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103-749: Makarije is a Serbian name, a form of the Greek name Makarios . Notable people with the name include: Serbs Overseas The Serbs ( Serbian Cyrillic : Срби , romanized :  Srbi , pronounced [sr̩̂bi] ) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Southeastern Europe who share a common Serbian ancestry , culture , history , and language . They primarily live in Serbia , Kosovo , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Montenegro as well as in North Macedonia , Slovenia , Germany and Austria . They also constitute

206-484: A nation and a clear sense of national identity. In the early 1830s, Serbia gained autonomy and its borders were recognized, with Miloš Obrenović being recognized as its ruler. Serbia is the fourth modern-day European country, after France, Austria and the Netherlands, to have a codified legal system, as of 1844. The last Ottoman troops withdrew from Serbia in 1867, although Serbia's and Montenegro's independence

309-682: A 78-day-long NATO bombing campaign which effectively drove Yugoslav security forces from Kosovo. Subsequently, more than 200,000 Serbs and other non-Albanians fled the province. On 5 October 2000, Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosević was overthrown in a bloodless revolt after he refused to admit defeat in the 2000 Yugoslav general election . Modern demographic distribution of ethnic Serbs throughout homeland and native regions, as well as in Serbian ethnic diaspora , represents an outcome of several historical and demographic processes, shaped both by economic migrations and forced displacements during

412-647: A Croatian military offensive known as Operation Storm put a stop to the Croatian Serb rebellion and causing as many as 200,000 Serbs to flee the country. The Bosnian War ended that same year, with the Dayton Agreement dividing the country along ethnic lines. In 1998–99, a conflict in Kosovo between the Yugoslav Army and Albanians seeking independence erupted into full-out war, resulting in

515-443: A Serbian American biomedical engineer focusing on engineering human tissues for regenerative medicine , stem cell research and modeling of disease. She is one of the most highly cited scientists of all times. Notable Serb mathematicians include Mihailo Petrović , Jovan Karamata and Đuro Kurepa . Mihailo Petrović is known for having contributed significantly to differential equations and phenomenology, as well as inventing one of

618-785: A Slav-speaker, had considerable success in Christianizing the Sorbs. Although by 994 some Slavic people managed to get independence, only Sorbs remained under Saxon control. Cosmas of Prague in his 12th century Chronica Boemorum , speaking about mythical history of Czechs, mentions certain tutor Duringo of Sribia genere and as scelestus Zribin . The chronicle, dealing with real historical events, mentions land of Serbia ( Zribiam 1040, 1087, 1088, 1095, 1109, and Sribiae 1113), mainly in regard of being crossed by Saxons to attack Bohemia, or local castles being attacked by Bohemia, from there moved regional princes to Poland and back, or as

721-542: A appellative meaning of a "family kinship" and "alliance", while other argue a derivation from Iranian-Sarmatian language. According to the old theorization by Joachim Herrmann , the Serbian tribe characterized by Rüssen-type of Leipzig group pottery arrived from the Middle Danube in the beginning of the 7th century and settled between Saale and Elbe river, but only since the 10th century their ethnonym

824-726: A few years before. Loanwords in the Serbian language besides common internationalisms are mostly from Greek , German and Italian, while words of Hungarian origin are present mostly in the north. The Ottoman conquest began a linguistical contact between Ottoman Turkish and South Slavic; Ottoman Turkish influence grew stronger after the 15th century. Besides Turkish loanwords, also many Arabic (such as alat , "tool", sat , "hour, clock") and Persian ( čarape , "socks", šećer , "sugar") words entered via Turkish, called "Orientalisms" ( orijentalizmi ). Also, many Greek words entered via Turkish. Words for hitherto unknown sciences, businesses, industries, technologies and professions were brought by

927-666: A form of slavery in the Ottoman Empire , in which boys from Balkan Christian families were forcibly converted to Islam and trained for infantry units of the Ottoman army known as the Janissaries . A number of Serbs who converted to Islam occupied high-ranking positions within the Ottoman Empire , such as Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha and Minister of War field marshal Omar Pasha Latas . In 1688,

1030-582: A humanitarian of Austrian descent, carried out rescue operations from Ustaše camps and saved more than 15,000 children, mostly Serbs. More than half a million Serbs were killed in the territory of Yugoslavia during World War II. Serbs in occupied Yugoslavia subsequently formed a resistance movement known as the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland , or the Chetniks. The Chetniks had the official support of

1133-459: A land where were banished people from Bohemia. Since then the Sorbian tribes mostly disappeared from the political scene. From the 11th to the 15th century, agriculture east of Elbe River developed and colonization by Frankish, Flemish and Saxon settlers intensified. The Slavs were allowed to live mainly in the periphery of the cities, and the military-administrative as well as religious authority

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1236-584: A note to all Serb bishops to come to him and collaborate only with Habsburg forces. A Great Migration of the Serbs (1690) to Habsburg lands was undertaken by Patriarch Arsenije III. The large community of Serbs concentrated in Banat, southern Hungary and the Military Frontier included merchants and craftsmen in the cities, but mainly refugees that were peasants. Smaller groups of Serbs also migrated to

1339-734: A phonetic ending, -ich or -itch in foreign languages. Other common surname suffixes found among Serbian surnames are - ov , - ev , - in and - ski (without -ić ) which is the Slavic possessive case suffix, thus Nikola's son becomes Nikolin, Petar's son Petrov, and Jovan's son Jovanov. Other, less common suffices are -alj/olj/elj , -ija , -ica , -ar/ac/an . The ten most common surnames in Serbia, in order, are Jovanović , Petrović , Nikolić , Marković , Đorđević , Stojanović , Ilić , Stanković , Pavlović and Milošević . Serbs are predominantly Orthodox Christians . The autocephaly of

1442-456: A significant diaspora with several communities across Europe , the Americas and Oceania . The Serbs share many cultural traits with the rest of the peoples of Southeast Europe . They are predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christians by religion. The Serbian language (a standardized version of Serbo-Croatian ) is official in Serbia, co-official in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and

1545-444: A triple analysis – autosomal , mitochondrial and paternal — of available data from large-scale studies on Balto-Slavs and their proximal populations, the whole genome SNP data situates Serbs with Montenegrins in between two Balkan clusters. Y-DNA results show that haplogroups I2a and R1a together stand for the majority of the makeup, with more than 50 percent. According to several recent studies Serbia's people are among

1648-415: Is a world-renowned performance artist , writer, and art filmmaker . Traditional Serbian music includes various kinds of bagpipes , flutes , horns , trumpets , lutes , psalteries , drums and cymbals . The kolo is the traditional collective folk dance, which has a number of varieties throughout the regions. The first Serbian composers started working in the 14th and 15th century, like Kir Stefan

1751-548: Is also doubting the accuracy of the historical sources and their interpretation. Peter Heather , in conclusion, stated that it is an "old theory" with seriously erroneous dating of the ceramics and sites, which in reality date to the 8th and 9th century. The archaeological data and historical sources indicate earliest Slavic migration along the Carpathians and the Alps since the late 6th century with Korchak-type material. It

1854-409: Is considered one of the most intriguing writers from the beginning of the 21st century. Charles Simic is a notable contemporary Serbian-American poet, former United States Poet Laureate and a Pulitzer Prize winner . Contemporary writer Zoran Živković authored more than 20 prose books and is best-known for his SF works which have been published in 23 countries. Many Serbs have contributed to

1957-508: Is considered that their earliest mention is at least from the 6th century or earlier by Vibius Sequester , who recorded Cervetiis ( Servetiis ) living on the other part of the river Elbe which divided them from the Suevi ( Albis Germaniae Suevos a Cerveciis dividiit ). According to one theory, the original Serbs were not of Slavic origin and such an early mention is related to possible westward migration of Alanic tribe of Serboi with

2060-459: Is estimated that over two thirds of all Serbian surnames have the suffix -ić (-ић) ( [itɕ] ), a Slavic diminutive , originally functioning to create patronymics . Thus the surname Petrović means the "son of Petar" (from a male progenitor, the root is extended with possessive -ov or -ev ). Due to limited use of international typewriters and unicode computer encoding, the suffix may be simplified to -ic , historically transcribed with

2163-626: Is spoken by the plurality in Montenegro. The identity of Serbs is rooted in Eastern Orthodoxy and traditions. In the 19th century, the Serbian national identity was manifested, with awareness of history and tradition, medieval heritage, cultural unity, despite living under different empires. Three elements, together with the legacy of the Nemanjić dynasty , were crucial in forging identity and preservation during foreign domination:

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2266-490: Is unclear whether by then, or later in the year, Sorbs killed their dux Zistibor. In 869, Sorbs (as a tribe, not confederation ) and Siusli (another Sorbic tribe ) "joined with the Bohemians and the other peoples of the region and crossed the old Thuringian border: they laid many places waste and killed some who rashly came together to attack them". In August of the same year, many Sorbs and Bohemian mercenaries recruited by

2369-439: Is usually regarded their most significant and most solemn feast day . The origin of the ethnonym is unclear. The most prominent theory considers it of Proto-Slavic origin. Hanna Popowska-Taborska argued native Slavic provenance of the ethnonym, claiming that the theory advances a conclusion that the ethnonym has a meaning of a family kinship or alliance, which was also argued by a number of other scholars. According to

2472-499: Is world-famous. Prominent architectural styles in the Middle Ages were Raška architectural school , Morava architectural school and Serbo-Byzantin architectural style . During the same period UNESCO protected Stećak monumental medieval tombstones were built. The Independence of Serbia in the 19th century was soon followed with Serbo-Byzantine Revival in architecture. Baroque and rococo trends in Serbian art emerged in

2575-718: The Allies until 1943, when Allied support shifted to the Communist Yugoslav Partisans , a multi-ethnic force, formed in 1941, which also had a large majority of Serbs in its ranks in the first two years of war. Over the entirety of the war, the ethnic composition of the Partisans was 53 percent Serb. During the entire course of the WWII in Yugoslavia, 64.1% of all Bosnian Partisans were Serbs. Later, after

2678-611: The Apollo spaceship . Physicist and physical chemist Mihajlo Pupin is best known for his landmark theory of modern electrical filters as well as for his numerous patents, while Milutin Milanković is best known for his theory of long-term climate change caused by changes in the position of the Earth in comparison to the Sun, now known as Milankovitch cycles . Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic is

2781-677: The Balšić family , Raška, Kosovo and northern Macedonia held by the Branković family and Lazar Hrebeljanović holding today's Central Serbia and a portion of Kosovo. Hrebeljanović was subsequently accepted as the titular leader of the Serbs because he was married to a member of the Nemanjić dynasty. In 1389, the Serbs faced the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo on the plain of Kosovo Polje , near

2884-511: The Huns who later as an elite subjugated Slavic population giving it their name. According to Lubor Niederle , the Serbian district was located somewhere between Magdeburg and Lusatia , and was later mentioned by the Ottonians as Ciervisti , Zerbisti , and Kirvisti . According to a fringe theory their area of settlement possibly also included part of Chebsko (the northwestern edge of

2987-828: The Nobel Prize in Literature in 1961. Danilo Kiš , another popular Serbian writer, was known for writing A Tomb for Boris Davidovich , as well as several acclaimed novels. Amongst contemporary Serbian writers, Milorad Pavić stands out as being the most critically acclaimed, with his novels Dictionary of the Khazars , Landscape Painted with Tea and The Inner Side of the Wind bringing him international recognition. Highly revered in Europe and in South America , Pavić

3090-725: The Palme d'Or twice at the Cannes Film Festival , numerous other prizes, and is a UNICEF National Ambassador for Serbia. Several Americans of Serb origin have been featured prominently in Hollywood . The most notable of these are Academy Award winners Karl Malden , Steve Tesich , Peter Bogdanovich , Tony -winning theatre director Darko Tresnjak , Emmy -winning director Marina Zenovich and actors Iván Petrovich , Brad Dexter , Lolita Davidovich , Milla Jovovich and Stana Katic . Most literature written by early Serbs

3193-579: The Republika Srpska ), where they are one of the three constituent ethnic groups . Serbs in Croatia , Montenegro and North Macedonia also have recognized collective rights, and number some 186,000, 178,000 and 39,000 people, respectively, while another estimated 96,000 live in the disputed area of Kosovo . Smaller minorities exist in Slovenia , some 36,000 people, respectively. Outside of

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3296-570: The Russian Empire , where they occupied high positions in the military circles. The Serbian Revolution for independence from the Ottoman Empire lasted eleven years, from 1804 until 1815. The revolution comprised two separate uprisings which gained autonomy from the Ottoman Empire that eventually evolved towards full independence (1835–1867). During the First Serbian Uprising , led by Duke Karađorđe Petrović , Serbia

3399-511: The Serbian Orthodox Church in the year 1219, and became known as Saint Sava after his death. Parts of modern-day Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina , and central Serbia would come under the control of Nemanjić. Over the next 140 years, Serbia expanded its borders, from numerous smaller principalities, reaching to a unified Serbian Empire . Its cultural model remained Byzantine, despite political ambitions directed against

3502-535: The Serbian Orthodox Church , the Serbian language , and the Kosovo Myth . When the Principality of Serbia gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, Orthodoxy became crucial in defining the national identity , instead of language which was shared by other South Slavs ( Croats and Bosniaks ). The tradition of slava , the family saint feast day, is an important ethnic marker of Serb identity, and

3605-839: The Serbian Orthodox Church , was established in 1219, as an Archbishopric, and raised to the Patriarchate in 1346. It is led by the Serbian Patriarch , and consists of three archbishoprics, six metropolitanates and thirty-one eparchies , having around 10 million adherents. Followers of the church form the largest religious group in Serbia and Montenegro, and the second-largest in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia . The church has an archbishopric in North Macedonia and dioceses in Western Europe, North America, South America and Australia. The identity of ethnic Serbs

3708-548: The Serbs and their lands previously dwelt in, they lived "since the beginning" in the region called by them as Boiki ( Bohemia ; a mistake by Constantine VII which should be understood as "near" instead of "in" ) which was a neighbor to Francia, and when two brothers succeeded their father, one of them migrated with half of the people from White Serbia to the Balkans during the rule of Eastern Roman Emperor Heraclius (610–641) in

3811-540: The Shtokavian dialect . Serbian is an official language in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina and is a recognized minority language in Montenegro (although spoken by a plurality of population), Croatia, North Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia. Older forms of literary Serbian are Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension, which is still used for ecclesiastical purposes, and Slavonic-Serbian —a mixture of Serbian, Church Slavonic and Russian used from

3914-578: The Surbi lived in the Saale - Elbe valley, having settled in the Thuringian part of Francia at least since the second-half of the 6th century and were vassals of Merovingian dynasty . The Saale-Elbe line marked the approximate limit of Slavic westward migration. Fredegar recounts that under the leadership of dux (duke) Dervan ( Dervanus dux gente Surbiorum que ex genere Sclavinorum ), they joined

4017-824: The United States , Canada , Australia , South America and Southern Africa . The existence of a large diaspora is mainly a consequence of either economic or political ( coercion or expulsions) reasons. There were several waves of Serb emigration: Serbs speak Serbian , a member of the South Slavic group of languages, specifically the Southwestern group. Standard Serbian is a standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian , and therefore mutually intelligible with Standard Croatian , Standard Montenegrin , and Standard Bosnian (see Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian ), which are all based on

4120-953: The sociology of law and sociological jurisprudence. There are several different layers of Serbian names. Serbian given names largely originate from Slavic roots : e.g., Vuk , Bojan , Goran , Zoran , Dragan , Milan , Miroslav , Vladimir , Slobodan , Dušan , Milica , Nevena , Vesna , Radmila . Other names are of Christian origin, originating from the Bible ( Hebrew , through Greek ), such as Lazar , Mihailo , Ivan , Jovan , Ilija , Marija , Ana , Ivana . Along similar lines of non-Slavic Christian names are Greek ones such as: Stefan , Nikola , Aleksandar , Filip , Đorđe , Andrej , Jelena , Katarina , Vasilije , Todor , while those of Latin origin include: Marko , Antonije , Srđan , Marina , Petar , Pavle , Natalija , Igor (through Russian). Most Serbian surnames are paternal, maternal, occupational or derived from personal traits. It

4223-506: The "countries" of Paganija , Zahumlje , Travunija . With the decline of the Serbian state of Duklja in the late 11th century, Raška separated from it and replaced it as the most powerful Serbian state. Prince Stefan Nemanja (r. 1169–96) conquered the neighbouring territories of Kosovo , Duklja and Zachlumia . The Nemanjić dynasty ruled over Serbia until the 14th century. Nemanja's older son, Stefan Nemanjić , became Serbia's first recognized king, while his younger son, Rastko, founded

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4326-463: The 1350s, a major conflict ensued between them and the Serbs, the first major battle was the Battle of Maritsa (1371), in which the Serbs were defeated. With the death of two important Serb leaders in the battle, and with the death of Stephen Uroš that same year, the Serbian Empire broke up into several small Serbian domains. These states were ruled by feudal lords, with Zeta controlled by

4429-527: The 18th century and are mostly represented in icon painting and portraits. Most of the Baroque authors were from the territory of Austrian Empire , such as Nikola Nešković , Teodor Kračun , Teodor Ilić Češljar , Zaharije Orfelin and Jakov Orfelin . Serbian painting showed the influence of Biedermeier and Neoclassicism as seen in works by Konstantin Danil and Pavel Đurković . Many painters followed

4532-412: The 1980s, Herrmann's theory is outdated and rejected by archaeologists, historians and other scholars because it was found to be completely unfounded and based on wrong data and chronologies among others. Dendrochronology also showed that the wooden building material was from the late 8th to the beginning of the 10th century, while the material from the 6th and 7th century is almost non-existent. This

4635-667: The 19th century) Serbs also have a noteworthy classical music and works of philosophy. Notable philosophers include Svetozar Marković , Branislav Petronijević , Ksenija Atanasijević , Radomir Konstantinović , Nikola Milošević , Mihailo Marković , Justin Popović and Mihailo Đurić . During the 12th and 13th centuries, many icons, wall paintings and manuscript miniatures came into existence, as many Serbian Orthodox monasteries and churches such as Hilandar , Žiča , Studenica , Sopoćani , Mileševa , Gračanica and Visoki Dečani were built. The architecture of some of these monasteries

4738-624: The 19th century, and the writings of Njegoš and Branko Radičević . The first prominent representative of Serbian literature in the 20th century was Jovan Skerlić , who wrote in pre–World War I Belgrade and helped introduce Serbian writers to literary modernism. The most important Serbian writer in the inter-war period was Miloš Crnjanski . The first Serb authors who appeared after World War II were Mihailo Lalić and Dobrica Ćosić . Other notable post-war Yugoslav authors such as Ivo Andrić and Meša Selimović were assimilated to Serbian culture, and both identified as Serbs. Andrić went on to win

4841-715: The Avars. The migration probably temporarily diminished Serbian and Slavic power in Polabia. Part of the Serbs who emigrated to the Southeastern Europe arrived as a military and ruling elite, that could not influence "racial and linguistic evolution" of other South Slavs and natives, imposing only their name in a similar fashion as did the Bulgars with the Bulgarians . Dvornik additionally argued that they helped

4944-571: The Croats fighting the Avars. Recent scholars also consider that they arrived as a small military elite which managed to organize other already settled and more numerous Slavs, but that the Serbs did not fight the Avars as there's no evidence and mention of it in historical sources. In 782, the Sorbs, inhabiting the region between the Elbe and Saale, plundered Thuringia and Saxony. Charlemagne sent Adalgis, Worad and Geilo into Saxony, aimed at attacking

5047-580: The Czech Republic), but it is a baseless claim without a source, and scholars, including E. Simek proved only Czechs lived there. Henryk Łowmiański concluded that there's no mention of Sorbs/Serbs living in the territory of Bohemia in Czech and German historical sources. The information by Vibius Sequester is in accordance with the Frankish 7th-century Chronicle of Fredegar according to which

5150-938: The Great in his Geography of Europe (888–893) relying on Orosius , recorded that " north of the Dalamensians are the Surpe /Servians ". The Arab historians and geographers Al-Masudi and Al-Bakri (10th and 11th century) writing on the Saqaliba mentioned the Sarbin or Sernin living between the Germans and the Moravians, a "Slavic people much feared for reasons that it would take too long to explain and whose deeds would need much too detailed an account. They have no particular religious affiliation". They, like other Slavs, "have

5253-514: The Habsburg army took Belgrade and entered the territory of present-day Central Serbia . Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden called Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević to raise arms against the Turks; the Patriarch accepted and returned to the liberated Peć. As Serbia fell under Habsburg control, Leopold I granted Arsenije nobility and the title of duke. In early November, Arsenije III met with Habsburg commander-in-chief, General Enea Silvio Piccolomini in Prizren ; after this talk he sent

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5356-524: The Moravians as "enemies" and "opressors" ), while Thietmar of Merseburg in his Chronicon Thietmari speaking about Thuringia wrote that "in the reign of the Duke Svatopluk we were ruled by Bohemian princes. Our ancestors paid him an annual tribute and he had bishops in his country, then called Marierun [Moravia]". The mid-9th century Bavarian Geographer mentioned the Surbi having 50 civitates ( Iuxta illos est regio, que vocatur Surbi, in qua regione plures sunt, que habent civitates L ). Alfred

5459-429: The Obotrites and Tunglo "one of the magnates" of the Sorbs were accused of malpractices; they were ordered to appear in October, and Tunglo surrendered his son as hostage to be allowed to return home. The Franks had, sometime before the 830s, established the Sorbian March , comprising eastern Thuringia, in easternmost East Francia . In 839, the Saxons fought "the Sorabos, called Colodici " at Kesigesburch and won

5562-511: The Obotrites and Veletians, and strengthened the grip on the Sorbs and Glomacze. Between 932 and 963 the Sorbs lost their independence, pressured by Gero , becoming part of Marca Geronis . Since the 940s were built Burgwards in the territory of the Sorbs, and the Margravate of Meissen and March of Lusatia were established in 965, remaining part of the Holy Roman Empire , with Otto I founding many Slavic bishoprics (including Bishopric of Merseburg ). Bishop Boso of St. Emmeram (d. 970),

5665-416: The Ottoman Empire in 1686 during the Great Turkish War , Serbs from Pannonian Plain (present-day Hungary , Slavonia region in present-day Croatia , Bačka and Banat regions in present-day Serbia ) joined the troops of the Habsburg monarchy as separate units known as Serbian Militia . Serbs, as volunteers, massively joined the Austrian side. Many Serbs were recruited during the devshirme system,

5768-436: The Ottoman Empire. Christian villagers brought urban vocabulary from their travels to Islamic culture cities. Many Turkish loanwords are no longer considered loanwords. There is considerable usage of French words as well, especially in military related terms. One Serbian word that is used in many of the world's languages is " vampire " ( vampir ). Literature , icon painting, music, dance and medieval architecture are

5871-406: The Rhineland against the Saxons in 880, joint forces of the Sorbs, Daleminzi, Bohemians and other near tribes attacked the Slavs around Saale river "faithful to the Thuringians with plunder and burning. Count Poppo , dux of the Sorbian march, came against them with the Thuringians, and with God's help so defeated them that not one out of a great multitude remained". The Sorbs in Saxony probably were

5974-651: The Serb . Composer and musicologist Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac is considered one of the most important founders of modern Serbian music. Other noted classical composers include Kornelije Stanković , Stanislav Binički , Petar Konjović , Miloje Milojević , Stevan Hristić , Josif Marinković , Luigi von Kunits , Ljubica Marić and Vasilije Mokranjac . Well-known musicians include Zdravko Čolić , Arsen Dedić , Predrag Gojković-Cune , Toma Zdravković , Milan Mladenović , Radomir Mihailović Točak , Bora Đorđević , Momčilo Bajagić Bajaga , Đorđe Balašević , Ceca and others. Serbia has produced many talented filmmakers,

6077-414: The Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja II was crowned by Pope Honorius III of the Roman Catholic Church. However in 1219, Nemanja II was crowned once again by the newly independent Serbian Orthodox Church. This shift solidified the Christian Orthodox religion in Serbia. With the arrival of the Ottoman Empire , some Serbs converted to Islam . This was particularly, but not wholly, the case in Bosnia . Since

6180-441: The Serbs (1896). Painter Uroš Predić was also prominent in the field of Serbian art, painting the Kosovo Maiden and Happy Brothers . While Jovanović and Predić were both realist painters, artist Nadežda Petrović was an impressionist and fauvist and Sava Šumanović was an accomplished Cubist . Painters Petar Lubarda , Vladimir Veličković and Ljubomir Popović were famous for their surrealism . Marina Abramović

6283-442: The Slavic tribal union of Samo , after Samo's decisive victory against Frankish King Dagobert I in 631. Afterwards, these Slavic tribes continuously raided Thuringia . The fate of the tribes after Samo's death and dissolution of the union in 658 is undetermined, but it is considered that subsequently returned to Frankish vassalage. According to 10th-century source De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII , writing on

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6386-424: The Slavs against the Avars in the Western frontier of the Empire. Serbs and Heraclius could have come into contact at the time, and Heraclius knew about those faraway lands, because Heraclius made a treaty in 629 with king Dagobert I of the Franks against the Avars. Francis Dvornik considered that the Serbian migration was caused by the Frankish pressure and conquest of Thuringia, and the Byzantine alliance against

6489-478: The Slavs who successfully repelled and killed Arn (bishop of Würzburg) in 892. It is considered that somewhere in the second-half of the 9th century, Svatopluk I of Moravia (r. 871–894) may have incorporated the Sorbs into Great Moravia , or spread Moravian influence in the region, because Annales Fuldenses mentions an oath of fidelity mission with gifts by Sorbs in Salz and then Bohemians in Regensburg to king Arnulf in 895/897 (with Bohemians calling

6592-426: The Sorbs rebelled, but their diobedience was suppressed after Saxons and East Franks campaign conquering their cities, and renewing their oaths of submission. In 822, the Sorbs sent an embassy with gifts alongside other Slavs (Obodrites, Wilzi, Bohemians, Moravians, Praedenecenti as well as Pannonian Avars) to a Louis the Pious 's general assembly at Frankfurt . In May 826, at a meeting at Ingelheim , Cedrag of

6695-429: The Sorbs, however, they met with rebel Saxons who destroyed them. In 789, Charlemagne launched a campaign against the Wiltzi ; after reaching the Elbe, he went further and successfully "subjected the Slavs". His army also included the Sorbs and Obotrites led by chieftain Witzan . The army reached Dragovit , who surrendered, followed by other Slavic magnates and chieftains who submitted to Charlemagne. Charles

6798-419: The Sorbs, were killed and forced to return home or surrender by Louis the Younger , Thuringian and Saxon forces. After death of Thachulf in August 873, the Sorbs and Siusli rebelled again, but Liutbert (archbishop of Mainz) and new Sorbian March dux Radulf II in January 874 "by pillaging and burning crushed their insolence without battle and reduced them to their former servility". After the Viking raids in

6901-403: The White Serbs was of clan character, which indicates the beginnings of state formation. The Sorbian 'civitates' are equal to simple chiefdoms, the particular clan regions correspond with complex chiefdoms. The high king ('rex supérbus') had only hegemonic authority over the heads of the clan regions ('ceteri reges'). Later on in the 9th and early 10th century the political unity of the Sorbi region

7004-449: The Younger launched a campaign against the Slavs in Bohemia in 805, killing their dux , Lecho, and then proceeded crossing the Saale with his army and killed rex (king) Melito (or "Miliduoch") of the Sorabi or Siurbis who "live on the River Elbe" in 806. The region was laid to waste, upon which the other Slavic chieftains submitted and gave hostages. Franks constructed two castles, one on each river. Ten years later, in 816

7107-416: The artistic forms for which Serbia is best known. Traditional Serbian visual art (specifically frescoes , and to some extent icons ), as well as ecclesiastical architecture, are highly reflective of Byzantine traditions, with some Mediterranean and Western influence. Many Serbian monuments and works of art have been lost forever due to various wars and peacetime marginalizations. In modern times (since

7210-406: The artistic trends set in the 19th century Romanticism, notably Đura Jakšić , Stevan Todorović , Katarina Ivanović and Novak Radonić . Since the mid-1800s, Serbia has produced a number of famous painters who are representative of general European artistic trends. One of the most prominent of these was Paja Jovanović , who painted massive canvases on historical themes such as the Migration of

7313-480: The basis of their faith. The remainder of Serbs remain predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christians. White Serbs They are mentioned between the 6th and 10th century as Cervetiis ( Servetiis ), gentis (S)urbiorum , Suurbi , Sorabi , Soraborum , Sorabos , Surpe , Sorabici , Sorabiet , Sarbin , Swrbjn , Servians , Zribia , and Suurbelant . It is generally considered that their ethnonym *Sŕbъ (plur. *Sŕby ) originates from Proto-Slavic language with

7416-461: The battle, managing to kill their king Cimusclo (or "Czimislav") , with Kesigesburch and eleven forts being captured. The Sorbs were forced to pay tribute and forfeited territory to the Franks. The Sorbian tribe of Colodici was furthermore mentioned in 973 ( Coledizi pagus , Cholidici ), in 975 ( Colidiki ), and 1015 ( Colidici locus ). Besides Colodici other tribes which scholars consider part of

7519-749: The biggest casualty rate in World War I . Following the victory in WWI, Serbs subsequently formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes with other South Slavic peoples . The country was later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , and was led from 1921 to 1934 by King Alexander I of the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty . During World War II , Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers in April 1941. The country

7622-631: The core Sorbian tribes were Glomacze-Daleminzi , Chutici-Chudzicy, Citici-Żytyce, Neletici-Nieletycy, Siusler-Susłowie among others. According to the Annales Fuldenses , in 849 Thachulf, Duke of Thuringia held also the title "dux of the Sorbian March", In 851, the Sorbs attacked and raided Frankish border, provoking Louis the German 's invasion which "oppressed them severely. He tamed them, after they had lost their harvests and so

7725-579: The custom of burning themselves alive when a king or chieftain dies. They also immolate his horses". In the Hebrew book Josippon (10th century) are listed four Slavic ethnic names from Venice to Saxony ; Mwr.wh (Moravians), Krw.tj (Croats), Swrbjn (Sorbs), Lwcnj (Lučané or Lusatians ). Henry the Fowler had subjected the Stodorani in 928, and in the following year imposed overlordship on

7828-411: The empire. The medieval power and influence of Serbia culminated in the reign of Stefan Dušan , who ruled the state from 1331 until his death in 1355. Ruling as Emperor from 1346, his territory included Macedonia , northern Greece, Montenegro, and almost all of modern Albania . When Dušan died, his son Stephen Uroš V became Emperor. With Turkish invaders beginning their conquest of the Balkans in

7931-529: The end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Jasenovac camp was notorious for the barbaric practices which occurred in it. Sisak and Jastrebarsko concentration camp were specially formed for children . Serbs in the NDH suffered among the highest casualty rates in Europe during the World War II, while the NDH was one of the most lethal regimes in the 20th century. Diana Budisavljević ,

8034-768: The fall of Italy in September 1943, other ethnic groups joined Partisans in larger numbers. At the end of the war, the Partisans, led by Josip Broz Tito , emerged victorious. Yugoslavia subsequently became a Communist state. Tito died in 1980, and his death saw Yugoslavia plunge into economic turmoil. Yugoslavia disintegrated in the early 1990s, and a series of wars resulted in the creation of five new states. The heaviest fighting occurred in Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , whose Serb populations rebelled and declared independence. The war in Croatia ended in August 1995, with

8137-531: The field of science and technology. There are more Serbian scientists and scholars working abroad than in the Balkans. At least 7000 Serbs who have a PhD are working abroad. Serbian American mechanical and electrical engineer Nikola Tesla is regarded as one of the most important inventors in history. He is renowned for his contributions to the discipline of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th century. Seven Serbian American engineers and scientists known as Serbo 7 took part in construction of

8240-581: The fighting that ensued, Serbia was invaded by Austria-Hungary . Despite being outnumbered, the Serbs defeated the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Cer , which marked the first Allied victory over the Central Powers in the war. Further victories at the battles of Kolubara and the Drina meant that Serbia remained unconquered as the war entered its second year. However, an invasion by

8343-536: The first half of the 7th century. According to some scholars, the White Serbian Unknown Archon who led them to the Balkans was most likely a son, brother or other relative of Dervan. This account is related to Fredegar's as the revolt against the Avars after the Siege of Constantinople (626) coincides with the period of Heraclius, when Byzantine Empire was also in crisis and likely used

8446-510: The first prototypes of an analog computer. Roger Joseph Boscovich was a Ragusan physicist, astronomer, mathematician and polymath of paternal Serbian origin (although there are competing claims for Bošković's nationality) who produced a precursor of atomic theory and made many contributions to astronomy and also discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon . Jovan Cvijić founded modern geography in Serbia and made pioneering research on

8549-623: The forces of Germany , Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria overwhelmed the Serbs in the winter of 1915, and a subsequent withdrawal by the Serbian Army through Albania took the lives of more than 240,000 Serbs. Serb forces spent the remaining years of the war fighting on the Salonika front in Greece, before liberating Serbia from Austro-Hungarian occupation in November 1918. Serbia suffered

8652-737: The former Yugoslavia, but within their historical and migratory areal, Serbs are officially recognized as national minority in Albania , Romania (18,000), Hungary (7,000), as well as in the Czech Republic and Slovakia . There are over 2 million Serbs in diaspora throughout the world; some sources put that figure as high as 4 million. There is a large diaspora in Western Europe, particularly in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , France , Italy , Sweden and United Kingdom . Outside Europe, there are significant Serb communities in

8755-475: The geography of the Balkan Peninsula , Dinaric race and karst . Josif Pančić made contributions to botany and discovered a number of new floral species including the Serbian spruce . Biologist and physiologist Ivan Đaja performed research in the role of the adrenal glands in thermoregulation , as well as pioneering work in hypothermia . Valtazar Bogišić is considered to be a pioneer in

8858-463: The hope of food". In August 856 the Sorbian duces joined king Louis's army in his successful attack on Daleminzi and Duchy of Bohemia . In 857, the brother of Sclavitag/Slavitach son of rebellious Wiztrach dux of Bohemians, found a refuge at the court of Zistibor of Sorbs before was made new dux of Bohemians by the Franks. For summer 858, Thachulf was ordered to attack the Sorbs, as one of three armies dealing with different Slavic frontiers. It

8961-430: The mid-18th century to the first decades of the 19th century. Serbian has active digraphia , using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. Serbian Cyrillic was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić , who created the alphabet on phonemic principles. Serbian Latin was created by Ljudevit Gaj and published in 1830. His alphabet mapped completely on Serbian Cyrillic which had been standardized by Vuk Karadžić

9064-525: The most famous of whom are Slavko Vorkapić , Dušan Makavejev , Živojin Pavlović , Slobodan Šijan , Goran Marković , Goran Paskaljević , Emir Kusturica , Želimir Žilnik , Srđan Dragojević , Srdan Golubović and Mila Turajlić . Žilnik and Stefan Arsenijević won the Golden Bear award at Berlinale , while Mila Turajlić won the main award at IDFA . Kusturica became world-renowned after winning

9167-447: The recent Yugoslav Wars (1991–1999). According to most recent census conducted in Serbia, Croatia and Montenegro, there are nearly 7 million Serbs living in their native homelands, within the geographical borders of former Yugoslavia . In Serbia itself, around 5.5 million people identify themselves as ethnic Serbs, and constitute about 83% of the population. More than a million live in Bosnia and Herzegovina (predominantly in

9270-590: The second half of the 19th century, a small number of Serbs converted to Protestantism, while historically some Serbs were Roman Catholics (especially in Bay of Kotor and Dalmatia ; e.g. Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik ). In a personal correspondence with author and critic dr. Milan Šević in 1932, Marko Murat complained that Orthodox Serbs are not acknowledging the Roman Catholic Serb community on

9373-559: The tallest in the world, with an average male height of 1.82 metres (6 ft 0 in). Early Slavs , especially Sclaveni and Antae , including the White Serbs , invaded and settled Southeastern Europe in the 6th and 7th century. Up until the late 560s, their activity was raiding, crossing from the Danube, though with limited Slavic settlement mainly through Byzantine foederati colonies. The Danube and Sava frontier

9476-654: The town of Priština . Both Lazar and Sultan Murad I were killed in the fighting. The battle most likely ended in a stalemate, and afterwards Serbia enjoyed a short period of prosperity under despot Stefan Lazarević and resisted falling to the Turks until 1459. The Serbs had taken an active part in the wars fought in the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire, and also organized uprisings; because of this, they suffered persecution and their territories were devastated – major migrations from Serbia into Habsburg territory ensued. After allied Christian forces had captured Buda from

9579-574: Was about religious themes. The founders of the Serbian Orthodox Church wrote various gospels , psalters , menologies , hagiographies , along with essays and sermons. At the end of the 12th century, two of the most important pieces of Serbian medieval literature were created– the Miroslav Gospels and the Vukan Gospels , which combined handwritten Biblical texts with painted initials and small pictures. The Crnojević printing house

9682-704: Was historically largely based on Orthodox Christianity and on the Serbian Church in particular. The conversion of the South Slavs from paganism to Christianity took place before the Great Schism of 1054 . During the time of the Great Schism, Serbian rulers including Mihailo Vojislavljević and Stefan Nemanja were Roman Catholics, with the former being a vassal of the Papal States . In 1217,

9785-524: Was in the hands of the Germans. Despite the long process of Germanization , part of the Slavs living in Lusatia preserved their identity and language until now, and in the early 20th century there lived some 150 thousand Lusatian Sorbs. According to Rostyslav Vatseba, "between the Elbe and Saale rivers the heterachical dryht-type state existed during the reign of Miliduch (before 806). The local society of

9888-543: Was independent for almost a decade before the Ottoman army was able to reoccupy the country. Shortly after this, the Second Serbian Uprising began. Led by Miloš Obrenović , it ended in 1815 with a compromise between Serbian revolutionaries and Ottoman authorities. Likewise, Serbia was one of the first nations in the Balkans to abolish feudalism . Serbs are among the first ethnic groups in Europe to form

9991-595: Was lost, despite a presumably more hierarchical mode of government in the Colodici's principality of Czimislav (830s). The author suggests that Colodici's 'castellа' served as places of the high prince's dryht members ('witsessen') residence, providing the ability to control the neighbouring clans. Such a system presumably could have persisted to the times of Čestibor ". The peasants were called smerdi , while two other classes were vitaz/vitiezi and zhupans . The 10th-century Widukind of Corvey in his The Deeds of

10094-535: Was not recognized internationally until the Congress of Berlin in 1878. Serbia fought in the Balkan Wars of 1912–13, which forced the Ottomans out of the Balkans and doubled the territory and population of the Kingdom of Serbia . In 1914, a young Bosnian Serb student named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , which directly contributed to the outbreak of World War I . In

10197-660: Was overwhelmed by large-scale Slavic settlement in the late 6th and early 7th century. What is today central Serbia was an important geo-strategical province, through which the Via Militaris crossed. This area was frequently intruded by barbarians in the 5th and 6th centuries. The numerous Slavs mixed with and assimilated the descendants of the indigenous population (Illyrians, Thracians, Dacians, Romans, Celts). White Serbs from White Serbia came to an area near Thessaloniki and then they settled area between Dinaric Alps and Adriatic coast. The region of "Rascia" ( Raška )

10300-556: Was subsequently divided into many pieces, with Serbia being directly occupied by the Germans. Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) were targeted for extermination as part of genocide by the Croatian ultra-nationalist, fascist Ustaše . The Ustaše view of national and racial identity, as well as the theory of Serbs as an inferior race , was under the influence of Croatian nationalists and intellectuals from

10403-596: Was the center of Serb settlement and Serb tribes also occupied parts of modern-day Herzegovina and Montenegro . Prior to their arrival to the Balkans, early Slavs were predominantly involved in agriculture, which is why they settled in areas which were cultivated even during Roman times. The first Serb states, Serbia (780–960) and Duklja (825–1120), were formed chiefly under the Vlastimirović and Vojislavljević dynasties respectively. The other Serb-inhabited lands, or principalities, that were mentioned included

10506-601: Was the first printing house in Southeastern Europe and is considered an important part of Serbian cultural history. Notable Baroque -influenced authors were Andrija Zmajević , Gavril Stefanović Venclović , Jovan Rajić , Zaharije Orfelin and others. Dositej Obradović was the most prominent figure of the Age of Enlightenment , while the most notable Classicist writer was Jovan Sterija Popović , although his works also contained elements of Romanticism. Modern Serbian literature began with Vuk Karadžić 's collections of folk songs in

10609-604: Was transferred to the Luzici, Milceni and other tribes of Sukow-Dziedzice and Tornow group who supposedly were present from the late 5th and early 6th century (Tornow since 7th; it was also argued that to the West were present some Slavs with Prague-Korchak culture ). Herrmann also considered that the Sorbs settled and influenced around Magdeburg , Havelland , Thuringia and northeast Bavaria , and alongside them immigrated Croats and Bulgars from Middle Danube. However, since

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