd actively cultivated relationships with many powerful individuals, including President Franklin Roosevelt, Henry Ford, Edsel Ford, John D. Rockefeller Jr. , and Vincent Astor . As

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1248-567: A token of his gratitude, Byrd named geographic features in the Antarctic after his supporters. On his second expedition during the summer of 1933–1934, (it was winter in the US, above the equator) Byrd spent five months alone operating a meteorological station, Advance Base, from which he narrowly escaped with his life after suffering carbon monoxide poisoning from a poorly ventilated stove. Unusual radio transmissions from Byrd finally began to alarm

1352-463: Is numbered 753 in the Scott's Catalog. The U.S. Post Office contracted with the expedition for this purpose as it had no other means to deliver mail to and from the Antarctic. Approximately 150,000 pieces of such mail went through the special Antarctic post office in 1933 to 1934. As only members of the post office were authorized to postmark and handle mail, Charles F. Anderson, a special representative of

1456-616: Is some controversy as to whether or not Byrd was actually the first person to reach the North Pole. It is generally believed that the distance Byrd claimed to fly was longer than the possible fuel range of his airplane. He was a recipient of the Medal of Honor , the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration, and the Navy Cross , the second highest honor for valor given by the U.S. Navy. Byrd

1560-523: The Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in association with the many features named in this area for members of Amundsen's Norwegian expedition of 1910-12. 86°23′S 165°00′W  /  86.383°S 165.000°W  / -86.383; -165.000 . A heavily crevassed glacier at the edge of the polar plateau, about 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) long and 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) wide, draining

1664-646: The Hays Mountains , flowing west from the northwest shoulder of Mount Vaughan to enter Amundsen Glacier just north of Mount Dort . First roughly mapped by the ByrdAE, 1928-30. Remapped by USGS from ground surveys and USN air photos, 1960-64. Named by US-ACAN for Lewis K. Cappellari who made ionospheric studies at McMurdo Station in 1965. 85°35′S 156°24′W  /  85.583°S 156.400°W  / -85.583; -156.400 . A glacier which flows north from Mount Goodale and Mount Armstrong along

1768-599: The Legion of Merit . In 1946, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal appointed Byrd as officer in charge of Antarctic Developments Project. Byrd's fourth Antarctic expedition was code-named Operation Highjump . It was the largest Antarctic expedition to date and was expected to last 6–8 months. The expedition was supported by a large naval force (designated Task Force 68), commanded by Rear Admiral Richard H. Cruzen . Thirteen US Navy support ships (besides

1872-650: The Queen Maud Mountains , extending from the polar plateau between Cooper Glacier and Bowman Glacier and terminating near the edge of Ross Ice Shelf . Peaks in the range were first sighted by Captain Roald Amundsen in 1911, and the range was mapped in detail by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition , 1928–30. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Donald A. Quarles , United States Secretary of

1976-733: The United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS) in 1944 to 1945. On February 10, 1945, Byrd received the Order of Christopher Columbus from the government of the Dominican Republic . Byrd was present at the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945. He was released from active duty on October 1, 1945. In recognition of his service during World War II, Byrd received two awards of

2080-518: The Virginia (Byrd's birth state). A base camp named " Little America " was constructed on the Ross Ice Shelf , and scientific expeditions by snowshoe , dog sled , snowmobile , and airplane began. To increase the interest of youth in arctic exploration, a 19-year-old American Boy Scout , Paul Allman Siple , was chosen to accompany the expedition. Siple went on to earn a doctorate and

2184-765: The Virginia Military Institute for two years and transferred to the University of Virginia , before financial circumstances inspired his starting over and taking an appointment to the United States Naval Academy , where he was appointed as a midshipman on May 28, 1908. On June 8, 1912, Byrd graduated from the Naval Academy and was commissioned an ensign in the United States Navy. On July 14, 1912, he

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2288-520: The White House by President Calvin Coolidge . Since 1926, doubts have been raised, defenses made, and heated controversy arose over whether or not Byrd actually reached the North Pole. In 1958, Norwegian-American aviator and explorer Bernt Balchen cast doubt on Byrd's statement on the basis of his knowledge of the airplane's speed. Balchen said that Bennett had confessed to him months after

2392-600: The Air Force , 1955–57, and United States Deputy Secretary of Defense , 1957–59, at the outset of the International Geophysical Year and organization of United States activity in Antarctica. The west of the Quarles Range is north of the head of the Bowman Glacier, which in turn is north of Rawson Plateau. The Mohn Basin lies to the southwest. Mount Wedel-Jarlsburg rises above the head of

2496-599: The Atlantic Ocean. Byrd was one of several aviators who attempted to win the Orteig Prize in 1927 for making the first nonstop flight between the United States and France. Once again, Byrd named Floyd Bennett as his chief pilot, with Norwegian Bernt Balchen, Bert Acosta , and Lieutenant George Noville as other crewmembers. During a practice takeoff with Anthony Fokker at the controls and Bennett in

2600-617: The Atlantic nonstop, another 20 years were needed before it would be realized on a commercial scale. In 1928, Byrd began his first expedition to the Antarctic involving two ships and three airplanes: Byrd's flagship was the City of New York (a Norwegian sealing ship previously named Samson that had come into fame as a ship some said was in the vicinity of the Titanic when the latter

2704-625: The Atlantic nonstop, naming Balchen to replace Bennett, who had not yet fully recovered from his injuries, as chief pilot. Byrd, Balchen, Acosta, and Noville flew from Roosevelt Field, East Garden City, New York , in the America on June 29, 1927. On board was mail from the US Postal Service to demonstrate the practicality of aircraft. Arriving over France the next day, they were prevented from landing in Paris by cloud cover; they returned to

2808-503: The Bowman Glacier, where it trends northeast between the confluence of the Bowman and Amundsen Glaciers. Mapped from ground surveys and air photos by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928-30. Named by US-ACAN for Henry C. Collins, Asst. Chief, Branch of Special Maps, U.S. Geological Survey. 85°33′S 160°18′W  /  85.550°S 160.300°W  / -85.550; -160.300 . A rock peak, 760 metres (2,490 ft) high, in

2912-511: The British designation of R-38 ). As fate would have it, Byrd missed his train to take him to the airship on August 24, 1921. The airship broke apart in midair, killing 44 of 49 crew members on board. Byrd lost several friends in the accident, and was involved in the subsequent recovery operations and investigation. The accident affected him deeply and inspired him to make safety a top priority in all of his future expeditions. Due to reductions in

3016-485: The ByrdAE, 1928-30. Named by US-ACAN for Raymond L. Whitney, meteorologist, South Pole Station winter party, 1961. 85°34′S 162°00′W  /  85.567°S 162.000°W  / -85.567; -162.000 . A deeply entrenched glacier, 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi) long, descending the polar plateau between Quarles Range and Rawson Plateau of the Queen Maud Mountains to enter

3120-574: The Chief of Naval Operations. The expedition continued in Antarctica without him until the last of its participants left Antarctica on March 22, 1941. As a senior officer in the United States Navy, Byrd was recalled on active duty on March 26, 1942, and served as the confidential advisor to Admiral Ernest J. King . From 1942 to 1945 he served on the South Pacific Island Base Inspection Board, which toured bases in

3224-588: The Cooper Glacier to the north. Further east, the range extends between Cooper Glacier, a tributary of Axel Heiberg Glacier to the north, and Bowman Glacier , another tributary of Axel Heiberg Glacier to the southeast. Peaks from west to east include Mount Ruth Gade, Mount Harrington, Mount Balecz, Mount Dean and Schobert Nunatak. Rawson Plateau includes Mount Hanssen in the south, the Thomas Spur extending between Tate Glacier and Moffett Glacier to

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3328-633: The Fram and leader of the Norwegian expedition's Eastern Sledge Party to the Scott Nunataks. The US-ACAN has selected this feature to be designated Mount Prestrud. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey . Richard E. Byrd Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (October 25, 1888 – March 11, 1957), an American naval officer ,

3432-515: The Goodale Glacier on the right. Download coordinates as: Left (west) tributaries from south to north are: 86°30′S 164°00′W  /  86.500°S 164.000°W  / -86.500; -164.000 A tributary glacier about 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) long, descending the polar plateau just west of Mount Prestrud, and flowing northeast to enter Amundsen Glacier between Mount Bjaaland and Mount Hassel. Named by

3536-601: The Navy Department Commission on Training Camps. In the autumn of 1917, he was sent to naval aviation school at Pensacola, Florida . He qualified as a naval aviator (number 608) in June 1918. He then commanded naval air forces at Naval Air Station Halifax in Nova Scotia , Canada, from July 1918 until the armistice in November. In that assignment, he was promoted to the permanent rank of lieutenant and

3640-691: The Navy after the First World War, Byrd reverted to the rank of lieutenant at the end of 1921. During the summer of 1923, then-Lieutenant Byrd and a group of volunteer Navy veterans of the First World War helped found the Naval Reserve Air Station (NRAS) at Squantum Point near Boston, using an unused First World War seaplane hangar which had remained more-or-less intact after the Victory Destroyer Plant shipyard

3744-533: The Postmaster General, was assigned to the post office at Little America in Antarctica. In late 1938, Byrd visited Hamburg, and was invited to participate in the 1938/1939 German " Neuschwabenland " Antarctic Expedition, but declined. (Although Germany was not at war with the United States at this time, Adolf Hitler had been serving as Führer of the German Reich since 1934, and i nvaded Poland

3848-502: The Quarles Range, 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) northeast of Mount Belecz. Probably first seen by Roald Amundsen's polar party in 1911. First mapped by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928-30. Named by US-ACAN for Jesse D. Dean, meteorologist with the South Pole Station party of 1962. 85°31′S 162°14′W  /  85.517°S 162.233°W  / -85.517; -162.233 . A nunatak overlooking

3952-400: The Quarles Range. First mapped from ground surveys and air photos by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928-30. Named by US-ACAN for Dan M. Belecz, meteorologist with the South Pole Station winter party in 1962. 85°32′S 163°00′W  /  85.533°S 163.000°W  / -85.533; -163.000 . A mountain, 1,620 metres (5,310 ft) high, standing at the northeast end of

4056-696: The Quarles Range. Mapped by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928–30, and by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for John R. Harrington, meteorologist with the South Pole Station winter party, 1962. 85°34′S 163°27′W  /  85.567°S 163.450°W  / -85.567; -163.450 . An ice-covered, flat-topped mountain, 2,120 metres (6,960 ft) high, standing 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) northeast of Mount Ruth Gade in

4160-663: The Ross Ice Shelf just west of the flow of Amundsen Glacier. Discovered in December 1929 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition geological party under Laurence Gould, and named by Byrd for Isaiah Bowman , eminent geographer and president of Johns Hopkins University, 1935-49; Director of the American Geographical Society, 1915–35. 85°38′S 161°54′W  /  85.633°S 161.900°W  / -85.633; -161.900 . A tributary glacier, 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) long, draining

4264-903: The Secretary of the Navy, the Commander-in-Chief United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations ordered Byrd to assume direction of a survey and "investigation of certain islands in the East and South Pacific in connection with national defense and commercial air bases and routes." The members of the Special Navy Mission sailed from Balboa, Canal Zone, on USS Concord , Captain Irving Reynold Chambers, commanding, in September 1943. A large explosion at sea on October 7, 1943, took

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4368-634: The South Pacific in May and June 1942. The report submitted by the Board describes conditions found at each base and analyses, lessons learned in planning and equipping these bases. The report contains recommendations applicable to the individual bases and others designed to be helpful in the planning of future advanced bases. On 1 September 1943, in compliance with a series of letters from the President to

4472-519: The South Pole flight of Nov. 28-29, 1929, and named by him for R. Admiral William A. Moffett , USN, first Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics, Dept. of the Navy. 85°39′S 160°00′W  /  85.650°S 160.000°W  / -85.650; -160.000 . A tributary glacier, 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) long, draining northeast from Mount Ellsworth to enter Amundsen Glacier just south of Robinson Bluff . Discovered and mapped by

4576-653: The Steagall and Whitney Glaciers and 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) north of Mount Ellsworth. First mapped from ground surveys and air photos by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928-30. Named by US-ACAN for Robert E. Behling, USARP glaciologist on the South Pole-Queen Maud Land Traverse II, summer 1965-66. 85°35′S 160°48′W  /  85.583°S 160.800°W  / -85.583; -160.800 . A rugged, ice-covered ridge which extends north from Mount Behling to

4680-586: The adjutant general of Rhode Island, for making great strides in improving the efficiency of the militia. Shortly after the entry of the United States into the First World War in April 1917, Byrd oversaw the mobilization of the Rhode Island Naval Militia. He was then recalled to active duty and was assigned to the Office of Naval Operations and served in a desk job as secretary and organizer of

4784-444: The aviation element during the expedition led to Byrd's renown as a pioneer of aircraft in exploration. During this expedition, Byrd made the acquaintance of Navy Chief Aviation Pilot Floyd Bennett and Norwegian pilot Bernt Balchen , both of whom would later contribute to Byrd's expeditions. Bennett served as a pilot in his flight to the North Pole the next year. Balchen, whose knowledge of Arctic flight operations proved invaluable,

4888-484: The co-pilot seat, the Fokker Trimotor airplane, America , crashed, severely injuring Bennett and slightly injuring Byrd. As the plane was being repaired, Charles Lindbergh won the prize by completing his historic flight on May 21, 1927. (Coincidentally, in 1925, then Army Air Service Reserve Corps Lieutenant Charles Lindbergh had applied to serve as a pilot on Byrd's North Pole expedition, but apparently, his bid came too late.) Byrd continued with his quest to cross

4992-428: The coast of Normandy and crash-landed near the beach at Ver-sur-Mer (known as Gold Beach during the Normandy Invasion on June 6, 1944) without fatalities on July 1, 1927. In France, Byrd and his crew were received as heroes and Byrd was invested as an Officer of the French Legion of Honor by Prime Minister Raymond Poincare on July 6. After their return to the United States, an elaborate dinner in their honor

5096-958: The east slopes of Rawson Plateau between Mount Alice Gade and Mount Deardorff and flowing north to enter Bowman Glacier. First mapped by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928–30. Named by US-ACAN for Jack Steagall, meteorologist, South Pole Station winter party, 1961. Right (east) tributaries from south to north are: 86°15′S 161°00′W  /  86.250°S 161.000°W  / -86.250; -161.000 . A tributary glacier, 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) long, draining west from Nilsen Plateau to enter Amundsen Glacier just south of Olsen Crags . Mapped by USGS from surveys and USN air photos, 1960-64. Named by US-ACAN for Charles F. Epler, storekeeper with USN Squadron VX-6 on Operation Deep Freeze 1966 and 1967. 86°10′S 159°40′W  /  86.167°S 159.667°W  / -86.167; -159.667 . A tributary glacier, 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) long, which drains

5200-434: The east, Mount Deardorff, Mount Alice Gade and Mount Maloney. 85°39′S 165°08′W  /  85.650°S 165.133°W  / -85.650; -165.133 . An ice-covered mountain between Cooper and Bowman Glaciers, standing 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) southwest of Mount Ruth Gade in the Quarles Range. Discovered in December 1911 by Roald Amundsen, and named by him for Alice Wedel-Jarlsberg, wife of

5304-411: The elongated massif between Steagall and Amundsen Glaciers. Discovered by Rear Admiral Byrd on the South Pole flight of November 28–29, 1929, and named by him for Lincoln Ellsworth, American Antarctic explorer. 85°40′S 161°04′W  /  85.667°S 161.067°W  / -85.667; -161.067 . An ice-covered, flat-topped mountain, 2,190 metres (7,190 ft) high, standing between

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5408-401: The expedition. The flight left from Spitsbergen (Svalbard) and returned to its takeoff airfield, lasting 15 hours and 57 minutes, including 13 minutes spent circling at their Farthest North . Byrd and Bennett said they reached the North Pole, a distance of 1,535 miles (1,335 nautical miles ). When he returned to the United States from the Arctic, Byrd became a national hero. He was thrown

5512-417: The flagship USS  Mount Olympus and the aircraft carrier USS  Philippine Sea ), six helicopters, six flying boats, two seaplane tenders, and 15 other aircraft were used. The total number of personnel involved was over 4,000. Mount Benjamin Quarles Range ( 85°36′S 164°30′W  /  85.600°S 164.500°W  / -85.600; -164.500 ) is a high and rugged range of

5616-437: The flight of the airship Norge that flew from Spitsbergen (Svalbard) to Alaska nonstop with a crew including Roald Amundsen , Umberto Nobile , Oscar Wisting , and Lincoln Ellsworth . In 1927, Byrd announced he had the backing of the American Trans-Oceanic Company , which had been established in 1914 by department-store magnate Rodman Wanamaker for the purpose of building aircraft to complete nonstop flights across

5720-452: The flight that Byrd and he had not reached the pole. Bennett, who had not completely healed from the early crash, developed pneumonia after participating in a flight to rescue downed German aviators in Greenly Island, Canada, leading to his death on April 25, 1928. Bennett, though, had started a memoir, given numerous interviews, and wrote an article for an aviation magazine about the flight before his death that all confirmed Byrd's version of

5824-427: The flight. The 1996 release of Byrd's diary of the May 9, 1926, flight revealed erased (but still legible) sextant sights that sharply differ from Byrd's later June 22 typewritten official report to the National Geographic Society. Byrd took a sextant reading of the Sun at 7:07:10 GCT. His erased diary record shows the apparent (observed) solar altitude to have been 19°25'30", while his later official typescript reports

5928-484: The funding needed to finance Byrd's expedition to the Antarctic. The expedition, via the Post Office, sold philatelic subscription Philatelic covers to be serviced at the official USPOD post office set up in the Antarctic exploration base , dubbed Little America , and which was officially established on October 6, 1933. All mail sent to the Antarctic required at least one Byrd II 3 cent stamp (pictured), along with sufficient postage amounting to 53 cents. The postage stamp

6032-491: The heads of the Bowman, Moffett and Steagall Glaciers. Mapped by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928–30, and by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named for Kennett L. Rawson, a contributor to the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928–30, and a member of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1933-35. Features include: 85°59′S 164°28′W  /  85.983°S 164.467°W  / -85.983; -164.467 . An ice-covered mountain distinguished by

6136-413: The lives of 24 Concord crewmen, including the executive officer, Commander Rogers Elliott. Caused by ignition of gasoline fumes at the stern of the ship, the explosion threw some men overboard, while others were killed from concussion, burns, fractured skulls and broken necks. Several sailors died while trying to save their shipmates. The dead were buried at sea on October 8. On October 23, 1943, Byrd wrote

6240-412: The men at the base camp, who then attempted to go to Advance Base. The first two trips were failures due to darkness, snow, and mechanical troubles. Finally, Thomas Poulter , E. J. Demas , and Amory Waite arrived at Advance Base, where they found Byrd in poor physical health. The men remained at Advance Base until October 12. when an airplane from the base camp picked up Dr. Poulter and Byrd. The rest of

6344-466: The men returned to base camp with the tractor. This expedition is described by Byrd in his autobiography Alone . During the summer months the days were long and the evenings existed in twilight. Inside the exploration headquarters Byrd had fashioned a large calendar on the wall, where he would cross off each day as it passed. A CBS radio station, KFZ, was set up on the base camp ship, the Bear of Oakland and The Adventures of Admiral Byrd program

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6448-409: The next year .) Byrd's third expedition was the first one financed and conducted by the United States government. The project included extensive studies of geology, biology, meteorology, and exploration. The innovative Antarctic Snow Cruiser was brought with the expedition, but broke down shortly after arriving. Within a few months, in March 1940, Byrd was recalled to active duty in the Office of

6552-431: The northeast extremity of the Rawson Plateau. Discovered in November 1911 by Captain Roald Amundsen, and named by him for one of the daughters of the Norwegian minister to Brazil, a strong supporter of Amundsen. According to Sailing Directions for Antarctica (1960), "Mount Alice Gade, about 11,270 feet high, is snow-clad from its base to the well-rounded summit, and is the highest peak of an extensive broken massif forming

6656-415: The northeast part of Collins Ridge, at the confluence of Bowman and Amundsen Glaciers in the Queen Maud Mountains. Discovered and mapped by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928-30. Named by US-ACAN for Ronald E. Witalis, meteorologist, South Pole Station winter party, 1961. 85°36′S 159°47′W  /  85.600°S 159.783°W  / -85.600; -159.783 . A bold rock bluff overlooking

6760-409: The northeast side of Hansen Spur to join Amundsen Glacier. It flows north through past Beck Peak and the Breyer Mesa . Continuing north it is joined by the Tate Glacier, Moffett Glacier and Whitney Glacier from the left, and by the Cappellari Glacier to the right. As it enters the Ross Ice Shelf between Witalis Peak and the MacDonald Nunataks it converges with the Bowman Glacier on the left and

6864-406: The northeasternmost summit of the massif. Amundsen named one of the peaks for Sverre Hassel, a member of the party. The US-ACAN has selected this feature to be designated Mount Hassel.. 86°33′S 164°14′W  /  86.550°S 164.233°W  / -86.550; -164.233 . A rock peak 2,675 metres (8,776 ft) high, the southeasternmost summit of the massif. Amundsen named one of

6968-482: The northern portal of which is in 85°30' S., 159°00' W. It is about 6 miles wide and trends southward about 60 miles to the polar plateau. Mount Helmer Hanssen , about 10,742 feet high, is a rounded dome, completely snow-covered, standing conspicuously above the westem wall. A tributary glacier, about 5 miles wide, enters the Amundsen Glacier on the northern side of the Mount Helmer Hanssen massif. The Amundsen Glacier has not been traversed. " The Amundsen Glacier rises on

7072-646: The party across the upper or western portion of the glacier. 86°06′S 161°30′W  /  86.100°S 161.500°W  / -86.100; -161.500 . A steep tributary glacier draining southeast along the southwest side of Breyer Mesa to enter Amundsen Glacier. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named by US-ACAN for Clarence C. Christy, maintenance shop supervisor at Williams Field, McMurdo Sound, on USN OpDFrz 1967. 85°54′S 160°50′W  /  85.900°S 160.833°W  / -85.900; -160.833 . A tributary glacier on

7176-416: The peaks for Olaf Bjaaland, a member of the party. The US-ACAN has selected this feature to be designated Mount Bjaaland. 86°34′S 165°07′W  /  86.567°S 165.117°W  / -86.567; -165.117 . A peak over 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) high which rises from the southwestern part of the massif. Amundsen named one of the peaks for Lieutenant Kristian Prestrud , first officer of

7280-485: The peaks. 86°27′S 165°26′W  /  86.450°S 165.433°W  / -86.450; -165.433 . A rock peak (2,580 m), the north westernmost summit of the massif. Amundsen named one of the peaks for Oscar Wisting, a member of the party. The US-ACAN has selected this feature to be designated Mount Wisting. 86°28′S 164°28′W  /  86.467°S 164.467°W  / -86.467; -164.467 . A rock peak 2,390 metres (7,840 ft) high,

7384-434: The polar plateau to the west of the Rawson Mountains . It flows northwest to the Nødtvedt Nunataks , which it passes on both sides, and is fed by the Norway Glacier from the left (west) south of Mount Hassel, where it wheels to the north and then northeast, fed by Devils Glacier from the left, by the Epler Glacier from the right and then by the Christy Glacier from the left. The tributary Blackwall Glacier flows northwest along

7488-522: The rank of rear admiral by a special act of Congress on December 21, 1929. As he was only 41 years old at the time, this promotion made Byrd the youngest admiral in the history of the United States Navy. By way of comparison, none of his Annapolis classmates became admirals until 1942, after 30 years of commissioned service. He is one of only four persons including Admiral David Dixon Porter , Arctic explorer Rear Admiral Donald Baxter MacMillan and Rear Admiral Frederic R. Harris , to have been promoted to

7592-600: The rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy without having first held the rank of captain. After a further summer of exploration, the expedition returned to North America on June 18, 1930. Unlike the 1926 flight, this expedition was honored with the gold medal of the American Geographical Society . This was also seen in the film With Byrd at the South Pole (1930), which covered his trip there. Byrd, by then an internationally recognized, pioneering American polar explorer and aviator, served for

7696-400: The same 7:07:10 apparent solar altitude to have been 18°18'18". On the basis of this and other data in the diary, Dennis Rawlins concluded that Byrd steered accurately, and flew about 80% of the distance to the pole before turning back because of an engine oil leak, but later falsified his official report to support his statement of reaching the pole. Accepting that the conflicting data in

7800-438: The sextant data in the long-unavailable original official typewritten report are all expressed to 1 second, a precision not possible on Navy sextants of 1926 and not the precision of the sextant data in Byrd's diary for 1925 or the 1926 flight, which was normal (half or quarter of a minute of arc). If Byrd and Bennett did not reach the North Pole, then the first flight over the pole occurred a few days later, on May 12, 1926, with

7904-477: The south part of the Mohn Basin and flowing northeast to enter the upper part of Amundsen Glacier just north of the mountain group consisting of Mount Wisting, Mount Hassel, Mount Bjaaland and Mount Prestrud. The glacier was encountered by Roald Amundsen's South Pole Party in 1911 and was named by them to describe the extremely rough sledging in the area. Amundsen's route southward, between 168° and 169°W, took

8008-630: The south side of Thomas Spur , flowing east and merging with Moffett Glacier just east of the spur where the two glaciers enter the larger Amundsen Glacier. Mapped by USGS from surveys and USN air photos, 1960-64. Named by US-ACAN for Robert Tate, geomagnetist / seismologist with the South Pole Station winter party, 1964. 85°52′S 161°00′W  /  85.867°S 161.000°W  / -85.867; -161.000 . A tributary glacier, 13 nautical miles (24 km; 15 mi) long, flowing east from Rawson Plateau to enter Amundsen Glacier just south of Mount Benjamin . Discovered by R. Admiral Byrd on

8112-1181: The south west side of the massif, and the Moffett Glacier along its south side. 85°48′S 162°34′W  /  85.800°S 162.567°W  / -85.800; -162.567 . Prominent peak, 2,380 metres (7,810 ft) high, surmounting the massive ridge dividing the heads of Moffett and Steagall Glaciers. First mapped from ground surveys and air photos by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928-30. Named by US-ACAN for J. Evan Deardorff who made cosmic ray studies at McMurdo Station in 1964. 85°48′S 160°52′W  /  85.800°S 160.867°W  / -85.800; -160.867 . A mountain, 2,050 metres (6,730 ft) high, standing 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) south of Mount Ellsworth. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named by US-ACAN for Howard D. Redifer, meteorology electronics technician at South Pole Station, 1959. 85°48′S 160°06′W  /  85.800°S 160.100°W  / -85.800; -160.100 . A prominent mountain, 1,750 metres (5,740 ft) high, rising sharply at

8216-493: The southeast side of Bowman Glacier . Discovered and mapped by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928-30. Named by US-ACAN for John H. Maloney, Jr., meteorologist with the South Pole Station winter party, 1960. 86°01′S 161°12′W  /  86.017°S 161.200°W  / -86.017; -161.200 . An ice-covered mesa, 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) long and rising over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), standing between Christy Glacier and Tate Glacier on

8320-483: The southwestern flank of the Bowman Glacier. A large tributary glacier, about 13 miles long and 3 miles wide, descends northward from the slopes of Mount Alice Gade and enters the Bowman Glacier about 10 miles southward of the northern portal." 85°41′S 163°35′W  /  85.683°S 163.583°W  / -85.683; -163.583 . A mountain, 1,990 metres (6,530 ft) high, standing 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) north of Mount Alice Gade at

8424-489: The temporary rank of lieutenant commander. For his services during the war, he received a letter of commendation from Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels , which was after World War II converted to a Navy Commendation Medal . After the war, Byrd volunteered to be a crew member in the U.S. Navy's 1919 aerial transatlantic crossing. This mission was historic, as it was the first time the Atlantic Ocean

8528-622: The terminus of Bowman Glacier, standing 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) east of Mount Dean, at the northeast end of Quarles Range. First mapped by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928-30. Named by US-ACAN for William J. Schobert, aviation electrician and maintenance shop supervisor with United States Navy Squadron VX-6 for several Deep Freeze operations, 1964-67 period. 85°52′S 164°45′W  /  85.867°S 164.750°W  / -85.867; -164.750 . An ice-covered plateau, 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) long and 3,400 metres (11,200 ft) high, rising between

8632-521: The trip on May 18, 1919, achieving the first transatlantic flight. In 1921, Byrd volunteered to attempt a solo nonstop crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, prefiguring Charles Lindbergh 's historic flight by six years. Byrd's ambition was dashed by then acting Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt Jr. , who felt the risks outweighed the potential rewards. Byrd was then assigned to the ill-fated dirigible ZR-2 (formerly known by

8736-510: The typed report's flight times indeed require both northward and southward ground speeds greater than the flight's 85-mph airspeed , a Byrd defender posits a westerly-moving anticyclone that tailwind-boosted Byrd's ground speed on both outward and inward legs, allowing the distance said to be covered in the time stated (the theory is based on rejecting handwritten sextant data in favor of typewritten alleged dead-reckoning data ). This suggestion has been challenged by Dennis Rawlins, who adds that

8840-578: The west side of Amundsen Glacier . Discovered by Rear Admiral Byrd on the South Pole flight of November 1929, and named by him for Robert S. Breyer, West Coast representative and patron of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928-30. The name "Mount Breyer" was previously recommended for this feature, but the US-ACAN has amended the terminology to the more suitable Breyer Mesa. 86°04′S 160°36′W  /  86.067°S 160.600°W  / -86.067; -160.600 . A rock peak, 2,430 metres (7,970 ft) high, standing just southeast of Breyer Mesa at

8944-467: The west side of Medina Peaks , in the foothills of the Queen Maud Mountains. First seen and mapped by the ByrdAE, 1928-30. Named by US-ACAN in association with Mount Goodale. A mountain group consisting of Mount Wisting, Mount Hassel, Mount Bjaaland and Mount Prestrud lies at the head of the Amundsen Glacier just south of the point where the Devils Glacier enters from the left. In November 1911,

9048-496: The west side of Amundsen Glacier, 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) SE of Mount Ellsworth. First seen and mapped by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928-30. Named by US-ACAN for Benjamin F. Smith, meteorologist with the McMurdo Station winter party, 1963. 85°45′S 161°00′W  /  85.750°S 161.000°W  / -85.750; -161.000 . The highest peak, 2,925 metres (9,596 ft) high, on

9152-729: The west side of Amundsen Glacier. Named by US-ACAN after Douglas Waugh, Chief Cartographer with the American Geological Society from 1963, who has contributed much to the Society's Antarctic mapping program. The massif to the northeast of Rawson Plateau between the west side of the Amundsen Glacier and the east side of the Bowman Glacier just before their mouths on the Ross Ice Shelf contains, from southwest to northeast, Mount Deardorff, Mount Redifer, Mount Benjamin, Mount Ellsworth, Mount Benting, Collins Ridge, Witalis Peak and Robinson Bluff. The Steagall Glacier runs along

9256-412: The west side of lower Amundsen Glacier, just north of Whitney Glacier, in the Queen Maud Mountains. Discovered in December 1929 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition geological party under Laurence Gould. Named by US-ACAN for Richard R. Robinson, station engineer with the McMurdo Station winter party, 1966. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

9360-629: Was a pioneering American aviator, polar explorer, and organizer of polar logistics. Aircraft flights in which he served as a navigator and expedition leader crossed the Atlantic Ocean, a segment of the Arctic Ocean, and a segment of the Antarctic Plateau . He is also known for discovering Mount Sidley , the largest dormant volcano in Antarctica. Byrd claimed to be the first to reach both the North and South Poles by air. However, there

9464-613: Was assigned to the battleship USS Wyoming . During service in the Caribbean Sea, Byrd received his first letter of commendation, and later a Silver Lifesaving Medal , for twice plunging fully clothed to the rescue of a sailor who had fallen overboard. In April 1914, he transferred to the armored cruiser USS Washington and served in Mexican waters in June following the American intervention in April. His next assignment

9568-589: Was born in Winchester, Virginia , the son of Esther Bolling (Flood) and Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr. He was a descendant of one of the First Families of Virginia . His ancestors include planter John Rolfe and his wife Pocahontas , William Byrd II of Westover Plantation , who established Richmond , as well as William Byrd I and Robert "King" Carter , a colonial governor. He was also descended from George Yeardley , Francis Wyatt and Samuel Argall . He

9672-491: Was built on the site. NRAS Squantum was commissioned on August 15, 1923, and is considered to have been the first air base in the Naval Reserve program. Byrd commanded the aviation unit of the arctic expedition to North Greenland led by Donald B. MacMillan from June to October 1925. Although the expedition was largely unsuccessful (they did not in fact reach the pole) Byrd's efforts and the successful contributions of

9776-574: Was crossed by an aircraft. It was decided that only men who had not served overseas would be allowed on the mission. Unfortunately for Byrd, his tour of duty in Newfoundland was considered overseas service. Byrd was, however, able to make a valuable contribution, as his expertise in aerial navigation resulted in his appointment to plan the flight path of the mission. Of the three flying boats (NC-1, NC-3, and NC-4) that started from Newfoundland, only Lieutenant Commander Albert Read 's NC-4 completed

9880-605: Was friends with Edsel Ford and his father Henry Ford , whose admiration of his polar exploits helped to gain Byrd sponsorship and financing for his various polar expeditions from the Ford Motor Company. He had a pet dog, Igloo, who accompanied Byrd to the North and South poles and who is buried at the Pine Ridge Pet Cemetery with a tombstone that reads "He was more than a friend." Byrd attended

9984-791: Was held in New York City on July 19. Byrd and Noville were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross by Secretary of the Navy Curtis D. Wilbur at the dinner. Acosta and Balchen did not receive the Distinguished Flying Cross because, at that time, it could only be awarded to members of the armed services and not to civilians. Byrd wrote an article for the August 1927 edition of Popular Science Monthly in which he accurately predicted that while specially modified aircraft with one to three crewmen would fly

10088-570: Was launched. Byrd, along with pilot Bernt Balchen , co-pilot/radioman Harold June , and photographer Ashley McKinley , flew the Floyd Bennett to the South Pole and back in 18 hours, 41 minutes. They had difficulty gaining enough altitude, and they had to dump empty gas tanks, as well as their emergency supplies, to achieve the altitude of the Polar Plateau, but they were ultimately successful. In November 1929, Byrd participated in

10192-415: Was probably the only person, other than Byrd himself, to participate in all five of Byrd's Antarctic expeditions. Photographic expeditions and geological surveys were undertaken for the duration of that summer, and constant radio communications were maintained with the outside world. After their first winter, their expeditions were resumed, and on November 28, 1929, the first flight to the South Pole and back

10296-492: Was short-waved to Buenos Aires, then relayed to New York. Sponsored by General Foods , the broadcasts aired on Saturday nights at 10:00 pm and reached #16 on the Hooper rating for the 1933-34 broadcast season, reaching an average audience of 19.1 million. Byrd's Antarctic expedition prompted President Roosevelt and the U.S. Postmaster General to honor the event in 1933 on a U.S. commemorative stamp which greatly helped raise

10400-611: Was sinking) and the Eleanor Bolling (named after Byrd's mother); a Ford Trimotor airplane called the Floyd Bennett (named after the recently deceased pilot of Byrd's previous expeditions) flown by Dean Smith ; a Fairchild FC-2W2 , NX8006, built 1928, named Stars And Stripes (now displayed at the National Air and Space Museum 's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center ); and a Fokker Super Universal monoplane called

10504-547: Was the brother of Virginia Governor and U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd , a dominant figure in the Virginia Democratic Party from the 1920s until the 1960s; their father served as Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates for a time. On January 20, 1915, Richard married Marie Ames Byrd (d. 1974). He would later name a region of Antarctic land he discovered " Marie Byrd Land " after her, and

10608-437: Was the primary pilot on Byrd's flight to the South Pole in 1929. On May 9, 1926, Byrd and Navy Chief Aviation Pilot Floyd Bennett attempted a flight over the North Pole in a Fokker F.VIIa/3m tri-motor monoplane named Josephine Ford after the daughter of Ford Motor Company president Edsel Ford , who helped finance the expedition. In addition to Ford contributions, John D. Rockefeller also notably provided funding for

10712-650: Was to the gunboat USS Dolphin , which also served as the yacht of the Secretary of the Navy. This assignment brought Byrd into contact with high-ranking officials and dignitaries, including then Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Roosevelt . He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) on June 8, 1915. During Byrd's assignment to Dolphin , he was commanded by future Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy , who served as chief of staff to President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II . Byrd's last assignment before forced retirement

10816-585: Was to the presidential yacht USS Mayflower . On March 15, 1916, Byrd, much to his frustration, was medically retired on three-quarters pay for an ankle injury he suffered on board Mayflower . Shortly thereafter, on December 14, 1916, he was assigned as the inspector and instructor for the Rhode Island Naval Militia in Providence, Rhode Island . While serving in this position, he was commended by Brigadier General Charles W. Abbot ,

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