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108-643: Mahabaleshwar ( pronunciation ) is a small town and a municipal council in Satara district , Maharashtra , India. It is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus because the Krishna River has its origin here. The British colonial rulers developed the town as a hill station , and it served as the summer capital of the Bombay Presidency during the British Raj . Mahabaleshwar is located on

216-477: A Group Representation Constituency (GRC), a Single Member Constituency (SMC), or a collection of neighbouring GRCs and SMCs controlled by the same political party. The Members of Parliament head the town councils of their constituencies. Town councils boundaries do not correspond to new town boundaries; different parts of the same HDB town may be managed by different town councils. In the Republic of China ,

324-461: A 24-seater table and a library pavilion with 1st edition books collected by the Dubash family, notably Jamsetjee "Jimmy" Kavasjee Dubash, a bibliophile and art collector. As of 2011 India census , Mahabaleshwar had a population of 12,737. Males constituted 55% of the population and females 45%. Mahabaleshwar had an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy

432-700: A Chief Executive Officer or Secretary of the Municipality who is responsible for the day-to-day administration. In cities Municipal Corporation acts as the governing body. Municipal councils are parliamentary bodies established in local authorities in accordance with Article 93 of the Constitution of Japan and Article 89 of the Local Autonomy Act , etc. The Yokohama and Osaka City Councils are examples. The Municipal Council in Moldova

540-667: A City by the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 such as Glasgow City Council . The three cities which are not council areas have no city council. In Wales , where the lowest tier of local government is known as a community , the Community Council may unilaterally declare itself to be a Town Council, but this has the same status as a Community Council. A city council may be: City councils and town boards generally consist of several (usually somewhere between 5 and 51) elected aldermen or councillors . In

648-474: A District Collector (officially styled, Deputy Commissioner). The districts were further divided into sub-divisions each under the charge of a Deputy Collector or Assistant Collector, each sub-division comprising a few taluks or tehsils each administered by a tahsildar . The East India Company had raised armies in each of the Presidencies, Bombay, Bengal and Madras . The Bombay Army consisted of

756-475: A chancellor, vice-chancellor and fellows. The governor of Bombay was ex-officio chancellor. The education department was under a director of public instruction, who was responsible for the administration of the department in accordance with the general educational policy of the state. The native states generally adopted the government system. Baroda and the Kathiawar states employed their own inspectors. In 1905

864-586: A commercial crisis and the failure of the Bank of Bombay (1866). But the peasantry gained on the whole more than they lost, and the trade of Bombay was not permanently injured. Sir Bartle Frere encouraged the completion of the great trunk lines of railways , and with the funds obtained by the demolition of the town walls (1862) he began the magnificent series of public buildings that now adorn Bombay ( Mumbai ). During this period, parts of Bombay presidency were devastated by two great famines: Great Famine of 1876–78 and

972-532: A factory there. At the time of the transfer, powers for the island's defence and for the administration of justice were also conferred on the company; a European regiment was enrolled; and fortifications were erected which in 1673 proved sufficient to deter the Dutch from an intended attack. As English trade in Bombay increased, Surat (which had been sacked by Shivaji in 1670) began its relative decline. In 1687, Bombay

1080-493: A handicrafts store. Many schools also arrange educational trips to the fort. The fort is also on many trekking routes of the area. Movies filmed in Mahabaleshwar include Raj Kapoor's Barsaat (1949) , Hrishikesh Mukherjee's Anupama (1966) and Basu Chatterji's Chitchor (1976). In December 2020, some scenes of RRR (2022) were filmed around Mahabaleshwar, notably scenes involving Alia Bhatt . Some scenes of

1188-559: A multitude of much smaller city councils. Also, some significant urban areas can be under the jurisdiction of otherwise rural local governments. Periodic re-alignments of boundaries attempt to rationalize these situations and adjust the deployment of assets and resources. There are currently seven town councils in Belize . Each town council consists of a mayor and a number of councillors, who are directly elected in municipal elections every three years. Town councils in Belize are responsible for

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1296-627: A municipal council represents a special municipality or a provincial city . Members of the councils are elected through municipal elections held every four–five years. Councils for the special municipalities in Taiwan are Taipei City Council , New Taipei City Council , Taichung City Council , Tainan City Council , Kaohsiung City Council and Taoyuan City Council . Councils for the provincial cities in Taiwan are Chiayi City Council , Hsinchu City Council , and Keelung City Council . In Ukraine , almost all cities have their City Councils, and

1404-768: A number of infantry regiments, sapper and miner units and irregular cavalry. A number of these continue to exist today in the Indian Army ; examples being the Mahar Regiment , Maratha Light Infantry and the Grenadiers , amongst others, in the case of infantry, the Bombay Sappers as engineers and the Poona Horse amongst the cavalry. Under Lord Kitchener 's re-arrangement of the Indian army in 1904

1512-491: A numerous staff of clerks. The administration of justice throughout the Presidency was conducted by a High Court at Bombay, consisting of a chief justice and seven puisne judges, along with district and assistant judges throughout the districts of the Presidency. Each of the four divisions were administered by a senior Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer of the rank of Commissioner while the districts were each administered by

1620-500: A range of functions, including street maintenance and lighting, drainage, refuse collection, public cemeteries, infrastructure, parks and playgrounds. Township councils in Ontario play a similar role as city councils in cities for smaller or low tier municipalities. Directly elected every four years, the number of councillors vary depending on the size of their municipalities. The councillors' powers and responsibilities are governed by

1728-577: A route of 60 km via Poladpur to Mahabaleshwar. The nearest airport is Pune International Airport , serving the city of Pune, 120 km from Mahabaleshwar. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport of Mumbai is 270 km. Mahabaleshwar is a popular tourist destination in Maharashtra. Attractions include many hill side look out points with views of surrounding hills, valleys and forests such as Bombay Point, Arthur Seat, Kates Point, Lodwick-Wilson Point, and Elphinston Point. Wilson Point

1836-479: A similar but separate form of legislature called " Sangguniang Panlungsod " (literally "city council"). The Local Government Code of 1991 established the current local government structure, including municipal councils. City councils range from 12, in most cities, to 38 members, such as the Manila City Council . Members of city councils are called "councilors". The Local Government Act 2001 restyled

1944-487: A small cluster of independent zamindaris , situated in the wild and hilly tracts at the northern extremity of the Sahyadri range, and certain. principalities which, from their history or geographical position, are to some extent isolated from the rest of the presidency. Baroda State (Vadodara), one of the residencies of British India , was combined in the 1930s with the residencies of the princely states (agencies) of

2052-658: A town council. If another type of local council, such as a district authority, covers a single town (such as Luton or Stevenage ) then the council is often a 'borough council': borough status is however conferred at the discretion of the Crown . There is also the London assembly which is City council by default Civil parishes are the most local level in the local government system. The higher levels are district , unitary and county . However town councils are not subordinate in democratic accountability to those higher levels, but to

2160-409: Is a normal occurrence during monsoons . During July, 10–12 days of continuous rains with 100 to 200 mm or 4 to 8 in each day occur each year. There were reports of ice and ground frost formation around Venna Lake in 2018. On August 7, 2019, Mahabaleshwar recorded 330 mm or 12.99 in of rain in 24 hours causing landslides . Mahabaleshwar has been described as the "New Candidate for

2268-696: Is about 122 km (76 mi) southwest of Pune and 285 km (177 mi) from Mumbai . Mahabaleshwar comprises three villages: Malcolm Peth, Old "Kshetra" Mahabaleshwar, and part of the Shindola village. The Mahabaleshwar region is the source of the Krishna River that flows east across Maharashtra, Karnataka , Telangana , and Andhra Pradesh towards the Bay of Bengal . Three tributaries of Krishna, namely Koyna , Venna (Veni) and Gayatri , also have their source in Mahabaleshwar region. A fourth river,

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2376-466: Is generally only those local government areas which have been specifically granted city status (usually on a basis of population) that are entitled to refer to themselves as cities. The official title is "Corporation of the City of ______" or similar. Some of the urban areas of Australia are governed mostly by a single entity (e.g. Brisbane and other Queensland cities), while others may be controlled by

2484-408: Is led by a mayor ( ordfører ) and is divided into an executive council ( formannskap ) and a number of committees, each responsible for a subsection of tasks. It is not uncommon for some members of the council to sit in the county councils too, but very rare that they also hold legislative ( Storting ) or Government office, without leave of absence . The municipal council dates back to 1837 with

2592-555: Is the governing body in five municipalities: Chișinău , Bălți , Tiraspol and Bendery (also known as Tighina or Bender ). The Municipal Council ( Moldovan language : Consiliul municipal ) serves as a consultative body with some powers of general policy determination. It is composed of a legally determined number of counsellors (for example 35 in Bălți) elected every four years, representing political parties and independent counsellors. Once elected, counsellors may form fractions inside of

2700-473: Is the only location in Mahabaleshwar where both the sunrise and sunset can be seen. The town also has a man-made lake dating back to British era called Venna Lake . The lake is a popular place for boating. It is surrounded by a market and food stalls that are popular with the tourists. Other attractions include the Lingmala waterfall. Old Mahabaleshwar is a place of pilgrimage with its Mahadeo temple. The temple

2808-410: Is the source of the five rivers Krishna , Koyna , Venna, Savitri and Gayatri. Being a relatively cool place, many temperate region crops such as strawberries, raspberries, and mulberries have been grown in Mahabaleshwar and surrounding hills. Principal amongst these crops is Strawberries. Strawberry plantations, and the produce they offer are also a popular tourist activity. The Mahabaleshwar strawberry

2916-537: The Municipal Act of Ontario. Manitoba town council members serve primarily as a policy and direction board for the community. They consist of five to seven members with the head of council being the mayor or reeve . Municipal councils exist in the People's Republic of China , these are designated as Municipal People's Congress in many sub-provincial cities and direct-administered municipalities such as

3024-664: The Dominion of India . When provinces were replaced with states when the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, the day India became the first republic in the Commonwealth of Nations , Bombay Province became Bombay State , a Part-A state. The Bombay Presidency was bounded on the north by Baluchistan , the Punjab and Rajputana ; on the east by Indore , the Central Provinces and Hyderabad ; on

3132-569: The Indian Civil Service . For making laws there was a legislative council, consisting of the Governor and his executive council, with certain other persons, not fewer than eight or more than twenty, at least half of them being non-officials. Each of the members of the executive council had in his charge one or two departments of the government; and each department had a secretary, an under-secretary , and an assistant secretary , with

3240-529: The Indian famine of 1896–97 . British India's Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, enacted in 1921, expanded the Legislative Council to include more elected Indian members, and introduced the principle of dyarchy , whereby certain responsibilities, including agriculture, health, education, and local government, were transferred to elected ministers. However, the important portfolios like finance, police and irrigation were reserved with members of

3348-536: The Kannada film Vikrant Rona (2022), starring Sudeepa , were filmed around the hill station. Other hill stations such as Panchgani and Wai are also popular filming locations. For example, in 2021 Kartik Aaryan filmed the movie Freddy (2022) in Panchgani. Municipal council Because of the differences in legislation between the states , the exact definition of a city council varies. However, it

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3456-687: The Khandesh Agency , Surgana and Jawhar ; South Konkan and Dharwar, comprising Janjira , Sawantwadi and Savanur , as well as the territories under the Deccan States Agency , including the Deccan Satara Jagirs, Ichalkaranji , Sangli Akkalkot , Bhor , Aundh , Phaltan , Jath and Daphalapur, the southern Maratha states, comprising Kolhapur , among other states, and Khairpur in Sindh. The native states under

3564-495: The Local Government Commission in 1989 when approximately 700 councils and special purpose bodies were amalgamated to create 87 new local authorities. As a result, the term "city" began to take on two meanings. The word "city" came to be used in a less formal sense to describe major urban areas independent of local body boundaries. Gisborne , for example, adamantly described itself as the first city in

3672-577: The Savitri , also has its source in the region, but flows Westward via Mahad to the Arabian Sea. The area's climate is suitable for cultivation of strawberries; Mahabaleshwar strawberry contributes to about 85 percent of the total strawberry production in the country. It also received the geographical indication (GI) tag in 2010. Mahabaleshwar has a borderline tropical monsoon / humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Am / Cwa ). Very heavy rainfall

3780-566: The Shanghai Municipal People's Congress . In spite of enormous differences in populations, each of the communes of the French Republic possesses a mayor ( French : maire ) and a municipal council ( French : conseil municipal ), which manage the commune from the mairie ( city hall ), with exactly the same powers no matter the size of the commune and council. The one exception is the city of Paris, where

3888-592: The Talpur dynasty in the Battle of Hyderabad . At its greatest extent, the Bombay Province comprised the present-day state of Gujarat , the western two-thirds of Maharashtra state, including the divisions of Konkan , Desh & Kandesh , and also northwestern Carnataca ; it also included Pakistan 's Sindh Province (1847–1935) and Aden of present-day Yemen (1839–1932). The districts and provinces of

3996-533: The constituencies and district boards . Both of the Municipal Councils in Hong Kong are now defunct. In India,a Municipal council is the legislative and decision making body of a municipality. A municipality is the local government for a smaller urban area, known as municipal area. The entire district under the Municipality is divided into smaller legislative units known as a ward. The people of

4104-465: The dowry by way of his marriage treaty with princess Catherine De Braganza , daughter of John IV of Portugal . The English East India Company transferred its Western India headquarters from Surat in the Gulf of Cambay after it was sacked , to the relatively safe Bombay Harbour in 1687. The province was brought under direct rule along with other parts of British India through Pitt's India Act , after

4212-579: The nationalisation of the East India Company. Major territorial acquisitions were made by the company after Anglo-Maratha Wars when the whole of the Peshwa 's dominions and much of the Gaekwad 's sphere of influence were annexed to the Bombay Presidency in stages up until 1818. Aden including Socotra were placed under Bombay in 1839, Sind was annexed by the company in 1843 after defeating

4320-404: The "supervision" of the government of Bombay were divided, historically and geographically, into two main groups. The northern or Gujarat group includes the territories of the Gaekwad of Baroda , with the smaller states which form the administrative divisions of Kutch , Palanpur , Rewa Kantha, and Mahi Kantha. These territories, with the exception of Kutch, have a historical connection, as being

4428-637: The 16th century, due to the colonial era of the Portuguese in Goa and Bombay-Bassein . While in the Belgaum area of the Carnatic region , Lingayatis dating to the 12th century, was accepted by nearly 45% of the population. The Marathas were the predominant caste numbering 3,650,000 (1901), 1,900,000 Kunbis and other 350,000 Konkanis , and another 1,400,000 Marathas not specified. The chief languages of

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4536-638: The Board. The Board was reconstituted in 1935 and hence renamed as Urban Council in the following year after the government had passed the Urban Council Ordinance. Democratisation had been implemented, allowing universal suffrage to happen throughout its development. Two years after the Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong , the council was disbanded in 1999 by the then Chief Executive of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . All members of

4644-565: The Bombay Presidency into a regular province, and made Sind a separate province, with relations with the princely state of Khairpur managed by Sindh. It enlarged the elected provincial legislature and expanded provincial autonomy vis a vis the central government. In the 1937 elections , the Indian National Congress won the elections in Bombay but declined to form the government. The Governor Sir George Lloyd invited Sir Dhanjishah Cooper , to form an interim ministry which

4752-745: The British and the Marathas was the First Anglo-Maratha War which began in 1774 and resulted in the 1782 Treaty of Salbai , by which the island of Salsette , adjacent to Bombay island, was ceded to the British, while Bharuch was ceded to the Maratha ruler Scindia . The British annexed Surat in 1800. British territory was enlarged in the Second Anglo-Maratha War which ended in 1803. The East India Company received

4860-588: The British responsible for their external affairs. Relations between British India and the states were managed by British agents placed at the principal native capitals; their exact status varied in the different states according to the relations in which the principalities stood with the paramount power. The principal groups of states were North Gujarat , comprising Kutch , Kathiawar Agency , Palanpur Agency , Mahi Kantha Agency , Ambliara Rewa Kantha Agency and Cambay ; South Gujarat, comprising Dharampur , Bansda and Sachin ; North Konkan, Nasik and Khandesh, of

4968-655: The Governor's Executive Council. Some of the prominent Indian members of the Executive Council were Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad , R. P. Paranjpye , Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah , Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlavi , Rafiuddin Ahmed , Siddappa Totappa Kambli , Shah Nawaz Bhutto and Sir Cowasji Jehangir . In 1932, Aden was separated from Bombay and made a separate province, and Sindh became a separate province on 1 April 1936. The Government of India Act 1935 made

5076-586: The Great Indian Peninsula, Indian Midland, Bombay, Baroda & Central India, and the Rajputana , Malwa & Southern Mahratta systems. In 1905 the total length of railway under the Bombay government open for traffic was 7,980 miles (12,840 km), which did not include the railway system in Sindh . The University of Bombay was established in 1857, and had an administration consisting of

5184-845: The Municipal Council. Last regional elections of local public administration held in Bălți in June 2007, brought to the power the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM), which holds 21 mandates, 11 mandates are held by representatives of other parties, and 3 mandates by independents. There are two fractions in the Municipal Council: PCRM fraction (21 counsellors) and "Meleag" fraction (3 independent counsellors and 4 representatives of different parties). The Mayor of

5292-576: The Portuguese. In 1661 Bombay was ceded to the Kingdom of England as part of the dowry of the infanta Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II . So lightly was the acquisition esteemed in England, and so unsuccessful was the administration of the crown officers, that in 1668 Bombay was transferred to the East India Company for an annual payment of £10, and the company established

5400-637: The Presidency known as Western Presidency was begun in 1618 at Surat in present-day Gujarat , when the East India Company established a factory , protected by a charter obtained from the Mughal Emperor Jahangir . In 1626 the Dutch and the English made an unsuccessful attempt to gain possession of the island of Bombay in the coastal Konkan region from Portugal , and in 1653 proposals were suggested for its purchase from

5508-518: The United States, members of city councils are typically called council member , council man , council woman , councilman , or councilwoman , while in Canada they are typically called councillor . Bombay presidency The Bombay Presidency or Bombay Province , also called Bombay and Sind (1843–1936), was an administrative subdivision (province) of India, with its capital in

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5616-458: The allies or tributaries of the Gaekwad until 1805, when final engagements were included between that prince and the British government . The southern or Maratha group includes Kolhapur, Akalkot, Sawantwari, and the Satara and southern Mahratta Jagirs, and has a historical bond of union in the friendship they showed to the British in their final struggle with the power of the peshwa until 1818. The remaining territories may conveniently be divided into

5724-498: The area. Colonial officials spent part of their year in the area. Their wives spent a longer period of the year in the area to be with their children in local boarding schools in Mahabaleshwar and nearby Panchgani . The British rulers wanted to recreate the English landscape in the hill stations and to that end, European flora such as strawberries were introduced in Mahabaleshwar, and amenities such as libraries, theatres, boating lakes, and sports grounds were constructed. Added to

5832-496: The beginning of the Indian film industry. Around one year before, Ramchandra Gopal (known as Dadasaheb Torne ) had filmed a stage drama called Pundalik and shown it in the same theatre. However, the credit for making the first Indian feature film is attributed to Dadasaheb Phalke. Other producers at Bombay during the presidency era were Sohrab Modi , Himanshu Rai , V. Shantaram , Shashadhar Mukherjee , and Ardeshir Irani . Ever since production of films took place, there started

5940-414: The capital. The four divisions were Sind, the northern or Gujarat, the central or Deccan and the southern or Carnatic . The government of Bombay was administered by a Governor-in-Council , consisting of the Governor as president and two ordinary members. The Governor was appointed by the British Crown on the advice of the Secretary of State for India . The members of his council were appointed from

6048-427: The city police is in the hands of the central state , not in the hands of the mayor of Paris. This uniformity of status is a clear legacy of the French Revolution, which wanted to do away with the local idiosyncrasies and tremendous differences of status that existed in the kingdom of France. The size of a commune still matters, however, in two domains: French law determines the size of the municipal council according to

6156-441: The city that came up over the seven islands of Bombay . The first mainland territory was acquired in the Konkan region with the Treaty of Bassein . Poona was the summer capital . The Bombay province has its beginnings in the city of Bombay that was leased in fee tail to the East India Company , via the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668 by King Charles II of England , who had in turn acquired Bombay on 11 May 1661, through

6264-425: The class of goods produced. In addition to the mills there were (1901) 178,000 hand-loom weavers in the province, who still have a position of their own in the manipulation of designs woven into the cloth. Silk goods were manufactured in Ahmedabad , Surat , Yeola , Nasik , Thana and Bombay , the material decorated with printed or woven designs; competition from European goods caused the silk industry to decline in

6372-425: The collection of taxes doubly unwelcome, naturally excited a certain amount of misgiving and resentment; but on the whole the population was prosperous and contented, and under Lord Elphinstone (1853–1860) the presidency passed through the crisis of the Revolt of 1857 without any general rising. Outbreaks among the troops at Karachi , Ahmedabad and Kolhapur were quickly put down, two regiments being disbanded, and

6480-656: The common areas of Housing and Development Board (HDB) flats and estates, such as the common corridors, void decks , lifts, water tanks, external lighting and the open spaces surrounding the estates. They are regulated under the Town Councils Act ( Cap. 329A, 2000 Rev. Ed. ). The rationale was to delegate the duties of estate management to the members of parliament in addition to their existing responsibilities. They would also gain management experience and be accountable to their district's resident voters. Town councils boundaries are drawn based on electoral districts boundaries. A town council area can consist of

6588-413: The council were elected through universal suffrage by the time of the dissolution. The counterpart of the Municipal Council serving the New Territories (excluding New Kowloon ) was the Regional Council established as the Provisional Regional Council in 1986. The functional select committees, district committees, and sub-committees constituted the entire Regional Council. All members were elected from

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6696-490: The creation of the Formannskabsdistrikt . In cities, the council is often called a city council ( bystyre ). The Palestinian National Authority established village councils to serve as local administrations and service providers for Palestinian villages and small towns. Village councils are also referred to as D-level municipalities. In the Philippines , all municipalities have their own municipal council, and these are officially called: " Sangguniang Bayan ". Cities have

6804-441: The districts of Bharuch , Kaira , etc., and the Maratha Gaekwad rulers of Baroda acknowledged British sovereignty. In 1803, the Bombay Presidency included only Salsette , the islands of the harbour (since 1774), Surat and Bankot (since 1756); but between this date and 1827 the framework of the presidency took shape. The Gujarat districts were taken over by the Bombay government in 1805 and enlarged in 1818. Baji Rao II ,

6912-434: The early 20th century. The custom of investing savings in gold and silver ornaments gave employment to many goldsmiths: the metal was usually supplied by the customer, and the goldsmith charged for his labour. Ahmedabad and Surat are famous for their carved woodwork. Many of the houses in Ahmedabad are covered with elaborate wood-carving, and excellent examples exist in Broach , Baroda , Surat , Nasik and Yeola . Salt

7020-414: The electorate of their civil parish area. The chairman of a town council is entitled to be styled as "town mayor". This term contrasts with simply "mayor", which means the mayor of a borough or a city . However, this is often abbreviated simply to mayor, especially where the town was historically a borough or city, such as Lewes or Ely . In Scotland , the term ' provost ' is commonly used to designate

7128-407: The first Governor appointed by the Crown. The Governor's Council was reformed and expanded under the Indian Councils Act 1861 , the Indian Councils Act 1892 , the Indian Councils Act 1909 , the Government of India Act 1919 and the Government of India Act 1935 . The establishment of an orderly administration, one outcome of which was a general fall of prices that made the unwonted regularity of

7236-485: The five county boroughs of Dublin , Cork , Galway , Waterford , and Limerick as cities, each with a city council, having the same status in law as county councils. The Local Government Reform Act 2014 amalgamated Limerick City Council and Limerick County Council to form Limerick City and County Council , and Waterford City Council and Waterford County Council to form Waterford City and County Council . In Singapore, town councils are in charge of maintaining

7344-435: The government department Local Government New Zealand . For many decades until the local government reforms of 1989, a borough with more than 20,000 people could be proclaimed a city . The boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, so little distinction was made between the urban area and the local government area. New Zealand's local government structural arrangements were significantly reformed by

7452-493: The last mayor elections in Chișinău . In the Netherlands, the municipal council (Dutch: gemeenteraad ) is the elected assembly of the municipality. It consists of between 9 and 45 members (as determined by law) who are elected by the citizens once every four years. The council's main tasks are setting the city's policies and overseeing the execution of those policies by the municipality's executive board . Local councils in New Zealand do vary in structure, but are overseen by

7560-422: The last of the peshwas , who had attempted to shake off the British yoke, was defeated in the Battle of Khadki , captured subsequently and pensioned ( 1817 /1818), and large portions of his dominions ( Pune , Ahmednagar , Nasik , Solapur , Belgaum , Kaladgi, Dharwad , etc.) were included in the Presidency, the settlement of which was completed by Mountstuart Elphinstone , governor from 1819 to 1827. His policy

7668-438: The leader of the town council. Historically the term 'town council' was used for the governing body of a municipal borough until the 1972 Act . A city council may be: Belfast City Council is now the only city council. Since the local government reforms of 2015 the other four cities form parts of wider districts and do not have their own councils. A city council is the council of one of four council areas designated

7776-575: The lease of the Panch Mahals from Scindia (1853). In 1862, North Canara was transferred from Madras Presidency to Bombay while South Canara remained with Madras. In 1859, under the terms of the Queen's Proclamation issued by Queen Victoria , the Bombay Presidency, along with the rest of British India, came under the direct rule of the British Crown. Henry Bartle Frere (1862–1867) was

7884-603: The mayors (usually elected by people) are the chairmen of them (e.g.: Kyiv City Council , Kharkiv City Council , Odesa City Council , Lviv City Council , Chernihiv City Council ). In the United Kingdom, not all cities have city councils, and the status and functions of city councils vary. In England , since the Local Government Act 1972 , "town council" is the specific name given to a civil parish council which has declared itself by resolution to be

7992-506: The most important were cotton, Deccan hemp ( Hibiscus cannabinus ), and sunn or tag ( Crotalaria juncea ). Much was done to improve the cotton of the presidency. American varieties were introduced with much advantage in the Dharwad collectorate and other parts of the southern Maratha country. In Khandesh the indigenous plant from which one of the lowest classes of cotton in the Bombay market takes its name has been almost entirely superseded by

8100-551: The mountainous Sahyadri range of the Western Ghats that run North to south along the western coast of India. The coordinates of the town are 17°55′30″N 73°39′27″E  /  17.9250°N 73.6575°E  / 17.9250; 73.6575 . Mahabaleshwar is a vast plateau measuring 150 km (58 sq mi), bound by valleys on all sides. It reaches a height of 1,439 m (4,721 ft) at its highest peak above sea level, known as Wilson/Sunrise Point. The town

8208-538: The municipality is elected for four years. In Bălți, Vasile Panciuc (PCRM) is the incumbent from 2001 and was re-elected twice: in 2003 during the anticipated elections (as a result of a new reform of the administrative division in Moldova in 2003), and in 2007. In Chișinău, the last mayor elections had to be repeated three times, because of the low rate of participation. As a result, Dorin Chirtoacă (Liberal Party), won

8316-545: The old Bombay command was abolished and its place was taken by the Western army corps under a lieutenant-general . The army corps was divided into three divisions under major-generals. The 4th (Quetta) Division, with headquarters at Quetta , comprised the troops in the Quetta and Sind districts. The 5th division, with headquarters at Mhow , consisted of three brigades, located at Nasirabad , Jabalpur and Jhansi , and included

8424-494: The place as a sanatorium for the British forces to governor Sir John Malcolm of Bombay presidency . The Raja of Satara was granted other villages in exchange for the British getting Mahabaleshwar in 1828. In old records Mahabaleshwar was even called Malcolm Peth after the governor. Mahabaleshwar started gaining prominence when British officials of the Bombay presidency such as Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone , Arthur Malet (for whom

8532-575: The population of the Bombay Presidency was rural and engaged in agriculture. The staple crops were Sorghum ( jowar ), and Pearl millet ( bajra ) in the Deccan and Khandesh. Rice was the chief product of the Konkan. Wheat, generally grown in the northern part of the Presidency, but specially in Sind and Gujarat, was exported to Europe in large quantities from Karachi, and on a smaller scale from Bombay. Barley

8640-653: The population of the commune; and the size of the population determines which voting process is used for the election of the municipal council. Established as the Sanitary Board in 1883, the Municipal Council in Hong Kong Island and Kowloon (including the New Kowloon ) provided municipal services to the covered regions in the then British Hong Kong . Partial elections were allowed in 1887, though merely enabling selected persons to vote for members of

8748-576: The population was 19,916,438 Hindu , 4,567,295 Muslim, 535,950 Jain , 78,552 Parsi and Irani Zoroastrians, and approximately 200,000 Christians. A significant number of Bene Israeli and Paradesi Jews were also present, most of them emigrated in 1948 after the Partition of Palestine and the establishment of the Jewish homeland ( British mandate of Palestine ) in Israel. In Sindh , Islam had been

8856-551: The predominant religion after the Caliphate of Sunni Arab origins conquered it the 8th century. In Gujarat the predominant religion remained Hinduism, although the Sultanate of Guzerat has left its influence and imprints in northern parts of the province. The Deccan region is the home of Marathis , who constituted 30% of the population. The Konkan region was home to various Konkani Christian minorities and communities since

8964-583: The presidency were directly under British rule, while the internal administration of the native or princely states was in the hands of local rulers. The presidency, however, managed the defence of princely states and British relations with them through political agencies . The Bombay Presidency along with the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency were the three major centres of British power in South Asia . The first English settlement in

9072-405: The presidency, of which by far the greater number were engaged in the preparation and manufacture of cotton. The industry is centred in Bombay, which contains nearly two-thirds of the mills. During the decade 1891–1901 the mill industry passed through a period of depression due to widespread plague and famine, but on the whole there was a marked expansion of the trade as well as a great improvement in

9180-593: The previous Mhow, Deesa, Nagpur , Narmada and Bundelkhand districts, with the Bombay district north of the Tapti . The 6th division, with headquarters at Pune, consisted of three brigades, located at Bombay, Ahmednagar and Aden. It comprised the previous Poona district, Bombay district south of the Tapti, Belgaum district north of the Tungabhadra , and Dharwar and Aurangabad districts. The overwhelming majority of

9288-515: The province were Sindhi in Sindh, Gujarati in northern division, Marathi in Konkan and the central division, Gujarati and Marathi in Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency , and Marathi and Canarese in the southern division. There were also Bhil (120,000) and Gipsy (30,000) dialects. The Presidency was divided into four Commisserates and twenty-four districts with Bombay city as

9396-704: The rebellions in Gujarat , among the Bhils , and in the southern Maratha country were local and isolated. Under Sir Bartle Frere agricultural prosperity reached its highest point, as a result of the American Civil War and the consequent enormous demand for Indian cotton in Europe. The money thus poured into the country produced an epidemic of speculation known as the Share Mania (1864–1865), which ended in

9504-479: The scores of magnificent scenic "points", the perennial springs, streams, and waterfalls of Mahabaleshwar plateau, with its year round superb climate, drew the English and others to Mahabaleshwar. By the end of the 19th century it had become an attractive popular hill station of world renown. Raj Bhavan , the summer residence of the Governor of Maharashtra , is also located here. An older building named "The Terraces"

9612-504: The seat at "Point Arthur" is named), Carnac, and many others became regular visitors. Venna Lake was constructed in 1842 to collect water from perennial springs; the Venna River flows from this lake. Bartley Frere, the commissioner of Satara in the 1850s, built the road from Satara to Mahabaleshwar. In the mid 1800s, Mahabaleshwar was made into the summer capital of the Bombay presidency . Government spending led to rapid development of

9720-459: The south by Madras Presidency and the Kingdom of Mysore ; and on the west by the Arabian Sea . Within these limits were the Portuguese settlements of Goa , Daman and Diu , and the native state of Baroda which has direct relations with the government of India; while politically Bombay included the territory of Aden, in present-day Yemen . The total area, including Sind but excluding Aden,

9828-406: The superior Hinganghat variety. Miscellaneous crops: sugarcane , requiring a rich soil and a perennial water-supply, and only grown in favoured localities, chile peppers , potatoes, turmeric and tobacco. The chief industries of Bombay Presidency involved the milling of cotton. In the late 19th century steam mills sprang up in Bombay, Ahmedabad and Khandesh . In 1905 there were 432 factories in

9936-460: The then ruler of Valley of Javali, Chandrarao More , and seized the area. Around that time Shivaji also built a hill fort near Mahabaleshwar called Pratapgad fort. In 1819, after the demise of the Maratha empire, the British ceded the hills around Mahabaleshwar to the vassal state of Satara . Colonel Lodwick (Later General Sir Lodwick) after climbing the mountains near Mahabaleshwar, recommended

10044-508: The total number of educational institutions was 10,194 with 593,431 pupils. There were ten art colleges, of which two were managed by government, three by native states, and five were under private management. It was in the year 1913 that the first college of commerce in Asia, Sydenham College , was established. Sind Medical School, medical school in Hyderabad, Sind was established in 1881 and

10152-489: The trend of film making that established and further progressed, resulting in formation of the film industry and new film production companies as well as studios . Outside the Presidency, numerous small states princely states such as those of Kathiawar and Mahikantha came under British suzerainty in a system of subsidiary alliances between 1807 and 1820. The native states eventually comprised some 353 separate units, administered internally by their own princes, with

10260-576: The ward elect a councillor known as the municipal councillor, and all such councillors together make the Council. The Council is the Legislative and decision-making unit of the Municipality. The head of the council is called a Chairperson, or President, followed by a Vice-chairperson or a Vice-president. All the meetings are conducted and presided over by the President. The state government appoints

10368-517: The wettest place in the world", the title currently held by Cherrapunji . Legend says that a Yadava ruler from 13th century built a small temple and water tank at the source of the river Krishna. The Valley of Jawali, the area around Mahabaleshwar, was ruled by the More (clan) who were vassals of the Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur. In 1656, the founder of Maratha empire, Chhatrapati Shivaji , killed

10476-536: The world to see the new millennium. Gisborne is administered by a district council, but its status as a city is not generally disputed. Under the current law, the minimum population for a new city is 50,000. The municipal council ( Norwegian : Kommunestyre ), literally municipal board, is the highest governing body of the municipality in Norway . The municipal council sets the scope of municipal activity, takes major decisions, and delegates responsibility. The council

10584-455: Was 188,745 sq mi (488,850 km ), of which 122,984 sq mi (318,530 km ) were under British and 65,761 under native rule. The total population was 25,468,209 in 1901, of which 18,515,587 were resident in British territory and 6,908,648 in native states. The Bombay Presidency had a large and diverse population. The census of 1901 gave a total of 25,468,209. By religion

10692-457: Was 84%, and female literacy was 71%. In Mahabaleshwar, 11% of the population was at that time under 6 years of age. 90% of population speaks Marathi language. Nearest railway station to Mahabaleshwar is Satara, 60 km. Nearby major railway stations include Pune (120 km), Sangli railway station (170 km). State-run bus services are available in these locations to Mahabaleshwar. Rail station Diwan Khavati on Kokan Railway near Khed gives

10800-460: Was affiliated with the University of Bombay. According to the census of 1901, out of a population of 25.5 million nearly 24 million were illiterate. The film production era is said to have commenced in Bombay from 1913 when the first film, Raja Harishchandra by Dadasaheb Phalke made in 1912, was first shown publicly on 3   May 1913 at Mumbai's Coronation Cinema , effectively marking

10908-460: Was granted the geographical indication (GI) tag in 2010. As a popular tourist destination, Mahabaleshwar has hotels and accommodation to suit different budgets. A popular place to visit is the historic fort of Pratapgad built by Chatrapati Shivaji . It is the site of the encounter between Shivaji Maharaj and Bijapur general, Afzal Khan , where the latter was defeated and killed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. There are small shops, restaurants and

11016-814: Was joined by Jamnadas Mehta of the Lokashahi Swarajya Paksha ( Democratic Swarajya Party ), Sir Siddappa T. Kambli of the Non-Brahmin Party and Hoosenally Rahimtoola of the Muslim League. The Cooper ministry did not last long and a Congress ministry under B. G. Kher was sworn in. Council of Ministers in Kher's Cabinet: In 1939, all of the Congress ministries in the British Indian provinces resigned and Bombay

11124-556: Was made in large quantities in the government works at Kharaghoda and Udu in Ahmedabad , and was exported by rail to Gujarat and central India . There was one brewery at Dapuri near Pune . The Province was well supplied with railways, all of which, with one exception, concentrated at Bombay City . The exception is the North-Western line, which enters Sind from the Punjab and terminated at Karachi. The other chief lines are

11232-619: Was made the headquarters of all the East India Company 's possessions in India. However, in 1753 the governor of Bombay became subordinate to that of Calcutta . During the 18th century, the Maratha Empire expanded rapidly, claiming Konkan and much of eastern Gujarat from the disintegrating Mughal Empire . In western Gujarat , including Kathiawar and Kutch , the loosening of Mughal control allowed numerous local rulers to create virtually independent states. The first conflict between

11340-579: Was placed under the Governor's rule . After the end of World War II , the Indian National Congress re-entered politics and won the 1946 election under the leadership of Kher who was again elected as Chief Minister. The Bombay Presidency became Bombay State when India was granted independence on 15 August 1947 and Kher continued as the Chief Minister of the state, serving until 1952. In 1947, Bombay Province became part of

11448-563: Was principally grown in the northern parts of the presidency. Finger millet ( Nachani ) and kodra furnished food to the Kolis , Bhils, Waralis, and other hill tribes. Of the pulses the most important are the chickpea or Bengal gram ( Cicer arietinum ), pigeon pea or tur ( Cajanus cajan ), catjang or kulti ( Vigna unguiculata cylindrica ), and urad bean ( Vigna mungo ). Principal oilseeds were sesame or til ( Sesamum indicum ), mustard , castor bean , safflower and linseed . Of fibres

11556-475: Was purchased in 1884 and rechristened as Giri Darshan in 1886. "Babington House", is a colonial-style bungalow built in the shape of a cross with a deep veranda, elaborate metal work railing and extensive outhouses. It was formerly one of the country seats of the Dubash family, a Parsi ship chandler dynasty from Bombay, before they sold it to the Rahejas in the early 1970s. It contains a central dining room with

11664-441: Was to rule as far as possible on native lines, avoiding all changes for which the population was not yet ripe; but the grosser abuses of the old regime were stopped, the country was pacified, the laws were codified, and courts and schools were established. The period that followed is notable mainly for the enlargement of the Presidency through the lapse of certain native states, by the addition of Aden (1839) and Sindh (1843), and

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